UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

Or

For the transition period from                      to                     .

001-38680

(Commission File No.)

CBM BANCORP, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

410-665-7600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    YES  ☐    NO   ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    YES  ☐    NO   ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    YES  ☒    NO  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    YES  ☒    NO  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued is audit report.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    YES  ☐    NO  ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the closing price of the common stock of $12.30 as of June 30, 2020 was $46,724,723.

As of March 23, 2021, the number of shares of common stock outstanding was 3,527,033.

Documents Incorporated by Reference:

Proxy Statement for the Registrant’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders (Part III)

INDEX

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Part I

Item 1. Business

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “may” and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

These forward-looking statements are based on our current beliefs and expectations and are subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. We are under no duty to, and do not take any obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

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Because of these and a wide variety of other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements.

General

Our business operations are conducted through Chesapeake Bank of Maryland (the “Bank”), a federally chartered stock savings association headquartered in Baltimore County, Maryland. The Bank was founded in 1913 as New Eastern Avenue Permanent Savings and Loan Association.

CBM Bancorp, Inc. (“CBM Bancorp” or the “Company”) was incorporated on May 22, 2018 to serve as the successor holding company for the Bank. CBM Bancorp’s principal activity is the ownership of the Bank’s capital stock and the management of the offering proceeds it retained in connection with the Bank’s conversion. CBM Bancorp does not own or lease any property but instead uses the premises, equipment and other property of the Bank with the payment of appropriate rental fees, as required by applicable law and regulations, under the terms of an expense allocation agreement.

The Bank operates as a community-oriented institution by offering a variety of loan and deposit products and serving other financial needs of its local community. The Bank conducts business out of its main office located in Baltimore County, Maryland, and out of three branch offices located in Arbutus, Maryland, Bel Air, Maryland and Pasadena, Maryland. The Bank’s business strategy consists principally of attracting retail deposits from the general public in our market area, described below, and using those funds, together with funds generated from operations and borrowings, to originate loans secured by residential and nonresidential real estate. Nonresidential real estate loans, construction and land development loans and commercial loans constitute a significant percentage of the loan portfolio and, in that respect, the Bank’s lending operations are more diversified and have more risk than many traditional thrift institutions.

The Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”). The Bank is subject to Maryland banking laws except to the extent they are preempted by Federal law. The Bank is not regulated by the Maryland Commissioner of Financial Regulation.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2020, we employed 37 full-time employees and five part-time employees, none of whom was a party to a collective bargaining agreement. The Bank is led by an experienced core management team that encourages team members to share their talents in the communities we serve through outreach and volunteer activities.

We strive to recruit top talent and provide professional development opportunities to all team members. We seek to improve retention, development, and job satisfaction of team members by providing career skills training and a safe work environment while recognizing the unique contribution of each team member. We offer a comprehensive benefits program to our employees designed to attract, retain, and motivate team members.

We are committed and focused on the health and safety of our team members and our customers. The COVID-19 pandemic presented numerous health and safety challenges. We enacted a proactive response to the pandemic by limiting in-branch lobby traffic while encouraging team members to work remotely where possible. In addition, we provided access to recent safety standards from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other local and federal agencies and implemented various health and safety protocols.

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Available Information

Our executive offices are located at 2001 East Joppa Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21234, and our telephone number is (410) 665-7600. Our website address is www.chesapeakebank.com. Information on our website should not be considered part of this Annual Report.

Market Area

The Bank currently serves the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area through four banking offices, with two locations in Baltimore County, one location in Anne Arundel County and one location in Harford County. The branches are located to the north and south of the city of Baltimore, with the largest marketing presence on the northern side of Baltimore County, where the main office is maintained. The immediate areas surrounding the four office locations can be categorized as suburban areas of the Baltimore metropolitan area.

The Bank defines its primary market area as the Baltimore MSA, which includes suburban and urban areas. The regional economy has evolved as employment in the manufacturing/industrialization sector has declined and the Bank’s market area economy has become broadly similar to the national economy in terms of its employment in key sectors, including services employment. The Bank’s market area economy is comprised of a large workforce employed in a number of employment sectors including business and professional services, healthcare, wholesale/retail trade, government, and finance/insurance/real estate. Some of the major employers in the market area include Johns Hopkins University and Hospital and Health System, and the University of Maryland Education and Health Care Systems, along with government facilities such as Fort George G. Meade, the Aberdeen Proving Ground and the United States Naval Academy.

Competition

We face significant competition within our market both in making loans and attracting deposits. Our market area has a high concentration of financial institutions, including national, regional and other locally operated commercial banks, savings banks and credit unions. In many cases, these competitors seek to provide some or all of the same community-oriented services as the Bank. Recently, financial technology companies have begun to foster additional competition.

Some of our competitors offer products and services that we currently do not offer, such as trust services, private banking, insurance services and asset management. Our competition for loans and deposits comes principally from commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage banking firms and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from short-term money market funds, brokerage firms, mutual funds and insurance companies.

Lending Activities

General. Our principal lending activity is originating one-to four-family residential real estate loans, including home equity loans and lines of credit. We also originate nonresidential real estate loans including multifamily loans, construction and land development loans and, to a lesser extent, commercial business loans and consumer loans. We currently sell in the secondary market a portion of the fixed-rate conforming one-to four-family residential real estate loans that we originate, generally on a servicing-released, limited or no recourse basis, while retaining jumbo loans and adjustable-rate one-to four-family residential real estate loans, in order to manage the duration and time to repricing for our loan portfolio. Subject to market conditions we intend to increase our emphasis on nonresidential real estate lending in an effort to diversify our overall loan portfolio and increase the yield earned on our loans.

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Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio, by type of loan at the dates indicated, excluding loans held for sale.

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Loan Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The following table summarizes the scheduled repayments of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2020. Demand loans, having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less. Maturities are based on the final contractual payment date and do not reflect the impact of prepayments and scheduled principal amortization.

The following table sets forth our fixed and adjustable-rate loans at December 31, 2020 that are contractually due after December 31, 2021.

One- to Four-Family Residential Real Estate. Our one- to four-family residential real estate portfolio consists of residential mortgage loans that enable borrowers to purchase or refinance existing homes, most of which serve as the primary residence of the owner. A portion of our one- to four-family residential real estate lending activity consists of the origination of first mortgage loans secured by one- to four-family non-owner occupied residential properties. Our one- to four-family residential real estate portfolio also includes construction loans to individuals that convert to a permanent mortgage at the end of the construction phase. At December 31, 2020, we had $62.1 million of loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate, representing 41.26% of our total loan portfolio, of which $10.1 million, or 16.43%, were secured by one- to four-family non-owner occupied residential real estate. Of the $62.1 million in loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate, $4.0 million, or 6.44%, were construction permanent loans. In addition, at December 31, 2020, we had $6.1 million of one- to four-family residential mortgages held for sale. We primarily originate fixed-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans, but depending on market conditions and borrower preferences, we also offer adjustable-rate loans. At December 31, 2020, 95.36% of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans were fixed-rate loans, and 4.64% of such loans were adjustable-rate loans.

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Our fixed-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans typically have terms of 10 to 30 years and are generally underwritten according to FNMA (Federal National Mortgage Association) or FHLMC (Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation) guidelines when the loan balance meets such guidelines, and we refer to loans that conform to such guidelines as “conforming loans.” We generally originate both fixed and adjustable-rate mortgage loans in amounts up to the maximum conforming loan limits, which as of December 31, 2020 was generally $520,950 for single-family homes in our market area. We typically sell a portion of our fixed-rate conforming loans on a servicing-released basis. We also originate loans above the lending limit for conforming loans, which are referred to as “jumbo loans,” that we retain in our portfolio. Jumbo loans that we originate typically have 10 to 30 years terms and maximum loan-to-value ratios of 80%. We also offer FHA and VA loans, all of which we originate for sale on a servicing-released, non-recourse basis in accordance with FHA and VA guidelines.

We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of our mortgage loans without private mortgage insurance to 80% of the sales price or appraised value, whichever is lower. Loans where the borrower obtains private mortgage insurance may be made with loan-to-value ratios up to 97%.

Our adjustable-rate one-to four-family residential real estate loans carry terms to maturity ranging from 10 to 30 years and generally have fixed rates for initial terms of three, five or seven years, and adjust annually thereafter at a margin, which in recent years has been tied to a Treasury index. The maximum amount by which the interest rate may be increased over the life of the loan is generally 5% over the initial interest rate of the loan. We typically hold in the portfolio our adjustable-rate one-to four-family residential real estate loans.

Construction permanent loans are made on the same general terms as our one-to four-family residential real estate loans, but provide for the payment of interest only during the construction phase, which is usually up to twelve months. At the end of the construction phase, the loan converts to a permanent mortgage loan. Prior to making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we require an appraisal of the property by an independent appraiser. We also review and inspect each project prior to disbursement of funds during the term of the construction loan. Loan proceeds are disbursed after inspection of the project based on percentage of completion.

We offer on a limited basis one- to four-family residential real estate loans secured by non-owner occupied properties. Generally, we require personal guarantees from the borrowers on these properties, and we generally do not make loans in excess of 75% loan to value on non-owner occupied properties.

We generally do not offer “interest only” mortgage loans on one- to four-family residential properties. We do not offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. Additionally, we do not offer “subprime loans” (loans that are made with low down-payments to borrowers with weakened credit histories typically characterized by payment delinquencies, previous charge-offs, judgements, bankruptcies, or borrowers with questionable repayment capacity as evidenced by low credit scores or high debt-burden ratios) or Alt-A loans (defined as loans having less than full documentation).

Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit. We offer home equity loans and lines of credit, both of which are secured by either first mortgages or second mortgages on one- to four-family residences. At December 31, 2020, outstanding home equity loans and lines of credit totaled $6.9 million, or 4.58% of total loans outstanding.

The underwriting standards utilized for home equity loans and lines of credit include a title review, the recordation of a lien, a determination of the applicant’s ability to satisfy existing debt obligations and payments on the proposed loan, and the value of the collateral securing the loan. The loan-to-value ratios for our home equity loans and our home equity lines of credit are generally limited to 75% when combined with the first security lien, if applicable. Home equity loans are offered with fixed rates of interest and terms up to 20 years. At December 31, 2020, home equity loans totaled $1.6 million. Our home equity lines of credit generally have 20-year terms and adjustable rates of interest, subject to a contractual floor, which are indexed to the prime rate. At December 31, 2020, home equity lines of credit totaled $5.3 million.

Construction and Land Development. We originate construction loans to local developers and contractors to finance the construction of one- to four-family residential properties, and nonresidential real estate and multi-family properties. We also make a limited amount of land loans to complement our construction lending activities, as such loans are generally secured by lots that will be used for residential construction for the purchase of developed lots and the construction of single-family residences. Land loans also include loans secured by land purchased for investment purposes. At December 31, 2020, our construction and land development loans total $10.8 million, representing 7.18% of our total loan portfolio, and included $4.1 million of land loans.

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Most of our construction loans are interest-only loans that provide for the payment of interest during the construction phase. At the end of the construction phase, the loan may convert to a permanent mortgage or the loan may be payable in full. Loans generally can be made with a maximum loan-to-value ratio for one- to four-family residential construction of 80% of the appraised market value upon completion of the project and with a maximum loan-to-value ratio for nonresidential and multifamily construction of 75% of the appraised market value upon completion of the project Loans for raw land generally have a maximum loan-to-value of 65% and loans for land development or improved lots have a maximum loan-to-value of 75%. Before making a commitment to fund a construction and land development loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. We also generally require an inspection of the property before disbursement of funds during the term of the construction loan. Loan proceeds are disbursed periodically in increments as construction progresses and as inspection by our approved inspectors warrant.

Construction financing generally involves greater credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of construction cost proves to be inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project proves to be inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment. Construction loans also expose us to the risks that improvements will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs and that repayment will depend on the successful operation or sale of the properties. In addition, many of these borrowers have more than one outstanding loan, so an adverse development with respect to one loan or credit relationship can expose us to significantly greater risk of non-payment and loss.

Nonresidential Real Estate. We offer nonresidential mortgage loans secured by nonresidential real estate, such as retail and office buildings, as well as loans secured by multi-family properties. Our nonresidential real estate portfolio also includes construction loans that convert to permanent mortgages at the end of the construction phase. At December 31, 2020, we had $60.2 million in nonresidential mortgages, representing 39.99% of our total loan portfolio and included $7.9 million of multifamily loans and $1.1 million in construction permanent loans. Excluding multifamily loans and construction permanent loans, $14.2 million of our nonresidential real estate portfolio was owner-occupied real estate and $37.0 million was secured by income producing, or non-owner occupied real estate.

We originate a variety of fixed and adjustable-rate nonresidential real estate loans with terms generally up to 10 years and amortization periods generally up to 25 years, which may include balloon loans. Interest rates and payments on our adjustable-rate loans are generally indexed to the prime rate, plus a margin. Construction permanent loans are made on the same general terms as nonresidential real estate loans, but provide for the payment of interest only during the construction phase, which is usually up to twelve months. At the end of the construction phase, the loan converts to a permanent mortgage loan.

We consider a number of factors in originating nonresidential real estate loans. We evaluate the qualifications and financial condition of the borrower, including project-level and global cash flows, credit history, and management expertise, as well as the value and condition of the property securing the loan. When evaluating the qualifications of the borrower, we consider the financial resources of the borrower and the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar properties. Nonresidential owner-occupied real estate loans are generally originated in amounts up to 80% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower. Nonresidential non-owner occupied and multifamily loans are generally originated in amounts up to 75% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower. When circumstances warrant, guarantees are obtained from commercial real estate customers. In addition, the borrower’s and guarantor’s financial information on such loans is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates.

Nonresidential real estate loans entail greater risks compared to one- to four-family residential real estate loans because they typically involve larger loan balances concentrated with single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. In addition, the payment of loans secured by income-producing properties typically depends on the successful operation of the property, as repayment of the loan generally is dependent, in large part, on sufficient income for the property to cover operating expenses and debt service. Changes in economic conditions that are not in the control of the borrower or lender could affect the value of the collateral for the loan or the future cash flow of the property. Additionally, any decline in real estate values may be more pronounced for nonresidential real estate than residential properties.

Commercial. We originate commercial term loans and lines of credit to a variety of small and medium sized businesses in our market area. These loans are generally secured by business assets, and we may support this collateral with junior liens on real property. We also originate Small Business Administration (“SBA”) guaranteed loans under a new loan program called the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). At December 31, 2020, commercial loans were $10.2 million, or 6.77% of our total loan portfolio. Included in the commercial loans were $4.5 million in PPP loans, or 44.12% of the commercial loan portfolio.

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The commercial loans we offer include term loans and revolving lines of credit. Commercial loans and lines of credit are made with either fixed or variable rates of interest. Variable rates are based on the prime rate, plus a margin. Commercial loans typically have shorter terms to maturity and higher interest rates than nonresidential real estate loans, but may involve more credit risk because of the type and nature of the collateral. When making commercial loans, we consider the financial statements of the borrower, our lending history with the borrower, the debt service capabilities and global cash flows of the borrower and other guarantors, the projected cash flows of the business and the value of the collateral, accounts receivable, inventory and equipment.

PPP loans are 100% guaranteed by the SBA and are eligible for full or partial forgiveness. The principal amount of the borrower’s PPP loan, including accrued interest, is eligible to be reduced by the loan forgiveness amount so long as employee and compensation levels of the business entity are maintained and the loan proceeds are used for payroll and qualifying expenses.

Consumer. We offer a limited range of consumer loans, principally to customers residing in our primary market area with other relationships with us and with acceptable credit ratings. Our consumer loans generally consist of loans secured by deposit accounts, loans on new and used automobiles and unsecured personal loans. At December 31, 2020, consumer loans were $336,000, or 0.22% of our total loan portfolio.

Loan Originations, Participations, Purchases and Sales. Loan originations are generated by our loan personnel and from referrals from existing customers and real estate brokers. All loans we originate are underwritten pursuant to our policies and procedures. While we originate both fixed and adjustable-rate loans, our ability to generate each type of loan depends upon relative borrower demand and pricing levels established by competing banks, credit unions and mortgage banking companies. Our volume of loan originations is influenced significantly by market interest rates, and accordingly, the volume of our loan originations can vary from period to period.

Consistent with our interest rate risk strategy, in the low interest rate environment that has existed in recent years, we have sold on a servicing-released basis a significant portion of our fixed-rate conforming one-to four-family residential mortgage loans that we have originated. We consider our balance sheet as well as market conditions on an ongoing basis in making decisions as to whether to hold loans we originate for investment or to sell such loans to investors, choosing the strategy that is most advantageous to us from a profitability and risk management standpoint.

From time to time, we may purchase participation interests in loans. We underwrite our participation interest in the loan that we are purchasing according to our own underwriting criteria and procedures. We also have sold portions of loans that exceeded our loans-to-one borrower legal lending limit and for risk diversification. In addition, we sometimes purchase whole loans from third parties to supplement our loan production. These loans generally consist of loans secured by one-to four-family residential real estate.

The following table shows our loan originations, participations, purchases, sales and repayment activities for the periods indicated, including loans held for sale.

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Loans to One Borrower. Pursuant to applicable law, the aggregate amount of loans that we are permitted to make to any one borrower or group of related borrowers is generally limited to 15% of the Bank’s unimpaired capital and surplus (25% if the amount in excess of 15% is secured by “readily marketable collateral.”) This 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus was approximately $6.8 million as of December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2020 our largest credit relationship totaled $5.7 million, consisting of three nonresidential loans secured by income-producing commercial real estate.

Loan Approval Procedures and Authority. Our lending is subject to written policies, underwriting standards and operating procedures. Decisions on the loan applications are made on the basis of detailed applications submitted by the prospective borrower, credit histories that we obtain and property valuations, consistent with our appraisal policy. The appraisals are prepared by outside independent licensed appraisers approved by the board of directors. To assess the borrower’s ability to repay, we review the borrower’s income and expenses and employment and credit history. In the case of nonresidential real estate loans, we also review projected income, expenses and the viability of the project being financed. When applicable, rent rolls, leases and contingent liabilities are received. The Board of Directors establishes and approves the members of the Loan Committee, our loan policies as well as our lending limits. The Board of Directors has granted loan approval authority to certain senior officers up to prescribed limits not exceeding $500,000 depending on the officer’s experience and loan type. Generally, loans in excess of $500,000 but not greater than $750,000 require approval of both our Chief Credit Officer and the Chief Lending Officer. Loans in excess of $750,000 but not greater than $1.5 million require approval of the Management Loan Committee. Loans in excess of $1.5 million require approval of the Board Loan Committee. Any loan that involves an exception to loan policy must be authorized by the next higher level of loan authority. Exceptions to loan policy are reported to the Board of Directors quarterly.

Delinquencies and Asset Quality

Delinquency Procedures. When a loan payment becomes 16 days past due, we contact the customer by mailing a late notice, and loan officers may contact their customers. If a loan payment becomes 30 days past due, we mail an additional late notice and a loan-specific letter written by a collection representative, and we also place telephone calls to the borrower. These loan collection efforts continue until a loan becomes 90 days past due, at which point we would refer the loan for foreclosure proceedings unless management determines that it is in the best interest of the Bank to work further with the borrower to arrange a workout plan. A summary report of all loans 30 days or more past due is provided to the board of directors each month.

Loans Past Due and Non-Performing Assets. Loans are reviewed on a regular basis. Management determines that a loan is impaired or non-performing when it is probable at least a portion of the loan will not be collected in accordance with the original terms due to a deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower. When a loan is determined to be impaired, the measurement of the loan in the allowance for loan losses is based on the present value of the expected future cash flows, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured for impairment based on the fair value of the collateral. Non-accrual loans are loans for which collectability is questionable and, therefore, interest on such loans will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. All loans that become 90 days or more delinquent are placed on non-accrual status unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest is fully reversed, and further income is recognized only to the extent received on a cash basis or cost recovery method.

When we acquire real estate as a result of foreclosure, the real estate is classified as foreclosed real estate. Foreclosed real estate is recorded at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Prior to acquisition, we generally order a new appraisal to determine the current market value of the property. Any excess of the recorded value of the loan satisfied over the market value of the property is charged against the allowance for loan losses, or, if the existing allowance is inadequate, charged to expenses of the current period. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of the new cost basis or fair value less estimated selling costs. After acquisition, all costs incurred to maintain the property are expensed. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property, however, are capitalized to the extent of estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell.

A loan is classified as a troubled debt restructuring if, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession to the borrower that we would not otherwise consider. This usually includes a modification of loan terms, such as reduction of the interest rate to below market terms, capitalizing past due interest or extending the maturity date and possibly a partial forgiveness of the principal amount due. Interest income on restructured loans is accrued after the borrower demonstrates the ability to pay under the restructured terms through a sustained period of repayment performance, which is generally six consecutive months.

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Delinquent Loans. The following tables set forth our loan delinquencies, including non-accrual loans, by type and amount at the dates indicated.

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Non-Performing Assets. The following table sets forth information regarding our non-performing assets. Non-accrual loans include non-accruing troubled debt restructurings of $91,000, $0, $120,000, $230,000 and $0 at December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Interest income that would have been recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 had non-accruing loans been current according to their original terms amounted to $9,000 and $18,000, respectively. We recognized $6,000 and $15,000 of interest income for these loans for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

As of December 31, 2020, there were no loans not disclosed in the above table, where known information about possible credit problems of borrowers causes management to have serious doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with the present loan repayment terms.

Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets that are considered to be of lesser quality as substandard, doubtful, or loss assets. An asset is considered substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard assets include those assets characterized by the distinct possibility that the insured institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as doubtful have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Assets (or portions of assets) classified as loss are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. Assets that do not expose the insured institution to risk sufficient to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories, but which possess potential weaknesses that deserve close attention, are required to be designated as special mention.

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When assets are classified as either substandard or doubtful, it may establish a portion of the related general loss allowances to such assets as it deems prudent by management to cover probable accrued losses. General allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to cover probable accrued losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies problem assets as loss, it is required to either establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge-off such amount. An institution’s determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the regulatory authorities, which may require the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.

In connection with the filing of our periodic reports with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and in accordance with our classification of assets policy, we regularly review the problem loans in our portfolio to determine whether any loans require classification in accordance with applicable regulations.

On the basis of this review of our assets, our classified and special mention assets, which includes foreclosed real estate, at the dates indicated were as follows:

Allowance for Loan Losses

Analysis and Determination of the Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level which, in management’s judgment, is adequate to absorb probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The amount of the allowance is based on management’s evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio, including the nature of the portfolio, credit concentrations, trends in historical loss experience, specific impaired loans, and economic conditions. Allowances for impaired loans are generally determined based on collateral values or the present value of estimated cash flows. Because of uncertainties associated with regional economic conditions, collateral values, and future cash flows on impaired loans, it is reasonably possible that management’s estimate of probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio and the related allowance may change materially in the near-term. The allowance is increased by a provision for loans losses which is charged to expense and reduced by full and partial charge-offs, net of recoveries. Changes in the allowance relating to impaired loans are charged or credited to the provision for loan losses. Management’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based on various factors, including, but not limited to, management’s ongoing review and grading of loans, facts and issues related to specific loans, historical loan loss or loan pools, the fair value of the underlying collateral, current economic conditions and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses. An as integral part of their examination process, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency will periodically review our allowance for loan losses, and as a result of such reviews, we may have to adjust our allowance for loan losses.

The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. For loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value or observable market price) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers pools of loans by loan class. These pools of loans are evaluated for loss exposure based upon historical loss rates for each of these categories of loans, adjusted for qualitative factors. These significant factors may include changes in lending policies and procedures, changes in existing general economic and business conditions affecting our primary lending areas, credit quality trends, collateral value, loan volumes and concentrations, seasoning for the loan portfolio, recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio, duration of the current business cycle and bank regulatory examination results.

We continue to monitor and modify our allowance for loan losses as conditions dictate. No assurances can be given that the level of allowance for loan losses will cover all of the inherent losses on the loans or that future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses will not be necessary if economic and other conditions differ substantially from the economic and other conditions used by management to determine the current level of the allowance for loan losses.

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The following table sets forth activity in our allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated.

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Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses. The following table sets forth the allowance for loan losses allocated by loan category and the percent of the allowance in each category to the total allocated allowance at the dates indicated. The allowance for loan losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.

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At December 31, 2020, our allowance for loan losses represented 1.15% of total loans and 918.62% of nonperforming loans. The allowance for loan losses increased to $1.7 million at December 31, 2020 from $1.4 million at December 31, 2019. Due to uncertainty of economic conditions from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company increased the qualitative factors in the calculation of the allowance for loan losses and due to the uncertainty of the COVID-19 impact, the Company will continue to monitor and additional adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary. There were $2,000 in net loan charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2020 and $16,000 in net loan recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2019. The difference in net charge-offs during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to net recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily attributed to a charge-off during December 31, 2019 of $90,000 on a one-to four-family residential loan for which we have no additional exposure offset by a recovery during December 31, 2019 in the amount of $115,000.

Investment Activities

General. Our investment policy is established and reviewed annually by the board of directors. We are permitted under federal law to invest in various types of liquid assets, including United States Government obligations, securities of various federal agencies and of state and municipal governments, mortgage-backed securities, time deposits of federally insured institutions, certain bankers’ acceptances and federal funds.

Our investment objectives are to maintain high asset quality, to provide and maintain liquidity, to establish an acceptable level of interest rate and credit risk, to provide an alternate source of low-risk investments when demand for loans is weak and to generate a favorable return. The board of directors has the overall responsibility for the investment portfolio, including approval of our investment policy. The board of directors is also responsible for implementation of the investment policy and monitoring investment performance. The board of directors reviews the status of the investment portfolio on a quarterly basis, or more frequently if warranted.

Generally accepted accounting principles require that, at the time of purchase, we designate a security as held to maturity, available for sale, or trading, depending on our ability and intent to hold such security. Securities available for sale are reported at fair value, while securities held to maturity are reported at amortized cost. We do not maintain a trading portfolio. Establishing a trading portfolio would require specific authorization by the board of directors.

Securities Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our available for sale and held to maturity securities at the dates indicated.