Our investment securities portfolio increased $12.2 million (6%) at September 30, 2020 compared to the prior year-end. The Company's investment portfolio consists mainly of U.S. Treasury bonds, government agency bonds and various municipal bonds. A major portion of these investment securities have been designated as “available for sale” (99% as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019) with any unrealized gain or loss, net of deferred income taxes, accounted for as other comprehensive income in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The increase in the portfolio was due to a portion of surplus funds generated by operations of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries being invested in bonds. Increases in unrealized gains on investments during the nine months just ended also contributed to the increase in the portfolio. A small portion of the Company’s investment portfolio represents securities carried at amortized cost and designated as “held to maturity,” as Management does not intend to sell, and does not believe that it is more likely than not that it would be required to sell, such securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis. Management believes the Company has adequate funding available to meet liquidity needs for the foreseeable future. 

Other Assets increased $.6 million (1%) as of September 30, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019 mainly due increases in prepaid expenses, miscellaneous receivables, right-of-use assets related to leases and refundable income taxes. Offsetting a portion of the increase in Other Assets were reductions in: (i) collateral held on real estate loans, (ii) deferred acquisition costs, (iii) fixed  

2

assets and (iv) amounts due from the nonaffiliated insurance company that underwrites credit insurance sold by the Company.

Our senior debt is comprised of a line of credit from a bank and the Company’s senior demand notes and commercial paper debt securities. Our subordinated debt is comprised of the variable rate subordinated debentures sold by the Company. The aggregate amount of senior and subordinated debt outstanding as of September 30, 2020 was $624.5 million, compared to $620.1 million at December 31, 2019, representing an increase of $4.4 million (1%). Higher sales of the Company’s senior demand notes, commercial paper and subordinated debt securities were the main factor resulting in the increase in overall senior and subordinated debt. Offsetting a portion of the increase in overall debt was a $13.1 million reduction in the balance of the Company’s line of credit as of September 30, 2020 compared to the prior year-end. 

Accrued expenses and other liabilities increased $6.2 million to $63.8 million as of September 30, 2020 compared to $57.6 million at December 31, 2019. The increase is mainly attributed to increases in accruals for salary expenses, incentive bonus expenses, and accrued lease expenses. 

Results of Operations:

Net income increased $1.2 million (34%) during the three-month period ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period a year ago. The aforementioned increase in interest and finance charges and a decrease in the provision for loan losses were the primary factors contributing to the increase. Net income decreased $.5 million (4%) during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period a year ago. Although revenues were higher during the nine-month period just ended compared to a year ago, an increase in our loan loss provision, an increase in insurance claims and expenses and an increase in other operating expenses offset the increase in revenues resulting in a decline in net income during the current nine-month reporting period. 

Net Interest Income

Average daily borrowings increased $61.9 million (11%) during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. In addition to higher average borrowings, the Company experienced increases in borrowing costs during the current year. The Company's average borrowing rates were 3.40% and 3.41% during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Although average borrowings were higher during the three-month period just ended compared to the same period a year ago, interest expense was approximately at the same level due to lower borrowing rates. During the nine-month comparable periods, interest expense increased $1.5 million (11%) mainly due to the higher average daily borrowings. 

Management projects that, based on historical results and current estimates, average net receivables will grow during the remainder of 2020, and net interest income is expected to increase  

3

accordingly. However, a decrease in net receivables or an increase in interest rates on outstanding borrowings could negatively impact our net interest income.

Insurance Income

Insurance revenues declined $.7 million (6%) during the three-month period just ended compared to the same period a year ago due to lower premiums written. During the nine-month comparable periods, insurance revenues were $.6 million (2%) higher during the period just ended mainly due to higher premiums written. Insurance claims and expenses increased $.4 million (12%) and $1.5 million (15%) during the three- and nine-months just ended compared to the same comparable periods a year ago. 

Other Revenue

Other revenue decreased $.2 million (11%) and $.7 million (17%) during the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods a year ago mainly due to a decrease in sales of auto club memberships offered to loan customers. Lower service charges collected on loans also contributed to the decline in other revenue during the comparable periods. 

As previously mentioned, the Company adopted the FASB standard ASU 2016-13 effective January 1, 2020. The amount of the provision for credit losses recognized during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 were calculated in accordance with the Company’s loss methodology. See Note 2, “Allowance for Credit Losses,” in the accompanying “Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for further discussion of the Company’s provision for credit losses. The Company’s provision for credit losses is a charge against earnings to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level that Management estimates is adequate to cover expected losses as of the date of the statement of financial position. 

Our provision for credit losses decreased $4.5 million (29%) during the three-month period just ended compared the same period a year ago mainly due to lower net charge offs. Net charge offs were $8.1 million and $12.8 million during the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The provision for credit losses increased $1.7 million (4%) during the nine-month period just ended compared to the same period a year ago. Net charge offs were $35.2 million and $34.3 million during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Slightly higher net charge offs during the first two quarters of the year, as well as the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of a quantitative decision matrix for the Company’s Sales Finance Contract product were qualifying factors contributing to the increase in the provision for credit losses during this period. See Note 2, “Allowance for Credit Losses” in the accompanying “Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for further discussion of the Company’s allowance for credit losses. 

The Company implemented a quantitative decision matrix for Sales Finance Contract applications in February 2020. Initial quantitative decisions were inconsistent with historical subjective decisions to extend credit. The quantitative decision matrix has been updated to align with historical decisions. A $0.5 million qualitative adjustment was made to increase the allowance for credit losses based on early performance indicators. 

We believe that the allowance for credit losses and provision for credit losses, as calculated in accordance with the Company’s CECL methodology, are appropriate to cover expected credit  

4

losses on loans at September 30, 2020; however, because the allowance for credit losses is based on estimates, there can be no assurance that the ultimate charge off amount will not exceed such estimates or that our loss assumptions will not increase. Management may determine it is appropriate to increase the allowance for credit losses in future periods, or actual losses could exceed allowances in any period, either of which events could have a material negative impact on our results of operations in the future.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses increased $3.3 million (8%) and $5.2 million (4%) during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods a year ago. Other operating expenses encompass personnel expense, occupancy expense and miscellaneous other expenses. 

Personnel expense increased $1.7 million (7%) and $3.0 million (4%) during the three-and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019. The increase was mainly due to increases in our employee base, annual merit salary increases, increases in claims associated with the Company’s self-insured medical plan and increased payroll taxes. 

Occupancy expenses were $.1 million (3%) and $.3 million (2%) lower during the three- and nine-month periods just ended compared to the same periods a year ago. Lower maintenance expenses, office material expenses, telephone expenses and utility expenses were the primary factors contributing to the decrease. An increase in rent expense offset a portion of the declines in both periods. 

Miscellaneous other operating expenses increased $1.7 million (16%) and $2.5 million (8%) during the three- and nine-month periods just ended compared to the same periods a year ago. The increases were mainly due to increases in advertising expenses, computer expenses, consultant expenses, credit bureau dues, legal and audit expenses, postage expenses and security sales expenses. Lower travel expenses due to travel restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic offset a portion of the increase in miscellaneous other operating expenses during both comparable periods. 

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be, and is, treated as an S corporation for income tax reporting purposes. Taxable income or loss of an S corporation is passed through to, and included in the individual tax returns of, the shareholders of the Company, rather than being taxed at the corporate level. Notwithstanding this election, however, income taxes continue to be reported for, and paid by, the Company's insurance subsidiaries as they are not allowed to be treated as S corporations, and for the Company’s state taxes in Louisiana, which does not recognize S corporation status. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized and provisions for current and deferred income taxes continue to be recorded by the Company’s subsidiaries. The Company uses the liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes and provides deferred income taxes for all significant income tax temporary differences. 

Effective income tax rates were 15% and 18% during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to 22% and 19% during the same comparable periods a year ago. During the three-month period just ended, the S corporation incurred higher income, which increased the overall pre-tax income of the Company resulting in a lower effective tax rate for the quarter just ended compared to the same period in 2019. However, during the nine-month period just ended, the S corporation incurred a higher loss, which lowered the overall pre-tax income of the Company resulting in a higher effective tax rate for the nine-month period just ended compared to the same period a year ago. 

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk:

The possibility of market fluctuations in market interest rates during the remainder of the year could have an impact on our net interest margin. Please refer to the market risk analysis discussion contained in our Annual Report as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019 for a more detailed analysis of our market risk exposure. 

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As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had $56.5 million and $51.9 million, respectively, invested in cash and cash equivalents (excluding restricted cash), the majority of which was held by the insurance subsidiaries. 

The Company’s investments in marketable securities can be readily converted into cash, if necessary. State insurance regulations limit the use an insurance company can make of its assets. Dividend payments to a parent company by its wholly-owned life insurance subsidiary are subject to annual limitations and are restricted to the lesser of 10% of policyholders’ surplus or the net statutory gain from operations before recognizing realized investment gains of the individual insurance subsidiary during the prior year. Dividend payments to a parent company by its wholly-owned property and casualty insurance subsidiary are subject to annual limitations and are restricted to the lesser of 10% of policyholders’ surplus or the net statutory income before recognizing realized investment gains of the individual insurance subsidiary during the prior two years. At December 31, 2019, Frandisco Property and Casualty Insurance Company (“Frandisco P&C”) and Frandisco Life Insurance Company (“Frandisco Life”), the Company’s wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries, had policyholders’ surpluses of $110.8 million and $86.6 million, respectively. The maximum aggregate amount of dividends these subsidiaries can pay to the Company in 2020, without prior approval of the Georgia Insurance Commissioner, is approximately $37.4 million. On December 2, 2019, Management submitted a request for approval of two separate transactions involving dividends and/or lines of credit with overall maximum amounts of $50.0 million from Frandisco Life and $60.0 million from Frandisco P&C. The Company would have the option to pay dividends and/or implement lines of credit during 2020. The request was approved by the Georgia Insurance Commissioner on January 8, 2020. 

Most of the Company’s liquidity requirements are financed through the collection of receivables and through the sale of short-term and long-term debt securities. The Company’s continued liquidity is therefore dependent on the collection of its receivables and the sale of debt securities that meet the investment requirements of the public. Overall, debt securities outstanding increased $17.5 million between December 31, 2019 and September 30, 2020. In addition to its receivables and securities sales, the Company has an external source of funds available under a credit facility with Wells Fargo Preferred Capital, Inc. (as amended, the “credit agreement”). The credit agreement provides for borrowings of up to $230.0 million or 70% of the Company's net finance receivables (as defined in the credit agreement), whichever is less, and has a maturity date of February 28, 2022. Available borrowings under the credit agreement were $131.8 million and $88.7 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 at an interest rate of 3.50% and 4.45%, respectively. The credit agreement contains covenants customary for financing transactions of this type. At September 30, 2020, the Company believes it was in compliance with all covenants. 

As previously mentioned, the Company received approval for the insurance subsidiaries to pay extraordinary dividends and/or implement lines of credit to the Company during 2020. During 2019, Frandisco Life established an unsecured revolving line of credit available to the Company for a maximum amount up to $45.0 million. Frandisco P&C also established an unsecured revolving line of credit available to the Company for a maximum amount up to $47.0 million. Effective January 8, 2020, these lines of credit were amended in accordance with the previously mentioned approval received by the Georgia Insurance Commissioner for 2020. No amounts are currently outstanding on these lines. 

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appointment only with no more than one customer in the branch office at any time. Customers were and are encouraged to pay electronically. For those unable to pay electronically a no contact process was implemented for the branch offices. We have since re-opened our branch lobbies to the public, but request customers and employees to wear a mask. We have not experienced any significant impact on our delinquencies through September 30, 2020 that can be specifically attributed to COVID-19. However, we have modified the payment terms of certain loans and have increased our allowance for credit losses as the performance of these accounts may not match historical loss rates. Many corporate team members are working remotely where practical. COVID-19 presents material uncertainty and risk with respect to the Company’s performance and operations, including the potential impact on delinquencies and the allowance for credit losses if our customers experience prolonged periods of unemployment, which could result in a material impact to the Company’s future results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Critical Accounting Policies:

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and conform to general practices within the financial services industry. The Company’s critical accounting and reporting policies include the allowance for credit losses, revenue recognition and insurance claims reserves. 

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”) using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost. Provisions for loan losses are charged to operations in amounts sufficient to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level considered adequate to cover expected credit losses in our loan portfolio. 

The allowance for credit losses is established based on the determination of the amount of expected losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the reporting date. Under the new methodology, loans outstanding with similar risk characteristics are collectively evaluated in pools utilizing an open pool loss rate method, whereby a historical loss rate is calculated and applied to the balance of loans outstanding in the portfolio at each reporting period. This historical loss rate is then adjusted by macroeconomic forecast and other qualitative factors, as appropriate, to fully reflect the expected losses in the loan portfolio. The Company’s allowance for credit losses recorded in the balance sheet reflects management’s best estimate within the range of expected credit losses. Assumptions regarding expected losses are reviewed periodically and may be impacted by the Company’s actual loss experience and changes in any of the factors discussed above. 

Revenue Recognition

Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States require that an interest yield method be used to calculate the income recognized on accounts which have precomputed charges. An interest yield method is used by the Company on each individual account with precomputed charges to calculate income for those active accounts; however, state regulations often allow interest refunds to be made according to the Rule of 78’s method for payoffs and renewals. Since the majority of the Company's accounts with precomputed charges are paid off or renewed prior to maturity, the result is that most of those accounts effectively yield on a Rule of 78's basis. 

Precomputed finance charges are included in the gross amount of certain direct cash loans, sales finance contracts and certain real estate loans. These precomputed charges are deferred and recognized as income on an accrual basis using the effective interest method. Some other cash loans and real estate loans, which do not have precomputed charges, have income recognized on a simple interest accrual basis. Income is not accrued on any loan that is more than 60 days past due. 

Loan fees and origination costs are deferred and recognized as adjustments to the loan yield over the contractual life of the related loan. 

The property and casualty credit insurance policies written by the Company, as agent for a non-affiliated insurance company, are reinsured by the Company’s property and casualty insurance subsidiary. The premiums on these policies are deferred and earned over the period of  

7

insurance coverage using the pro-rata method or the effective yield method, depending on whether the amount of insurance coverage generally remains level or declines.

The credit life and accident and health insurance policies written by the Company, as agent for a non-affiliated insurance company, are reinsured by the Company’s life insurance subsidiary. The premiums are deferred and earned using the pro-rata method for level-term life insurance policies and the effective yield method for decreasing-term life policies. Premiums on accident and health insurance policies are earned based on an average of the pro-rata method and the effective yield method. 

Insurance Claims Reserves

Included in unearned insurance premiums and commissions on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position are reserves for incurred but unpaid credit insurance claims for policies written by the Company, as agent for a non-affiliated insurance underwriter, and reinsured by the Company’s wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries. These reserves are established based on generally accepted actuarial methods. In the event that the Company’s actual reported losses for any given period are materially in excess of the previously estimated amounts, such losses could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. 

Different assumptions in the application of any of these policies could result in material changes in the Company’s consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements:

See “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 1 to the accompanying “Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for a discussion of any applicable recently adopted accounting standards and the expected impact of accounting standards recently issued but not yet required to be adopted. For pronouncements already adopted, any material impacts on the Company’s consolidated financial statements are discussed in the applicable section(s) of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and the accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. 

Risk Factors:

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors disclosed in Part 1, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and in other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, all of which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. For example, these risks now include risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic developments. 

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1^st FRANKLIN FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

(Unaudited)

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

9

1^st FRANKLIN FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

10

1st FRANKLIN FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

(1)Reclassified $30 to other operating expenses and $6 to provision for income taxes on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) during the three-month period ended September 30, 2020. 

Reclassified $303,539 to other operating expenses and $63,743 to provision for income taxes on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) during the three-month period ended September 30, 2019. 

Reclassified $12,518 to other operating expenses and $2,629 to provision for income taxes on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020. 

Reclassified $308,970 to other operating expenses and $64,884 to provision for income taxes on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Retained Earnings (Unaudited) during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019. 

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

11

1st FRANKLIN FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Unaudited)

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

12

1^ST FRANKLIN FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

13

-NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of 1^st Franklin Financial Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company and notes thereto as of December 31, 2019 and for the year then ended included in the Company's 2019 Annual Report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

In the opinion of Management of the Company, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the Company's consolidated financial position as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, its consolidated results of operations and comprehensive income for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 and its consolidated cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. While certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Company believes that the disclosures herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading.

The Company’s financial condition and results of operations as of and for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year or any other future period. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires Management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities at and as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

The computation of earnings per share is self-evident from the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited). The Company has no dilutive securities outstanding.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:

Recent Accounting Pronouncements:

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 (“ASC 606”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. Under the guidance, companies are required to recognize revenue when the seller satisfies a performance obligation, which would be when the buyer takes control of the good or service. The Company adopted this guidance using the “modified retrospective” method effective January 1, 2018; as such, the Company applied the guidance only to the most recent period presented in the financial statements. The Company categorizes its primary sources of revenue into three categories: (1) interest related revenues, (2) insurance related revenue and (3) revenue from contracts with customers.

·Interest related revenues are specifically excluded from the scope of ASC 606 and accounted for under ASC Topic 310, “Receivables”. 

·Insurance related revenues are subject to industry-specific guidance within the scope of ASC Topic 944, “Financial Services – Insurance” which remains unchanged. 

·Other revenues primarily relate to commissions earned by the Company on sales of auto club memberships. Auto club commissions are revenue from contracts with customers and are accounted for in accordance with the guidance set forth in ASC 606. 

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Other revenues, as a whole, are immaterial to total revenues. There was no change to previously reported amounts from the cumulative effect of the adoption of ASC 606. During the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized interest related income of $54.2 million and $53.0 million, respectively, insurance related income of $11.9 million and $12.6 million, respectively, and other revenues of $1.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized interest related income of $162.8 million and $153.5 million, respectively, insurance related income of $37.1 million and $36.5 million, respectively, and other revenues of $3.5 million and $4.2 million, respectively.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases Topic (842): Leases.” This ASU supersedes existing guidance on accounting for leases in Leases (Topic 840). The update requires disclosures regarding key information about leasing arrangements and requires all leases for a leasee to be recognized on the balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a practical expedient is available whereby a lessee may elect, by class of underlying asset, not to recognize a right-of-use asset or lease liability. The Company adopted the new standard during the first quarter of 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method resulting in the recording of a right-to-use asset of $29.7 million on the balance sheet and a corresponding liability. Prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the previous accounting guidance. The Company utilized the package of practical expedients allowing the Company to not reassess whether a contract is or contains a lease, lease classification and initial direct costs. As part of the adoption of the accounting standard, the Company elected to not recognize short-term leases on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. All non-lease components, such as common area maintenance, were excluded. See Note 5.

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There have been no updates to other recent accounting pronouncements described in our 2019 Annual Report and no new pronouncements that Management believes would have a material impact on the Company.

Note 2 – Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is based on Management's evaluation of the inherent risks and changes in the composition of the Company's loan portfolio. Management estimates and evaluates the allowance for credit losses by utilizing an open pool loss rate method on collectively evaluated loans with similar risk characteristics in pools, whereby a historical loss rate is calculated and applied to the balance of loans outstanding in the portfolio at each reporting date. This historical loss rate is then adjusted by macroeconomic forecast and other qualitative factors, as appropriate, to fully reflect the Company’s expected losses in its loan portfolio. The Company’s allowance for credit losses recorded in the balance sheet reflects management’s best estimate within the range of expected credit losses.

The Company calculates an expected credit loss by utilizing a snapshot of each specific loan segment at a point in history and tracing that segment’s performance until charge-offs were mostly exhausted for that particular segment. Charge-offs in subsequent periods are aggregated to derive an unadjusted lifetime historical charge-off rate by segment. The level of receivables at the balance sheet date is reviewed and adjustments to the allowance for credit losses are made if Management determines increases or decreases in the level of receivables warrants an adjustment. The Company performs a correlation analysis between macroeconomic factors and prior charge-offs for the following macroeconomic factors: Annual Unemployment Rates, Real Gross Domestic Product, Consumer Price Index (CPI), and US National Home Price Index (HPI). To evaluate the overall adequacy of our allowance for credit losses, we consider the level of loan receivables, historical loss trends, loan delinquency trends, bankruptcy trends and overall economic conditions. Such allowance is, in the opinion of Management, sufficiently adequate for expected losses in the current loan portfolio. As the estimates used in determining the loan loss reserve are influenced by outside factors, such as consumer payment patterns and general economic conditions, there is uncertainty inherent in these estimates. Actual results could vary based on future changes in significant assumptions.

Management disaggregates the Company’s loan portfolio by loan segment when evaluating loan performance and calculating the allowance for credit losses. Although most loans are similar in nature, the Company concluded that based on variations in loss experience (severity and duration) driven by product and customer type it is most relevant to segment the portfolio by loan product consisting of five different segments: live checks, premier loans, other consumer loans, real estate loans, and sales finance contracts.

The total segments are monitored for credit losses based on graded contractual delinquency and other economic conditions. The Company classifies delinquent accounts at the end of each month according to the Company’s graded delinquency rules, which includes the number of installments past due at that time, based on the then-existing terms of the contract. Accounts are classified in delinquency categories of 30-59 days past due, 60-89 days past due, or 90 or more days past due based on the Company’s graded delinquency policy. When a loan meets the Company’s charge-off policy, the loan is charged off, unless Management directs that it be retained as an active loan. In making this charge off evaluation, Management considers factors such as pending insurance, bankruptcy status and other indicators of collectability. The amount charged off is the unpaid balance less the unearned finance charges and the unearned insurance premiums, if applicable.

Management ceases accruing finance charges on loans that meet the Company’s non-accrual policy based on graded delinquency rules, generally when two payments remain unpaid on precomputed loans or when an interest-bearing loan is 60 days or more past due. Finance charges are then only recognized to the extent there is a loan payment received or when the account qualifies for return to accrual status. Accounts qualify for return to accrual status when the graded delinquency on a precomputed loan is less than two payments and on an interest-bearing loan when it is less than 60 days past due. There were no loans 60 days or more past due and still accruing interest at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019. The Company’s principal balances on non-accrual loans by loan class as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are as follows:

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An age analysis of principal balances on past due loans, segregated by loan class, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 follows:

While delinquency rating analysis is the primary credit quality indicator, we also consider the ratio of bankrupt accounts to the total loan portfolio in evaluating whether any qualitive adjustments were necessary to the allowance for credit losses. The ratio of bankrupt accounts outstanding to total principal loan balances outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was 1.60% and 2.09%, respectively.

The Company considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit losses. For each segment in the portfolio, the Company also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan and by payment activity. The following table presents the net balance (principal balance less unearned finance charges and unearned insurance) in consumer and residential loans based on payment activity as of September 30, 2020:

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(1) Includes loans originated during the nine-months ended September 30, 2020.

Due to the composition of the loan portfolio, the Company determines and monitors the allowance for credit losses on a portfolio segment basis. As of September 30, 2020, a historical look back period of five quarters was utilized for live checks; six quarters for other consumer loans, premier loans, and sales finance contracts; and a look back period of five years was utilized for real estate loans. Expected look back periods are determined based on analyzing the history of each segment’s snapshot at a point in history and tracing performance until charge-offs are mostly exhausted. The Company addresses seasonality primarily through the use of an average in quarterly historical loss rates over a 4-quarter snapshot time span instead of using one specific snapshot quarter’s historical loss rates.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company developed a payment modification program for past due accounts. The payment modifications program ran from April 1^st through May 31, 2020 with $70.6 million net balances modified. As of September 30, 2020, $12.0 million in net balances have not made a payment since the modified due date or are currently greater than 30 days past due. A similar COVID-19 payment modification program was offered during the month of September 2020 with $6.8 million of net balances modified. As a result of the continued impact of COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 loan payment modification programs and uncertainty of federal

18

relief programs, the Company calculated an incremental allowance for credit losses. The Company maintains an incremental $1.0 million qualitative adjustment to the allowance for credit losses for the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Company implemented a quantitative decision matrix for Sales Finance Contract applications in February 2020. A subset of loans originated from February through June 2020 were identified to have approvals that were inconsistent with historical subjective decisions to extend credit. The quantitative decision matrix was updated effective July 1, 2020. Decision matrix changes introduced on July 1^st resulted in originations with lower credit loss risk customers. We will continue to closely monitor originations made under the updated decision matrix. A $0.5 million qualitative adjustment to the allowance for credit loss was provided to account for the incremental risk on the February to June originations.

Segmentation of the portfolio began with the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020. The following table provides additional information on our allowance for credit losses based on a collective evaluation.

Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") represent loans on which the original terms have been modified as a result of the following conditions: (i) the restructuring constitutes a concession and (ii) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties. Loan modifications by the Company involve

19

payment alterations, interest rate concessions and/or reductions in the amount owed by the borrower. The following table presents a summary of loans that were restructured during the three months ended September 30, 2020.

The following table presents a summary of loans that were restructured during the three months ended September 30, 2019.

The following table presents a summary of loans that were restructured during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

The following table presents a summary of loans that were restructured during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

TDRs that occurred during the twelve months ended September 30, 2020 and subsequently defaulted during the three months ended September 30, 2020 are listed below.

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TDRs that occurred during the twelve months ended September 30, 2019 and subsequently defaulted during the three months ended September 30, 2019 are listed below.

TDRs that occurred during the twelve months ended September 30, 2020 and subsequently defaulted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 are listed below.

TDRs that occurred during the twelve months ended September 30, 2019 and subsequently defaulted during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 are listed below.

The level of TDRs, including those which have experienced a subsequent default, is considered in the determination of an appropriate level of allowance of loan losses.

Note 3 – Investment Securities

Debt securities available-for-sale are carried at estimated fair value. Debt securities designated as "Held to Maturity" are carried at amortized cost based on Management's intent and ability to hold such securities to maturity. The amortized cost and estimated fair values of these debt securities were as follows:

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Gross unrealized losses on investment securities totaled $113,929 and $24,092 as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The following table provides an analysis of investment securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary as of September 30, 2020 and for which an other-than-temporary impairment has not been recognized as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

The previous two tables represent 5 and 2 investments held by the Company as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, the majority of which are rated “A” or higher by Moody’s and/or Standard & Poor’s. The unrealized losses on the Company’s investments listed in the above table were primarily the result of interest rate and market fluctuations. Based on the credit ratings of these investments, along with the consideration of whether the Company has the intent to sell or will be more likely than not required to sell the applicable investment before recovery of amortized cost basis, the Company does not believe an allowance for credit losses is necessary at September 30, 2020 or other than temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2019. Impairments shall be recorded through other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes.

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries internally designate certain investments as restricted to cover their policy reserves and loss reserves. Funds are held in separate trusts for the benefit of each insurance subsidiary at U.S. Bank National Association ("US Bank"). US Bank serves as trustee under trust agreements with the Company's property and casualty insurance company subsidiary (“Frandisco P&C”), as grantor, and American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida, as beneficiary. As of September 30, 2020, these trusts held $33.7 million in available-for-sale investment securities at market value. US Bank also serves as trustee under trust agreements with the Company's life insurance company subsidiary (“Frandisco Life”), as grantor, and American Bankers Life Assurance Company, as beneficiary. As of September 30, 2020, these trusts held $19.5 million in available-for-sale investment securities at market value and $.4 million in held-to-maturity investment securities at amortized cost. The amounts required to be held in each trust change as required reserves change. All earnings on assets in the trusts are remitted to the Company's insurance subsidiaries.

Note 4 – Fair Value

Under ASC 820, fair value is the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The following fair value hierarchy is used in selecting inputs used to determine the fair value of an asset or liability, with the highest priority given to Level 1, as these are the most transparent

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or reliable. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurements.

Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets.

Level 3 - Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable.

The following methods and assumptions are used by the Company in estimating fair values of its financial instruments:

Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash includes cash on hand and with banks. Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value due to the relatively short period of time between origination of the instruments and their expected realization. The estimate of the fair value of cash and cash equivalents is classified as a Level 1 financial asset.

Loans: The carrying value of the Company’s direct cash loans and sales finance contracts approximates the fair value since the estimated life, assuming prepayments, is short-term in nature. The fair value of the Company’s real estate loans approximates the carrying value since the interest rate charged by the Company approximates market rate. The estimate of fair value of loans is classified as a Level 3 financial asset.

Marketable Debt Securities: The Company values Level 2 securities using various observable market inputs obtained from a pricing service. The pricing service prepares evaluations of fair value for our Level 2 securities using proprietary valuation models based on techniques such as multi-dimensional relational models, and series of matrices that use observable market inputs. The fair value measurements and disclosures guidance defines observable market inputs as the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset developed on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. The extent of the use of each observable market input for a security depends on the type of security and the market conditions at the balance sheet date. Depending on the security, the priority of the use of observable market inputs may change as some observable market inputs may not be relevant or additional inputs may be necessary. The Company uses the following observable market inputs (“standard inputs”), listed in the approximate order of priority, in the pricing evaluation of Level 2 securities: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research data. State, municipalities and political subdivisions securities are priced by our pricing service using material event notices and new issue data inputs in addition to the standard inputs. See additional information, including the table below, regarding fair value under ASC 820, and the fair value measurement of available-for-sale marketable debt securities.

Corporate Securities: The Company estimates the fair value of corporate securities with readily determinable fair values based on quoted prices observed in active markets; therefore, these investments are classified as Level 1.

Senior Debt Securities: The carrying value of the Company’s senior debt securities approximates fair value due to the relatively short period of time between the origination of the instruments and their expected repayment. The estimate of fair value of senior debt securities is classified as a Level 2 financial liability.

Subordinated Debt Securities: The carrying value of the Company’s variable rate subordinated debt securities approximates fair value due to the re-pricing frequency of

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the securities. The estimate of fair value of subordinated debt securities is classified as a Level 2 financial liability.

The Company is responsible for the valuation process and as part of this process may use data from outside sources in establishing fair value. The Company performs due diligence to understand the inputs and how the data was calculated or derived. The Company employs a market approach in the valuation of its obligations of states, political subdivisions and municipal revenue bonds that are available-for-sale. These investments are valued on the basis of current market quotations provided by independent pricing services selected by Management based on the advice of an investment manager. To determine the value of a particular investment, these independent pricing services may use certain information with respect to market transactions in such investment or comparable investments, various relationships observed in the market between investments, quotations from dealers, and pricing metrics and calculated yield measures based on valuation methodologies commonly employed in the market for such investments. Quoted prices are subject to our internal price verification procedures. We validate prices received using a variety of methods including, but not limited to, comparison to other pricing services or corroboration of pricing by reference to independent market data such as a secondary broker. There was no change in this methodology during any period reported.

Assets measured at fair value as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were available-for-sale investment securities which are summarized below: