UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

or

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission file number: 001-36199

PULMATRIX, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (781) 357-2333

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, as of June 30, 2019, the last business day of registrants most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $17,267,361.

As of March 24,2020, the registrant had 20,521,304 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Specified portions of Pulmatrix, Inc.’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A relating to the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into PART III.

PULMATRIX, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained herein, including statements regarding our business plans or strategies, projected or anticipated benefits or other consequences of our plans or strategies, projected or anticipated benefits from acquisitions to be made by us, or projections involving anticipated revenues, earnings or other aspects of our operating results, are forward-looking statements. Words such as “anticipates,” “assumes,” “believes,” “can,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “guides,” “intends,” “is confident that,” “may,” “plans,” “seeks,” “projects,” “targets,” and “would,” and their opposites and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and may not be accurate indications of when such performance or results will actually be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information we have when those statements are made or our management’s good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

For a more detailed discussion of these and other that may affect our business and that could cause our actual results to differentiate equally from those projected in these forward-looking statements, see the risk factors and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. We do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which any such statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

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Unless otherwise stated, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “us,” “we,” “our,” or “Company” refer to Pulmatrix, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

The Company effected a 1-for-10 reverse stock split on February 3, 2019. All share and per share information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been retroactively adjusted to reflect these reverse stock splits.

“iSPERSE” is one of our trademarks used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other trademarks appearing in this report are the property of their respective holders. Solely for convenience, these and other trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this report appear without the ^®, TM and SM symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, we or the owners of such trademarks will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights to these trademarks and trade names.

Overview

We are a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of novel inhaled therapeutic products intended to prevent and treat respiratory and other diseases with significant unmet medical needs.

We design and develop inhaled therapeutic products based on our proprietary dry powder delivery technology, iSPERSE (inhaled Small Particles Easily Respirable and Emitted), which enables delivery of small or large molecule drugs to the lungs by inhalation for local or systemic applications. The iSPERSE powders are engineered to be small, dense particles with highly efficient dispersibility and delivery to airways. iSPERSE powders can be used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a broad range of drug substances including small molecules and biologics. We believe the iSPERSE dry powder technology offers enhanced drug loading and delivery efficiency that outperforms traditional lactose-blend inhaled dry powder therapies. We believe the advantages of using the iSPERSE technology include reduced total inhaled powder mass, enhanced dosing efficiency, reduced cost of goods and improved safety and tolerability profiles. We are developing iSPERSE-based therapeutic candidates targeted at the prevention and treatment of a range of diseases, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (“ABPA”) in patients with asthma and in patients with cystic fibrosis (“CF”), and lung cancer. We are also exploring iSPERSE based therapeutics in neurological diseases.

Corporate History

We were incorporated in 2013 as a Nevada corporation and converted to a Delaware corporation in September 2013. On June 15, 2015, we completed a merger with Pulmatrix Operating Company, changed our name to “Pulmatrix, Inc.” and relocated our corporate headquarters to Lexington, Massachusetts. Our resources are focused on the development of novel inhaled therapeutic products intended to prevent and treat respiratory diseases and other diseases where inhaled drug delivery offers a potential therapeutic advantage.

Business Strategy

Our goal is to utilize our proprietary iSPERSE technology to develop proprietary breakthrough therapeutic products that are safe, convenient, efficiently delivered and more effective than the existing therapeutic products of respiratory diseases. In addition to our own proprietary products, we continue to pursue technology partnerships where iSPERSE can improve upon the other company’s products.

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iSPERSE Technology

We use simple, safe excipients, including proprietary cationic salt formulations, to create a robust and flexible dry powder platform technology that can accommodate a wide range of drug loads in highly dispersible particles. Our initial delivery platform emerged from development of iCALM (inhaled Cationic Airway Lining Modulators), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy. The high degree of aerosol efficiency and the density profile of our dry powder iCALM formulations provided the foundation for our development of iSPERSE in 2012, using other monovalent and divalent salts.

iSPERSE particles are engineered with a small, dense and dispersible profile to exceed the performance of traditional dry powder particles as the iSPERSE particles have the dispersibility advantages of porous engineered particles. We believe this results in superior drug delivery compared to traditional oral and injectable forms of treatment for certain respiratory diseases. Unlike lactose-blended carrier formulations or low-density particles which disperse poorly, we believe that the iSPERSE technology platform offers several potential benefits, achieved through the following technological innovations:

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Therapeutic Candidates

Pulmazole

We are developing iSPERSE-based inhaled formulations of anti-fungal drugs for the prevention and treatment of fungal infections and allergic/hypersensitivity reactions to fungus in patients with severe lung disease, including those with asthma and CF. On January 28, 2020, Pulmazole received Fast Track designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ABPA. Aspergillus colonization and infections are likely underdiagnosed and occur frequently in patients of all ages. Colonization and infection with Aspergillus spp. can lead to clinical disease with differing severities and complications depending on the immune status of the host. Invasive aspergillosis is a frequently fatal disease that occurs in patients that are typically immune suppressed as a result of treatment for hematologic cancers or immunosuppression prior to solid organ transplantation. In asthma and CF patients, Aspergillus can cause chronic infections that may be associated with worsening disease and larger declines in lung function than patients without infection. A subset of asthma and CF patients with Aspergillus colonization and/or infection develop ABPA, which is a complex hypersensitivity reaction to fungal antigens. ABPA is a disease resulting in mucus production, wheezing, pulmonary infiltrates, worsening bronchiectasis and fibrosis of the lung.

In both asthma and CF patients, ABPA is commonly treated with oral steroids to treat inflammation and with oral antifungals to reduce fungal infection. The inhalation administration of a drug affords direct delivery of the drug to the infected parts of the lung, maximizing the dose to the affected sites and minimizing systemic exposure to the rest of the body where it could cause significant side effects. Therefore, treatment of lung infections by direct administration of anti-infective products to the lung may improve both the safety and efficacy of treatment compared to systemic administration by other routes, as well as improving patient convenience as compared to oral and injectable forms of the treatment. We believe that local lung delivery by inhalation of our iSPERSE formulation could provide convenient, effective and safe management of the debilitating and often life-threatening lung infections that are not currently addressed by inhaled therapies.

Pulmazole is our inhaled formulation of itraconazole, an anti-fungal drug commercially available as an oral drug that we are developing to treat and prevent pulmonary fungal infections. Development of Pulmazole is focused on treatment of Aspergillus spp. colonization and infection in patients with asthma and CF. In a Phase 1/1b clinical trial, Pulmazole appeared to be safe and well tolerated in healthy normal volunteers (Parts 1 and 2) and asthmatics (Part 3). In Part 3 of the Phase 1/1b study, following a single dose of Pulmazole the pharmacokinetics (“PK”) analysis of sputum samples demonstrated ~70-fold higher maximum lung concentration of itraconazole following inhalation of Pulmazole compared to oral Sporanox^® despite inhaling only one tenth the dose of itraconazole (20 mg) relative to the dose of oral Sporanox (200 mg). Lung exposure, as measured by sputum induction and analysis, was approximately 50 fold higher and plasma exposure was approximately 85-fold lower following inhalation of 20 mg Pulmazole compared to 200 mg of oral Sporanox. All endpoints from the Phase 1/1b study were successfully met.

On April 15, 2019, we entered into a Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “Cipla Agreement”) with Cipla Technologies LLC (“Cipla”) for the co-development and commercialization, on a worldwide

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exclusive basis, of Pulmazole, our inhaled iSPERSE drug delivery system enabled formulation of the antifungal drug, itraconazole, for the treatment of all pulmonary indications, including ABPA in patients with asthma.

Pursuant to the Cipla Agreement, Cipla made an initial upfront payment of $22 million to us in exchange for an irrevocable assignment of all existing and future technologies, current and future drug master files, dossiers, third-party contracts, regulatory filings, regulatory materials and regulatory approvals, patents, and intellectual property rights, as well as any other associated rights and assets with respect to Pulmazole, specifically in relation to pulmonary indications (the “Assigned Assets”) which Cipla then irrevocably licensed back to us only for non-pulmonary application. As a condition precedent to signing the agreement, we demonstrated to Cipla that we had at least $15 million of unencumbered cash available for the development of Pulmazole. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, we dedicated $24 million of cash to the development of Pulmazole. The $24 million is expected to fund the development of Pulmazole beyond the completion of the initiated Phase 2 study. After such $24 million is exhausted, each of us and Cipla will bear 50% of any costs incurred with respect to the development, regulatory and commercialization costs of Pulmazole. The parties will share equally the total free cash flow in relation to commercialization of Pulmazole. Pulmatrix will remain responsible for the execution of the clinical development of Pulmazole, and Cipla will be responsible for the global commercialization of the product.

Competition and Market Opportunities

Current treatments of pulmonary fungal infections highlight the limitations of oral or intravenous anti-infective treatments for lung infections. Itraconazole is one of the most commonly prescribed therapies for treating Aspergillus spp. infections in patients with asthma and CF. Itraconazole is available commercially as Sporanox (Janssen Pharmaceutica) in both a capsule and oral solution form. Itraconazole is metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4 and coadministration with a large number of drugs is contraindicated due to the potential for severe drug-drug interactions.

We believe Pulmazole will achieve higher local lung itraconazole concentrations and significantly lower systemic exposure relative to oral dosing, thus allowing for the potential to improve upon both the efficacy and safety profiles observed with oral itraconazole. Furthermore, administration by inhalation may significantly reduce the exposure of the drug in the rest of the body, which may be beneficial in reducing systemic side effects and the risk of potentially toxic drug-drug interactions.

There is precedent for both dry powder and nebulized inhaled anti-infective therapy to address specific pulmonary infections in patients which demonstrates potential utility of inhaled drug delivery and market opportunity. Mylan currently markets TOBI Podhaler for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in the United States, and Forest Laboratories U.K. Limited (a subsidiary of Actavis PLC) markets inhaled colistin, Colobreathe, for the same infection in Europe. Savara is developing AeroVanc, an inhaled dry powder version of vancomycin, intended for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lung infection in patients with CF, which has begun Phase 3 clinical trials. Insmed received approval for Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension (Arikayce) in September 2018 for the treatment of lung disease caused by a group of bacteria, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in a limited population of patients with the disease who do not respond to conventional treatment (refractory disease). Arikayce is the first drug to be approved under the Limited Population Pathway for Antibacterial and Antifungal Drugs, or LPAD pathway, established by Congress under the 21st Century Cures Act to advance development and approval of antibacterial and antifungal drugs to treat serious or life-threatening infections in a limited population of patients with unmet need. As required for drugs approved under the LPAD pathway, labeling for Arikayce includes certain statements to convey that the drug has been shown to be safe and effective only for use in a limited population. Arikayce also was approved under the Accelerated Approval pathway. Under this approach, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) may approve drugs for serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions where the drug is shown to have an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit to patients. The approval of Arikayce was based on achieving three consecutive negative monthly sputum cultures by month six of treatment. Insmed

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was required by the FDA to conduct an additional, post-market study to describe the clinical benefits of Arikayce. Pulmocide Ltd has initiated a Phase 2 clinical trial in the fourth quarter of 2018 to investigate PC945, a novel triazole antifungal, for the treatment of Culture-positive Aspergillus Fumigatus infection in subjects with moderate to severe asthma. There are currently no products specifically approved for treatment of ABPA.

New methods to detect Aspergillus spp. infection in sputum have improved the sensitivity of diagnosis and clinical appreciation for these infections. Pulmonary Aspergillus spp. infections affect approximately 14 million patients worldwide according to the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (Improving Outcomes for Patients with Fungal Infections across the World: A Road Map for the Next Decade). The majority of these cases occur in patients with asthma who have allergic disease and also include invasive Aspergillus spp. infections that are associated with a high rate of mortality in immunocompromised patients. We believe that Pulmazole compares favorably to the products discussed above and has the potential to generate significant value based on treating and preventing pulmonary fungal infections in multiple patient populations.

Clinical Development

Pulmazole is our lead iSPERSE development program. We successfully completed a Phase 1/1b clinical study in 2018 which enabled us to initiate a Phase 2 study in 2019, entitled: ‘A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Itraconazole Administered as a Dry Powder for Inhalation (PUR1900) in Adult Asthmatic Patients with Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)’. Top-line data for this study is presently anticipated during the first quarter of 2021. However, we are currently assessing the impact of the coronavirus on this study and how it could impact this timeline. An outbreak of the coronavirus in areas where we are enrolling patients for this trial could delay patient enrollment and divert healthcare resources from our study and ultimately lead to closure of clinical sites. Institutions, where seven of our clinical sites are located, recently suspended enrollment in the trial due to issues associated with coronavirus and additional institutions may follow. In addition, some patients may withdrawal from the trial due to limitations on travel and movement that have been imposed in jurisdictions in response to the coronavirus pandemic. Finally, we are working to make sure all of our trial sites are safe for patients and do not expose them to the risk of a coronavirus infection. Should we determine that continued participation in our clinical trials creates unreasonable risk of exposure to coronavirus, we intend to voluntarily suspend enrollment at such sites as a safety measure until we reasonably believe that the likelihood of exposure has subsided. We cannot predict the extent to which the coronavirus may impact our clinical trials. However, it could result in a delay or indefinite suspension of this trial. For more discussion of risks related to coronavirus, please see “Item 1A. RISK FACTORS.—Risks Related to Our Business—Business interruptions could limit our ability to operate our business.

PUR1800

On June 9, 2017, we entered into an exclusive, worldwide license agreement (the “RespiVert License Agreement”) with RespiVert Ltd. (“RespiVert”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Janssen Biotech, Inc. (“Janssen”), and an affiliate of JJEI, for access to a portfolio of novel drug candidates in a class called kinase inhibitors. The first of which, iSPERSE PUR1800 (previously RV1162), we plan to develop for the treatment of acute exacerbations in patients with COPD (“AECOPD”). AECOPDs can result from environmental, viral, or bacterial catalysts causing the patient to experience an increase in coughing, sputum production, and dyspnea. COPD exacerbations (worsening of respiratory symptoms) are a major contributor to health care costs as well disease progression that can lead to serious consequences such as hospitalization and death. AECOPD accounts for up to 62.5% of all hospital admissions related to COPD.

We successfully reformulated RV1162 into PUR1800. PUR1800 demonstrated the efficiency of the iSPERSE platform in non-clinical toxicology results which showed a significant increased lung dose compared to earlier formulations of RV1162 and improved physical /chemical stability of the product.

On December 26, 2019, Pulmatrix entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with JJEI (the “JJEI License Agreement”). Under the JJEI License Agreement, the Company has granted JJEI an option to acquire (1) the Company’s rights to an intellectual property portfolio of materials and technology

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related to narrow spectrum kinase inhibitor compounds and (2) an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to PUR1800.

Clinical Development

Studies conducted by RespiVert/Janssen for the small molecule formulated in PUR1800 (previously RV1162) demonstrated that the molecule has been well tolerated for up to 14 days of dosing in patients with COPD. Analysis of sputum collected from COPD patients treated with RV1162 showed reduced levels of p38 phosphorylation in sputum cells and decreases in the number of neutrophils recovered in sputum after 12 days of dosing suggesting the onset of anti-inflammatory benefit after a short dosing regimen.

In the first half of 2020, Pulmatrix plans to initiate a Ph1b study of an iSPERSE formulation, PUR1800, in stable moderate-severe COPD patients. This study is intended to show similar results as the Phase 1/1b clinical study of RV1162 conducted by Janssen (Janssen Study EST001, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01970618), while demonstrating safety and tolerability of PUR1800 (iSPERSE formulation) in stable COPD patients. As we plan a Ph1b study of PUR1800, we are assessing the impact of the coronavirus on our studies and current timeline. An outbreak of the coronavirus in areas where we plan to conduct studies of PUR1800 may delay enrollment of patients and divert healthcare resources from our studies. We cannot predict the extent to which the coronavirus may impact our clinical trials. However, it could result in a delay or indefinite suspension of the trials. For more discussion of risks related to coronavirus, please see “Item 1A. RISK FACTORS.—Risks Related to Our Business—Business interruptions could limit our ability to operate our business.

PUR5700

We received access to PUR5700 (previously RV7031), a second novel drug candidate through the RespiVert License Agreement.

On December 26, 2019, Pulmatrix entered into the JJEI License Agreement, pursuant to which the Company provided an assignment option to JJEI of all the Company’s rights under the RespiVert License Agreement, to develop and commercialize PUR1800, PUR5700 and other kinase inhibitors.

New Products — PUR3000 and PUR4000

In 2019, Pulmatrix underwent an extensive landscape survey to identify new opportunities under Section 505(b)(2) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDC”), which permits the submission of a new drug application (“NDA”) where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference, where an inhaled iSPERSE re-formulation could lead to potential clinical advantage in diseases with high unmet need. The landscape survey began by looking at the top 100 drugs by sales. The list was then filtered down to products that met three areas of focus: (1) pulmonary indications (2) neurological (CNS) indications requiring rapid onset and (3) products with poor bioavailability with associated toxicity. Following this process, we identified two products for further pre-clinical development: PUR3000 is a neurological disease product where pulmonary delivery can lead to rapid onset, meeting a significant unmet need in the market. PUR4000 is a respiratory disease product where direct product delivery to the lungs can solve poor bioavailability issues and create a potential efficacy advantage with higher drug concentrations in the lungs. We intend to prioritize one of these two compounds and commence the pre-clinical work necessary in 2020 to potentially have one Phase 1 ready asset in 2021.

Business Development

On April 15, 2019, Pulmatrix entered into the Cipla Agreement for the co-development and commercialization of Pulmazole^™. Pulmatrix received an upfront payment of $22 million from Cipla in exchange for assignment of all rights for Pulmazole in relation to pulmonary indications to Cipla. Thereafter, both parties equally share all costs related to the future development and commercialization of Pulmazole, and equally share worldwide free cash flow from future sales of Pulmazole. Pulmatrix will remain responsible for the execution of the clinical

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development of Pulmazole, and Cipla will be responsible for the commercialization of the product. The partnership is overseen by a Joint Steering Committee with equal representation from both companies.

Intellectual Property

Patents and Patent Applications

We protect our intellectual property by filing and advancing patent applications and maintaining granted patents on our iSPERSE platform technology and in-licensed kinase inhibitors, which includes claims to compositions of matter and methods of use for our Pulmazole, PUR1800 and PUR5700 programs, as well as, manufacturing processes, devices and packaging relevant to our iSPERSE platform and product candidates.

The status of our patent portfolio changes frequently in the ordinary course of patent prosecution. As of December 31, 2019, our patent portfolio related to iSPERSE included approximately 93 granted and allowed patents, 15 of which are granted or allowed US patents, with expiration dates from 2024 to 2034, and approximately 56 additional pending patent applications in the US and other jurisdictions. Our in-licensed portfolio related to kinase inhibitors included approximately 237 granted and allowed patents, 27 of which are granted or allowed US patents, with expiration dates from 2029 to 2035, and approximately 37 additional pending patent applications in the US and other jurisdictions.

There can be no assurance that the patent applications will be granted. The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, the patent term of a patent that covers a FDA-approved drug may also be eligible for patent term extension, which permits patent term restoration as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The length of the patent term extension is related to the length of time the drug is under regulatory review. Patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. In the future, if and when our products receive FDA approval, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on patents covering those products. Similar provisions are available in Europe and other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. We plan to seek patent term extensions to extend the patent coverage of any of our products that received regulatory approval in any jurisdiction where these extensions are available. However, there is no guarantee that the applicable authorities, including the FDA in the United States, will agree with our assessment on whether such extensions should be granted, and if granted, the length of such extensions.

The patent positions of biotechnology companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. Consequently, we may not obtain or maintain adequate patent protection for any of our product candidates. We cannot predict whether the patent applications we are currently pursuing will issue as patents in any particular jurisdiction or whether the claims of any issued patents will provide sufficient proprietary protection from competitors. Any patents that we hold may be challenged, circumvented or invalidated by third parties.

Trade Secrets

We also rely on trade secret protection of our confidential and proprietary information, including the iSPERSE technology. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, including through contractual means with our employees, consultants and others, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our technology. Thus, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with Pulmatrix. These confidentiality agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us must be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. Our

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confidentiality agreements with our employees also provide that all inventions conceived by the employee in the course of employment with us or from the employee’s use of our confidential information are our exclusive property.

Manufacturing

We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of our product candidates. We have small-scale production capabilities and generally perform early process development for our product candidates to produce the quantities necessary to conduct preclinical studies of our investigational product candidates. We do not have, and do not currently plan to acquire or develop, the facilities or capabilities to manufacture bulk drug substance or filled drug product for use in human clinical studies. We rely on contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) and third-party contractors to generate drug-loaded formulations and produce larger, pilot- scale amounts of drug substance and the drug product required for our clinical studies. We expect to continue to rely on CMOs to manufacture drug substances and drug products under the appropriate current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) conditions to perform clinical studies for the foreseeable future. We also contract with CMOs for the labeling, packaging, storage and distribution of investigational drug products. These arrangements allow us to maintain a more flexible infrastructure while focusing our expertise on researching and developing our products.

We expect to continue to rely on contract manufacturers to produce sufficient quantities of our product candidates in accordance with the appropriate cGMPs for the pertinent phase of clinical trials. cGMP compliance includes strict adherence to regulations for quality control, quality assurance, and the maintenance of records and documentation. The manufacturing facilities that manufacture our approved drug products, if any are approved in the future, must comply with the FDA’s cGMP regulation requirements and have acquired FDA or other regulatory approval for the manufacturing of our commercial products. Our contract manufacturers may also be subject to inspections of facilities by regulatory authorities to ensure compliance with applicable regulations. Contract manufacturers often encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control and quality assurance, as well as shortages of qualified personnel. We have little or no direct control over our manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may result in fines and civil penalties, suspension of production, suspension or delay in product approval, product seizure or recall, or withdrawal of product approval. These actions could have a material impact on the availability of products.

Suppliers

We also rely on third-party contract manufacturers to supply the APIs that are used to formulate our therapeutic candidates. We place purchase orders with one contract manufacturer for the APIs required for Pulmazole and PUR1800, but there are many other potential contract manufacturers that may be capable of manufacturing APIs for Pulmazole and PUR1800 or any of our other drug products in the market. We additionally rely on third-party vendors to supply raw materials for our APIs and drug products.

Research and Development

For fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we spent approximately $12.8 million and $13.0 million, respectively on research and development activities.

Government Regulation

Pharmaceutical companies are subject to extensive regulation by national, state and local agencies, such as the FDA, in the United States and the European Medicines Agency in Europe. The manufacture, distribution, marketing and sale of pharmaceutical products are subject to government regulation in the United States and various foreign countries. Additionally, in the United States, we must follow rules and regulations established by

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the FDA requiring the presentation of data indicating that our products are safe and efficacious and are manufactured in accordance with cGMP regulations. If we do not comply with applicable requirements, we may be fined, the government may refuse to approve our marketing applications or allow us to manufacture or market its products, and we may be criminally prosecuted. We and our manufacturers and clinical research organizations may also be subject to regulations under other federal, state and local laws, including, but not limited to, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Air Act and import, export and customs regulations as well as the laws and regulations of other countries. Pharmaceutical companies must ensure their compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and federal healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the False Claims Act, and the U.S. government has increased its enforcement activity regarding illegal marketing practices domestically and internationally.

These regulatory requirements impact our operations and differ from one country to another, such that securing the applicable regulatory approvals of one country does not imply the approval of another country. However, securing the approval of a more stringent body, e.g. the FDA, may facilitate receiving the approval by a regulatory authority in a different country where the regulatory requirements are similar or less stringent. The approval procedures involve high costs and are manpower intensive and usually extend over many years and require highly skilled and professional resources.

FDA Approval Process

The steps required to be taken before a new drug may be marketed in the United States generally include:

Clinical studies are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the study, what types of patients may enter the study, schedules of tests and procedures, drugs, dosages, and length of study, as well as the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical study and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND application.

In all the countries that are signatories of the Helsinki Declaration, the prerequisite for conducting clinical trials (on human subjects) is securing the preliminary approval of the competent authorities of that country to conduct medical experiments on human subjects in compliance with the other principles established by the Helsinki Declaration.

The clinical testing of a product candidate (also commonly referenced as a “drug product candidate” or a “therapeutic product candidate”) generally is conducted in three sequential phases prior to approval, but the phases may overlap or be combined. A fourth, or post approval, phase may include additional clinical studies. The phases are generally as follows:

Phase 1. In Phase 1 clinical studies, the product is tested in a small number of patients with the target condition or disease or in healthy volunteers. These studies are designed to evaluate the safety, dosage tolerance, metabolism and pharmacologic actions of the product candidate in humans, side effects associated with increasing doses, and, in some cases, to gain early evidence on efficacy. The number of participants included in Phase 1 studies is generally in the range of 20 to 80.

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Phase 2. In Phase 2 studies, in addition to safety, the sponsor evaluates the efficacy of the product candidate on targeted indications to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage and to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks. Phase 2 studies typically are larger than Phase 1 but smaller than Phase 3 studies and may involve several hundred participants.

Phase 3. Phase 3 studies typically involve an expanded patient population at geographically-dispersed test sites. They are performed after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness of the product candidate has been obtained and are designed to further evaluate clinical efficacy and safety, to establish the overall benefit-risk relationship of the product candidate and to provide an adequate basis for a potential product approval. Phase 3 studies usually involve several hundred to several thousand participants.

Phase 4. Phase 4 clinical trials are post marketing studies designed to collect additional safety data as well as potentially expand a product indication. Post marketing commitments are required of, or agreed to by, a sponsor after the FDA has approved a product for marketing. These studies are used to gain additional information from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication and to verify a clinical benefit in the case of drugs approved under accelerated approval regulations. If the FDA approves a product while a company has ongoing clinical trials that were not necessary for approval, a company may be able to use the data from these clinical trials to meet all or part of any Phase 4 clinical trial requirement. These clinical trials are often referred to as Phase 4 post-approval or post marketing commitments. Failure to promptly conduct Phase 4 clinical trials could result in the inability to deliver the product into interstate commerce, misbranding charges, and civil monetary penalties.

Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s good clinical practices (“GCP”), requirements. The FDA may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of a clinical study at any time or impose other sanctions if it believes that the clinical study is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements or that the participants are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. An institutional review board (“IRB”), generally must approve the clinical trial design and patient informed consent at study sites that the IRB oversees and also may halt a study, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements, or may impose other conditions. Additionally, some clinical studies are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical study sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group recommends whether or not a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the study. The clinical study sponsor may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives and/or competitive climate.

As a product candidate moves through the clinical testing phases, manufacturing processes are further defined, refined, controlled and validated. The level of control and validation required by the FDA would generally increase as clinical studies progress. We and the third-party manufacturers on which we rely for the manufacture of our product candidates and their respective components (including the API) are subject to requirements that drugs be manufactured, packaged and labeled in conformity with cGMP. To comply with cGMP requirements, manufacturers must continue to spend time, money and effort to meet requirements relating to personnel, facilities, equipment, production and process, labeling and packaging, quality control, recordkeeping and other requirements.

Assuming completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, detailed information on the product candidate is submitted to the FDA in the form of a NDA, requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications, together with payment of a user fee, unless waived. A NDA includes all relevant data available from pertinent nonclinical and clinical studies, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with detailed information on the chemistry, manufacture, control and proposed labeling, among other things. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for its intended use to the satisfaction of the FDA.

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If a NDA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (“PDUFA”), the FDA’s goal is to complete its initial review and respond to the applicant within twelve months of submission, unless the application relates to an unmet medical need in a serious or life-threatening indication, in which case the goal may be within eight months of NDA submission. However, PDUFA goal dates are not legal mandates and FDA response often occurs several months beyond the original PDUFA goal date. Further, the review process and the target response date under PDUFA may be extended if the FDA requests or the NDA sponsor otherwise provides additional information or clarification regarding information already provided in the NDA. The NDA review process can, accordingly, be very lengthy. During its review of a NDA, the FDA may refer the application to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it typically follows such recommendations. Data from clinical studies are not always conclusive and the FDA and/or any advisory committee it appoints may interpret data differently than the applicant.

After the FDA evaluates the NDA and inspects manufacturing facilities where the drug product and/or its API will be produced, it will either approve commercial marketing of the drug product with prescribing information for specific indications or issue a complete response letter indicating that the application is not ready for approval and stating the conditions that must be met in order to secure approval of the NDA. If the complete response letter requires additional data and the applicant subsequently submits that data, the FDA nevertheless may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy its criteria for approval. The FDA could also approve the NDA with a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (“REMS”), plan to mitigate risks, which could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. The FDA also may condition approval on, among other things, changes to proposed labeling, development of adequate controls and specifications, or a commitment to conduct post-marketing testing. Such post-marketing testing may include Phase 4 clinical studies and surveillance to further assess and monitor the product’s safety and efficacy after approval. Regulatory approval of products for serious or life-threatening indications may require that participants in clinical studies be followed for long periods to determine the overall survival benefit of the drug.

If the FDA approves one of our therapeutic candidates, we will be required to comply with a number of post-approval regulatory requirements. We will also be required to report, among other things, certain adverse reactions and production problems to the FDA, provide updated safety and efficacy information and comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for any of its products. Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to cGMP after approval, and the FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP, which imposes extensive procedural, substantive and record keeping requirements. If we seek to make certain changes to an approved product, such as certain manufacturing changes, we will need FDA review and approval before the change can be implemented. For example, if we change the manufacturer of a product or its API, the FDA may require stability or other data from the new manufacturer, which will take time and is costly to generate, and the delay associated with generating this data may cause interruptions in its ability to meet commercial demand, if any. While physicians may use products for indications that have not been approved by the FDA, we may not label or promote the product for an indication that has not been approved. Securing FDA approval for new indications is similar to the process for approval of the original indication and requires, among other things, submitting data from adequate and well-controlled studies that demonstrate the product’s safety and efficacy in the new indication. Even if such studies are conducted, the FDA may not approve any change in a timely fashion, or at all.

We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of clinical and future commercial, quantities of its therapeutic candidates. Future FDA and state inspections may identify compliance issues at these third-party facilities that may disrupt production or distribution or require substantial resources to correct. In addition, discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable requirements may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA, including withdrawal or recall of the product from the market or other voluntary, FDA-initiated or judicial action that could

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delay or prohibit further marketing. Newly discovered or developed safety or efficacy data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Many of the foregoing could limit the commercial value of an approved product or require us to commit substantial additional resources in connection with the approval of a product. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of its products under development.

Section 505(b)(2) New Drug Applications

As an alternate path for FDA approval of new indications or new formulations of previously-approved products, a company may file a Section 505(b)(2) NDA, instead of a “stand-alone” or “full” NDA. Section 505(b)(2), was enacted as part of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, otherwise known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. Section 505(b)(2) permits the submission of a NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. Some examples of products that may be allowed to follow a 505(b)(2) path to approval are drugs that have a new dosage form, strength, route of administration, formulation or indication.

The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit the applicant to rely upon certain published nonclinical or clinical studies conducted for an approved product or the FDA’s conclusions from prior review of such studies. The FDA may require companies to perform additional studies or measurements to support any changes from the approved product. The FDA may then approve the new product for all or some of the labeled indications for which the reference product has been approved, as well as for any new indication supported by the NDA. While references to nonclinical and clinical data not generated by the applicant or for which the applicant does not have a right of reference are allowed, all development, process, stability, qualification and validation data related to the manufacturing and quality of the new product must be included in an NDA submitted under Section 505(b)(2).

To the extent that the Section 505(b)(2) applicant is relying on the FDA’s conclusions regarding studies conducted for an already approved product, the applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book publication. Specifically, the applicant must certify that: (i) the required patent information has not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the new product. The Section 505(b)(2) application also will not be approved until any non-patent exclusivity, such as exclusivity for obtaining approval of a new chemical entity, listed in the Orange Book for the reference product has expired. Thus, the Section 505(b)(2) applicant may invest a significant amount of time and expense in the development of its products only to be subject to significant delay and patent litigation before its products may be commercialized.

Orphan Drug Designation

The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 (the “Orphan Drug Act”), encourages manufacturers to seek approval of products intended to treat “rare diseases and conditions” with a prevalence of fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States or for which there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the development costs for the product. For products that receive Orphan Drug designation by the FDA, the Orphan Drug Act provides tax credits for clinical research, FDA assistance with protocol design, eligibility for FDA grants to fund clinical studies, waiver of the FDA application fee, and a period of seven years of marketing exclusivity for the product following FDA marketing approval. In limited circumstances, the FDA may approve a competing product if the product shows clinical superiority over a product with orphan drug designation exclusivity.

Foreign Regulation

In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of its products. Whether or not Pulmatrix obtains FDA

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approval for a product, we must obtain approval by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.

Under European Union regulatory systems, a company may submit marketing authorization applications either under a centralized or decentralized procedure. The centralized procedure, which is compulsory for medicines produced by biotechnology or those medicines intended to treat AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders or diabetes and optional for those medicines which are highly innovative, provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all European Union member states. Abridged applications for the authorization of generic versions of drugs authorized by European Medicines Agency can be submitted to the European Medicines Agency through a centralized procedure referencing the innovator’s data and demonstrating bioequivalence to the reference product, among other things. The decentralized procedure provides for mutual recognition of national approval decisions. Under this procedure, the holder of a national marketing authorization may submit an application to the remaining member states. Within 90 days of receiving the applications and assessments report, each member state must decide whether to recognize approval. If a member state does not recognize the marketing authorization, the disputed points are eventually referred to the European Commission, whose decision is binding on all member states.

Reimbursement

In the United States and other countries, sales of any products for which Pulmatrix receives regulatory approval for commercial sale will depend in part on the availability of reimbursement from third-party payers, including government payers, managed care providers, private health insurers and other organizations. Each third-party payer may have its own policy regarding what products it will cover, the conditions under which it will cover such products, and how much it will pay for such products. Third-party payers are increasingly examining the medical necessity and cost effectiveness of medical products and services in addition to safety and efficacy and, accordingly, significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved therapeutics. Third-party reimbursement adequate to enable us to realize an appropriate return on our investment in research and product development may not be available for our products.

The passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (the “MMA”) sets forth requirements for the distribution and pricing of prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries, which may affect the marketing of our products. The MMA also introduced a new reimbursement methodology. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payers often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from non-governmental payers.

In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market.

We expect that there will continue to be a number of federal and state proposals to implement governmental pricing controls. While we cannot predict whether such legislative or regulatory proposals will be adopted, the adoption of such proposals could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and profitability.

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Compliance with Environmental Laws

Compliance with applicable environmental requirements during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and subsequently has not had a material effect upon our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.

Employees

As of December 31, 2019, we had 1 part-time and 22 full-time employees, 16 of whom were engaged in full-time research and development activities. None of our employees are represented by any collective bargaining unit. We believe that we maintain good relations with our employees.

Properties

Our corporate headquarters are located in Lexington, Massachusetts. We currently lease approximately 21,810 square feet of office and lab space in Lexington, Massachusetts under a lease that expires on December 31, 2020. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current needs, and that suitable additional alternative spaces will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms for our future growth.

Available Information

We make available, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports on our website at www.pulmatrix.com as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports and other information is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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The following risk factors, together with all of the other information included or incorporated in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, should be carefully considered. If any of the following risks, either alone or taken together, or other risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe to not be significant, develop into actual events, then our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially adversely affected. If that happens, the market price of our common stock could decline, and stockholders may lose all or part of their investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have a history of net losses and may experience future losses.

We have yet to establish any history of profitable operations. We reported a net loss of $20.6 million for both fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $215.2 million. We expect to incur additional operating losses for the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve sufficient revenues throughout the year or be profitable in the future.

We will need to raise additional capital to meet our business requirements in the future and such capital raising may be costly or difficult to obtain and could dilute our stockholders’ ownership interests.

Our current capital will only be sufficient to enable us to continue operations into the second quarter of 2021. In order to fully realize all of our business objectives, absent any non-dilutive funding from a strategic partner or some other strategic transactions, we will need to raise additional capital which may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. For instance, we will need to raise additional funds to accomplish the following:

Any additional capital raised through the sale of equity or equity backed securities will dilute our stockholders’ ownership percentages and could also result in a decrease in the market value of our equity securities.

The terms of any securities issued by us in future financing transactions may be more favorable to new investors, and may include preferences, superior voting rights and the issuance of warrants or other derivative securities, which may have a further dilutive effect on the holders of any of our securities then outstanding.

Furthermore, any additional capital financing that we may need in the future may not be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. If we are unable to obtain such additional financing on a timely basis, we may have to curtail our development activities and growth plans and/or be forced to sell assets, perhaps on unfavorable terms, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and ultimately could be forced to discontinue our operations and liquidate, in which event it is unlikely that stockholders would receive any distribution on their shares. Further, we may not be able to continue operating if we do not generate sufficient revenues from operations needed to stay in business.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital financing, including investment banking fees, legal fees, accounting fees, securities law compliance fees, printing and distribution expenses and other

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costs. We may also be required to recognize non-cash expenses in connection with certain securities we issue, such as convertible notes and warrants, which may adversely impact our financial condition and cause further dilution to our stockholders.

We are a clinical development stage biotechnology company and have never been profitable. We expect to incur additional losses in the future and may never be profitable.

We are a clinical development stage biotechnology company. We have not commercialized any product candidates or recognized any revenues from product sales. All of our product candidates are still in the preclinical or clinical development stage, and none have been approved for marketing or are currently being marketed or commercialized. Our product candidates will require significant additional development, clinical studies, regulatory clearances and additional investments of time and capital before they can be commercialized. We cannot be certain when or if any of our product candidates will obtain the required regulatory approval.

We have never been profitable or generated positive cash flow from operations. We have incurred net losses each year since our inception. Our losses are principally a result of research and development and general administrative expenses in support of our operations. We may incur significant additional losses as we continue to focus our resources on prioritizing, selecting and advancing our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends mainly upon our ability, alone or with others, to successfully develop our product candidates, obtain the required regulatory approvals in various territories and commercialize our product candidates. We may be unable to achieve any or all of these goals with regard to our product candidates. As a result, we may never be profitable or achieve significant and/or sustained revenues.

All of our product candidates are still under development, and there can be no assurance of successful commercialization of any of our products.

All of our research and development programs are in developmental stages. One or more of our product candidates may fail to meet safety and efficacy standards in human testing, even if those product candidates are found to be effective in animal studies. To develop and commercialize inhaled therapeutic treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis and other iSPERSE-based product candidates, we must provide the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and foreign regulatory authorities with human clinical and non-clinical animal data that demonstrate adequate safety and effectiveness. To generate these data, we will have to subject our product candidates to significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive non-clinical studies and clinical testing. Our approach to drug discovery may not be effective or may not result in the development of any drug. Currently our development efforts are primarily focused on our lead anti-fungal product candidate, Pulmazole, and PUR1800, our lead anti-inflammatory candidate for AECOPD. Even if Pulmazole, PUR1800 or our other product candidates are successful when tested in animals, such success would not be a guarantee of the safety or effectiveness of such product candidates in humans. It can take several years for a product to be approved and we may not be successful in bringing any therapeutic candidates to the market. A new drug may appear promising at an early stage of development or after clinical trials and never reach the market, or it may reach the market and not sell, for a variety of reasons. For example, the drug may:

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If our delivery platform technologies or product development efforts fail to generate product candidates that lead to the successful development and commercialization of products, our business and financial condition will be materially adversely affected.

On December 26, 2019, we entered into the Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc. (“JJEI”) License Agreement. Under the terms of the JJEI License Agreement, we have granted JJEI an option to acquire (1) JJEI’s rights to an intellectual property portfolio of materials and technology related to narrow spectrum kinase inhibitor compounds and (2) an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to PUR1800. JJEI will have three months from the later of the completion of a Phase 1b clinical study for PUR1800 and JJEI’s receipt of audited draft reports for a toxicology study of PUR1800 to exercise the option. We will be conducting the Phase 1b clinical study and the chronic toxicology program. If our Phase 1b clinical study or the chronic toxicology program is not successful, we may jeopardize the fulfillment of the option to JJEI under the JJEI License Agreement, thereby hurting our product development efforts and potential to earn royalty payments, which will in turn negatively influence our financial condition. Furthermore, JJEI may terminate the JJEI License Agreement for any reason upon 90 days advance written notice. We cannot predict JJEI’s decision to terminate the JJEI License Agreement. The termination of the JJEI License Agreement may negatively influence our financial condition.

Drug development is a long, expensive and inherently uncertain process with a high risk of failure at every stage of development, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

We have a number of proprietary drug candidates in research and development ranging from the early discovery research phase through preclinical testing and clinical trials. Preclinical testing and clinical trials are long, expensive and highly uncertain processes. It will take us several years to complete clinical trials and we may not have the resources to complete the development and commercialization of any of our proposed drug candidates. The start or end of a clinical trial is often delayed or halted due to changing regulatory requirements, manufacturing challenges, required clinical trial administrative actions, slower than anticipated patient enrollment, changing standards of care, availability or prevalence of use of a competitor drug or required prior therapy, clinical outcomes, or financial constraints of us and our partners.

Drug development is a highly uncertain scientific and medical endeavor, and failure can unexpectedly occur at any stage of preclinical and clinical development. Typically, there is a high rate of attrition for drug candidates in preclinical and clinical trials due to scientific feasibility, safety, efficacy, changing standards of medical care and other variables. The risk of failure is heightened for our drug candidates that are based on new technologies, such as the application of our dry powder delivery platform, iSPERSE, including Pulmazole, PUR1800 and other iSPERSE-based drug candidates currently in discovery research or preclinical development. The failure of one or more of our iSPERSE-based drug candidates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials of previously published iSPERSE-based products may not necessarily be indicative of the results of our future clinical trials. The design of our clinical trials is based on many assumptions about the expected effects of inhaled drugs used historically in the industry and if those assumptions are incorrect, the trials may not produce statistically significant results. Preliminary results may not be confirmed upon full analysis of the detailed results of an early clinical trial. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show safety and efficacy sufficient to support intended use claims despite having progressed through initial clinical trials. The data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere. Because of the uncertainties associated with drug development and regulatory approval, we cannot determine if, or when, we may have an approved product for commercialization or whether we will ever achieve sales of or profits on our product candidates or those we may pursue in the future.

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If our collaborators are not successful, we may not effectively develop and market some of our therapeutic candidates.

We have entered into co-development agreements regarding two of our therapeutic candidates and, as a result, no longer have complete control over the development of these candidates. If our collaborators do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may be delayed or may not obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates. If our relationships with these collaborators terminate, we believe that we would be able to enter into arrangements with alternative third parties. However, replacing any of these collaborators could delay our clinical trials and could jeopardize our ability to obtain regulatory approvals and commercialize our product candidates on a timely basis, if at all.

We may not be able to attract, retain, or manage highly qualified personnel, which could adversely impact our business.

Our future success and ability to compete in the biotechnology industry is substantially dependent on our ability to identify, attract, and retain highly qualified key managerial, scientific, medical, and operations personnel. The market for key employees in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries is competitive. The loss of the services of any of our principal members of management or key employees without an adequate replacement or our inability to hire new employees as needed could delay our product development efforts, harm our ability to sell our products or otherwise negatively impact our business.

The scientific, research and development personnel upon whom we rely to operate our business have expertise in certain aspects of drug development and clinical development, and it may be difficult to retain or replace these individuals. We conduct our operations at our facilities in Lexington, Massachusetts, within the greater Boston area, and this region is headquarters to many other biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and medical technology companies, as well as many academic and research institutions, and, therefore, we face increased competition for technical and managerial personnel in this region.

In addition, we have scientific, medical and clinical advisors who assist us in designing and formulating our products and with development and clinical strategies. These advisors are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their availability to us, or may have arrangements with other companies to assist in the development of products that may compete with ours.

Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management and scientific and development teams may terminate their employment with us at any time. Although we have written employment offer letter agreements with our executive officers, our executive officers can leave their employment at any time, for any reason, with 30 days’ notice. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or our other key employees and our inability to find suitable replacements could potentially harm our business, financial condition and prospects. We do not maintain “key man” insurance policies on the lives of these individuals or the lives of any of our other employees.

We face substantial competition in the development of our product candidates and may not be able to compete successfully, and our product candidates may be rendered obsolete by rapid technological change.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is highly competitive, and we face significant competition from many pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that are researching and marketing products designed to address the indications for which we are currently developing therapeutic candidates or for which we may develop product candidates in the future.

Many of our existing or potential competitors have, or have access to, substantially greater financial, research and development, production, and sales and marketing resources than we do and have a greater depth and number

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of experienced managers. As a result, our competitors may be better equipped than us to develop, manufacture, market and sell competing products. In addition, gaining favorable reimbursement is critical to the success of our product candidates. We are aware of many established pharmaceutical companies in the United States and other parts of the world that have or are developing technologies for inhaled drug delivery for the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases, including GlaxoSmithKline, Mereo BioPharma, Mylan, Savara, Insmed, Bristol-Meyers, TFF Pharmaceuticals, Zambon Pharma and Pulmocide, which we consider our potential competitors in this regard. If we are unable to compete successfully with these and other potential future competitors, we may be unable to grow or generate revenue.

The rapid rate of scientific discoveries and technological changes could result in one or more of our product candidates becoming obsolete or noncompetitive. Our competitors may develop or introduce new products that render our iSPERSE delivery technology and other product candidates less competitive, uneconomical or obsolete. Some of these technologies may have an entirely different approach or means of accomplishing similar therapeutic effects compared to our drug candidates. Our future success will depend not only on our ability to develop our product candidates but to improve them and keep pace with emerging industry developments. We cannot assure you that we will be able to do so.

We also expect to face increasing competition from universities and other non-profit research organizations. These institutions carry out a significant amount of research and development in the areas of respiratory diseases. These institutions are becoming increasingly aware of the commercial value of their findings and are more active in seeking patent and other proprietary rights as well as licensing revenues.

The potential acceptance of therapeutics that are alternatives to ours may limit market acceptance of our product candidates, even if commercialized. Respiratory diseases, including our targeted diseases and conditions, can also be treated by other medication or drug delivery technologies. These treatments may be widely accepted in medical communities and have a longer history of use. The established use of these competitive drugs may limit the potential for our product candidates to receive widespread acceptance if commercialized.

If the third parties on which we rely to conduct our clinical trials and to assist us with pre-clinical development do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance or approval for, or to commercialize, our products.

We do not have the ability to independently conduct our pre-clinical and clinical trials for our products and we must rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories to conduct such trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, if these third parties need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our pre-clinical development activities or clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, our products on a timely basis, if at all, and our business, operating results and prospects may be adversely affected. Furthermore, our third-party clinical trial investigators may be delayed in conducting our clinical trials for reasons outside of our control.

We rely on third party contract vendors to manufacture and supply us with high quality active pharmaceutical ingredients and manufacture our therapeutic candidates in the quantities we require on a timely basis.

We currently do not manufacture any APIs. Instead, we rely on third-party vendors for the manufacture and supply of our APIs that are used to formulate our therapeutic candidates. We also do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities and therefore rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to manufacture clinical and commercial quantities of our therapeutic candidates and for quality assurance related to regulatory compliance. If these suppliers or manufacturers are incapable or unwilling to meet our current or future needs at our standards or on acceptable terms, if at all, we may be unable to locate alternative suppliers or manufacturers on acceptable terms, if at all, or produce necessary materials or components on our own.

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While there may be several alternative suppliers of API in the market, changing API suppliers or finding and qualifying new API suppliers can be costly and can take a significant amount of time. Many APIs require significant lead time to manufacture. There can also be challenges in maintaining similar quality or technical standards from one manufacturing batch to the next. We place purchase orders with a single supplier to supply the API, and we could experience a delay in conducting clinical trials of or obtaining regulatory approval for Pulmazole, PUR1800 or our other drug candidates and incur additional costs if we changed from this supplier for any reason. Similarly, replacing our manufacturers could cause us to incur added costs and experience delays in identifying, engaging, qualifying and training any such replacements.

If we are not able to find stable, affordable, high quality, or reliable supplies of the APIs, or if we are unable to maintain our existing or future third party manufacturing arrangements, we may not be able to produce enough supply of our therapeutic candidates or commercialize any therapeutic candidates on a timely and competitive basis, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may not be successful in negotiating for an appropriate price in a future sale or assignment of our rights related to our current drug candidates.

We may seek to sell or assign our rights related to our current drug candidates. If completed, any such sale or assignment may be at a substantial discount, the consideration received may not accurately represent the value of the assets sold or assigned and our stockholders may not be entitled to participate in the future prospects of such drug candidates.

Our failure to successfully acquire, develop and market additional drug candidates or approved drug products could impair our ability to grow.

As part of our growth strategy, we may evaluate, acquire, license, develop and/or market additional product candidates and technologies, subject to the availability of adequate financing. However, our internal research capabilities are limited, and we may be dependent upon pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic scientists and other researchers to sell or license products or technology to us. The success of this strategy depends partly upon our ability to identify, select and acquire promising pharmaceutical product candidates and products. The process of proposing, negotiating and implementing a license or acquisition of a product candidate or approved product is lengthy and complex. Other companies, including some with substantially greater financial, marketing and sales resources, may compete with us for the license or acquisition of product candidates and approved products. We have limited resources to identify and execute the acquisition or in-licensing of third-party products, businesses and technologies and integrate them into our current infrastructure. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential acquisitions or in-licensing opportunities that are never completed, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts. We may not be able to acquire the rights to additional product candidates on terms that we find acceptable, or at all.

Any product candidate that we acquire may require additional development efforts prior to commercial sale, including extensive clinical testing and approval by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities. All product candidates are prone to risks of failure typical of pharmaceutical product development, including the possibility that a product candidate will not be shown to be sufficiently safe and effective for approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, we cannot provide assurance that any products that we develop or approved products that we acquire will be manufactured profitably or achieve market acceptance. In 2019, we identified two potential product candidates for pre-clinical development (PUR3000 and PUR4000) with the intention of commencing the pre-clinical work necessary in 2020. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully conduct the pre-clinical studies of the identified potential product candidates as anticipated.

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Our business strategy may include entry into additional collaborative or license agreements. We may not be able to enter into collaborative or license agreements or may not be able to negotiate commercially acceptable terms for these agreements.

Our current business strategy may include the entry into additional collaborative or license agreements for the development and commercialization of our product candidates and technologies. The negotiation and consummation of these types of agreements typically involve simultaneous discussions with multiple potential collaborators or licensees and require significant time and resources. In addition, in attracting the attention of pharmaceutical and biotechnology company collaborators or licensees, we compete with numerous other third parties with product opportunities as well as the collaborators’ or licensees’ own internal product opportunities. We may not be able to consummate collaborative or license agreements, or we may not be able to negotiate commercially acceptable terms for these agreements.

If we do enter into such arrangements, we could be dependent upon the subsequent success of these other parties in performing their respective responsibilities and the cooperation of our partners. Our collaborators may not cooperate with us or perform their obligations under our agreements with them. We cannot control the amount and timing of our collaborators’ resources that will be devoted to researching our product candidates pursuant to our collaborative agreements with them. Our collaborators may choose to pursue existing or alternative technologies in preference to those being developed in collaboration with us. If we do not consummate collaborative or license agreements, we may use our financial resources more rapidly on our product development efforts, continue to defer certain development activities or forego the exploitation of certain geographic territories, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects. Further, we may not be successful in overseeing any such collaborative arrangements. If we fail to establish and maintain necessary collaborative or license relationships, our business prospects could suffer.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, independent consultants or agencies have wrongfully used or inadvertently disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We employ individuals and contract with independent consultants and agencies that may have previously worked at or conducted business with third parties; and, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or agencies have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. We may also be subject to claims that our employees’ former employers or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. There is no guarantee of success in defending these claims, and if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees.

Market and economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition and share price.

Concerns over inflation, low energy prices, geopolitical issues, the U.S. financial markets and a declining real estate market, unstable global credit markets and financial conditions, and volatile oil prices have led to periods of significant economic instability, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence and discretionary spending, diminished expectations for the global economy and expectations of slower global economic growth going forward, increased unemployment rates, and increased credit defaults in recent years. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturns, volatile business environments and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions. If these conditions continue to deteriorate or do not improve, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current and future service providers, manufacturers, suppliers, hospitals and other medical facilities, our third-party payors, and other partners could be negatively affected by difficult economic times, which could adversely affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget or meet our business and financial objectives.

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Business interruptions could limit our ability to operate our business.

Our operations, as well as those of any collaborators and third party contacts on which we depend, are vulnerable to damage or interruption from computer viruses, human error, natural disasters, extreme weather, electrical and telecommunication failures, international acts of terror, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, and similar events. A significant business interruption could result in losses or damages incurred by us and require us to cease or curtail our operations.

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China and has reached multiple other countries, resulting in government-imposed quarantines, travel restrictions and other public health safety measures in China and such other countries. We initiated a Phase 2 clinical study of Pulmazole in 2019 and plan to initiate a Ph1b study of PUR1800 in the first half of 2020. We conduct our clinical trials within multiple geographies including the United States, United Kingdom, India, Poland and Australia. The extent to which the coronavirus may impact our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, but the enrollment of patients in our study may be delayed or suspended should there be an outbreak of the coronavirus in areas where we are conducting trials, as hospitals and clinics in those regions may shift resources to patients affected by the disease. Institutions, where seven of our clinical sites are located for our Phase 2 clinical study of Pulmazole, recently suspended enrollment in the trial due to issues associated with coronavirus and additional institutions may follow. Additionally, if our trial participants are unable to travel to our clinical trial sites as a result of quarantines or other restrictions resulting from the coronavirus, we may experience higher drop-out rates or delays in our clinical trials. Government-imposed quarantines and restrictions may also require us to temporarily terminate our clinical sites. Furthermore, if we determine that our trial participants may suffer from exposure to coronavirus as a result of their participation in our clinical trials, we may voluntarily terminate certain clinical sites as a safety measure until we reasonably believe that the likelihood of exposure has subsided. As a result, our expected development timeline for Pulmazole and PUR1800 may be negatively impacted. Moreover, the coronavirus outbreak has begun to have indeterminable adverse effects on general commercial activity and the world economy, and our business and results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that this coronavirus or any other epidemic harms the global economy generally. We cannot predict the ultimate impact of the coronavirus outbreak as consequences of such health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impact on our business, our clinical trials or the global economy as a whole. However, any one or a combination of these events could have an adverse effect on the operation of and results from our clinical trials and on our other business operations.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, which could harm our operating results, our ability to operate our business and investors’ views of us.

Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that will need to be evaluated frequently. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires public companies to conduct an annual review and evaluation of their internal controls. Our failure to maintain the effectiveness of our internal controls in accordance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business. We could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to annual limitations on its ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, or NOLs, to offset future taxable income or reduce taxes. Our past issuances of stock and other changes in our stock ownership may have resulted in ownership changes within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code; accordingly, our pre-change NOLs may be

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subject to limitation under Section 382. If we determine that we have not undergone an ownership change, the Internal Revenue Service could challenge our analysis, and our ability to use our NOLs to offset taxable income could be limited by Section 382 of the Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, including in connection with our initial public offering, some of which are outside of our control, could result in ownership changes under Section 382 of the Code further limiting our ability to utilize our NOLs. Furthermore, our ability to use NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. For these reasons, we may not be able to use a material portion of the NOLs, even if we attain profitability.

Risks Related to Regulatory Matters

Our product candidates must undergo rigorous nonclinical and clinical testing, and we must obtain regulatory approvals, which could be costly and time-consuming and subject us to unanticipated delays or prevent us from marketing any products. We cannot be certain that any of our current and future product candidates will receive regulatory approval, and without regulatory approval we will not be able to market our product candidates.

Our ability to generate revenue related to product sales, if ever, will depend on the successful development and regulatory approval of our product candidates. We currently have no products approved for sale, and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable products. The development of a product candidate and issues relating to its approval and marketing are subject to extensive regulation, including regulation for safety, efficacy and quality, by the FDA in the United States and comparable regulatory authorities in other countries, with regulations differing from country to country. The FDA regulations and the regulations of comparable foreign regulatory authorities are wide-ranging and govern, among other things:

Clinical testing can be costly and take many years, and the outcome is uncertain and susceptible to varying interpretations. We cannot predict whether our current or future trials and studies will adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of any of our product candidates or whether regulators will agree with our conclusions regarding the preclinical studies and clinical trials we have conducted to date, including the clinical trials for Pulmazole. The clinical trials of our product candidates may not be completed on schedule, the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies may order us to stop or modify our research, or these agencies may not ultimately approve any of our product candidates for commercial sale. The data collected from our clinical trials may not be sufficient to support regulatory approval of our various product candidates. Even if we believe the data collected from our clinical trials are sufficient, the FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may disagree with our interpretation of the data.

We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of a new drug application (“NDA”) from the FDA. Obtaining approval of a NDA is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and we may not be successful in obtaining approval. The FDA review processes can take years to complete and approval is never guaranteed. We cannot be certain that any of our submissions will be accepted for filing and review by the FDA.

The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials and manufacturing and marketing of our product candidates outside the United States vary widely from country to country. Foreign approvals may take longer to obtain than FDA approvals and can require, among other things, additional testing and different clinical trial

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designs. Foreign regulatory approval processes include essentially all of the risks associated with the FDA approval processes. Some of those agencies also must approve prices of the products. Approval of a product by the FDA does not ensure approval of the same product by the health authorities of other countries, or vice versa. In addition, changes in regulatory policy in the United States or in foreign countries for product approval during the period of product development and regulatory agency review of each submitted new application may cause delays or rejections.

If we are unable to obtain approval from the FDA or other regulatory agencies for our product candidates, or if, subsequent to approval, we are unable to successfully market and commercialize our product candidates, we will not be able to generate sufficient revenue to become profitable.

We have limited experience in filing and pursuing applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals, which may impede our ability to obtain timely approvals from the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies, if at all.

As a company, we have no experience in late-stage regulatory filings, such as preparing and submitting NDAs, which may place us at risk of delays, overspending and human resources inefficiencies. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, regulatory approval could harm our business.

Any failure by us to comply with existing regulations could harm our reputation and operating results.

We will be subject to extensive regulation by U.S. federal and state and foreign governments in each of the markets where we intend to sell our product candidates if and after we are approved. If we fail to comply with applicable regulations, including the FDA’s pre-or post-approval current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) requirements, then the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities could sanction us. Even if a drug is FDA-approved, regulatory authorities may impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-marketing studies.

If a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, or disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling of the product, the regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market. If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency or enforcement authority may:

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to commercialize and generate revenue from our product candidates. If regulatory sanctions are applied or if regulatory approval is withdrawn, our value and operating results will be adversely affected. Additionally, if we are unable to generate revenue from sales of our product candidates, our potential for achieving profitability will be diminished and the capital necessary to fund our operations will be increased.

Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert management’s attention from the operation of our business and damage

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our reputation. We expend significant resources on compliance efforts and such expenses are unpredictable and might adversely affect our results. Changing laws, regulations and standards might also create uncertainty, higher expenses and increase insurance costs.

We and our third-party manufacturers are, and will be, subject to regulations of the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities.

We and our contract manufacturers are, and will be, required to adhere to laws, regulations and guidelines of the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities setting forth current good manufacturing practices. These laws, regulations and guidelines cover all aspects of the manufacturing, testing, quality control and recordkeeping relating to our therapeutic candidates. We and our third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with applicable laws, regulations and guidelines. We and our contract manufacturers are and will be subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA, state regulators and similar foreign regulatory authorities outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third party manufacturers, to comply with applicable laws, regulations and guidelines could result in the imposition of sanctions on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approval of our therapeutic candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of our therapeutic candidates, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect regulatory approval and supplies of our therapeutic candidates, and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Even if we obtain regulatory approvals, our therapeutic candidates will be subject to ongoing regulatory review. If we fail to comply with continuing U.S. and applicable foreign laws, regulations and guidelines, we could lose those approvals, and our business would be seriously harmed.

Even if our therapeutic candidates receive regulatory approval, we or our commercialization partners, as applicable, will be subject to ongoing reporting obligations, including pharmacovigilance, and the therapeutic candidates and the manufacturing operations will be subject to continuing regulatory review, including inspections by the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities. The results of this ongoing review may result in the withdrawal of a therapeutic candidate from the market, the interruption of the manufacturing operations and/or the imposition of labeling and/or marketing limitations. Since many more patients are exposed to drugs following their marketing approval, serious but infrequent adverse reactions that were not observed in clinical trials may be observed during the commercial marketing of the therapeutic candidate. In addition, the manufacturer and the manufacturing facilities that we or our commercialization partners use to produce any therapeutic candidate will be subject to periodic review and inspection by the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with any therapeutic candidate, manufacturer or manufacturing process, or failure to comply with rules and regulatory requirements, may result in actions, including but not limited to the following:

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If we or our commercialization partners, suppliers, third party contractors or clinical investigators are slow to adapt, or are unable to adapt, to changes in existing regulatory requirements or the adoption of new regulatory requirements or policies, we or our commercialization partners may lose marketing approval for any of our therapeutic candidates if any of our therapeutic candidates are approved, resulting in decreased or lost revenue from milestones, product sales or royalties.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with any regulations applicable to us, to provide accurate information to regulatory authorities, to comply with manufacturing standards we may have established, to comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, or to report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risk.

If we fail to comply with federal or state “fraud and abuse” laws, the failure to comply with these laws may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the United States, we will be subject to various federal and state health care “fraud and abuse” laws, including anti-kickback laws, false claims laws and other laws intended to reduce fraud and abuse the healthcare industry, which could affect us, particularly upon successful commercialization of our products in the United States. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute makes it illegal for any person, including a prescription drug manufacturer (or a party acting on our behalf), to knowingly and willfully solicit, receive, offer or pay any remuneration in exchange for or to induce the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, including the purchase, order or prescription of a particular drug for which payment may be made under a federal health care program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. Under federal government regulations, some arrangements, known as safe harbors, are deemed not to violate the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. However, these laws are broadly written, and it is often difficult to determine precisely how the law will be applied in specific circumstances. Accordingly, it is possible that our practices may be challenged under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. False claims laws prohibit anyone from knowingly and willfully presenting or causing to be presented for payment to third-party payers, including government payers, claims for reimbursed drugs or services that are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services that were not provided as claimed, or claims for medically unnecessary items or services. Cases have been brought under false claims laws alleging that off-label promotion of pharmaceutical products or the provision of kickbacks has resulted in the submission of false claims to governmental health care programs. Under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, we are prohibited from knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any health care benefit program, including private payers, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for health care benefits, items or services. Violations of fraud and abuse laws may be punishable by criminal and/or civil sanctions, including fines, penalties and/or exclusion or suspension from federal and state health care programs such as Medicare and Medicaid and debarment from contracting with the U.S. government.

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In addition, private individuals have the ability to bring actions on behalf of the government under the federal False Claims Act as well as under the false claims laws of several states.

Many states have adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, some of which apply to the referral of patients for, or purchase, order or recommendation of, goods or services reimbursed by any source, not just governmental payers. The scope and enforcement of these laws are uncertain and subject to change in the current environment of healthcare reform. We cannot predict the impact on our business, financial condition nor results of operations of any changes in these laws. Any state or federal regulatory review of us, regardless of the outcome, would be costly and time-consuming. Law enforcement authorities are increasingly focused on enforcing these laws, and if we are challenged under of one of these laws, we could be required to pay a fine and/or penalty and could be suspended or excluded from participation in federal or state health care programs, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We will be required to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and we may not be able to continue as a going concern if we are unable to do so.

Pharmaceutical product development, which includes research and development, pre-clinical and clinical studies and human clinical trials, is a time-consuming and expensive process that takes years to complete. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as we continue to advance Pulmazole in the Phase 2 trial and pursue development of PUR1800 or other iSPERSE-based product candidates and/or pursue development of iSPERSE-based pharmaceuticals in additional indications. Based upon our current expectations, we believe that our existing capital resources will enable us to continue planned operations into the second quarter of 2021. We cannot assure you, however, that our plans will not change or that changed circumstances will not result in the depletion of our capital resources more rapidly than we currently anticipate. We will need to raise additional funds, whether through the sale of equity or debt securities, the entry into strategic business collaborations, the establishment of other funding facilities, licensing arrangements, or asset sales or other means, in order to continue our research and development and clinical trial programs for our iSPERSE-based product candidates and to support our other ongoing activities. However, it may be difficult for us to raise additional funds on reasonable terms or at all. Since inception, we have incurred losses each year and have an accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2019 of $215.2 million, which may raise concerns about our solvency and affect our ability to raise additional capital.

The amount of additional funds we need will depend on a number of factors, including:

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We have raised capital in the past primarily through debt and public offerings and private placements of stock. We may in the future pursue the sale of additional equity and/or debt securities, or the establishment of other funding facilities including asset-based borrowings. There can be no assurances, however, that we will be able to raise additional capital through such an offering on acceptable terms, or at all. Issuances of additional debt or equity securities could impact the rights of the holders of Company Common Stock and may dilute their ownership percentage. Moreover, the establishment of other funding facilities may impose restrictions on our operations. These restrictions could include limitations on additional borrowing and specific restrictions on the use of our assets, as well as prohibitions on our ability to create liens, pay dividends, redeem our stock or make investments. We also may seek to raise additional capital by pursuing opportunities for the licensing or sale of certain intellectual property and other assets. We cannot offer assurances, however, that any strategic collaborations, sales of securities or sales or licenses of assets will be available to us on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, if at all.

In the event that sufficient additional funds are not obtained through strategic collaboration opportunities, sales of securities, funding facilities, licensing arrangements and/or asset sales on a timely basis, we will be required to reduce expenses through the delay, reduction or curtailment of our projects, including Pulmazole or PUR1800 development activities, or reduction of costs for facilities and administration. Moreover, if we do not obtain such additional funds, there will be continued doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and increased risk of insolvency and loss of investment to the holders of our securities. If we are or become insolvent, investors in our stock may lose the entire value of their investment.

Our long-term capital requirements are subject to numerous risks.

Our long-term capital requirements are expected to depend on many potential factors, including, among others:

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We may be unable to adequately protect or enforce our rights to intellectual property, causing us to lose valuable rights. Loss of patent rights may lead us to lose market share and anticipated profits.

Our success, competitive position and future revenues depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patent protection for our products, methods, processes and other technologies, to preserve our trade secrets, to prevent third parties from infringing on our proprietary rights and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technologies and processes, it is possible that competitors or other unauthorized third parties may obtain, copy, use or disclose proprietary technologies and processes.

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We try to protect our proprietary position by, among other things, filing U.S., European and other patent applications related to our product candidates, methods, processes and other technologies, to prevent third parties from infringing on our proprietary rights and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties.

Because the patent position of pharmaceutical companies involves complex legal and factual questions, we cannot predict the validity and enforceability of patents with certainty. Our issued patents may not provide us with any competitive advantages or may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges by third parties or could be circumvented. Our competitors may also independently develop inhaled drug delivery technologies or products similar to iSPERSE and iSPERSE-based product candidates or design around or otherwise circumvent patents issued to us. Thus, any patents that we own may not provide any protection against competitors. Our pending patent applications, those we may file in the future or those we may license from third parties may not result in patents being issued. Even if these patents are issued, they may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages. The degree of future protection to be afforded by our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage.

Patent rights are territorial, and accordingly, the patent protection we do have will only extend to those countries in which we have issued patents. Even so, the laws of certain countries do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States and the European Union. Competitors may successfully challenge our patents, produce similar drugs or products that do not infringe our patents, or produce drugs in countries where we have not applied for patent protection or that do not respect our patents. Furthermore, it is not possible to know the scope of claims that will be allowed in published applications and it is also not possible to know which claims of granted patents, if any, will be deemed enforceable in a court of law.

After the completion of prosecution and granting of our patents, third parties may still manufacture and/or market therapeutic candidates in infringement of our patent protected rights. Such manufacture and/or market of our product candidates in infringement of our patent protected rights is likely to cause us damage and lead to a reduction in the prices of our product candidates, thereby reducing our anticipated profits.

In addition, due to the extensive time needed to develop, test and obtain regulatory approval for our therapeutic candidates, any patents that protect our product candidate may expire early during commercialization. This may reduce or eliminate any market advantages that such patents may give us. Following patent expiration, we may face increased competition through the entry of generic products into the market and a subsequent decline in market share and profits.

In addition, in some cases we may rely on our licensors to conduct patent prosecution, patent maintenance or patent defense on our behalf. Therefore, our ability to ensure that these patents are properly prosecuted, maintained, or defended may be limited, which may adversely affect our rights in our therapeutic products. Any failure by our licensors or development partners to properly conduct patent prosecution, patent maintenance or patent defense could harm our ability to obtain approval or to commercialize our products, thereby reducing our anticipated profits.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets or know-how, such proprietary information may be used by others to compete against us.

In addition to filing patents, we generally try to protect our trade secrets, know-how and technology by entering into confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements with parties that have access to us, such as our development and/or commercialization partners, employees, contractors and consultants. We also enter into agreements that purport to require the disclosure and assignment to us of the rights to the ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions of our employees, advisors, research collaborators, contractors and consultants while employed or engaged by us. However, these agreements can be difficult and costly to enforce or may not provide adequate remedies. Any of these parties may breach the confidentiality agreements and willfully or unintentionally disclose our confidential information, or our competitors might learn of the information in some other way. The disclosure to, or independent development by, a

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competitor of any trade secret, know-how or other technology not protected by a patent could materially adversely affect any competitive advantage we may have over any such competitor.

To the extent that any of our employees, advisors, research collaborators, contractors or consultants independently develop, or use independently developed, intellectual property in connection with any of our products, disputes may arise as to the proprietary rights to this type of information. If a dispute arises with respect to any proprietary right, enforcement of our rights can be costly and unpredictable and a court may determine that the right belongs to a third party.

Legal proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement and other challenges may require us to spend substantial time and money and could prevent us from developing or commercializing our product candidates.

The development, manufacture, use, offer for sale, sale or importation of our product candidates may infringe on the claims of third-party patents or other intellectual property rights. The nature of claims contained in unpublished patent filings around the world is unknown to us, and it is not possible to know which countries patent holders may choose for the extension of their filings under the Patent Cooperation Treaty or other mechanisms. We may also be subject to claims based on the actions of employees and consultants with respect to the usage or disclosure of intellectual property learned at other employers. The cost to us of any intellectual property litigation or other infringement proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation or defense of intellectual property litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. Intellectual property litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management time. Consequently, we are unable to guarantee that we will be able to manufacture, use, offer for sale, sell or import our therapeutic candidates in the event of an infringement action.

In the event of patent infringement claims, or to avoid potential claims, we may choose or be required to seek a license from a third party and would most likely be required to pay license fees or royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be non-exclusive, which could potentially limit our competitive advantage. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product candidate or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement or other claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This inability to enter into licenses could harm our business significantly.

We may be subject to other patent-related litigation or proceedings that could be costly to defend and uncertain in their outcome.

In addition to infringement claims against us, we may in the future become a party to other patent litigation or proceedings before regulatory agencies, including interference, re-examination Inter Partes review, or post grant review proceedings filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or opposition proceedings in other foreign patent offices regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our therapeutic candidates, as well as other disputes regarding intellectual property rights with development and/or commercialization partners, or others with whom we have contractual or other business relationships. Post-issuance oppositions are not uncommon and we or our development and/or commercialization partners will be required to defend these opposition procedures as a matter of course. Opposition procedures may be costly, and there is a risk that we may not prevail, which could harm our business significantly.

Risks Related to Company Common Stock

The price of Company Common Stock is subject to fluctuation and has been and may continue to be volatile.

The stock market in general, and Nasdaq in particular, as well as biotechnology companies, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating

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performance of small companies. The market price of Company Common Stock may fluctuate as a result of, among other factors:

In addition, if the market for stocks in our industry or industries related to our industry, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of Company Common Stock could fluctuate or decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management.

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Financial reporting obligations of being a public company in the United States are expensive and time-consuming, and our management may be required to devote substantial time to compliance matters.

As a publicly traded company, we incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses. The obligations of being a public reporting company require significant expenditures, including costs resulting from public company reporting obligations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules and regulations regarding corporate governance practices, including those under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act , the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the Nasdaq Capital Market. These rules require the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and procedures, internal control over financial reporting and corporate governance practices, among many other complex rules that are often difficult and time consuming to implement, monitor and maintain compliance with. Moreover, despite recent reforms made possible by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), the reporting requirements, rules, and regulations will make some activities more time-consuming and costly, particularly as we are no longer an “emerging growth company.”

In addition, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Compliance with such requirements also places demands on management’s time and attention.

We no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company” and will be required to comply with certain provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and can no longer take advantage of reduced disclosure requirements.

Effective December 31, 2019 we are no longer an emerging growth company and may no longer take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies, such as exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. This increase in reporting requirements will further increase our compliance burden.

As a “smaller reporting company,” however, we are still able to take advantage of certain exemptions available to both emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies, including, but not limited to, exemptions from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and an exemption from providing a “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” section in our proxy statements. Additionally, as a smaller reporting company, we need only provide two years of financial statements and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”; and we need only provide three years of business development information and benefit from other “scaled” disclosure requirements that are less comprehensive than those for issuers that are not smaller reporting companies.

In the foreseeable future, we do not intend to pay cash dividends on shares of Company Common Stock so any investor gains will be limited to the value of our shares.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any gains to stockholders will therefore be limited to the increase, if any, in our share price.

We may be at risk of securities class action litigation.

We may be at risk of securities class action litigation. This risk is especially relevant due to our dependence on positive clinical trial outcomes and regulatory approvals. In the past, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility, particularly when associated with binary events such as clinical trials and product approvals. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business and result in a decline in the market price of Company Common Stock.

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In the event that we fail to satisfy any of the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market, the Company Common Stock may be delisted, which could affect our market price and liquidity.

The Company Common Stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market. For continued listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market, we will be required to comply with the continued listing requirements, including the minimum market capitalization standard, the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement, the corporate governance requirements and the minimum closing bid price requirement, among other requirements. In the event that we fail to satisfy any of the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market, the Company Common Stock may be delisted. If our securities are delisted from trading on The NASDAQ Stock Market, and we are not able to list our securities on another exchange or to have them quoted on The NASDAQ Stock Market, our securities could be quoted on the OTC Markets or on the “pink sheets.” As a result, we could face significant adverse consequences including:

On July 19, 2019, the Company received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the NASDAQ Stock Market indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock for the 30 consecutive business day period between June 6, 2019 through July 18, 2019, the Company did not meet the minimum bid price of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). On January 16, 2020, the Company received notice from the NASDAQ Listing Qualifications Office of the NASDAQ Stock Market, indicating that the Company has regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under the NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(a)(2).

We are likely to issue additional equity securities in the future, which are likely to result in dilution to existing investors.

We may seek the additional capital necessary to fund our operations through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, and collaborative and licensing arrangements. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, including in a debt financing where we issue convertible notes or notes with warrants and any shares of Company Common Stock to be issued in a private placement, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may, from time to time, sell additional equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine. If we sell additional equity securities, existing stockholders may be materially diluted. In addition, new investors could gain rights superior to existing stockholders, such as liquidation and other preferences. In addition, the exercise or conversion of outstanding options or warrants to purchase shares of capital stock may result in dilution to our stockholders upon any such exercise or conversion.

In addition, as of March 24, 2020, 1,088,568 shares remained available to be awarded under our 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan). Further, an aggregate of 2,912,419 shares of Company Common Stock could be delivered upon the exercise or conversion of outstanding stock options or restricted stock units under the Incentive Plan and other equity incentive plans we previously assumed. We may also issue additional options, warrants and other types of equity in the future as part of stock-based compensation, capital raising transactions, technology licenses, financings, strategic licenses or other strategic transactions. To the extent these options are exercised, existing stockholders would experience additional ownership dilution. In addition, the number of shares available for future grant under our equity compensation plans may be increased in the future, as our equity compensation plan contains an “evergreen” provision, pursuant to which additional shares may be authorized for issuance under the plan each year.

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Anti-takeover provisions under Delaware corporate law may make it difficult for our stockholders to replace or remove our board of directors and could deter or delay third parties from acquiring us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders.

We are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware (the “DGCL”). Under these provisions, if anyone becomes an “interested stockholder,” we may not enter into a “business combination” with that person for three (3) years without special approval, which could discourage a third party from making a takeover offer and could delay or prevent a change of control. For purposes of Section 203 of the DGCL, “interested stockholder” means, generally, someone owning fifteen percent (15%) or more of our outstanding voting stock or an affiliate that owned fifteen percent (15%) or more of our outstanding voting stock during the past three (3) years, subject to certain exceptions as described in Section 203 of the DGCL.

Protective provisions in our charter and bylaws could prevent a takeover which could harm our stockholders.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain a number of provisions that could impede a takeover or prevent us from being acquired, including, but not limited to, a classified board of directors and limitations on the ability of our stockholders to remove a director from office without cause. Each of these charter and bylaw provisions give our board of directors the ability to render more difficult or costly the completion of a takeover transaction that our stockholders might view as being in their best interests.

None.

Our corporate headquarters are located at 99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 390, Lexington, Massachusetts. We currently lease approximately 21,810 square feet of office space in Lexington, Massachusetts under a lease that expires on December 31, 2020. Base rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was approximately $676,110. The lease agreement, as amended on October 27, 2015, provides for a base monthly rent, and we are also responsible for real estate taxes, maintenance and other operating expenses applicable to the leased premises. Our future minimum lease payments under the lease are as follows (dollars in thousands):

We believe our facility is well-maintained and is both suitable and adequate for our current needs.

From time to time, we may be involved in litigation that arises through the normal course of business. As of the date of this filing, we are not aware of any material legal proceedings to which we or our subsidiary is a party or to which any of our property is subject, nor are we aware of any such threatened or pending litigation or proceedings known to be contemplated by governmental authorities.

There are no material proceedings in which any of our directors, officers or affiliates or any registered or beneficial stockholder of more than 5% of our common stock, or any associate of any of the foregoing, is an adverse party or has a material interest adverse to our interest.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Market Information

Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “PULM”.

On March 23, 2020 the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market was $1.30 per share.

Stockholders

As of March 24, 2020, there were approximately 192 stockholders of record of our common stock.

Dividends

We have not paid dividends to our stockholders since inception and do not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future declaration of dividends will depend on our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, prospects and any other factors that our board of directors deems relevant, as well as compliance with the requirements of state law. In general, as a Delaware corporation, we may pay dividends out of surplus capital or, if there is no surplus capital, out of net profits for the fiscal year in which a dividend is declared and/or the preceding fiscal year. We currently intend to retain earnings, if any, for reinvestment in our business.

Unregistered Sales of Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

Not applicable.

The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those discussed in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, entitled “Business,” under “Forward-Looking Statements” and Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, entitled “Risk Factors.” References in this discussion and analysis to “us,” “we,” “our,” or our “Company” refer to Pulmatrix, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

Overview

We are a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of novel inhaled therapeutic products intended to prevent and treat respiratory diseases and infections with significant unmet medical needs.

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We design and develop inhaled therapeutic products based on our proprietary dry powder delivery technology, iSPERSE (inhaled Small Particles Easily Respirable and Emitted), which enables delivery of small or large molecule drugs to the lungs by inhalation for local or systemic applications. The iSPERSE powders are engineered to be small, dense particles with highly efficient dispersibility and delivery to airways. iSPERSE powders can be used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a broad range of drug substances including small molecules and biologics. We believe the iSPERSE dry powder technology offers enhanced drug loading and delivery efficiency that outperforms traditional lactose-blend inhaled dry powder therapies. We believe the advantages of using the iSPERSE technology include reduced total inhaled powder mass, enhanced dosing efficiency, reduced cost of goods and improved safety and tolerability profiles. We are developing iSPERSE-based therapeutic candidates targeted at the prevention and treatment of a range of respiratory diseases, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (“ABPA”) in asthmatics and in patients with cystic fibrosis (“CF”), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (“COPD”) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (“IPF”).

Our goal is to develop breakthrough therapeutic products that are safe, convenient and more efficient than the existing therapeutic products for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In support of this goal, we are focusing on developing inhaled anti-fungal therapies to prevent and treat pulmonary infections and allergic/hypersensitivity responses to fungus in patients with asthma, CF and other rare/orphan indications. We intend to capitalize on our iSPERSE technology platform and our expertise in inhaled therapeutics to identify new product candidates for the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases with significant unmet medical needs to build our product pipeline beyond our existing candidates. In order to advance our clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates for asthma, CF, COPD and IPF and leverage the iSPERSE platform to enable delivery of partnered compounds, we intend to form strategic alliances with third parties, including pharmaceutical, biotechnology companies or academic or private research institutes.

We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We fund our operations through proceeds from issuances of common stock, licensing agreements, collaborations with third parties and non-dilutive grants.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years based on our drug development plans. We expect our expenses and capital requirements will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

We will not generate product sales unless and until we successfully complete clinical developments and obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates. Additionally, we currently utilize third-party contract research organizations (“CROs”) to carry out our clinical development activities and third-party contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) to carry out our clinical manufacturing activities as we do not yet have a commercial organization. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our internal commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing and distribution. Accordingly, we anticipate that we will seek to fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, potentially including collaborative commercial arrangements. Likewise, we intend to seek to limit our commercialization costs by partnering with other companies with complementary capabilities or larger infrastructure including sales and marketing.

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Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

Recent Developments

On January 28, 2020, Pulmazole received Fast Track designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ABPA.

JJEI

On December 26, 2019 the Company entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “JJEI License Agreement”) with Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc. (“JJEI”). Under the terms of the JJEI License Agreement, has granted JJEI an option to acquire (1) the Company’s rights to an intellectual property portfolio of materials and technology related to narrow spectrum kinase inhibitor compounds (the “Licensed Product”) and (2) an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to PUR1800, the Company’s inhaled iSPERSE drug delivery system as formulated with one of the kinase inhibitor compounds. The Company will conduct a clinical and chronic toxicology program in 2020 focused on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer interception.

As consideration for the Company’s entry into the JJEI License Agreement, JJEI will pay the Company an upfront fee of $7.2 million to conduct the research on the Phase 1b clinical study and will also fund $3.4 million for the toxicology study costs. The Company is also eligible to earn a $2.0 million milestone payment for the completion of the Phase 1b study of the Licensed Product. If JJEI exercises the option under the JJEI License Agreement, Pulmatrix is eligible to receive a $14.0 million option exercise payment, up to an additional $32.0 million in development milestone payments, $45.0 million in commercial milestones, as well as royalty payments ranging from 1% to 2% of sales.

Under the terms of the JJEI License Agreement, JJEI will have three months from the later of (1) the completion of a Phase 1b clinical study for the Licensed Product and JJEI’s receipt of audited final reports and (2) JJEI’s receipt of audited draft reports for a toxicology study of the Licensed Product to exercise the option. If the option is not exercised, Pulmatrix may terminate the JJEI License Agreement by providing a 30 day written notice, and all licenses will revert back to Pulmatrix. The agreement may otherwise be terminated by JJEI for any reason upon 90 days advance notice, or upon notice of the Company’s entering into insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings. Either party may terminate the agreement for material breach of contract that is not cured within 60 days.

The Company has recorded a receivable for the upfront payment of $7.2 million as of December 31, 2019. The upfront payment amount was due within 30 calendar days of the agreement’s effective date and was paid in January 2020.

Cipla

On April 15, 2019, we entered into a Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “Cipla Agreement”) with Cipla Technologies LLC (“Cipla”) for the co-development and commercialization, on a worldwide exclusive basis, of Pulmazole, our inhaled iSPERSE drug delivery system enabled formulation of the antifungal drug, itraconazole, for the treatment of all pulmonary indications, including ABPA in patients with asthma.

Pursuant to the Cipla Agreement, Cipla made an initial upfront payment of $22 million to us in exchange for an irrevocable assignment of all existing and future technologies, current and future drug master files, dossiers,

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third-party contracts, regulatory filings, regulatory materials and regulatory approvals, patents, and intellectual property rights, as well as any other associated rights and assets with respect to Pulmazole, specifically in relation to pulmonary indications (the “Assigned Assets”) which Cipla then irrevocably licensed back to us only for non-pulmonary application. As a condition precedent to signing the agreement, we demonstrated to Cipla that we had at least $15 million of unencumbered cash available for the development of Pulmazole. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, we dedicated $24 million of cash to the development of Pulmazole. After such $24 million is exhausted, each of us and Cipla will bear 50% of any costs incurred with respect to the development, regulatory and commercialization costs of Pulmazole. The parties will share equally the total free cash flow in relation to commercialization of Pulmazole. Pulmatrix will remain primarily responsible for the execution of the clinical development of Pulmazole, and Cipla will be responsible for the global commercialization of the product.

Financial Overview

To date, we have not generated any product sales. Our 2019 revenue was generated through the Cipla Agreement. Our 2018 revenue resulted from an award from Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics (“CFFT”), the nonprofit drug discovery and development affiliate of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, to support the development of Pulmazole for the treatment of ABPA in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the research and development of our preclinical and clinical candidates, and include:

We expense research and development costs to operations as incurred. We recognize costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to us by our vendors.

Research and development activities are central to our business model. We utilize a combination of internal and external efforts to advance product development from early stage work to clinical trial manufacturing and clinical trial support. External efforts include work with consultants and substantial work at CROs and CMOs. We support an internal research and development team and facility for our pipeline programs. To move these programs forward along our development timelines, a large portion, approximately 70%, of our staff are research and development employees. In addition, we maintain a 12,000 square foot research and development facility which includes capital equipment for the manufacture and characterization of our iSPERSE powders for our pipeline programs. As we identify opportunities for iSPERSE in additional indications, we anticipate additional head count, capital, and development costs will be incurred to support these programs.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, however, we cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of these or other current or future preclinical studies and clinical trials. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and development of our product candidates will

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depend on a variety of factors, including the uncertainties of future clinical and preclinical studies, uncertainties in clinical trial enrollment rates and significant and changing government regulation. In addition, the probability of success for each product candidate will depend on numerous factors, including competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs such as share-based compensation for personnel and consultants in executive, finance, business development, corporate communications and human resource functions, facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, patent filing fees and professional legal fees. Other general and administrative expenses include travel expenses, expenses related to being a publicly-traded company and professional fees for consulting, auditing and tax services.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as they relate to audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and Securities and Exchange Commission requirements, director and officer liability insurance, investor relations costs and other costs associated with being a public company. Additionally, if and when we believe a regulatory approval of a product candidate appears likely, we anticipate an increase in staffing and related expenses as a result of our preparation for commercial operations, especially as it relates to the sales and marketing of our product candidates.

Impairment of Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized but evaluated at year end for potential impairment. As of December 31, 2019, and 2018, goodwill was impaired by $7.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Interest Expense

Interest expense primarily reflects the amortization of debt discounts and interest expense accrued in connection with a term loan that was outstanding during the period. We incurred interest expense associated with a $7.0 million term loan, or Term loan, from Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc., or Hercules, until its maturity date of July 1, 2018. The loan was paid in its entirety and as of June 30, 2018, there was no further liability.

Critical Accounting Policies

This management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued expenses and stock-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe the following accounting policies to be most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

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Revenue Recognition

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09 (Topic 606) “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” The adoption of Topic 606 did not have any material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Amounts received prior to revenue recognition are recorded as deferred revenue. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as current portion of deferred revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenue, net of current portion.

Our principal sources of revenue during the reporting period were income that resulted through our collaborative arrangements and license agreements that related to the development and commercialization of Pulmazole and from reimbursement of clinical study costs. In all instances, revenue is recognized only when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, our principal source of revenue was income that resulted from the Cipla Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2018, our principle source of revenue was income for reimbursement of clinical study costs as part of a grant received from CFFT.

Milestone Payments

At the inception of each arrangement that includes research or development milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has an active arrangement that contains a research or development milestone.

Royalties. For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments upon first commercial sales and milestone payments based on a level of sales, which are the result of a customer-vendor relationship and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its licensing arrangements.

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Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include: salaries, benefits, bonus, share-based compensation, license fees, milestone payments due under license agreements, costs paid to third-party contractors to perform research, conduct clinical trials, and develop drug materials and delivery devices; and associated overhead and facilities costs. Clinical trial costs are a significant component of research and development expenses and include costs associated with third-party contractors, CROs and CMOs. Invoicing from third-party contractors for services performed can lag several months. We accrue the costs of services rendered in connection with third-party contractor activities based on our estimate of fees and costs associated with the contract that were rendered during the period and they are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs that are paid in advance of performance are capitalized as prepaid expenses and amortized over the service period as the services are provided. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has an active arrangement with JJEI that contains a research or development milestone.

Leases

At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present. Most leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets, lease liabilities and long-term lease liabilities. The Company has elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of one year or less. Options to renew a lease are not included in the Company’s initial lease term assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will renew. The Company monitors its plans to renew its material leases on a quarterly basis.

Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. However, certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items, such as incentives received. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As a result, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rates, which are the rates incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the consideration transferred and the fair value of the net assets acquired, and liabilities assumed under the acquisition method of accounting for push-down accounting. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment within our single reporting unit on an annual basis during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting unit below our carrying amount. When performing the impairment assessment, the accounting standard for testing goodwill for impairment permits a company to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the goodwill is impaired. If we believe, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill is impaired, we must perform a quantitative analysis to determine if the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds the fair value of the Company. Based on the quantitative analysis, goodwill was determined to be impaired and as of December 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, charges of $7,268 and $69 were recorded, respectively.

Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. In periods in which the Company reports a net loss, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share because common stock equivalents are excluded as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

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Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, we recognize the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit will more likely than not be realized. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position, as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. As of December 31, 2019, and 2018, we did not have any significant uncertain tax positions. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared with Year ended December 31, 2018

The following table sets forth our results of operations for each of the periods set forth below (in thousands):

Revenue — Revenue was $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, an increase of $7.8 million. The increase in revenue was the result of recognition of income pursuant to the Cipla Agreement.

Research and development expenses — Research and development expense was $12.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to $13.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 a decrease of 0.2 million. The decrease was primarily due to decreased spend of $1.6 million in employment costs as a result of decreased share based compensation expense and $0.6 million on the PUR1800 project as a result of the completion of a pre-clinical toxicology study in 2018, partially offset by increased spend of $2.0 million on the Pulmazole project.

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General and administrative expenses — General and administrative expense was $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, an increase of $1.0 million. The increase was primarily due to a $0.3 million royalty payment to the CFFT resulting from the Cipla Collaboration and increases of $0.3 million of legal and patent costs, $0.2 million of employment costs, and $0.2 million in professional consulting expense.

Impairment of goodwill — In 2019 and 2018, the Company performed an impairment assessment and concluded that the carrying amount of the goodwill exceeded its fair value and recorded the resulting impairment charges of $7.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Interest expense — Interest expense was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 which related to the term loan agreement that we entered into in June 2015. Final payments were made in June 2018 and, as of June 30, 2018, the term loan was paid in full.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At December 31, 2019, the Company had unrestricted cash of $23.4 million. The Company had incurred recurring losses and as of December 31, 2019 had an accumulated deficit of $215.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2019, approximately $3.2 million was provided by its operating activities. The Company has primarily financed operations to date through the sale of equity securities, a term loan, licensing and collaboration agreements. In 2018, the Company paid off the Term Loan in full, and the Company currently does not have a term loan outstanding. The Company will be required to raise additional capital to continue the development and commercialization of current product candidates and to continue to fund operations at the current cash expenditure levels.

The Company cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that the Company raises additional funds by issuing equity securities, the Company’s stockholders may experience significant dilution. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that impact the Company’s ability to conduct business. If unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, the Company may have to (i) delay, scale back or discontinue the development and/or commercialization of one or more product candidates; (ii) seek collaborators for product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; or (iii) relinquish or otherwise dispose of rights to technologies, product candidates or products that the Company would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize ourselves on unfavorable terms.

Under the JJEI License Agreement, the Company is also eligible to earn a $2.0 million milestone payment for the completion of the Phase 1b study of the Licensed Product. If JJEI exercises the option under the JJEI License Agreement, Pulmatrix is eligible to receive a $14.0 million option exercise payment, up to an additional $32.0 million in development milestone payments, $45.0 million in commercial milestones, as well as royalty payments ranging from 1% to 2% of sales.

We believe that our existing resources will be sufficient to fund our planned operations into the second quarter of 2021. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the scope and progress made in our research and development activities and our preclinical studies and clinical trials. We are currently assessing the impact of the coronavirus which may adversely affect our ability to obtain additional future capital, we may be unable to complete our planned preclinical and clinical trials or obtain approval of any product candidates from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, and other regulatory authorities.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company raised an aggregate of $17.7 million in net proceeds through the sale of its common stock and the exercise of pre-funded warrants (note 9 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements). Subsequent to December 31, 2019, the accounts receivable was satisfied with

44

the receipt of $7.2 million from JJEI (see Note 6 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements) and $0.3 million was received for the exercise of outstanding warrants and stock options.

The following table sets forth the major sources and uses of cash for each of the periods set forth below (in thousands):

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $3.2 million, which was primarily the result of a net loss of $20.6 million, offset by $10.1 million of net non-cash adjustments and $13.7 million in cash inflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities. Our non-cash adjustments were primarily comprised of $7.3 million of goodwill impairment, $2.0 million of share-based compensation expense, $0.6 million of amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset and $0.2 million of depreciation and amortization. The net cash inflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to $21.2 million increase in deferred revenue and $0.9 million increase in accrued expenses partially offset by decreases of $7.2 million in accounts receivable, $0.6 million in operating lease liabilities, $0.5 million in accounts payable and $0.1 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $16.8 million, which was primarily the result of a net loss of $20.6 million, partially offset by $3.3 million of net non-cash adjustments and $0.5 million in cash inflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities. Our non-cash adjustments were primarily comprised of $3.0 million of share-based compensation expense, $0.2 million of depreciation and amortization, $0.1 million of goodwill impairment. The net cash inflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $0.7 million increase in accounts payable, partially offset by a $0.2 million decrease in accrued expenses.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were both less than $0.1 million and were primarily due to purchases of property and equipment.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $17.7 million and was due to the issuance of common stock in multiple capital raises during the first half of 2019 and the exercise of pre-funded warrants.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $15.8 million. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was due to the issuance of common stock that resulted in net proceeds of $19.3 million, partially offset by principle and end of term loan payments of $3.5 million required by the loan and security agreement with Hercules, the holder of the term loan.

Financings

Based on our planned use for our existing cash resources, we believe that our available funds will enable us to support chemistry manufacturing and control activities in support of the Pulmazole program into the second

45

quarter of 2021. We have based our projections of operating capital requirements on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

If we cannot expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities because we lack sufficient capital, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Reverse Stock Split

On February 3, 2019, the Board approved a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”) and the Company’s common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis when the market opened on February 6, 2019. With the Reverse Stock Split, every 10 shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock (and such shares held in treasury) were automatically converted into 1 share of common stock, without any change in the par value per share. Any fraction of a share of common stock that would otherwise have resulted from the Reverse Stock Split will be rounded up to the nearest whole share. Accordingly, all common share and per share data are retrospectively restated to give effect of the split for all periods presented herein.

2019 Financings

On January 31, 2019 and February 5, 2019, we closed confidentially marketed public offerings. In the two offerings, we sold a total of 688,471 shares of our common stock at a price of $1.70 per share that resulted in gross proceeds of $1.2 million.

On February 12, 2019, we closed a registered direct offering of 1,706,484 shares of our common stock at $1.465 per share that resulted in gross proceeds of $2.5 million.

After giving effect to $0.7 million in commissions, fees and expenses, the two financings resulted in $3.0 million of net proceeds.

On April 8, 2019, we closed our firm commitment underwritten public offering in which, pursuant to the underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) entered into between the Company and H.C.

46

Wainwright & Co., LLC, as representative of the underwriters (the “Underwriters”), dated April 3, 2019, we issued and sold an aggregate of (i) 1,719,554 Common Units (“Common Units”), with each Common Unit being comprised of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share and one warrant to purchase one share of common stock and (ii) 8,947,112 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units”) with each Pre-Funded Unit being comprised of one pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock and one common warrant to purchase a share of common stock. The public offering price was $1.35 per Common Unit and $1.34 per Pre-Funded Unit. The common warrants have an exercise price of $1.35 per share. In addition, on April 8, 2019, we closed on the sale of an additional 1,599,999 Common Units purchased pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriter’s option to purchase additional securities. Each Common Unit contains one share of common stock and one common warrant to purchase a share of common stock.

We recorded gross proceeds of $16.5 million and after commissions and fees of $1.9 million, the financing resulted in $14.6 million of net proceeds.

All of the 8,947,112 pre-funded warrants issued in the offering were exercised during 2019 which resulted in the issuance of an additional 8,647,112 shares of common stock with net proceeds of $0.1 million. The remaining 300,000 common shares underlying the outstanding pre-funded warrants were issued on January 2, 2020.

2018 Financings

At-the-Market Offering

On March 17, 2017, we entered into an At-The-Market Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with BTIG, LLC (“BTIG”) to act as our sales agent with respect to the issuance and sale of up to $11,000,000 of shares of our common stock, from time to time in an at-the-market public offering (the “Offering”). Sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement are made pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 15, 2016, and subsequently declared effective on August 3, 2016 (File No. 333-212546), and a related prospectus. BTIG acts as our sales agent on a commercially reasonable efforts basis, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of The NASDAQ Capital Market. If expressly authorized by us, BTIG may also sell the Company’s common stock in privately negotiated transactions. There is no specific date on which the Offering will end, there are no minimum sale requirements and there are no arrangements to place any of the proceeds of this offering in an escrow, trust or similar account.

BTIG was entitled to compensation at a fixed commission rate of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

During 2018, we sold 123,266 shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement at an average selling price of approximately $15.40 per share which resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $1.9 million and net proceeds of approximately $1.8 million after payment of 3% commission to BTIG and other issuance costs.

Public Offering

On April 3, 2018, the Company closed its firm commitment underwritten public offering in which, pursuant to the underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) entered into between the Company and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., as representative of the underwriters (the “Underwriters”), dated March 28, 2018, the Company issued and sold (i) 1,566,000 common units (“Common Units”), with each Common Unit being comprised of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, one Series A warrant (collectively, the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock and one Series B warrant (collectively, the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock, and (ii) 784,000 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units” and, together with the Common Units, the “Units”), with each Pre-Funded Unit being comprised of one pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock, one Series A Warrant and one

47

Series B Warrant. The public offering price was $6.50 per Common Unit and $6.40 per Pre-Funded Unit, and the gross proceeds received by the Company on April 3, 2018 pursuant to such sales were $15.2 million, prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses.

In addition, on April 4, 2018, the Company closed on the sale of 115,000 additional Common Units pursuant to the Underwriters’ option to purchase up to an additional 115,000 Units, which were exercised in full. After giving effect to the exercise of the Underwriters’ overallotment option, the gross aggregate proceeds from the offering on April 3 and 4 were $16.0 million, prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses.

All pre-funded warrants issued in the offering were exercised in April 2018 and, as 15,000 were exercised on a cashless basis, resulted in the issuance of an additional 783,707 shares of common stock with gross proceeds of $0.1 million in the second quarter.

The Series A Warrants included in the Common Units and the Pre-Funded Units were immediately exercisable at a price of $6.50 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and expired according to their terms on October 3, 2018 and October 4, 2018, respectively. The Series B Warrants included in the Common Units and the Pre-Funded Units were immediately exercisable at a price of $7.50 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and will expire five years from the date of issuance. The shares of common stock, or Pre-Funded Warrants in the case of the Pre-Funded Units, and the Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants were offered together, but the securities contained in the Common Units and the Pre-Funded Units were issued separately.

The Company agreed to pay Oppenheimer a commission of (a) 7% of the gross proceeds raised up to $5.0 million and (b) 6.5% of the gross proceeds raised in excess of $5.0 million. The Company also agreed to pay or reimburse certain expenses on behalf of Oppenheimer. A total of $1.5 million of commissions and other issuance costs were associated with the public offering.

The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering were approximately $14.6 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Offering for research and development of its therapeutic candidates, particularly the development of Pulmazole, as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes.

Registered Direct Offering

On November 29, 2018, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with an institutional investor (the “Purchaser”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell an aggregate of 240,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company common stock at an offering price of $3.20 per share for gross proceeds of $0.8 million before the deduction of offering expenses. In addition, the Company sold pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase 697,500 shares of common stock (and the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants). The Pre-Funded Warrants were sold at an offering price of $3.10 per share for gross proceeds of $2.2 million before deduction of offering expenses.

In a concurrent private placement, the Company agreed to issue to the Purchaser, for each share of common stock and pre-funded warrant purchased in the Offering, a common warrant, each to purchase one share of Common Stock (the “Common Warrants”). The Common Warrants are initially exercisable six months following issuance and terminate five and one-half years following issuance. The Common Warrants have an exercise price of $3.90 per share and are exercisable to purchase an aggregate of 937,500 shares of Common Stock.

The closing of the sale of the shares and the prefunded warrants occurred on December 3, 2018 and the company recorded gross proceeds of $2.9 million.

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Exercise of Warrants

During January and February 2019, 697,500 pre-funded warrants were exercised, and 697,500 common shares were issued. The company recorded proceeds of $0.1 million.

Term Loan and Warrant

On June 11, 2015, Pulmatrix Operating entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc., for a term loan in a principal amount of $7,000 (“Term Loan”). The term loan was secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets, excluding intellectual property. Final payments were made in June 2018 and, as of June 30, 2018, the term loan was paid in full and there is no further liability.

Commitments

We contract with various other organizations to conduct research and development activities. As of December 31, 2019, we had aggregate commitments to pay approximately $4.6 million remaining on these contracts. The scope of the services under contracts for research and development activities may be modified and the contracts, subject to certain conditions, may generally be cancelled by us upon written notice. In some instances, the contracts, subject to certain conditions, may be cancelled by the third party.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

Not applicable.

The information required by this Item 8 is included at the end of this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1.

Not applicable.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, have concluded that, based on such evaluation, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officers as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP, including those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and the disposition of our assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and board of directors, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Management evaluates the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

None.

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PART III

The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

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PART IV

None. Financial statement schedules have not been included because they are not applicable or the information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.

See “Index to Exhibits” for a description of our exhibits.

Not applicable.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

53

54

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated below and on the dates indicated.

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PULMATRIX, INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Pulmatrix, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Pulmatrix, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Explanatory Paragraph – Changes in Accounting Principles

ASU No. 2016-02

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for leases in 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), as amended, effective January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach.

ASU No. 2014-09

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for revenues in 2019 due to the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), as amended, effective January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Marcum LLP

Marcum LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.

New York, NY

March 26, 2020

F-2

PULMATRIX, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-3

PULMATRIX, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

PULMATRIX, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share data and per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

PULMATRIX, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

F-6

PULMATRIX, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

1. Nature of the Business and Basis of Presentation

Organization

Pulmatrix, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in 2013 as a Nevada corporation and converted to a Delaware corporation in September 2013. On June 15, 2015, the Company completed a merger with Pulmatrix Operating Company, Inc. changed its name from Ruthigen, Inc. to “Pulmatrix, Inc.” and relocated its corporate headquarters to Lexington, Massachusetts. The Company is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of a novel class of inhaled therapeutic products. The Company’s proprietary dry powder delivery platform, iSPERSE^™ (inhaled Small Particles Easily Respirable and Emitted), is engineered to deliver small, dense particles with highly efficient dispersibility and delivery to the airways, which can be used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a variety of drug substances. The Company is developing a pipeline of iSPERSE-based therapeutic candidates targeted at prevention and treatment of a range of respiratory and other diseases and infections with significant unmet medical needs.

On February 5, 2019, the Company effectuated a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”) pursuant to which every 10 shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock were automatically converted into 1 share of common stock. Accordingly, all common share and per share data are retrospectively restated, including any adjustments necessary to eliminate fractional shares, to give effect of the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented herein.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Standards

Basis of Presentation

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements represent the consolidation of the accounts of the Company and its subsidiary in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include valuing equity securities in share-based payments, estimating the useful lives of depreciable and amortizable assets, interest borrowing rate, valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, goodwill impairment, and estimating the fair value of long-lived assets to assess whether impairment charges may apply.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Cash is a financial instrument that potentially subjects the Company to concentrations of credit risk. For all periods presented, substantially all of the Company’s cash was deposited in an account at a single financial institution that management believes is creditworthy. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by these financial institutions for amounts in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits. The Company maintains its cash at a high-quality financial institution and has not incurred any losses to date.

F-7

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents are held in U.S. banks and consist of liquid investments and money market funds with a maturity from date of purchase of 90 days or less that are readily convertible into cash. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, checking accounts and money market accounts. Restricted cash consists of cash deposited with a financial institution for $204.

Restricted cash represents cash held in a depository account at a financial institution to collateralize a conditional stand-by letter of credit related to the Company’s Lexington, Massachusetts, office and laboratory facility lease agreement. Restricted cash is reported as non-current unless the restrictions are expected to be released in the next 12 months.

At December 31, 2019 and 2018 the Company had a $153 letter of credit as a security deposit on its leased office and laboratory facility that expires on February 21, 2021. The letter of credit is secured by a deposit in a money market account, as well as $51 deposited in a money market account as security for a credit card.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as reported in the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same amounts in the statement of cash flows.

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Property and equipment are depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated remaining lease term or the useful lives of the related assets. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred, whereas major improvements are capitalized as additions to property and equipment.

Depreciation is provided over the following estimated useful lives:

Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company accounts for long-lived assets in accordance with ASC 360. Long-lived assets, other than goodwill, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying

F-8

amount of the assets might not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or any other significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. Application of alternative assumptions, such as changes in estimate of future cash flows, could produce significantly different results. Because of the significance of the judgments and estimation processes, it is likely that materially different amounts could be recorded if we used different assumptions or if the underlying circumstances were to change.

For long-lived assets used in operations, impairment losses are only recorded if the asset’s carrying amount is not recoverable through its undiscounted, probability-weighted future cash flows. The Company measures the impairment loss based on the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company is required to disclose information on all assets and liabilities reported at fair value that enables an assessment of the inputs used in determining the reported fair values. FASB Accounting Standards Codification “(“ASC”) Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), establishes a hierarchy of inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation inputs used in determining the reported fair value of the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 — Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 — Valuations that require inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The fair value of any Company’s convertible notes will be determined using current applicable rates for similar instruments with similar conversion and settlement features as of the balance sheet dates. The carrying value of the Company’s convertible notes payable will approximate their fair value considering their short-term maturity dates and that the stated interest rate was near current market rates for instruments with similar conversion and settlement features. The fair value of the Company’s convertible notes and warrant liabilities will be determined using “Level 3” inputs.

Leases

During the quarter, the Company adopted ASC, Topic 842, Leases , effective January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment and utilizing the effective date as its date of initial application, with prior periods unchanged and presented in accordance with the guidance in Topic 840, Leases (“ASC 840”).

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At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present. Most leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets, lease liabilities and long-term lease liabilities. The Company has elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of one year or less. Options to renew a lease are not included in the Company’s initial lease term assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will renew. The Company monitors its plans to renew its material leases on a quarterly basis.

Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. However, certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items, such as incentives received. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As a result, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rates, which are the rates incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

In accordance with the guidance in ASC 842, components of a lease should be split into three categories: lease components (e.g. land, building, etc.), non-lease components (e.g. common area maintenance, consumables, etc.), and non-components (e.g. property taxes, insurance, etc.) Then the contract consideration (including any related to non-components) must be allocated based on the respective relative fair values to the lease components and non-lease components.

Although separation of lease and non-lease components is required, a certain policy election is available in which an entity may elect to not separate lease and non-lease components. Rather, each lease component and the related non-lease components would be accounted for together as a single component. The Company has elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a combined lease component.

Revenue Recognition

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 606, using the modified retrospective transition method. Under this method, results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2019 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (ASC 605). This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company enters into licensing agreements that are within the scope of ASC 606, under which it may exclusively license rights to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize its product candidates to third parties. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: non-refundable, upfront license fees; reimbursement of certain costs; customer option exercise fees; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products.

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Amounts received prior to revenue recognition are recorded as deferred revenue. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as current portion of deferred revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenue, net of current portion.

Exclusive Licenses. If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other promises or performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. In assessing whether a promise or performance obligation is distinct from the other promises, the Company considers factors such as the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. In addition, the Company considers whether the collaboration partner can benefit from a promise for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining promise, whether the value of the promise is dependent on the unsatisfied promise, whether there are other vendors that could provide the remaining promise, and whether it is separately identifiable from the remaining promise. For licenses that are combined with other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. The measure of progress, and thereby periods over which revenue should be recognized, are subject to estimates by management and may change over the course of the research and development and licensing agreement. Such a change could have a material impact on the amount of revenue the Company records in future periods.

Research and Development Services. The promises under the Company’s collaboration agreements may include research and development services to be performed by the Company on behalf of the partner. Payments or reimbursements resulting from the Company’s research and development efforts are recognized as the services are performed and presented on a gross basis because the Company is the principal for such efforts. Reimbursements from and payments to the partner that are the result of a collaborative relationship with the partner, instead of a customer relationship, such as co-development activities, are recorded as a reduction to research and development expense.

Customer Options. If an arrangement is determined to contain customer options that allow the customer to acquire additional goods or services, the goods and services underlying the customer options that are not determined to be material rights are not considered to be performance obligations at the outset of the arrangement, as they are contingent upon option exercise. The Company evaluates the customer options for material rights, or options to acquire additional goods or services for free or at a discount. If the customer options are determined to represent a material right, the material right is recognized as a separate performance obligation at the outset of the arrangement. The Company allocates the transaction price to material rights based on the relative standalone selling price, which is determined based on the identified discount and the probability that the customer will exercise the option. Amounts allocated to a material right are not recognized as revenue until, at the earliest, the option is exercised. As of December 31, 2019, the Company does not have any active arrangements that contain customer options.

Milestone Payments. At the inception of each arrangement that includes research or development milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to

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achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has an active arrangement that contains a research or development milestone see Note 6, Significant Agreements.

Royalties. For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments upon first commercial sales and milestone payments based on a level of sales, which are the result of a customer-vendor relationship and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its licensing arrangements.

For a complete discussion of accounting for collaboration revenues, see Note 6, Significant Agreements.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include: salaries, benefits, bonus, stock-based compensation, license fees, milestone payments due under license agreements, costs paid to third-party contractors to perform research, conduct clinical trials, and develop drug materials and delivery devices; and associated overhead and facilities costs. Clinical trial costs are a significant component of research and development expenses and include costs associated with third-party contractors, clinical research organizations (“CROs”) and clinical manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”). Invoicing from third-party contractors for services performed can lag several months. We accrue the costs of services rendered in connection with third-party contractor activities based on our estimate of fees and costs associated with the contract that were rendered during the period and they are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs that are paid in advance of performance are capitalized as prepaid expenses and amortized over the service period as the services are provided. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has an active arrangement with JJEI that contains a research or development milestone.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes all employee share-based compensation as a cost in the consolidated financial statements. Equity-classified awards principally related to stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) which are measured at the grant date fair value of the award. The Company determines grant date fair value of stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock awards are determined using the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. For service based vesting grants, expense is recognized over the requisite service period based on the number of options or shares expected to ultimately vest. For performance-based vesting grants, expense is recognized over the requisite period until the performance obligation is met, assuming that it is probable. No expense is recognized for performance-based grants until it is probable the vesting criteria will be satisfied.

Share-based payments to non-employees are recognized as services are rendered, generally on a straight-line basis. The Company believes that the fair values of these awards are more reliably measurable than the fair values of the services rendered.

Common Stock Warrants

The Company classifies as equity any warrants that (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) provide the Company with a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement

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or net-share settlement). The Company classifies as assets or liabilities any warrants that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the Company’s control), (ii) gives the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement) or (iii) that contain reset provisions that do not qualify for the scope exception. The Company assesses classification of its common stock warrants and other freestanding derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities is required. The Company’s freestanding derivatives consist of warrants to purchase common stock that were issued in connection with its (i) convertible preferred stock, (ii) private placement, (iii) term loan, (iv) consulting services and (v) underwriting and representative services. The Company evaluated these warrants to assess their proper classification and determined that the common stock warrants meet the criteria for equity or liability classification in the balance sheet. The warrants classified as liability are initially recorded at fair value, with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense) in the statements of operations at each period end while such instruments remain outstanding.

Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. In periods in which the Company reports a net loss, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share because common stock equivalents are excluded as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided, if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit will more likely than not be realized. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position, as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the consideration transferred and the fair value of the net assets acquired, and liabilities assumed under the acquisition method of accounting for push-down accounting. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment within the Company’s single reporting unit on an annual basis during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit below its carrying amount. When performing the impairment assessment, the accounting standard for testing goodwill for impairment permits a company to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the goodwill is impaired. If the Company believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill is impaired, the Company then must perform a quantitative analysis to determine if the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds the fair value of the Company. Based on the quantitative analysis and due to the decline in stock price, goodwill was determined to be impaired as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. A charge of $7,268 and $69 was recorded, respectively.

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Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 (Collaborative Arrangements) and Topic 606 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has early adopted ASU 2018-18 and adoption of this ASU has no significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases, Targeted Improvements, (“ASU 2018-11”), which contains certain amendments to ASU 2016-02 intended to provide relief in implementing the new standard. ASU 2018-11 provided companies with an option to not restate comparative periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted this new standard on January 1, 2019 (the “adoption date”) using the effective date method, for which comparative periods will be presented in accordance with the previous guidance in ASC 840, Leases. In adopting the new standard, the Company elected to utilize the available package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which does not require the reassessment of the following: i) whether existing or expired arrangements are or contain a lease, ii) the lease classification of existing or expired leases, and iii) whether previous initial direct costs would qualify for capitalization under the new lease standard. As of the adoption date of January 1, 2019, the Company identified two operating lease arrangements in which it is a lessee. In adopting the new standard, the Company elected to utilize the available package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which does not require the reassessment of the following: i) whether existing or expired arrangements are or contain a lease, ii) the lease classification of existing or expired leases, and iii) whether previous initial direct costs would qualify for capitalization under the new lease standard. As of the adoption date of January 1, 2019, the Company identified two operating lease arrangements in which it is a lessee. The adoption of this standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease liabilities of $1,280 and right-of-use assets of $1,213 on the Company’s balance sheet, with a reclass of the existing deferred rent balance of $67 to the right-of-use assets. The adoption of the standard did not have a significant effect on the Company’s statements of operations or statements of cash flows. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard establishes a right-of-use model that requires a lessee to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. The new standard includes a short-term lease exception for leases with an original term of 12 months or less, the Company made this accounting policy election. Leases will be classified as either finance (previously referred to as capital) or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the statements of operations and cash flow classification in the statements of cash flows. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, ASU 2016-02 became effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. A modified retrospective transition approach was provided for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. Subtopic 505-50, Equity — Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees, addresses aspects of the accounting for nonemployee share based compensation. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. The Company has adopted ASU 2018-07 and adoption of this ASU has no significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings per Share (Topic 260), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815). ASU 2017-11 consists of two parts. The amendments in Part I of this Update change the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded features) with down round features. When determining whether certain financial instruments should be classified as liabilities or equity instruments, a down round feature no longer precludes equity classification when assessing whether the instrument is indexed to an entity’s own stock. The amendments also clarify existing disclosure requirements for equity-classified instruments. As a result, a freestanding equity-linked financial

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instrument (or embedded conversion option) no longer would be accounted for as a derivative liability at fair value as a result of the existence of a down round feature. For freestanding equity classified financial instruments, the amendments require entities that present earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with Topic 260 to recognize the effect of the down round feature when it is triggered. That effect is treated as a dividend and as a reduction of income available to common shareholders in basic EPS. Convertible instruments with embedded conversion options that have down round features are now subject to the specialized guidance for contingent beneficial conversion features (in Subtopic 470-20, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options), including related EPS guidance (in Topic 260). The amendments in Part II of this Update re-characterize the indefinite deferral of certain provisions of Topic 480 that now are presented as pending content in the Codification, to a scope exception. Those amendments do not have an accounting effect. For public business entities, the amendments in Part I of this Update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The amendments in Part II of this Update do not require any transition guidance because those amendments do not have an accounting effect. The Company has adopted ASU 2017-11 and adoption of this ASU has no significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying, or adding certain disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2018-13 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU No. 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company has not yet evaluated the impact of adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. The new standard will align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs for hosting arrangements (services) with costs for internal-use software (assets). As a result, certain implementation costs incurred in hosting arrangements will be deferred and amortized. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The Company does not anticipate a material impact to its net financial position or disclosures as a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-15.

3. Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consisted of an upfront payment obligation from JJEI that was received in January 2020.

4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

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5. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment consisted of the following: