Duolingo, Inc. - FORM 8-K - EX-3.1

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8-K - 8-K - Duolingo, Inc.	duolingo-8xk.htm
EX-3.2 - EX-3.2 - Duolingo, Inc.	exhibit32-8xk.htm

Exhibit 3.1

AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

DUOLINGO, INC.

(Pursuant to Sections 242 and 245 of the

General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware)

Duolingo, Inc., a corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “General Corporation Law”), hereby certifies as follows:

1. The name of this corporation is Duolingo, Inc. and the original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on August 18, 2011.

2. The Certificate of Incorporation of this corporation is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

FIRST: The name of this corporation is Duolingo, Inc. (the “Corporation”).

SECOND: The address of the registered office of the Corporation in the State of Delaware is 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, County of New Castle, Delaware 19801. The name of its registered agent at that address is The Corporation Trust Company.

THIRD: The purpose of this Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which a corporation may be organized under the General Corporation Law.

FOURTH: The total number of shares of all classes of stock which the Corporation is authorized to issue is 2,050,000,000 comprised of (i) 2,030,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Common Stock”), of which (a) 2,000,000,000 shares shall be a series designated as Class A Common Stock (the “Class A Common Stock”), (b) 30,000,000 shares shall be a series designated as Class B Common Stock (the “Class B Common Stock”), and (ii) 20,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Preferred Stock”).

The following is a statement of the designations and the powers, privileges and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof in respect of each class or series of capital stock of the Corporation. All references in this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (this “Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation”) to a “certificate” or “certificates” representing shares of the Corporation’s capital stock include a notice or notices of issuance of uncertificated shares.


A.			COMMON STOCK

The Common Stock shall have such terms, rights, powers and privileges, and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions with respect thereto, as stated or expressed herein. Unless otherwise indicated, references to “Sections” or “Subsections” in this Part A of this Article Fourth refer to sections and subsections of Part A of this Article Fourth.

1. General; Equal Status. Except as otherwise provided in this Article Fourth or required by law, shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock shall have the same rights, privileges, preferences and powers, rank equally (including as to dividends and distributions, and upon any liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or winding up of the Corporation), share ratably and be identical in all respects and as to all matters. The voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the Common Stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, powers and privileges of any series of Preferred Stock as may be designated by the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the “Board of Directors”) and outstanding at any time.

2. Voting.

2.1 Except as required by law, each share of Class A Common Stock shall entitle the holder to one (1) vote for each share of Class A Common Stock held and each share of Class B Common Stock shall entitle the holder to twenty (20) votes for each share of Class B Common Stock held, in each case, on any matter submitted to the stockholders of the Corporation for a vote or approval.

2.2 Unless required by law, there shall be no cumulative voting. The number of authorized shares of Common Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by (in addition to any vote of the holders of one or more series of Preferred Stock entitled to vote thereon) the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the General Corporation Law.

2.3 Except as otherwise required by law, holders of Common Stock shall not be entitled to vote on any amendment to this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designation relating to any series of Preferred Stock) that relates solely to the terms of one or more outstanding series of Preferred Stock if the holders of such affected series are entitled, either separately or together with the holders of one or more other such series, to vote thereon pursuant to this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designation relating to any series of Preferred Stock) or pursuant to the General Corporation Law.

3. Conversion.

3.1 Conversion of Class B Common Stock.

3.1.1 Right to Convert. At any time, any holder of shares of Class B Common Stock, at the option of such holder, may convert any share of Class B Common Stock held by such holder at any time after the date of issuance of such share, at the office of the Corporation or any transfer agent for such stock, into one (1) validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock.

3.1.2 Automatic Conversion. Each outstanding share of Class B Common Stock shall automatically convert into one (1) validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock at 5:00 p.m. New York City time on a date fixed by the Board of Directors that is not less than 60 nor more than 180 days following the date the aggregate number of shares of Class B Common Stock then outstanding ceases to represent at least 5% of the aggregate number of all shares of Common Stock then outstanding (such date, the “Class B Mandatory Conversion Time”).

3.1.3 Conversion Upon Death or Disability. Each outstanding share of Class B Common Stock held by a Founder (as defined in Section 3.1.4) (or by any of such Founder’s Affiliates (as defined in Section 3.1.4)) shall automatically convert into one (1) share of Class A Common Stock at 5:00 p.m. New York City time on a date fixed by the Board of Directors that is not less than 60 nor more than 180 days following the death or Disability of such Founder (such date, the “Founder Conversion Time”), excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, any shares of Class B Common Stock subject to a Transfer by such Founder (or such Founder’s Affiliates) to the other Founder (or any such Founder’s Affiliates) as contemplated by the proviso set forth in Section 3.1.4.

“Disability” shall mean permanent and total disability such that the natural person who is the holder of shares of Class B Common Stock is unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable mental impairment which would reasonably be expected to result in death or which has lasted or would reasonably be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve (12) months as determined by a licensed medical practitioner. In the event of a dispute whether the natural person who is the holder of shares of Class B Common Stock has suffered a Disability, no Disability of the natural person who is the holder of shares of Class B Common Stock shall be deemed to

have occurred unless and until an affirmative ruling regarding such Disability has been made by a court of competent jurisdiction, and such ruling has become final and nonappealable.

3.1.4 Transfers to Non-Affiliates. Any share of Class B Common Stock shall automatically convert into one (1) share of Class A Common Stock upon the Transfer (as defined below) of such share by the holder of such Class B Common Stock as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (or in the case of any share of Class B Common Stock issued following the Effective Time, by the holder of such Class B Common Stock as of the time of original issuance of such share) (any such holder, the “Operative Holder”) or by any of such Operative Holder’s Permitted Transferees (as defined below) to a natural person or entity other than (A) the holder of such share of Class B Common Stock on the date of initial issuance of such share by the Corporation (any such holder, the “Initial Holder”), (B) an Affiliate of such Initial Holder (each of (A) and (B), a “Permitted Transferee” of such Operative Holder) or (C) the Operative Holder; provided, however, that, any Transfer by a Founder (or such Founder’s Affiliates) to the other Founder (or any such Founder’s Affiliates) shall not result in the automatic conversion of such Founder’s (or such Founder’s Affiliates’) shares of Class B Common Stock.

“Transfer” shall mean (i) the direct or indirect sale, transfer, pledge, assignment, gift, contribution, grant of a lien, or other disposal of any share of Class B Common Stock or any beneficial interest in such share or (ii) the deposit of any share of Class B Common Stock into a voting trust or entry into a voting agreement or arrangement with respect to any share of Class B Common Stock or the granting of any proxy or power of attorney with respect thereto. A “Transfer” will also be deemed to have occurred with respect to any share of Class B Common Stock beneficially held by an Operative Holder (or by any of such Operative Holder’s Permitted Transferees) if there is a transaction or other event such that the Operative Holder (or such Operative Holder’s Permitted Transferees, as the case may be) no longer retains sole dispositive power (as among the Operative Holder of such share of Class B Common Stock and such Operative Holder’s Permitted Transferees) and exclusive power to vote or direct the voting of such security, including by proxy, voting agreement or otherwise, in each case with respect to such share of Class B Common Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing none of the following shall be considered a Transfer:

(A) the granting of a revocable proxy to an officer or director of the Corporation at the request of the Board of Directors in connection with actions to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders or any other action of the stockholders permitted by this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation;

(B) the pledge of shares of Class B Common Stock or granting a lien with respect thereto by a stockholder that creates a mere security interest in such shares pursuant to a bona fide loan or indebtedness transaction with a financial institution for so long as such stockholder continues to exercise voting control over such shares; provided, however, that a foreclosure on such shares or other similar action by the pledgee shall constitute a Transfer;

(C) the entering into, or reaching an agreement, arrangement or understanding regarding, a support, voting, tender or similar agreement or arrangement (with or without a proxy) in connection with a merger, asset transfer, asset acquisition or similar transaction approved by the Board of Directors;

(D) the entering into a trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with a broker or other nominee where the holder entering into the plan retains all voting control over the shares; provided, however, that a Transfer of such shares of Class B Common Stock by such broker or other nominee shall constitute a “Transfer” at the time of such Transfer;

(E) the entering into or amending a voting trust, agreement or arrangement (with or without granting a proxy) solely with holders of Class B Common Stock that (i) is disclosed either in a Schedule 13D filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission or in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation, (ii) either has a term not exceeding one year or is terminable by the holder of the shares subject thereto at

any time and (iii) does not involve any payment of cash, securities, property or other consideration to the holder of the shares subject thereto other than the mutual promise to vote shares in a designated manner;

(F) the granting of a proxy by the Founder or the Founder’s Affiliates to a natural person or entity designated by the Founder or the Founder’s Affiliates and approved, in advance, by a majority of the Independent Directors then in office to exercise dispositive power and/or voting control of shares of Class B Common Stock owned directly or indirectly, beneficially and of record, by the Founder or the Founder’s Affiliates; and

(G) the fact that, as of the Effective Time or at any time after the Effective Time, the spouse of any holder of Class B Common Stock possesses or obtains an interest in such holder’s shares of Class B Common Stock arising solely by reason of the application of the community property laws of any jurisdiction, so long as no other event or circumstance shall exist or have occurred that constitutes a Transfer of such shares of Class B Common Stock; provided that, any transfer of shares by any holder of shares of Class B Common Stock to such holder’s spouse, including a transfer in connection with a divorce proceeding, domestic relations order or similar legal requirement, shall constitute a “Transfer” of such shares of Class B Common Stock, unless otherwise exempt from the definition of Transfer.

“Affiliate” shall mean, (i) in the case of a holder who is a natural person or an entity held solely by a natural person or a trust created by a natural person, (A) (I) such natural person and (II) any spouse, registered domestic partner, descendant (including any adopted descendant), parent, parent of the spouse or domestic partner of such natural person or any lineal descendants of any of the foregoing (including any adopted descendant) (each a “Family Member” and, more than one such Family Member, “Family Members”), (B) any custodian, trustee (including a trustee of a voting trust), executor or other fiduciary for the account of (I) such natural person or any one or more Family Members of such natural person or (II) any trust contemplated by clause (C), (C) any trust of which such natural person and/or any one or more Family Members of such natural person and/or any organization that is tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code are current beneficiaries, (D) an entity in which all of the beneficial and economic interests are held, directly or indirectly, by any one or more of such natural person, any one or more Family Members of such natural person, or any natural person, entity, or trust referred to in clause (B) or (C), or (E) an organization that is tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code so long as the transfer, assignment, sale or other disposition to such organization does not involve any payment of cash, securities, property or other consideration to such natural person; provided that, in the case of each of clauses (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E), such natural person holds exclusive voting control with respect to such shares of Class B common stock; (ii) in the case of an institutional, private equity, hedge, venture capital or other private investment fund, any partner, limited partner, retired partner, member or retired member of such holder, any affiliated fund, any fund which is controlled by or under common control with one or more general partners of such holder, any fund that is managed and governed by the same management company as such holder, any fund that controls such holder or any fund that is controlled by, under common control with, managed or advised by the same management company or registered investment advisor that controls, is under common control with, manages or advises the fund that controls such holder; and (iii) in the case of a mutual fund, pension fund, other pooled investment vehicle or an institutional client, to another mutual fund, pension fund, other pooled investment vehicle or an institutional client in connection with a merger, fund reorganization or otherwise for regulatory or fund management purposes.

“Founder” shall mean any of Luis von Ahn and Severin Hacker, each as a natural living person, and “Founders” shall mean both of them.

“Independent Directors” means members of the Board of Directors that are not a Founder or an officer or other employee of the Corporation or its subsidiaries (provided that a director shall not be considered an officer or employee of the Corporation solely due to such director’s position as a member of the Board of Directors or the board of directors or similar governing body of one or more subsidiaries of the Corporation).

3.1.5 Mechanics of Conversion. In the event of an optional conversion pursuant to Section 3.1.1, before any holder of Class B Common Stock shall be entitled voluntarily to convert the same into shares of Class A Common Stock, such holder shall surrender the certificate or certificates therefor, duly endorsed, at the office of the Corporation or of any transfer agent for such stock, and shall give written notice to the Corporation at such office that such holder elects to convert the same and shall state therein the name or names in which such holder wishes the certificate or certificates for shares of Class A Common Stock to be issued. The Corporation shall, as soon as practicable thereafter, issue and deliver at such office to such holder, or to the nominee or nominees of such holder, a certificate or certificates for the number of shares of Class A Common Stock to which such holder shall be entitled as aforesaid. Such optional conversion shall be deemed to have been made immediately prior to the close of business on the date of surrender of the shares of Class B Common Stock to be converted, and the person or persons entitled to receive the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon such conversion shall be treated for all purposes as the record holder or holders of such shares of Class A Common Stock on such date. If the conversion is in connection with the automatic conversion provisions set forth in Section 3.1.2, Section 3.1.3 or Section 3.1.4, such conversion shall be deemed to have been made (i) in the case of Section 3.1.2, at the Class B Mandatory Conversion Time, (ii) in the case of Section 3.1.3, at the Founder Conversion Time, or (iii) in the case of Section 3.1.4, on the applicable date of Transfer, the persons entitled to receive shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon such conversion shall be treated for all purposes as the record holders of such shares of Class A Common Stock as of the applicable date, and, until presented for transfer, certificates previously evidencing shares of Class B Common Stock shall represent the number of shares of Class A Common Stock into which such shares were automatically converted. Shares of Class B Common Stock converted pursuant to Section 3.1.1, Section 3.1.2, Section 3.1.3 or Section 3.1.4 shall be automatically retired and cancelled and may not be reissued, and the Corporation may thereafter take such appropriate action (without the need for stockholder action) as may be necessary to reduce the authorized number of shares of Class B Common Stock accordingly.

3.1.6 Policies and Procedures. The Board of Directors, or a committee thereof, may, from time to time, establish such policies and procedures, not in violation of applicable law or this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, relating to the conversion of shares of Class B Common Stock into shares of Class A Common Stock as it may deem necessary or advisable. The Corporation may, from time to time, require that a holder of shares of Class B Common Stock furnish affidavits or other proof to the Corporation as it deems necessary to verify the ownership of shares of Class B Common Stock and to confirm that a conversion to shares of Class A Common Stock has not occurred. Without limiting the discretion of the Board of Directors (or a committee of the Board of Directors), the Board of Directors (or such committee) may determine (and such determination shall be conclusive) that a holder of shares of Class B Common Stock has failed to furnish sufficient evidence to the Corporation (in the manner and time frame provided in the request) to enable the Corporation to determine that no conversion of shares of Class B Common Stock into shares of Class A Common Stock in accordance with this Section 3.1 has occurred with respect to such holder of shares of Class B Common Stock (and its Affiliates), and therefore such shares of Class B Common Stock, to the extent not previously converted, shall be converted into shares of Class A Common Stock and such conversion shall thereupon be registered on the books and records of the Corporation. A determination by the Board of Directors (or such committee of the Board of Directors), acting reasonably and in good faith, that shares of Class B Common Stock have been converted into shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to this Article Third shall be conclusive.

3.1.7 No Further Issuance. Except for the issuance of shares of Class B Common Stock issuable in respect of Rights (as defined below) outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, a dividend payable in accordance with Section 6 of Article Fourth, or a reclassification, subdivision or combination in accordance with Section 8 of Article Fourth, the Corporation shall not at any time after the Effective Time issue any additional shares of Class B Common Stock. “Rights” means any option, warrant, restricted stock unit, restricted stock award, performance stock award, phantom stock, equity

award, conversion right or contractual right of any kind to acquire or obligation of the Corporation to issue shares of the Corporation’s authorized but unissued capital stock.

3.1.8 Reservation of Shares. The Corporation shall at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued shares of Class A Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the shares of Class B Common Stock, such number of shares of Class A Common Stock as shall from time to time be sufficient to effect the conversion of all outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock into shares of Class A Common Stock.

4. Notices. Except as otherwise provided herein, any notice required or permitted by the provisions of this Part A of Article Fourth to be given to a holder of shares of Common Stock shall be mailed, postage prepaid, to the post office address last shown on the records of the Corporation for such holder, given by the holder to the Corporation for the purpose of notice or given by electronic communication in compliance with the provisions of the General Corporation Law, and shall be deemed sent upon such mailing or electronic transmission. If no such address appears or is given, notice shall be deemed given at the place where the principal executive office of the Corporation is located.

5. Redemption. The Common Stock is not redeemable at the option of the holder thereof and the Corporation shall have no obligation to redeem the Common Stock.

6. Dividends. Subject to the rights, powers and preferences applicable to any series of Preferred Stock, if any, outstanding at any time, the holders of each series of Common Stock shall be entitled to receive, on a per share basis, the same form and amount of dividends and other distributions of cash, property or shares of stock of the Corporation as may be declared by the Board of Directors from time to time with respect to shares of any other series of Common Stock out of assets or funds of the Corporation legally available therefor; provided, however, that in the event that such dividend is paid in the form of shares of a series of Common Stock that differs from the series of Common Stock held by any holder or rights to acquire a series of Common Stock that differs from a series of Common Stock held by any holder, as applicable, such holder shall receive the series of Common Stock or rights to acquire the series of Common Stock corresponding to the series of Common Stock held by such holder, as the case may be.

7. Liquidation, Dissolution, etc. In the event of a voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or winding up of the Corporation, the holders of each series of Common Stock shall be entitled to share equally, on a per share basis, in all assets of the Corporation of whatever kind available for distribution to the holders of Common Stock.

8. Subdivision or Combination. If the Corporation in any manner subdivides, combines or reclassifies the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock, the outstanding shares of the other such series shall, concurrently therewith, be subdivided, combined or reclassified in the same proportion and manner such that the same proportionate equity ownership between the holders of outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock on the record date for such subdivision, combination or reclassification is preserved, unless different treatment of the shares of each such series is approved by (i) the holders of a majority of the outstanding Class A Common Stock and (ii) the holders of a majority of the outstanding Class B Common Stock, each of (i) and (ii) voting as separate series.

9. Treatment in a Merger. The consideration received per share by the holders of each series of Common Stock in any merger, consolidation, reorganization or other business combination shall be identical; provided, however, that if (i) such consideration consists, in whole or in part, of shares of capital stock of, or other equity interests in, the Corporation or any other corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity, and (ii) the powers, designations, preferences and relative, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations and restrictions of shares of capital stock or other equity interests received in respect of the shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock differ

solely to the extent that the powers, designations, preferences and relative, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations and restrictions of the Class A Common Stock and the Class B Common Stock differ as described in this Article Fourth, then the powers, designations, preferences and relative, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations and restrictions of such shares of capital stock or other equity interests may differ to the extent that the powers, designations, preferences and relative, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations and restrictions of the Class A Common Stock and the Class B Common Stock differ as provided herein (including, without limitation, with respect to the voting rights and conversion provisions hereof); and provided further, that, if the holders of any series of Common Stock are granted the right to elect to receive one of two or more alternative forms of consideration, the foregoing provisions shall be deemed satisfied if holders of the other series of Common Stock are granted corresponding election rights.


B.			PREFERRED STOCK

Shares of Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series, each of such series to have such terms as stated in the resolution or resolutions providing for the establishment of such series adopted by the Board of Directors as hereinafter provided. Authority is hereby expressly granted to the Board of Directors to issue, from time to time, shares of Preferred Stock in one or more series, and, in connection with the establishment of any such series, by resolution or resolutions to determine and fix the designation of and the number of shares comprising such series, and such voting powers, full or limited, or no voting powers, and such other powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, if any, including, without limitation, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, as shall be stated in such resolution or resolutions, all to the fullest extent permitted by the General Corporation Law. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the resolution or resolutions providing for the establishment of any series of Preferred Stock may, to the extent permitted by law, provide that such series shall be superior to, rank equally with or be junior to the Preferred Stock of any other series. The powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights of each series of Preferred Stock, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, if any, may be different from those of any and all other series at any time outstanding. Except as otherwise expressly provided in the resolution or resolutions providing for the establishment of any series of Preferred Stock, no vote of the holders of shares of Preferred Stock or Common Stock shall be a prerequisite to the issuance of any shares of any series of the Preferred Stock so authorized in accordance with this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. The number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by (in addition to any vote of the holders of one or more series of Preferred Stock entitled to vote thereon) the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the General Corporation Law.

FIFTH: The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors.

1. Powers of the Board. In addition to the powers and authority expressly conferred upon them by applicable law or by this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation (as amended and/or restated from time to time, the “Bylaws”), the directors are hereby empowered to exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the Corporation.

2. Classification of the Board. Except as may be provided in a resolution or resolutions of the Board of Directors providing for any series of Preferred Stock with respect to any directors elected (or to be elected) by the holders of such series and except as otherwise required by applicable law, the directors shall be divided into three classes, designated as Class I, Class II and Class III, as nearly equal in number as possible. Directors shall be assigned to each class in accordance with a resolution or

resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors. Class I directors shall initially serve for a term expiring at the first annual meeting of stockholders following the Effective Time, Class II directors shall initially serve for a term expiring at the second annual meeting of stockholders following the Effective Time and Class III directors shall initially serve for a term expiring at the third annual meeting of stockholders following the Effective Time. At each annual meeting of stockholders commencing with the first annual meeting of stockholders following the Effective Time, the directors of the class to be elected at each annual meeting of stockholders shall be elected for a three-year term. If the total number of such directors is changed, any increase or decrease shall be apportioned among the classes so as to maintain the number of directors in each class as nearly equal as possible, and any such additional director of any class elected to fill a newly created directorship resulting from an increase in such class, in accordance with Section 5 of Article Fifth, shall hold office for a term that shall coincide with the remaining term of that class, but in no case shall a decrease in the total number of directors remove or shorten the term of any incumbent director. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2 of Article Fifth, each director shall serve until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her death, resignation, disqualification, retirement, or removal.

3. Number of Directors. Except as may be provided in a resolution or resolutions of the Board of Directors providing for any series of Preferred Stock with respect to any directors elected (or to be elected) by the holders of such series and except as otherwise required by applicable law, the total number of authorized directors constituting the Board of Directors shall be fixed from time to time exclusively by the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors.

4. Removal of Directors. Except as may be provided in a resolution or resolutions of the Board of Directors providing for any series of Preferred Stock with respect to any directors elected (or to be elected) by the holders of such series and except as otherwise required by applicable law, the Board of Directors or any individual director may be removed from office at any time (a) prior to the Voting Threshold Date (as defined below), with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation then entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, and (b) from and after the Voting Threshold Date, only for cause, by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation then entitled to vote generally in the election of directors.

5. Vacancies and Newly Created Directorships. Except as may be provided in a resolution or resolutions providing for any series of Preferred Stock with respect to any directors elected (or to be elected) by the holders of such series and except as otherwise required by applicable law, any vacancies on the Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation, disqualification, retirement, removal or other causes and any newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors shall, unless the Board of Directors determines by resolution that any such vacancies or newly created directorships shall be filled by the stockholders, be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office, even though less than a quorum of the Board of Directors, and not by the stockholders. Any director elected in accordance with the preceding sentence shall hold office for the remainder of the full term of the director for which the vacancy was created or occurred and until such director’s successor shall have been elected and qualified or until such director’s death, resignation, disqualification, retirement, or removal.

6. Bylaws. Subject to any additional vote required by this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, in furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by statute, the Board of Directors is expressly authorized to adopt, repeal, alter, amend or rescind the Bylaws. The affirmative vote of at least a majority of the Board of Directors then in office shall be required in order for the Board of Directors to adopt, repeal, alter, amend or rescind the Bylaws. The stockholders shall also have power to adopt, repeal, alter, amend or rescind the Bylaws. In addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of stock of the Corporation required by applicable law or by this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (including any Preferred Stock outstanding at any time), such adoption, repeal, alteration, amendment or rescission of the Bylaws by the stockholders shall require the affirmative vote of the

holders of at least sixty-six and two-third percent (66 2/3%) of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.

7. Elections of Directors. Elections of directors need not be by ballot unless the Bylaws shall so provide.

SIXTH: Meetings of stockholders may be held within or without the State of Delaware, as the Bylaws may provide. The books of the Corporation may be kept outside the State of Delaware at such place or places as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors or in the Bylaws.

SEVENTH: Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock with respect to actions by the holders of shares of such series, from and after the Voting Threshold Date, (a) no action shall be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation except at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders called in accordance with the Bylaws and (b) no action shall be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation by written consent. “Voting Threshold Date” shall mean 5:00 p.m. New York City time on the first day falling on or after the date on which the outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock cease to represent at least fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation then entitled to vote generally in the election of directors. Advance notice of stockholder nominations for the election of directors and of business to be brought by stockholders before any meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation shall be given in the manner provided in the Bylaws.

EIGHTH: To the fullest extent permitted by law, a director of the Corporation shall not be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director. If the General Corporation Law or any other law of the State of Delaware is amended after approval by the stockholders of this Article Eighth to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors, then the liability of a director of the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the General Corporation Law as so amended. Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of this Article Eighth by the stockholders of the Corporation shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director of the Corporation existing at the time of, or increase the liability of any director of the Corporation with respect to any acts or omissions of such director occurring prior to, such repeal or modification.

NINTH: To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Corporation is authorized to provide indemnification of (and advancement of expenses to) directors, officers and agents of the Corporation (and any other persons to which General Corporation Law permits the Corporation to provide indemnification) through Bylaw provisions, agreements with such agents or other persons, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, in excess of the indemnification and advancement otherwise permitted by Section 145 of the General Corporation Law. Any amendment, repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of this Article Ninth shall not adversely affect any right or protection of any director, officer or other agent of the Corporation existing at the time of such amendment, repeal or modification.

TENTH: Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, (A) the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, the federal district court of the State of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Corporation, (ii) any action asserting a claim for or based on a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, other employee, agent or stockholder of the Corporation to the Corporation or the Corporation’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Corporation or any current or former director, officer, employee, agent or stockholder of the Corporation arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law or the Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws or as to which the General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (iv) any action asserting a claim related to or involving the Corporation that is governed by

the internal affairs doctrine; and (B) subject to the preceding provisions of this Article Tenth, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Article Tenth shall not apply to claims seeking to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

If any action, the subject matter of which is within the scope of clause (A) of the first sentence of this Article Tenth, is filed in a court other than the courts in the State of Delaware (a “Foreign Action”) in the name of any stockholder, such stockholder shall be deemed to have consented to (i) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts in the State of Delaware in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce clause (A) the first sentence of this Article Tenth and (ii) having service of process made upon such stockholder in any such action by service upon such stockholder’s counsel in the Foreign Action as agent for such stockholder.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this Article Tenth.

If any provision or provisions of this Article Tenth shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable as applied to any circumstance for any reason whatsoever, (a) the validity, legality and enforceability of such provisions in any other circumstance and of the remaining provisions of this Article Tenth (including, without limitation, each portion of any paragraph of this Article Tenth containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable that is not itself held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby and (b) the application of such provision to other persons or entities and circumstances shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby.

ELEVENTH: The Corporation reserves the right to amend or repeal any provision contained in this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation in the manner prescribed by the laws of the State of Delaware and all rights conferred upon stockholders are granted subject to this reservation; provided, however, that, notwithstanding any other provision of this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or any provision of law that might otherwise permit a lesser vote or no vote, but in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of the stock of the Corporation, and, as applicable, such other approvals of the Board of Directors, as are required by law or by this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, (A) the affirmative vote of the holders of sixty-six and two-third percent (66 2/3%) of the voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to amend or repeal, or adopt any provision of this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation inconsistent with, (i) Article Fourth, (ii) Article Fifth, (iii) Article Seventh, (iv) Article Eighth, (v) Article Ninth, (vi) Article Tenth or (vii) this Article Eleventh, and (B) for so long as any shares of Class B Common Stock are outstanding, the affirmative vote of the holders at least eighty percent (80%) of the shares of Class B Common Stock outstanding at the time of such vote, voting as a separate series, shall be required to amend or repeal, or adopt any provision of this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation inconsistent with Part A of Article Fourth or this clause (B) of Article Eleventh.

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3. That the foregoing amendment and restatement was approved by the holders of the requisite number of shares of this corporation in accordance with Section 228 of the General Corporation Law.

4. That this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, which restates and integrates and further amends the provisions of this corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation, has been duly adopted in accordance with Sections 242 and 245 of the General Corporation Law.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation has been executed by a duly authorized officer of this corporation on this 30th day of July 2021.


By:			/s/ Luis von Ahn
			Luis von Ahn
			Chief Executive Officer

Duolingo, Inc. - FORM 8-K - EX-3.1 - July 30, 2021

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