Neon Therapeutics, Inc. - FORM 10-K

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

________________________________________________________________

FORM 10-K

________________________________________________________________

(Mark One)


x	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-38551

________________________________________________________________

NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

________________________________________________________________



Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		46-3915846 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

40 Erie Street, Suite 110
Cambridge, Massachusetts		02139
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(617) 337-4701

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trade Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share	NTGN	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer ¨		Accelerated filer x
Non-accelerated filer ¨		Smaller reporting company x Emerging growth company x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $83,536,584 as of June 28, 2019 (based on a closing price of $4.74 per share as quoted by the Nasdaq Global Select Market as of such date). In determining the market value of non-affiliate common stock, shares of the registrant’s common stock beneficially owned by officers, directors and affiliates have been excluded. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

The registrant had 28,858,041 shares of Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding as of February 26, 2020.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information from the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2020 annual meeting of shareholders, which the registrant intends to file pursuant to Regulation 14A with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the registrant’s fiscal year end of December 31, 2019. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K, the Proxy Statement is not deemed to be filed as part of this Form 10-K.

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Neon Therapeutics, Inc.

Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019

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Item No.		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	29
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	76
Item 2.	Properties	76
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	77
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	77

PART II
Item 5.	Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	78
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	78
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	79
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	89
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	89
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	89
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	89
Item 9B.	Other Information	90

PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	91
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	91
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	91
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	91
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	91

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	92
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	92
	Exhibit Index
	Signatures

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NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements may be identified by such forward-looking terminology as "may," "should," "expects," "intends," "plans," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," "continue" or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Our forward-looking statements are based on a series of expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about our company, are not guarantees of future results or performance and involve substantial risks and uncertainty. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in these forward-looking statements. Our business and our forward-looking statements involve substantial known and unknown risks and uncertainties, including the risks and uncertainties inherent in our statements regarding:


•	the success, cost and timing of our product development activities and clinical trials, including statements regarding the timing of initiation and completion of studies or trials and related preparatory work, the period during which the results of the trials will become available, and our research and development programs;


•	our ability and the potential to successfully manufacture and supply our product candidates for clinical trials and for commercial use, if approved;


•	the potential for our identified research priorities to advance our platform, programs or product candidates;


•	the ability and willingness of our third-party research institution collaborators to continue research and development activities relating to our product candidates;


•	our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our lead product candidate, NEO-PV-01, and any other product candidates, and any related restrictions, limitations or warnings in the label of an approved product candidate;


•	the ability to license additional intellectual property relating to our product candidates and to comply with our existing license agreements;


•	our ability to commercialize our products in light of the intellectual property rights of others;


•	our ability to obtain funding for our operations, including funding necessary to complete further development and commercialization of our product candidates;


•	our plans to research and develop our product candidates;


•	the commercialization of our product candidates, if approved;


•	our ability to attract collaborators with development, regulatory and commercialization expertise;


•	future agreements with third parties in connection with the commercialization of our product candidates and any other approved product;


•	the size and growth potential of the markets for our product candidates, and our ability to serve those markets;


•	the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates;


•	regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;


•	our ability to contract with third-party suppliers and manufacturers and their ability to perform adequately;


•	our ability to produce our products or product candidates with advantages in turnaround times or manufacturing cost in an economically viable manner;


•	the success of competing therapies that are or may become available and changes in the standard of care;


•	our ability to attract and retain key scientific or management personnel;


•	the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;


•	our ability to continue as a going concern;


•	the impact of laws and regulations;


•	our use of the proceeds from our initial public offering, or IPO, and our ongoing at-the-market offering program;


•	our expectations regarding the time during which we will be an "emerging growth company" under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act; and


•	our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates.

All of our forward-looking statements are as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K only. In each case, actual results may differ materially from such forward-looking information. We can give no assurance that such expectations or forward-looking statements will prove to be correct. An occurrence of or any material adverse change in one or more of the risk factors or risks and uncertainties referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or included in our other public disclosures or our other periodic reports or other documents or filings filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Except as required by law, we do not undertake or plan to update or revise any such forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in plans, assumptions, estimates or projections or other circumstances affecting such forward-looking statements occurring after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, even if such results, changes or circumstances make it clear that any forward-looking information will not be realized. Any public statements or disclosures by us following this Annual Report on Form 10-K that

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modify or impact any of the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be deemed to modify or supersede such statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

NOTE REGARDING TRADEMARKS

Neon Therapeutics, Inc. is the owner of trademark rights in the NEON THERAPEUTICS, RECON, NEO-STIM, Precision NEO-STIM and MAPTAC trademarks, as well as certain other trademarks, including design versions of some of these trademarks. The symbols ™ and ® are not used in connection with the presentation of these trademarks in this report and their absence does not indicate a lack of trademark rights. Certain other trademarks used in this report are the property of third-party trademark owners and may be presented with or without trademark references.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

We are a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company and a leader in the field of neoantigen-targeted therapies, dedicated to transforming the treatment of cancer by directing the immune system towards neoantigens. Genetic mutations, which are a hallmark of cancer, can result in specific immune targets called neoantigens. The presence of neoantigens in cancer cells and their absence in normal cells makes them compelling, untapped targets for cancer therapy. By directing the immune system towards these targets, we believe our neoantigen-targeted therapies will offer a new level of patient and tumor specificity in the field of cancer immunotherapy that will drive a strong risk-benefit profile to dramatically improve patient outcomes.

We aim to lead a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer patients towards an era of truly personal immuno-oncology therapies. Our founders have done pioneering work in immuno-oncology, including work that resulted in a class of immunotherapy known as checkpoint inhibitors, which aim to reactivate the immune system to kill cancer cells. Checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated potent efficacy in cancers with higher rates of genetic mutations, or mutational burden, which provide a greater diversity of neoantigen targets. However, even in these tumor types, the majority of patients do not respond to treatment and new treatment strategies are needed. We seek to address this unmet need by leveraging the T cell modality to target neoantigens with the potential to unlock the potency of cell therapies in solid tumors.

We have deep expertise in the development of neoantigen therapies, with both T cell and vaccine modalities. We are leveraging over a decade of insights from our founders to develop neoantigen-targeted therapies that use two distinct approaches: the first approach utilizes fully personal therapies that target neoantigens specific to each individual, and the second approach utilizes therapies that target neoantigens that are shared across subsets of patients or tumor types. Both the personal neoantigen approach and the shared neoantigen approach focus on targeting a prioritized set of what we believe are the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigens.

Our most advanced T cell program is NEO-PTC-01, our personal neoantigen adoptive T cell therapy, which consists of multiple T cell populations that are generated to target each individual patient's unique set of neoantigens. Data presented at the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer meeting in November 2019, as well as our ongoing research, give us confidence that we can reliably generate multiple enriched neoantigen-specific T cell populations at a therapeutic manufacturing scale that are capable of killing tumor cells. Importantly, we showed that NEO-PTC-01-induced T cell cultures directly recognize autologous patient tumor material. We believe NEO-PTC-01 has several significant advantages that could overcome the challenges of other cell therapies in the solid tumor setting. To this end, we are focusing the initial clinical development of NEO-PTC-01 in solid tumors for patients who are refractory to checkpoint inhibitors. In December 2019, we announced that we filed a clinical trial application, or CTA, with the Dutch Health Authority to evaluate NEO-PTC-01 in a first-in-human clinical trial. We plan to initiate a Phase 1 dose escalation clinical trial in metastatic melanoma in collaboration with the Netherlands Cancer Institute in the third quarter of 2020. The second planned indication for NEO-PTC-01 is metastatic ovarian cancer, with the potential to both expand to other solid tumor types and pursue clinical development in the United States.

We are also advancing a T cell therapy program targeting shared neoantigens in genetically defined patient populations to direct the immune system towards prevalent mutations that are shared across patients in specific tumor types. We intend to develop product candidates targeting shared neoantigens using both non-engineered and engineered T cell modalities. Our first product candidate using the shared neoantigen approach, NEO-STC-01, is a non-engineered adoptive T cell therapy that targets RAS mutations prevalent across many solid tumors. We are focusing our initial efforts with NEO-STC-01 on the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, or PDAC, as over 84% of PDAC tumors have a RAS mutation and there is a significant unmet medical need for PDAC therapies. We have also assembled libraries of high-quality T cell receptors, or TCRs, against various shared neoantigens across common human leukocyte antigens, or HLAs, which are suitable for an engineered TCR-T cell therapy approach.

Finally, we also have two neoantigen vaccines in our portfolio, NEO-PV-01, a fully personal neoantigen cancer vaccine, custom-designed and manufactured for each individual patient’s tumor mutations, and NEO-SV-01, a neoantigen vaccine for the treatment of a subset of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. NEO-PV-01 is in Phase 1b clinical development in metastatic disease settings, with three ongoing trials. In November 2019, we reported top line results from the first trial, NT-001, at the Society of Immunotherapy for Cancer 2019 meeting. In November 2019, we also announced the cessation of additional spending commitments related to our cancer vaccine programs, NEO-PV-01 and NEO-SV-01. We will continue to conduct follow-up from our ongoing NT-002 clinical trial of NEO-PV-01 in first-line patients with untreated advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, with plans to report initial clinical data from this trial in the second half of 2020. We have also ceased enrollment in our NT-003 trial in metastatic melanoma.

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In developing all of our therapeutic product candidates, we leverage our proprietary neoantigen platform, which continuously improves as our product candidates generate data. This platform comprises two key elements: our Real-time Epitope Computation for ONcology, or RECON, bioinformatics engine, and our combined T cell biology and immune-monitoring expertise, in particular NEO-STIM, our proprietary antigen-specific T cell induction protocol.

Our RECON bioinformatics engine utilizes a proprietary combination of algorithms designed to predict the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigen targets associated with each patient's tumor. As detailed in our February 2017 and October 2019 papers in Immunity, our approach to bioinformatics uses a proprietary allele-specific, or mono-allelic, approach that allows us to predict neoantigens that are presented by specific Class I and Class II HLA alleles relevant for each patient. Using this approach and with our growing proteomic database of greater than 1.7 million unique HLA bound peptides, we have generated high quality datasets that have resulted in positive predictive values greater than 50%, exceeding standard approaches by greater than ten times for Class I HLAs and by greater than sixty times for Class II HLAs when using a recall-based measurement of performance. We intend to continue to strengthen our leading position in bioinformatics and identification of therapeutic neoantigens by using data generated from our ongoing and future clinical trials, coupled with our machine learning expertise, to continue to refine RECON's neoantigen prediction algorithms.

Our combined T cell biology and immune-monitoring expertise allows us to elicit neoantigen-specific immune responses, both in vivo and ex vivo, and to evaluate these responses in patients. We have developed a proprietary method for ex vivo T cell stimulation, which we call NEO-STIM, that allows us to directly prime, activate and expand antigen-specific T cells. In addition, we have built up immune profiling capabilities using a state-of-the-art toolkit that allows us to understand the antigen-specific immune responses to our therapies, thereby providing a key feedback loop that further enables improvements in research and development of our programs.

Recent Corporate Updates

After a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives, on January 15, 2020, we entered into an agreement with BioNTech SE, or BioNTech, pursuant to which, if all of the conditions to closing are satisfied or waived, we will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of BioNTech, or the Merger Agreement and such transaction, the Merger. The Merger Agreement was unanimously approved by the members of our board of directors, or the Board, and the Board resolved to recommend approval of the Merger Agreement to our shareholders. The closing of the Merger is subject to approval of our shareholders and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. Certain of our stockholders who collectively own approximately 36% of the outstanding shares of our common stock have entered into voting agreements, pursuant to which they have agreed, among other things, and subject to the terms and conditions of the agreements, to vote in favor of the Merger.

Subject to the terms of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger, or the Effective Time, each share of our common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall automatically be canceled and converted (without interest but subject to any withholding required under applicable law) into the right to receive 0.063 of an American Depositary Share of BioNTech, or Parent ADS, with each Parent ADS representing one ordinary share of BioNTech.

The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2020.

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Our Approaches and Product Candidates

The following diagram summarizes the current status of our product development pipeline:

Our Personal Neoantigen Approach

NEO-PTC-01 is a personal neoantigen adoptive T cell therapy that consists of multiple T cell populations targeting what we predict to be the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigens from each patient's tumor. T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in the immune system, including both detecting and killing cancer cells. NEO-PTC-01 uses T cells from the periphery of each patient that we then specifically prime, activate and expand to generate a therapy that specifically targets that patient's personal neoantigens. We believe that NEO-PTC-01 will allow us to drive a robust and persistent anti-tumor response and could be applicable across a broad range of both hematological and solid tumors. NEO-PTC-01 is currently in preclinical development. We filed a CTA with the Dutch Health Authority in December 2019 to evaluate NEO-PTC-01 in solid tumors in patients that are refractory to checkpoint inhibitors. Our first clinical trial of NEO-PTC-01 will be in metastatic melanoma and is expected to start in the third quarter of 2020.

Our Shared Neoantigen Approach

Our shared neoantigen programs take a precision medicine approach to neoantigen-targeted therapies. We are seeking to discover, validate and develop therapies directed towards shared neoantigens, which are neoantigen targets that are shared across subsets of patients or tumor types. Our proprietary shared neoantigen targets will be developed as adoptive T cell therapies. Our lead shared neoantigen product candidate is NEO-STC-01, a neoantigen adoptive T cell therapy for the treatment of cancers driven or mediated by RAS mutations. We believe NEO-STC-01 has the potential to be used across multiple different tumor types harboring RAS mutations. We also continue to make significant progress with respect to shared neoantigen discovery and validation and have assembled libraries of high-quality TCRs against various shared neoantigens across common HLAs.

Our Strategy

To fulfill our mission, we are developing neoantigen-targeted therapies that we believe have the potential to lead a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer patients. Key elements of our strategy include:


•	Advance product candidates using multiple T cell therapies across a broad array of patient populations.


•	Develop NEO-PTC-01 to leverage the potency of cell therapies to target neoantigens specific to each individual.


•	Develop shared neoantigen T cell therapies for patients who share specific neoantigens.


•	Strengthen our leading position in the neoantigen field through ongoing investment in our platform technologies.


•	Discover and validate a pipeline of TCRs than can effectively target tumor antigens across common HLAs and are suitable for an engineered TCR-T cell therapy approach.

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Our Neoantigen Platform

We have pioneered a proprietary neoantigen platform that we are using to develop neoantigen-targeted therapies. We believe that directing the immune system towards neoantigen targets is fundamental to driving effective cancer immunotherapies. Accordingly, our platform seeks to identify and harness the most therapeutically relevant neoantigens present within each patient's tumor.

Our platform comprises two key elements that form an iterative feedback loop: our RECON bioinformatics engine, which is designed to predict the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigen targets and our combined T cell biology and immune-monitoring expertise, in particular NEO-STIM, our proprietary antigen-specific T cell induction protocol. We are using our platform to develop product candidates across several neoantigen-targeting non-engineered and engineered T cell therapies using two distinct approaches:


•	Our personal medicine approach enables neoantigen-targeted therapies that are tailored for the individual profile of each patient's tumor.


•	Our precision medicine approach enables neoantigen therapies that target prevalent neoantigens that are shared across subsets of patients or tumor types.

Overview of Our Neoantigen Platform, Treatment Approaches and Treatment Modalities

Neoantigen Selection: Our RECON Bioinformatics Engine

At the core of our neoantigen platform is our RECON bioinformatics engine, which is designed to predict the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigen targets associated with each patient's tumor. Effective prediction is critical because, although many mutations within a patient's tumor will lead to the production of a mutated protein, not all mutated proteins lead to suitable therapeutic neoantigen targets.

RECON uses a number of inputs from each patient, including DNA sequences from samples of tumor and normal tissue, RNA sequences from tumor samples, and the patient's specific MHC allele profile. RECON processes data from these inputs using a proprietary combination of algorithms in order to produce a prioritized list of neoantigen-targeting peptides that we then manufacture for use in our product candidates. These algorithms seek to:


•	Identify the mutations present within a patient's tumor;


•	Predict which mutations will lead to neoantigens that will be presented by a patient's specific MHC allele profile; and


•	Select the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigen-targeting peptides for use in our therapies based on a set of additional biological and pharmacological factors.

We believe we have built RECON as a leading neoantigen bioinformatics engine. By further leveraging the combination of leading-edge proteomics and machine learning expertise, we intend to strengthen our leadership position in identifying neoantigens. Importantly, refining predictions of therapeutic relevance of neoantigens will incorporate immunogenicity data generated from our ongoing and future clinical trials for each RECON predicted neoantigen. As a result, both proteomic and clinical data will continue to refine RECON's neoantigen prediction algorithms in an iterative manner.

RECON predictions of neoantigens, which uses somatic mutations that are accurately and robustly characterized as the starting point, recapitulates the key events in this pathway, including protein cleavage, antigen-HLA binding and T cell reactivity. Factors such as quantification of RNA expression of antigens are used in multiple steps in immunogen identification and design.

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Identification of Mutations: We believe that achieving a combination of high sensitivity and specificity is critical in identifying genetic mutations upon which to base neoantigen predictions. We use a proprietary combination of mutation detection algorithms, known as a mutation calling ensemble, to identify candidate mutations present within a patient's tumor by comparing the patient's normal DNA and tumor DNA sequences. Using this proprietary approach, we have demonstrated a consistently lower rate of false positive errors while maintaining sensitivity when compared to the use of a single mutation detection algorithm.

Prediction of Neoantigen-MHC Presentation: We use a novel approach to predict which mutations lead to neoantigens that will bind to and be presented by MHC on the surface of a patient's cancer cells. Conventionally, neoantigen prediction is conducted using publicly available algorithms that are trained using limited datasets derived predominantly from in vitro binding assays. The utility of these assays to develop binding predictors is limited due to low throughput and does not incorporate critical insights into how peptides are processed. Later generations of algorithms use mass spectrometry techniques to isolate and sequence peptides from multiple MHC alleles. While these approaches have made advances in predicting neoantigen-MHC binding over in vitro binding assays, the utility of this multi-allelic mass spectrometry approach is limited because these algorithms are unable to discern which peptides are presented by each MHC allele. Further, requiring the use of a predictive algorithm to assign each peptide to an allele is a process that can result in a significant error rate. While these approaches have some utility, we believe, they lack adequate precision and depth across a wide enough range of alleles to have adequate clinical utility. It is our belief that superior data inputs will yield superior predictions and we have, therefore, made significant investments to generate a high-quality dataset to build the predictive abilities of our RECON bioinformatics engine.

Overview of Data Sources for Neoantigen-MHC Presentation Prediction

As shown in the graphic above, we use a proprietary allele-specific approach that leverages our mono-allelic MHC proteomic datasets that is differentiated from earlier techniques. Overall, this approach allows us to accurately predict neoantigens that are presented by specific MHC alleles relevant for each patient. We generated our mono-allelic datasets using a novel mass spectrometry-based method for profiling MHC-bound peptides that are presented by a single Class I or Class II MHC allele. The foundation for our approach to generating mono-allelic Class I MHC ligand datasets was published in Immunity in February 2017. This work was extended by our innovative higher-throughput mono-allelic approach, which we call MAPTAC (Mono-Allelic Purification with Tagged Allele Constructs), that was published in Immunity in October 2019. In particular, MAPTAC has enabled us to rapidly extend our data for Class I MHC alleles and also generate data for many Class II MHC alleles, many of which have no publicly available data. As of March 2019, our MAPTAC dataset included 101 Class I alleles, covering greater than 95% of allelic diversity for A, B, and C alleles, and 45 Class II alleles, covering 95.0%, 78.9%, and 42.7% of allelic diversity for DR, DP and DQ, respectively. Using our MAPTAC approach, we continue to expand our dataset for Class I and Class II alleles.

Using our datasets, we have developed unique MHC allele-specific algorithms that provide far greater predictive accuracy and lower false discovery rates than standard approaches. We have used this methodology to systematically investigate Class I and II MHC alleles, enabling broad coverage of alleles across geographic populations and ethnic groups. We have already achieved greater than ninety-nine percent population coverage in the United States through our coverage of one or more Class I (HLA-A, B and C) and Class II HLA (HLA DR, DP, and DQ) alleles for each patient. We believe these enhancements will enable us to develop more effective neoantigen-targeted therapies. Using this approach and with our growing proteomic database of greater than 1.2 million unique HLA bound peptides, we have generated high quality datasets that have resulted in positive predictive

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values greater than 50%. The performance of RECON to predict antigen-HLA binding exceeds that of standard approaches, such as netMHCPan, by up to greater than ten times for Class I HLAs and by up to greater than sixty times for Class II HLAs when using a recall-based measurement of performance. Our next-generation algorithms using mono-allelic data for Class I MHC alleles have now been deployed in our ongoing clinical trials and we plan to deploy our Class II MHC prediction capabilities in upcoming trials.

The figure below provides an overview of the neoantigen presentation pathway on the left and how RECON models this biology on the right.

Overview of Neon's RECON Bioinformatics Engine

In addition to mono-allelic mass spectrometry-based HLA-antigen presentation predictions, RECON predictions of neoantigens recapitulates other key events in this pathway. For example, we have also developed a proprietary algorithm designed to predict how proteins are processed into peptides and how this process influences which peptides can be presented by MHC. Factors such as quantification of RNA expression and truncality scores (which is a measure of the percent of cells that harbor the mutation) of antigens are used in multiple steps in immunogen identification and design. In addition, we have also observed that intra-tumoral MHC Class II presentation is dominated by professional antigen presenting cells, or APCs, rather than tumor cells. Therefore, tracking which tumor epitopes are most readily phagocytosed (or ingested by a cell) and presented by APCs further enhances the ability to pinpoint therapeutically relevant epitopes. These findings can be used to further enhance RECON’s predictive power.

Selection of the Most Therapeutically-Relevant Neoantigens: In our effort to select the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigens, in addition to the factors described above, we incorporate a number of additional filters and algorithms applied to RECON-identified neoantigens that account for several biological and pharmacological factors, as well as manufacturing considerations. These include prioritizing based on predictions of T cell reactivity. Also, features of each mutation, such as truncality, help identify the most preferred immunogenic HLA bound antigens to target.

Our current version of RECON is trained using our mono-allelic mass spectrometry data for Class I MHC epitopes and is used in our ongoing clinical trials for NEO-PV-01. We plan to incorporate Class II MHC epitope prediction into the version of RECON used for future clinical trials, including for our planned clinical trial of NEO-PTC-01. Through intensive immune monitoring of epitope immunogenicity in our clinical studies, we can improve the quality of RECON's predictions over time by understanding the immune response to each epitope.

Neoantigen Immunogenicity: Inducing T cells with NEO-STIM and Evaluating Antigen-specific T Cell Responses

Fundamental to our platform is our ability to elicit neoantigen-specific immune responses, both in vivo and ex vivo, and to evaluate these responses in patients. It is therefore vital for us to understand how T cell responses can be induced and expanded to target neoantigens and to monitor the immune system response in treated patients.

We have developed a proprietary method for ex vivo T cell stimulation, which we call NEO-STIM, that allows us to directly prime, activate and expand antigen-specific T cells.

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Overview of NEO-STIM Induction Protocol

NEO-STIM has several important advantages compared to other tumor-targeting T cell induction and expansion protocols including:


•	Starting with peripherally collected apheresis material and does not require harvesting tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, or TILs;


•	No cell engineering required to generate potent antigen-specific T cells;


•	Ability to both induce de novo and expand memory antigen-specific immune responses in the laboratory; and


•	Generating T cells with desired phenotype that can kill antigen expressing tumor targets and autologous tumor without use of IL-2, which is a potent cytokine signaling molecule for the immune system, during the T cell culture process.

Given these advantages of NEO-STIM, we apply this important platform technology both for research purposes and as a key inline manufacturing step to generate neoantigen-specific adoptive T cell therapies. Applications for NEO-STIM include:

•

Inline manufacturing for neoantigen-specific adoptive T cell therapies: We can generate therapeutic-scale T cell populations under current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, conditions that are specific to a patient’s neoantigen targets. NEO-STIM can be used in this way for programs targeting personal neoantigens specific to a patient’s tumor, as in the case for NEO-PTC-01, or shared neoantigens such as RAS, as in the case for NEO-STC-01.


•	Validating the immunogenicity of neoantigen targets: NEO-STIM’s ability to induce de novo neoantigen-specific T cell responses allows us to confirm the immunological relevance of specific predicted neoantigens and is an important validation step for our shared neoantigen pipeline.


•	Isolating neoantigen-specific T cell receptors: We generate tumor antigen-specific T cells and isolate TCRs specific to each tumor antigen that have the potential to be used in developing multiple TCR-based T cell therapies.


•	Learning the rules for which epitopes are immunogenic: By testing many epitopes and T cell responses, we can learn the rules of immunogenicity that indicate which epitopes may successfully lead to immune responses. This information can then be used to improve RECON’s prediction algorithms.

We have also developed extensive in-house immune-monitoring capabilities that allow us to interrogate the immune state of a patient before, during and after each therapeutic intervention. We evaluate multiple components of the immune system, including different types of immune cells and important classes of cytokines, in both the periphery and the tumor. To evaluate immune responses, we use a range of cutting-edge techniques, including rapid UV-exchange MHC multimers developed by one of our founders, Ton Schumacher, which allow us to analyze neoantigen-specific CD8⁺T cells, TCR sequencing to determine the distribution of neoantigen-specific T cells, single cell sequencing and multi-channel flow cytometry. We complement the use of these monitoring techniques with the use of other more common immune-monitoring techniques such as ELISpot assays and immunohistochemistry. Together, these techniques allow us to generate comprehensive immunological data from our clinical trials and to correlate them with our analysis of the tumor both before and after treatment. We expect to use these data to make ongoing improvements to RECON's neoantigen selection and prioritization algorithms, identify biomarkers that can help predict which patients will be responsive to therapy, further enhance clinical development strategies and inform generational improvements to our product candidate portfolio.

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Our Approaches and Product Candidates

Personal Neoantigen Approach

For our personal medicine approach to neoantigen-targeted therapy, we are developing therapies that are tailored to each patient's specific set of tumor neoantigens. We are currently developing a personal neoantigen adoptive T cell therapy called NEO-PTC-01. We believe our personal approach has potential to be an effective new treatment across solid tumors that are unresponsive to checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Personal Neoantigen Adoptive T Cell Therapy Program: NEO-PTC-01

Overview

NEO-PTC-01, is a personal neoantigen T cell therapy consisting of multiple T cell populations targeting what we believe to be the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigens from each patient's tumor. NEO-PTC-01 is currently in preclinical development. In December 2019, we filed a CTA with the Dutch Health Authority to evaluate NEO-PTC-01 in the solid tumor setting in patients that are refractory to checkpoint inhibitors. We plan to initiate a Phase 1 dose escalation clinical trial in patients with metastatic melanoma who are refractory to checkpoint inhibitors in collaboration with the Netherlands Cancer Institute in the third quarter of 2020. The second planned indication for NEO-PTC-01 is metastatic ovarian cancer, with the potential to both expand to other solid tumor types and pursue clinical development in the United States.

NEO-PTC-01 leverages our neoantigen platform, including RECON and NEO-STIM. Using RECON, we select high ranking neoantigens personalized to each patient. This set of neoantigen-targeting peptides is then manufactured for each patient on an individual basis. We next leverage these custom-manufactured peptides in our proprietary ex vivo co-culture process, NEO-STIM, to prime, activate and expand autologous neoantigen-specific T cells specific for each patient's personal set of neoantigens. We believe that this approach will allow us to specifically target each patient's individual tumor with T cells that can drive a robust and persistent anti-tumor response. The graphic below outlines the process that we will employ for NEO-PTC-01:

NEO-PTC-01 Product Process

Product Development Rationale

We believe that NEO-PTC-01 has the potential to unlock the potency of cell-based therapies in solid tumors. This stands in contrast to approved T cell therapies that have been limited to hematological cancers to date.

Adoptive T cell therapies, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T cells, or CAR-Ts, have demonstrated potent efficacy in the treatment of certain hematological cancers. These therapies use genetically-engineered constructs inserted into T cells that allows for the recognition and killing of cancer cells expressing certain cell surface targets, such as the B-lymphocyte antigens CD19 and BCMA. However, CAR-T approaches are currently restricted to single targets and treatment with CAR-T therapies has been observed to come with a significant toxicity profile.

Steven Rosenberg and his colleagues at the National Cancer Institute have demonstrated the potential of neoantigen-specific T cell therapies in the case studies of two patients enrolled in an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial that characterized tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. A case study published in Science in May 2014 discusses the results of treatment of one female patient with metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with expanded autologous tumor T cells specific towards a mutation in the gene Erbb2IP. In this case, a cell therapy was prepared containing a 95% pure population of CD4⁺ T cells targeting this specific Erbb2IP mutation. Treatment with this therapy was associated with tumor regression two months later, with a maximum tumor size reduction of 30% observed at seven months post-treatment and disease stabilization for 13 months. A case study published in The New England Journal of Medicine in December 2016 discusses the results of treatment of one female patient with colorectal cancer with CD8⁺ T cells targeting the G12D point mutation in the KRAS oncogene. Treatment with this T cell population was associated with tumor

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regression 40 days later and disease control for nine months. In the case of this patient, the T cell therapy had no reported adverse effects and the patient was discharged from the hospital two weeks following therapy.

We believe that NEO-PTC-01’s T cell therapy approach has several key advantages that overcome the challenges of other cell therapy approaches, including:


•	T cell induction and amplification outside of the body: Using NEO-STIM, we can directly prime, activate and expand neoantigen-targeting T cells ex vivo. We believe that by performing these processes outside the body, we can avoid potential immunosuppression or inhibitory mechanisms in patients and optimize the phenotype and functionality of the neoantigen-targeting T cells.

•

Generating multiple memory and de novo neoantigen responses: We aim to both expand existing memory T cell responses and prime de novo T cell responses from the naïve compartment that have not previously been observed in the patient. By expanding memory responses, we aim to increase the magnitude of pre-existing immune responses against neoantigens. By priming de novo responses, we believe we can educate the immune system to recognize a broader set of neoantigen targets, thereby strengthening the immune response.


•	Broad utility across tumor types, including solid tumors: Neoantigens are present across both solid and hematological tumor types. As a result, we believe that neoantigen targets will provide the tumor specificity required to develop safe, effective and durable T cell therapies for the treatment of solid tumors.


•	Potential impact in tumors with lower mutational burden: In tumors with lower mutational burden where checkpoint inhibitors are less likely to be efficacious, we believe it may be possible to treat these patients through expanded populations of functional T cells specific for the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigens.

Preclinical Development

We are developing NEO-PTC-01 in collaboration with the Netherlands Cancer Institute, which is an academic research and treatment center with leading expertise in T cell biology and treatments. We presented preclinical data relating to NEO-PTC-01 at the Society of Immunotherapy of Cancer 2019 meeting, highlighting the proof of feasibility of our NEO-STIM induction protocol. Through these data, we demonstrated, reproducibly across multiple patient samples, the ability to generate multiple CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cell populations in each patient sample from the memory and naïve compartment. These T cells were highly functional and were specific for mutant neoantigens. In addition, these data showed that these cells were capable of in vitro cell killing and NEO-PTC-01-induced T cell cultures directly recognize autologous tumor sample material. We can now reproducibly generate these cell populations from patient material at a therapeutic manufacturing scale.

Our NEO-STIM induction protocol generates a polyclonal population of T cells. Once generated, we deeply characterize this cell product to understand the specificity and functionality of the induced cells. Data analyzed from a melanoma patient shows that NEO-STIM can induce CD8⁺ T cell responses towards patient-specific neoantigens in autologous patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or PBMCs. Specifically, in this patient, as the charts below and to the left illustrate, a pre-existing memory response was expanded 16-fold, from 4.5% of CD8⁺ T cells to 72.1% of CD8⁺ T cells being specific for the selected neoantigen. Additionally, as the charts below and to the right illustrate, we induced two CD8⁺ T cell responses from the naïve compartment, generating 6.5% and 13.4% of CD8⁺ T cells, respectively. Finally, in this patient, we induced three neoantigen specific CD4⁺ T cell responses as well.

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Since the infusion of polyfunctional T cells has been associated with better efficacy in vivo and long-term persistence (Appay et al., Nature Medicine, 2008), we characterized the induced CD8⁺ and CD4⁺T cells in more detail for their functionality. As demonstrated in the charts below, upon re-challenge with mutant peptide loaded dendritic cells, neoantigen-specific T cells exhibited one, two and/or three of the following functions: IFNγ, TNFα or CD107a.

Finally, we set out to study the ability of the induced CD8⁺ T cells to kill tumor targets that process and present the neoantigen of interest. A375 tumor cell lines were stably transduced with the HLA restriction element, as well as the neoantigen of interest. Subsequently, and as demonstrated in the charts below, we performed a 6-hour co-culture with the induced T cells. We determined that the neoantigen specific CD8⁺ T cells upregulated CD107a and the tumor targets expressed active caspase 3 (an early apoptotic marker) upon co-culture.

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Additionally, we found that NEO-PTC-01-induced T cells can directly recognize autologous tumors as shown in the figure below.

Induced CD8⁺ T cells Recognize Autologous Tumors as Reflected by Induction of IFNy and/or CD107a⁺

In summary, our development activities confirm that the patient-specific neoantigens that were predicted through our RECON bioinformatics engine are immunogenic based on the induction of multiple neoantigen-specific CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cell responses. Further, the presence at the end of the NEO-STIM process of multiple enriched neoantigen-specific T cell populations (both memory and de novo) demonstrates our potential to generate new T cell responses and, as a result, cancer immunotherapies that may be effective to treat cancer patients.

Clinical Development Plan

We are focusing the initial clinical development of NEO-PTC-01 in solid tumors where we believe we can generate de novo neoantigen T cell populations ex vivo. We filed a CTA with the Dutch Health Authority in December 2019 to evaluate NEO-PTC-01 in a first-in-human clinical trial in patients that are refractory to checkpoint inhibitors. We plan to initiate a Phase 1 dose escalation clinical trial in patients with metastatic melanoma who are refractory to checkpoint inhibitors in collaboration with the Netherlands Cancer Institute in the third quarter of 2020. The primary objectives of this trial will be to evaluate the safety and feasibility of administering NEO-PTC-01 to patients. Additional objectives will be to evaluate immunogenicity and clinical efficacy. The second planned indication for NEO-PTC-01 is metastatic ovarian cancer.

Based on the data from the first exploratory trial, we will decide how to best proceed with further clinical development of NEO-PTC-01, including expanding to other tumor types and potential development in the United States.

Shared Neoantigen Approach

Overview

Our precision medicine approach to neoantigen-targeted therapy targets neoantigens shared across subsets of patients. While most neoantigen targets are specific to an individual patient's tumor, there are prevalent neoantigens that are shared across subsets of patients or tumor types, and these are known as shared neoantigens. We intend to develop multiple therapies directed towards these shared neoantigen targets using T cell therapies. We believe that our shared neoantigen approach could be complementary to our personal neoantigen therapies by providing readily available therapies that can be used in patients identified as having the relevant shared genetic mutation.

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Shared Neoantigen Approach

Our shared neoantigen targets were identified using our bioinformatics capabilities, including RECON, to interrogate large genomic databases to discover a set of proprietary shared neoantigen targets across certain patient populations within major tumor types. This discovery work began under the direction of our founder, Nir Hacohen, at the Broad Institute, Inc., or the Broad, and continues today at Neon.

We are currently completing a comprehensive validation of our prevalent shared neoantigen targets using the following assessments:


•	Biochemical measurements leveraging mass spectrometry approaches enable us to rapidly evaluate whether shared mutations are processed and presented on common HLAs as targetable shared neoantigens. These approaches allow us to de-risk targets early in the validation process.


•	Immunological experiments evaluate whether our shared neoantigen targets are immunogenic. We use our proprietary NEO-STIM induction process to generate neoantigen-specific T cells from which we can also isolate and sequence neoantigen-specific TCRs specific to these shared neoantigens.


•	Functional biological assays demonstrate the ability of these neoantigen-specific T cells or neoantigen-specific TCRs to recognize and kill cancer cells expressing the relevant shared neoantigens.

We have completed the validation of our first targets and plan to develop multiple adoptive T cell product candidates targeting different shared neoantigens. In addition, we continue to make significant progress with respect to TCR discovery and have assembled libraries of high-quality TCRs against various shared neoantigens across common HLAs. We plan to explore the potential development of our neoantigen-specific TCRs into multiple TCR-based T cell therapies, potentially in collaboration with external partners who would provide complementary technical capabilities.

NEO-STC-01: Adoptive T cell Therapy for RAS-mediated Cancers

NEO-STC-01 is a shared neoantigen adoptive T cell therapy that targets RAS mutations prevalent across many solid tumors. It is an autologous, non-engineered T cell product that leverages a premanufactured "target warehouse" for RAS driver mutations, to generate multiple CD8+ and CD4+ target-specific T cell populations for potent anti-tumor effect.

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NEO-STC-01 Product Process

NEO-STC-01 uses a precision approach to treat a genetically defined patient population with poor prognosis, for whom there are currently no effective therapies. NEO-STC-01 will be able to address multiple HLA alleles, greatly increasing the addressable patient population. In contrast, engineered TCR T cell therapies are limited to a single HLA allele per TCR, therefore requiring multiple products to address RAS mutations in the general population. For example, based on RECON predictions, NEO-STC-01 can potentially address up to two thirds of all RAS-mutant PDAC patients versus <10% of patients when using a TCR-T cell therapy for a single HLA allele.

Our NEO-STIM technology is also used here as an inline manufacturing step, similar to NEO-PTC-01. NEO-STIM uses PBMCs as a starting material which are more accessible than TILs, which are used by other adoptive T cell therapies. Further, use of PBMCs as a starting material has been shown to produce an optimal T cell phenotype with the potential to drive persistence and tumor cell killing. NEO-STIM also generates T cell populations from both the memory and naïve T cell compartments, broadening the patient’s anti-tumor immune repertoire against the target RAS neoantigens. Additionally, since NEO-STC-01 targets known, common RAS neoantigens, we can pre-manufacture the peptides that feed into the manufacturing process for NEO-STC-01, which in turn helps to shorten the overall manufacturing time and allows patients to receive their treatments quicker.

NEO-STC-01 is currently in preclinical development and we have generated data that support mechanism of action and provide a strong rationale for further development. RAS mutant neo-epitopes in our RAS target warehouse have been extensively validated and T cell populations against them can be reproducibly induced in healthy donors. The induced T cells are cytotoxic and can kill patient-derived tumor cells at endogenous antigen levels. Process optimization will be ongoing in 2020 and learnings from NEO-PTC-01, Neon’s personal T cell therapy, are expected to help accelerate preclinical development of NEO-STC-01.

Manufacturing

We have invested in manufacturing capabilities to supply cGMP product for our clinical programs. Currently, we outsource our manufacturing to third parties. We own and control proprietary methods and intellectual property regarding peptide and cell manufacturing. As our development programs expand and we build new process efficiencies, we expect to continually evaluate this strategy with the objective of satisfying demand for registration trials and, if approved, the manufacture, sale and distribution of commercial products. We will be focusing on more efficient and scalable manufacturing, which we believe will lead to a commercially attractive cost of goods when operating at commercial scale.

We receive material from our contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, for preclinical testing. We receive clinical supply material manufactured in compliance with cGMP, and we conduct audits before and during the trial, in cooperation with a CMO, to ensure compliance with the mutually agreed process descriptions and cGMP regulations.

Our use of single-source suppliers of raw materials, components, key processes and finished goods exposes us to several risks, including disruptions in supply, price increases or late deliveries. As a result, we continually evaluate our supplier relationships.

Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and the immunotherapy subsector in particular, are characterized by rapid evolution of technologies, fierce competition and strong defense of intellectual property. While we believe that our product candidates, discovery programs, technology, knowledge, experience and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face competition from major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions, among others.

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Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with currently approved therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. Key product features that would affect our ability to effectively compete with other therapeutics include the efficacy, safety and convenience of our products.

Many of the companies against which we may compete have significantly greater financial resources and expertise than we do in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products. In addition to fully-integrated biopharmaceutical companies and immunotherapy-focused oncology companies, we directly compete with a number of neoantigen T cell companies, including Achilles Therapeutics Limited, Adaptimmune Therapeutics plc, Adicet Bio, Inc., AgenTus Therapeutics, Inc., BioNTech SE, bluebird bio, Inc., Celgene Corporation, Genocea Biosciences, Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Gritstone Oncology, Inc., Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, IMV Inc., Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc., Lion TCR Pte. Ltd., Marker Therapeutics, Inc., Medigene AG, Neogene Therapeutics, Inc., Nouscom AG, PACT Pharma, Inc., Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Zelluna Immunotherapy AS and ZIOPHARM Oncology, Inc. Smaller or early-stage companies, including immunotherapy-focused and neoantigen-focused therapeutics companies, may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

The availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors will also significantly affect the pricing and competitiveness of our products. Our competitors also may obtain U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part upon our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To protect our intellectual property rights, we rely on patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures, and employee disclosure and invention assignment agreements. Our intellectual property is critical to our business and we strive to protect it through a variety of approaches, including by obtaining and maintaining patent protection in the United States and internationally for our product candidates, novel biological discoveries, new targets and applications, and other inventions that are important to our business. For our product candidates, we generally intend to pursue patent protection covering compositions of matter, methods of making and methods of use, including formulations and combination therapies.

As we continue the development of our product candidates, we intend to identify additional means of obtaining patent protection that would potentially enhance commercial success, including through claims covering additional methods of use and biomarkers and complementary diagnostic and/or companion diagnostic related claims.

The patent positions of biotechnology companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. Consequently, we may not obtain or maintain adequate patent protection for any of our product candidates. As of December 31, 2019, our patent portfolio included at least two issued U.S. patents with claims directed to methods of preparing therapeutic compositions and methods of treating cancer, at least 41 pending U.S. provisional or non-provisional patent applications, at least 19 foreign patents with claims directed to methods of preparing therapeutic compositions and compositions of matter, and at least 159 pending foreign patent applications, which patents and patent applications we owned or exclusively licensed. The claims of these owned or in-licensed patents and patent applications are directed toward various aspects of our product candidates and research programs, including claims related to compositions of matter, methods of use, drug product formulations, combination therapies, methods of manufacture, manufacturing precursors and methods of identifying active compounds. These owned patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire between 2037 and 2040, and these in-licensed patents and patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire on various dates from 2031 through 2039, in each case without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions.

Within our patent portfolio, as of December 31, 2019, we had an exclusive license from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, or DFCI, the Broad, and The General Hospital Corporation d/b/a Massachusetts General Hospital, or MGH, pursuant to our amended license agreement with the Broad, or the Broad Agreement, to at least two issued U.S. patents, at least seven pending U.S. provisional or non-provisional patent applications, at least 13 foreign patents, and at least 77 pending foreign patent applications that include claims directed to NEO-PV-01, such as compositions of matter, combination therapies, formulations, manufacturing processes, manufacturing precursors or uses thereof. These in-licensed patents and patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire on various dates from 2031 through 2037, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extensions.

Within our patent portfolio, as of December 31, 2019, we had exclusive licenses pursuant to the Broad Agreement and others to at least four pending U.S. provisional or U.S. non-provisional patent applications, at least 10 foreign patents, and at least five

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pending foreign patent applications that include claims directed to NEO-PTC-01, such as compositions of matter, formulations, manufacturing processes, manufacturing precursors or uses thereof. These in-licensed patents and patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire on various dates from 2031 through 2040, in each case without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extensions.

Within our patent portfolio, as of December 31, 2019, we owned at least 10 pending U.S. provisional or U.S. non-provisional patent applications and at least 42 pending foreign patent applications, and had an exclusive license pursuant to the Broad Agreement, to at least one pending U.S. non-provisional patent application and at least 29 pending foreign patent applications that include claims directed to NEON / SELECT (including our NEO-SV-01 product candidate), such as compositions of matter, formulations, manufacturing processes, manufacturing precursors or uses thereof. These owned patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire between 2037 and 2039, and these in-licensed patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire in 2036, in each case without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extensions.

We also have agreements with Stichting Sanquin Bloedvoorziening, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncovir and other third parties under which we have rights to certain intellectual property, such as patents or patent applications.

We cannot predict whether the patent applications we pursue will issue as patents in any particular jurisdiction or whether the claims of any issued patents will provide any proprietary protection from competitors. Even if our pending patent applications are granted as issued patents, those patents, as well as any patents we license from third parties now or in the future, may be challenged, circumvented or invalidated by third parties.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing of a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, the patent term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug or biologic may also be eligible for patent term extension, which permits patent term restoration as compensation for the patent term lost during FDA regulatory review process. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the patent term extension is related to the length of time the drug or biologic is under regulatory review. Patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug or biologic may be extended. Similar provisions are available in Europe and other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug or biologic. In the future, if our products receive FDA approval, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on patents covering those products. We plan to seek patent term extensions to any of our issued patents in any jurisdiction where these are available, however there is no guarantee that the applicable authorities, including FDA in the United States, will agree with our assessment of whether these extensions should be granted, and if granted, the length of these extensions.

In addition to our reliance on patent protection for our inventions, product candidates and research programs, we also rely on trade secret protection for our confidential and proprietary information. For example, significant elements of our products, including aspects of sample preparation, methods of manufacturing, cell culturing conditions, computational-biological algorithms and related processes and software, are based on unpatented trade secrets that are not publicly disclosed. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, including through contractual means with our employees and consultants, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our technology. As a result, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or made known to the individual or entity during the course of the party's relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived of by the individual that are related to our current or planned business or research and development or are made during normal working hours on our premises or using our equipment or proprietary information are our exclusive property. In addition, we take other appropriate precautions, such as physical and technological security measures, to guard against misappropriation of our proprietary technology by third parties. We have also adopted policies and conduct training that provides guidance on our expectations and our advice for best practices in protecting our trade secrets.

License Agreement with the Broad Institute, Inc.

On November 13, 2015, we entered into the Broad Agreement with the Broad and, in January and November 2018, we entered into amendments to the Broad Agreement. Under the Broad Agreement, we have been granted an exclusive worldwide license to certain intellectual property rights owned or controlled by the Broad, DFCI and MGH to develop and commercialize any diagnostic, prognostic, preventative or therapeutic product for humans, including any neoantigen vaccine product. In particular, as of December 31, 2019, we have both exclusive and non-exclusive licenses to a patent portfolio comprised of 10 patent families, including certain granted patents and pending patent applications in the United States and foreign jurisdictions.

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Pursuant to the terms of the Broad Agreement, we have also been granted (i) a non-exclusive license under each institution's respective interest in certain of its patent rights to exploit the licensed products in the field in the territory during the term of the license and (ii) a non-exclusive license under each institution's licensed know-how, to exploit any diagnostic, prognostic, preventative or therapeutic product in the field in the territory during the term of the license. We are also entitled to sublicense the rights granted to us under the Broad Agreement. In connection with the Broad Agreement, we have also entered into a non-exclusive software license with the Broad under which we license certain object and source codes for several software programs.

These licenses and rights are subject to certain limitations and retained rights, including field restrictions.

As consideration for the license, we paid the Broad a non-refundable license fee of $75,000. As additional consideration for the license, we must pay the Broad immaterial annual license maintenance fees and up to $12.6 million in developmental milestone payments and could be obligated to make up to $97.5 million in payments upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. We are also required to pay tiered royalties of low to mid single-digit percentages on net sales of products covered by the license, as well as between 10% to 30% of any consideration received by us from a sublicensee in consideration for a sublicense, which percentage is based on certain events set forth in the Broad Agreement. As partial consideration for the license, we reimbursed the Broad for $0.6 million of past patent expenses and issued 60,000 shares of our restricted common stock to each of the Broad, DFCI and MGH. We also agreed to reimburse the Broad for future patent expenses related to the in-licensed patents and patent applications. No development or commercial milestones have been achieved to date under the Broad Agreement. The royalty term will terminate on the later of (i) the expiration date of the last valid claim within the licensed patent rights and (ii) the 10th anniversary date of the first commercial sale of a product incorporating the licensed patent rights.

Either we, or the institutions party thereto, may terminate the Broad Agreement if the other party commits a material breach of the agreement and fails to cure that breach within 105 days (or 45 days in the case of our failure to make any payment or in the case of our breach of our diligence obligations) after written notice is provided, or, in the case of the Broad, upon our bankruptcy, insolvency, dissolution or winding up, or upon us bringing patent challenges relating to any patent families. In addition, we may terminate the Broad Agreement for convenience as it relates to certain patent families upon up to 120 days' prior written notice to the Broad. Upon expiration of the Broad Agreement, we will have a worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, sublicensable license to the intellectual property previously covered by the Broad Agreement.

Government Regulation

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug and biological products. Generally, before a new drug or biologic can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific for each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved by the regulatory authority.

U.S. Biological Product Development

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and its implementing regulations and biologics under the FDCA, the Public Health Service Act, or PHSA, and their implementing regulations. Both drugs and biologics are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state and local statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or post-market may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include, among other actions, the FDA's refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval or license revocation, a clinical hold, untitled or warning letters, product recalls or market withdrawals, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement and civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our product candidates must be approved by the FDA through a Biologics License Application, or BLA, process before they may be legally marketed in the United States. The process generally involves the following:


•	Completion of extensive preclinical studies in accordance with applicable regulations, including studies conducted in accordance with good laboratory practice, or GLP, requirements;


•	Submission to the FDA of an investigational new drug, or IND, application, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;


•	Approval by an institutional review board, or IRB, or independent ethics committee at each clinical trial site before each trial may be initiated;

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•	Performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with applicable IND regulations, good clinical practice, or GCP, requirements and other clinical trial-related regulations to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational product for each proposed indication;


•	Submission to the FDA of a BLA;


•	A determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of a BLA to accept the filing for review;


•	Satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the biologic will be produced to assess compliance with cGMP requirements to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the biologic's identity, strength, quality and purity;


•	Potential FDA audit of the clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the BLA; and


•	FDA review and approval of the BLA, including consideration of the views of any FDA advisory committee, prior to any commercial marketing or sale of the biologic in the United States.

The preclinical and clinical testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that any approvals for any of our product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, or at all.

Preclinical Studies and IND

Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry and formulation, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess the potential for adverse events and in some cases, to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. The conduct of preclinical studies is subject to federal regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations for safety/toxicology studies.

An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical studies, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational product to humans, and must become effective before human clinical trials may begin. Some long-term preclinical testing may continue after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA unless, before that time, the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the trial on clinical hold. In that case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

Clinical Trials

The clinical stage of development involves the administration of the investigational product to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor's control, in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety and assess efficacy. Each protocol, and any subsequent amendments to the protocol, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Furthermore, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an IRB for each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted to ensure that the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the informed consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative, and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. There also are requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries.

A sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside of the United States may, but need not, obtain FDA authorization to conduct the clinical trial under an IND. If a foreign clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the sponsor may submit data from the clinical trial to the FDA in support of a BLA. The FDA will accept a well-designed and well-conducted foreign clinical study not conducted under an IND if the study was conducted in accordance with GCP requirements, and the FDA is able to validate the data through an onsite inspection if deemed necessary.

Clinical trials generally are conducted in three sequential phases, known as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3, which may overlap.


•	Phase 1 clinical trials generally involve a small number of healthy volunteers or disease-affected patients who are initially exposed to a single dose and then multiple doses of the product candidate. The primary purpose of these clinical trials is to assess the metabolism, pharmacologic action, side effect tolerability and safety of the product candidate.


•	Phase 2 clinical trials involve studies in disease-affected patients to determine the dose required to produce the desired benefits. During Phase 2 clinical trials, safety and further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information is collected, possible adverse effects and safety risks are identified and a preliminary evaluation of efficacy is conducted.

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•	Phase 3 clinical trials generally involve a large number of patients at multiple sites and are designed to provide the data necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of the product for its intended use, its safety in use and to establish the overall benefit/risk relationship of the product and provide an adequate basis for product labeling.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical trials as a condition of approval of a BLA.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from other studies or animal or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects and any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure.

Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB's requirements or if the drug or biologic has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the trial. Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and also must develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug or biologic, as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product and, among other things, companies must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidates do not undergo unacceptable deterioration over their shelf life.

FDA Review Process

Following completion of the clinical trials, data are analyzed to assess whether the investigational product is safe and effective for the proposed indicated use or uses. The results of preclinical studies and clinical trials are then submitted to the FDA as part of a BLA, along with proposed labeling, chemistry and manufacturing information to ensure product quality and other relevant data. The BLA is a request for approval to market the biologic for one or more specified indications and must contain proof of safety, purity and potency for the biologic. The application may include both negative and ambiguous results of preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as positive findings. Data may come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and efficacy of a product's use or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational product to the satisfaction of the FDA. FDA approval of a BLA must be obtained before a biologic may be marketed in the United States.

Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, as amended, each BLA must be accompanied by a user fee. The FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business. Additionally, no user fees are assessed on BLAs for products designated as orphan drugs, unless the product also includes a non-orphan indication.

The FDA reviews all submitted BLAs before it accepts them for filing, and may request additional information rather than accept a BLA for filing. The FDA must make a decision on accepting a BLA for filing within 60 days of receipt. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the BLA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA has 10 months from the filing date to complete its initial review of an original BLA and respond to the applicant, and six months from the filing date of an original BLA designated for priority review. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority BLAs, and the review process is often extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification.

Before approving a BLA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facilities for the new product to determine whether they comply with cGMP requirements. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. The FDA also may audit data from clinical trials to ensure compliance with GCP requirements. Additionally, the FDA may refer applications for novel products or products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a

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recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions, if any. The FDA is not bound by recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers those recommendations when making decisions on approval. The FDA likely will reanalyze the clinical trial data, which could result in extensive discussions between the FDA and the applicant during the review process. After the FDA evaluates a BLA, it will issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the biologic with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application will not be approved in its present form. A Complete Response Letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies in the BLA identified by the FDA. The Complete Response Letter may require additional clinical data, additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s) and/or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, preclinical studies or manufacturing. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application. Even if an applicant submits the requested data and information, the FDA may decide that the BLA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than an applicant does.

Orphan Drug Designation

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biological product intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product.

Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.

If a product that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years from the date of such approval, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity by means of greater effectiveness, greater safety or providing a major contribution to patient care or in instances of drug supply issues. Competitors, however, may receive approval of either a different product for the same indication or the same product for a different indication but that could be used off-label in the orphan indication. Orphan drug exclusivity also could block the approval of one of our products for seven years if a competitor obtains approval before we do for the same product, as defined by the FDA, for the same indication we are seeking approval, or if our product is determined to be contained within the scope of the competitor's product for the same indication or disease. If one of our products designated as an orphan drug receives marketing approval for an indication broader than that which is designated, it may not be entitled to orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug status in the European Union has similar, but not identical, requirements and benefits.

Expedited Development and Review Programs

The FDA has a fast track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new drugs and biologics that meet certain criteria. Specifically, new drugs and biologics are eligible for fast track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preclinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast track designation applies to both the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor can request the FDA to designate the product for fast track status any time before receiving BLA approval, but ideally no later than the pre-BLA meeting. In addition to other benefits, such as the ability to engage in more frequent interactions with the FDA, the FDA may initiate review of sections of a fast track drug’s BLA before the application is complete. This rolling review is available if the applicant provides, and the FDA approves, a schedule for the submission of each portion of the BLA and the applicant pays the applicable user fee. However, the FDA's time period goal for reviewing an application does not begin until the last section of the BLA is submitted. Additionally, the fast track designation may be withdrawn by the FDA if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the clinical trial process.

Any product submitted to the FDA for marketing, including under a fast track program, may be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. Any product is eligible for priority review if it treats a serious or life-threatening condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety and effectiveness compared to available therapies. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new drug or biologic designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review.

A product may also be eligible for accelerated approval, if it treats a serious or life-threatening condition and generally provides a meaningful advantage over available therapies. In addition, it must demonstrate an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably

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likely to predict clinical benefit or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, or IMM, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on IMM or other clinical benefit. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug or biologic receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical trials. If the FDA concludes that a drug or biologic shown to be effective can be safely used only if distribution or use is restricted, it will require those post-marketing restrictions that it deems necessary to assure safe use of the product.

Additionally, a drug or biologic may be eligible for designation as a breakthrough therapy if the product is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over currently approved therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. The benefits of breakthrough therapy designation include the same benefits as fast track designation, plus intensive guidance from the FDA to ensure an efficient drug development program.

Fast track designation, priority review, accelerated approval and breakthrough therapy designation do not change the standards for approval, but may expedite the development or approval process.

Pediatric Information

Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, as amended, a BLA or supplement to a BLA must contain data to assess the safety and efficacy of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of pediatric data or full or partial waivers. A sponsor who is planning to submit a marketing application for a drug that includes a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen or new route of administration must submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan, or PSP, within 60 days of an end-of-Phase 2 meeting or, if there is no such meeting, as early as practicable before the initiation of the Phase 3 or Phase 2/3 study. The initial PSP must include an outline of the pediatric study or studies that the sponsor plans to conduct, including study objectives and design, age groups, relevant endpoints and statistical approach, or a justification for not including such detailed information, and any request for a deferral of pediatric assessments or a full or partial waiver of the requirement to provide data from pediatric studies along with supporting information. The FDA and the sponsor must reach an agreement on the PSP. A sponsor can submit amendments to an agreed-upon initial PSP at any time if changes to the pediatric plan need to be considered based on data collected from preclinical studies, early phase clinical trials and/or other clinical development programs.

Post-marketing Requirements

Following approval of a new product, the manufacturer and the approved product are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, monitoring and record-keeping activities, reporting of adverse experiences, complying with promotion and advertising requirements, which include restrictions on promoting products for unapproved uses or patient populations (known as "off-label use") and limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities. Although physicians may prescribe legally available products for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote off-label uses. Prescription biologic promotional materials must be submitted to the FDA in conjunction with their first use. Further, if there are any modifications to the biologic, including changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, the applicant may be required to submit and obtain FDA approval of a new BLA or BLA supplement, which may require the development of additional data or preclinical studies and clinical trials.

The FDA may also place other conditions on approvals including the requirement for a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, to assure the safe use of the product. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the BLA must submit a proposed REMS and the FDA will not approve the BLA without an approved REMS. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of products. Product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards or if problems occur following initial marketing. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures, including a REMS, or the conduct of post-marketing studies to assess a newly discovered safety issue.

FDA regulations require that products be manufactured in specific approved facilities and in accordance with cGMP regulations. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of our products in accordance with cGMP regulations. These manufacturers must comply with cGMP regulations that require, among other things, quality control and quality assurance, the maintenance of records and documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved biologics are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements and other laws.

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Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. The discovery of violative conditions, including failure to conform to cGMP regulations, could result in enforcement actions, and the discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved BLA, including recall.

Other Regulatory Matters

Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities following product approval are also subject to regulation by numerous regulatory authorities in the United States in addition to the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, other divisions of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Justice, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Occupational Safety & Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments and governmental agencies.

Other Healthcare Laws

Healthcare providers, physicians, and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Our future arrangements with third-party payors, healthcare providers and physicians may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute any drugs for which we obtain marketing approval. In the United States, these laws include, without limitation, state and federal anti-kickback, false claims, physician transparency, and patient data privacy and security laws and regulations, including but not limited to those described below.

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The Anti-Kickback Statute, or AKS, makes it illegal for any person, including a prescription drug manufacturer (or a party acting on its behalf), to knowingly and willfully solicit, receive, offer or pay any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, that is intended to induce or reward referrals, including the purchase, recommendation, order or prescription of a particular drug, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. Violations of this law are punishable by imprisonment, criminal fines, administrative civil money penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. In addition, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it.

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The federal False Claims Act imposes civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities (including manufacturers) for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented false or fraudulent claims for payment by a federal healthcare program or making a false statement or record material to payment of a false claim or avoiding, decreasing or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government. The government may deem manufacturers to have "caused" the submission of false or fraudulent claims by, for example, providing inaccurate billing or coding information to customers or promoting a product off-label. Claims that include items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute are false or fraudulent claims for purposes of the False Claims Act. Our future marketing and activities relating to the reporting of wholesaler or estimated retail prices for our products, the reporting of prices used to calculate Medicaid rebate information and other information affecting federal, state and third-party reimbursement for our products, and the sale and marketing of our product and any future product candidates, are subject to scrutiny under this law.

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The federal anti-inducement law, which prohibits, among other things, the offering or giving of remuneration, which includes, without limitation, any transfer of items or services for free or for less than fair market value (with limited exceptions), to a Medicare or Medicaid beneficiary that the person knows or should know is likely to influence the beneficiary’s selection of a particular supplier of items or services reimbursable by a federal or state governmental program.

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The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, imposes criminal and civil liability for knowingly and willfully executing a scheme, or attempting to execute a scheme, to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private payors, or falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the healthcare fraud statute implemented under HIPAA or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.

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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, imposes, among other things, specified requirements on covered entities and their business associates relating to the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information including mandatory contractual terms and required implementation of technical safeguards of such information. HITECH also created new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys' fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.

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The Physician Payments Sunshine Act, enacted as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively, the ACA, imposed new annual reporting requirements for certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children's Health Insurance Program, for certain payments and "transfers of value" provided to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Effective January 1, 2022, these reporting obligations will extend to include transfers of value made to certain non-physician providers such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

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Analogous state and foreign fraud and abuse laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may be broader in scope and apply regardless of payor. These laws are enforced by various state agencies and through private actions. Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant federal government compliance guidance, require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers, and restrict marketing practices or require disclosure of marketing expenditures.

State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances. These data privacy and security laws may differ from each other in significant ways and often are not pre-empted by HIPAA, which may complicate compliance efforts. California recently enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which creates new individual privacy rights for California consumers (as defined in the law) and places increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. The CCPA will require covered companies to provide certain disclosures to consumers about its data collection, use and sharing practices, and to provide affected California residents with ways to opt-out of certain sales or transfers of personal information. The CCPA went into effect on January 1, 2020, and the California Attorney General will commence enforcement actions against violators beginning July 1, 2020. While there is currently an exception for protected health information that is subject to HIPAA and clinical trial regulations, as currently written, the CCPA may impact our business activities. The California Attorney General has proposed draft regulations, which have not been finalized to date, that may further impact our business activities if they are adopted. The uncertainty surrounding the implementation of CCPA exemplifies the vulnerability of our business to the evolving regulatory environment related to personal data and protected health information.

The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other related governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, exclusion of drugs from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, reputational harm, additional oversight and reporting obligations if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar settlement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to similar actions, penalties and sanctions. Ensuring business arrangements comply with applicable healthcare laws, as well as responding to possible investigations by government authorities, can be time- and resource-consuming and can divert a company's attention from its business.

Current and Future Healthcare Reform Legislation

In the United States and foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. We expect that current laws, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and additional downward pressure on the price that we, or any collaborators, may receive for any approved products.

The ACA, for example, contains provisions that subject biological products to potential competition by lower-cost biosimilars and may reduce the profitability of drug products through increased rebates for drugs reimbursed by Medicaid programs, address a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected, increase the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and extends the rebate program to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, establish annual fees and taxes on manufacturers of certain branded prescription drugs, and create a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 70% (increased pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018,

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effective as of 2019) point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D.

Since its enactment, there have been numerous judicial, administrative, executive, and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. For example, various portions of the ACA are currently undergoing legal and constitutional challenges in the Fifth Circuit Court and the United States Supreme Court, and the Trump Administration has issued various Executive Orders which eliminated cost sharing subsidies and various provisions that would impose a fiscal burden on states or a cost, fee, tax, penalty or regulatory burden on individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices. Additionally, Congress has introduced several pieces of legislation aimed at significantly revising or repealing the ACA. It is unclear whether the ACA will be overturned, repealed, replaced, or further amended. We cannot predict what affect further changes to the ACA would have on our business.

Additionally, other federal health reform measures have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted:

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The Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation's automatic reduction to several government programs. These changes included aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, including the BBA, will remain in effect through 2029, unless additional Congressional action is taken.


•	The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.


•	The Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 required that CMS reduce the Medicare clinical laboratory fee schedule by 2% in 2013, which served as a base for 2014 and subsequent years. In addition, effective January 1, 2014, CMS also began bundling the Medicare payments for certain laboratory tests ordered while a patient received services in a hospital outpatient setting.

Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which have resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. In addition, the United States government, state legislatures, and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost containment programs, including price-controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs to limit the growth of government paid health care costs. For example, the United States government has passed legislation requiring pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide rebates and discounts to certain entities and governmental payors to participate in federal healthcare programs. Further, Congress and the current administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs, and the current administration recently released a "Blueprint", or plan, to reduce the cost of drugs. The current administrations' Blueprint contains certain measures that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, is already working to implement. In May 2019, CMS issued a final rule to allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option of using step therapy, a type of prior authorization, for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2020. This final rule codified CMS’s policy change that was effective January 1, 2019. Although a number of these, and other proposed measures will require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. For example, on September 25, 2019, the Senate Finance Committee introduced the Prescription Drug Pricing Reduction Action of 2019, a bill intended to reduce Medicare and Medicaid prescription drug prices. The proposed legislation would restructure the Part D benefit, modify payment methodologies for certain drugs, and impose an inflation cap on drug price increases. An even more restrictive bill, the Lower Drug Costs Now Act of 2019, was introduced in the House of Representatives on September 19, 2019, and would require the HHS to directly negotiate drug prices with manufacturers. The Lower Drugs Costs Now Act of 2019 has passed out of the House and was delivered to the Senate on December 16, 2019. However, it is unclear whether either of these bills will make it through both chambers and be signed into law, and if either is enacted, what effect it would have on our business. Individual states in the United States have also increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Individual states in the United States have also been increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints,

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discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Packaging and Distribution in the United States

If our products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. Products must meet applicable child-resistant packaging requirements under the U.S. Poison Prevention Packaging Act. Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities also are potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including extensive record-keeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale of pharmaceutical products.

The failure to comply with any of these laws or regulatory requirements subjects firms to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines or other penalties, injunctions, exclusion from federal healthcare programs, requests for recall, seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals, or refusal to allow a firm to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management's attention from the operation of our business. Prohibitions or restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future products marketed by us could materially affect our business in an adverse way.

Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

Other U.S. Environmental, Health and Safety Laws and Regulations

We may be subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. From time to time and in the future, our operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials, and may also produce hazardous waste products. Even if we contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and waste products, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury resulting from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from the use or disposal of our hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.

We maintain workers' compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees, but this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. However, we do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. In addition, failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

U.S. Patent-Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA approval of any of our product candidates, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit restoration of the patent term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and FDA regulatory review process. Patent-term restoration, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product's approval date. The patent-term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of a BLA plus the time between the submission date of a BLA and the approval of that application, except that the review period is reduced by any time during which the applicant failed to exercise due diligence. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The U.S. PTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, we may apply for restoration of patent term for our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant BLA.

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An abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be similar to, or interchangeable with, an FDA-licensed reference biological product was created by the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCI Act. This amendment to the PHSA, in part, attempts to minimize duplicative testing. Biosimilarity, which requires that the biological product be highly similar to the reference product notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components and that there be no clinically meaningful differences between the product and the reference product in terms of safety, purity and potency, can be shown through analytical studies, animal studies and a clinical trial or trials. Interchangeability requires that a biological product be biosimilar to the reference product and that the product can be expected to produce the same clinical results as the reference product in any given patient and, for products administered multiple times to an individual, that the product and the reference product may be alternated or switched after one has been previously administered without increasing safety risks or risks of diminished efficacy relative to exclusive use of the reference biological product without such alternation or switch.

A reference biological product is granted 12 years of data exclusivity from the time of first licensure of the product, and the FDA will not accept an application for a biosimilar or interchangeable product based on the reference biological product until four years after the date of first licensure of the reference product. "First licensure" typically means the initial date the particular product at issue was licensed in the United States. Date of first licensure does not include the date of licensure of (and a new period of exclusivity is not available for) a biological product if the licensure is for a supplement for the biological product or for a subsequent application by the same sponsor or manufacturer of the biological product (or licensor, predecessor in interest, or other related entity) for a change (not including a modification to the structure of the biological product) that results in a new indication, route of administration, dosing schedule, dosage form, delivery system, delivery device or strength, or for a modification to the structure of the biological product that does not result in a change in safety, purity, or potency.

Pediatric exclusivity is another type of regulatory market exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing regulatory exclusivity periods. This six-month exclusivity may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric trial in accordance with an FDA-issued "Written Request" for such a trial.

European Union Drug Development

In the European Union, or EU, our future products also may be subject to extensive regulatory requirements. As in the United States, medicinal products can be marketed only if a marketing authorization from the competent regulatory agencies has been obtained.

Similar to the United States, the various phases of preclinical and clinical research in the European Union are subject to significant regulatory controls. Although the EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC has sought to harmonize the EU clinical trials regulatory framework, setting out common rules for the control and authorization of clinical trials in the EU, the EU Member States have transposed and applied the provisions of the Directive differently. This has led to significant variations in the member state regimes. Under the current regime, before a clinical trial can be initiated it must be approved in each of the EU countries where the trial is to be conducted by two distinct bodies: the National Competent Authority, or NCA, and one or more Ethics Committees, or ECs. Under the current regime all suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions to the investigated drug that occur during the clinical trial must be reported to the NCA and ECs of the Member State where they occurred.

The EU clinical trials legislation currently is undergoing a transition process mainly aimed at harmonizing and streamlining clinical trial authorization, simplifying adverse event reporting procedures, improving the supervision of clinical trials and increasing their transparency. Recently enacted Clinical Trials Regulation EU No 536/2014 ensures that the rules for conducting clinical trials in the EU will be identical.

European Union Drug Marketing

Much like the Anti-Kickback Statue prohibition in the United States, the provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is also prohibited in the EU. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians is governed by the national anti-bribery laws of European Union Member States, such as the U.K. Bribery Act 2010. Infringement of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment.

Payments made to physicians in certain EU Member States must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians often must be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician's employer, his or her competent professional organization and/or the regulatory authorities of the individual EU Member States. These requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes or professional codes of conduct, applicable in the EU Member States. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.

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European Union Drug Review and Approval

In the European Economic Area, or EEA, which is comprised of the 28 Member States of the EU (and Norway), Iceland and Liechtenstein, medicinal products can only be commercialized after obtaining a Marketing Authorization, or MA. There are two types of marketing authorizations.

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The Community MA is issued by the European Commission through the Centralized Procedure, based on the opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, of the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and is valid throughout the entire territory of the EEA. The Centralized Procedure is mandatory for certain types of products, such as biotechnology medicinal products, orphan medicinal products, advanced-therapy medicines such as gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines and medicinal products containing a new active substance indicated for the treatment of HIV, AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, auto-immune and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases. The Centralized Procedure is optional for products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EEA, or for products that constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or that are in the interest of public health in the EU.

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National MAs, which are issued by the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA and only cover their respective territory, are available for products not falling within the mandatory scope of the Centralized Procedure. Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in a Member State of the EEA, this National MA can be recognized in another Member States through the Mutual Recognition Procedure. If the product has not received a National MA in any Member State at the time of application, it can be approved simultaneously in various Member States through the Decentralized Procedure. Under the Decentralized Procedure, an identical dossier is submitted to the competent authorities of each of the Member States in which the MA is sought, one of which is selected by the applicant as the Reference Member State, or RMS. The competent authority of the RMS prepares a draft assessment report, a draft summary of the product characteristics, or SPC, and a draft of the labeling and package leaflet, which are sent to the other Member States (referred to as the Member States Concerned) for their approval. If the Member States Concerned raise no objections, based on a potential serious risk to public health, to the assessment, SPC, labeling, or packaging proposed by the RMS, the product is subsequently granted a national MA in all the Member States (i.e., in the RMS and the Member States Concerned).

Under these procedures, before granting the MA, the EMA or the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety and efficacy.

European Union New Chemical Entity Exclusivity

In the EU, new chemical entities, sometimes referred to as new active substances, qualify for eight years of data exclusivity upon marketing authorization and an additional two years of market exclusivity. The data exclusivity, if granted, prevents regulatory authorities in the EU from referencing the innovator's data to assess a generic application for eight years, after which generic marketing authorization can be submitted, and the innovator's data may be referenced, but not approved for two years. The overall 10-year period will be extended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those 10 years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications that, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are determined to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with currently approved therapies.

European Union Orphan Designation and Exclusivity

In the EU, the EMA's Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the EU community (or where it is unlikely that the development of the medicine would generate sufficient return to justify the investment) and for which no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment has been authorized (or, if a method exists, the product would be a significant benefit to those affected).

In the EU, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers and 10 years of market exclusivity is granted following medicinal product approval. This period may be reduced to six years if the orphan drug designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an application for marketing approval. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

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European Data Collection

The collection and use of personal health data in the European Union are governed by the provisions of the Data Protection Directive, and, as of May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR. This directive imposes several requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals, notification of data processing obligations to the competent national data protection authorities and the security and confidentiality of the personal data. The Data Protection Directive and GDPR also impose strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the EU to the United States. Failure to comply with the requirements of the Data Protection Directive, the GDPR, and the related national data protection laws of the EU Member States may result in fines and other administrative penalties. The GDPR introduces new data protection requirements in the EU and substantial fines for breaches of the data protection rules. The GDPR regulations may impose additional responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process, including in respect of clinical trials, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with the new data protection rules. This may be onerous and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Rest of the World Regulation

For other countries outside of the EU and the United States, such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. Additionally, the clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with GCP requirements and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.

If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

Additional Laws and Regulations Governing International Operations

If we further expand our operations outside of the United States, we must dedicate additional resources to comply with numerous laws and regulations in each jurisdiction in which we plan to operate. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business from offering, paying, promising to pay, or authorizing payment of money or anything of value, to any person, while knowing that all or a portion of such money or thing of value will be offered, given or promised, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate to influence the foreign official in his or her official capacity, induce the foreign official to do or omit to do an act in violation of his or her lawful duty, or to secure any improper advantage in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with certain accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls.

Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, the FCPA presents particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are owned and operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees are considered foreign officials for the purposes of the statute. Certain payments made in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions.

Various laws, regulations and executive orders also restrict the use and dissemination outside of the United States, or the sharing with certain non-U.S. nationals, of information classified for national security purposes, as well as certain products and technical data relating to those products. If we expand our presence outside of the United States, we will need to dedicate additional resources to complying with these laws, and these laws may preclude us from developing, manufacturing, or selling certain products and product candidates outside of the United States, which could limit our growth potential and increase our development costs.

The failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial civil and criminal penalties and suspension or debarment from government contracting. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, also may suspend or bar issuers from trading securities on U.S. exchanges for violations of the FCPA's accounting provisions.

Reimbursement

Sales of our products will depend, in part, on the extent to which our products, if approved, will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health programs, commercial insurers and managed healthcare organizations, as well as the level of reimbursement such that those third-party payors provide for our products. Patients and providers are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products in which our products are used. In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drugs or biological products exists, and one payor's determination to provide coverage and adequate reimbursement for a product does not assure that other payors

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will make a similar determination. Accordingly, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided for any of our products candidates, if approved, will be made on a payor-by-payor basis. As a result, the coverage determination process may be a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained.

The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program requires pharmaceutical manufacturers to enter into and have in effect a national rebate agreement with the Secretary of HHS as a condition for states to receive federal matching funds for the manufacturer's outpatient drugs furnished to Medicaid patients. The ACA made several changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, including increasing pharmaceutical manufacturers' rebate liability by raising the minimum basic Medicaid rebate on most branded prescription drugs and adding a new rebate calculation for "line extensions" (i.e., new formulations, such as extended release formulations) of solid oral dosage forms of branded products, creating a new method by which rebates owed by are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected, as well as potentially impacting their rebate liability by modifying the statutory definition of AMP. The ACA also expanded the universe of Medicaid utilization subject to drug rebates by requiring pharmaceutical manufacturers to pay rebates on Medicaid managed care utilization and by enlarging the population potentially eligible for Medicaid drug benefits. Pricing and rebate programs must also comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the U.S. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990.

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or the MMA, established the Medicare Part D program to provide a voluntary prescription drug benefit to Medicare beneficiaries. Under Part D, Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in prescription drug plans offered by private entities that provide coverage of outpatient prescription drugs. Unlike Medicare Part A and B, Part D coverage is not standardized. While all Medicare drug plans must give at least a standard level of coverage set by Medicare, Part D prescription drug plan sponsors are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs, and each drug plan can develop its own drug formulary that identifies which drugs it will cover and at what tier or level. However, Part D prescription drug formularies must include drugs within each therapeutic category and class of covered Part D drugs, though not necessarily all the drugs in each category or class. Any formulary used by a Part D prescription drug plan must be developed and reviewed by a pharmacy and therapeutic committee. Government payment for some of the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for products for which we receive marketing approval. However, any negotiated prices for our products covered by a Part D prescription drug plan likely will be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from non-governmental payors.

For a drug product to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicaid or Medicare Part B programs or to be sold directly to U.S. government agencies, the manufacturer must extend discounts to entities eligible to participate in the 340B drug pricing program. The required 340B discount on a given product is calculated based on the AMP and Medicaid rebate amounts reported by the manufacturer. As of 2010, the ACA expanded the types of entities eligible to receive discounted 340B pricing, although, under the current state of the law, with the exception of children's hospitals, these newly eligible entities will not be eligible to receive discounted 340B pricing on orphan drugs. In addition, as 340B drug pricing is determined based on AMP and Medicaid rebate data, the revisions to the Medicaid rebate formula and AMP definition described above could cause the required 340B discount to increase. The 340B program imposes ceilings on prices that drug manufacturers can charge for medications sold to certain health care facilities. It is unclear how this decision could affect covered hospitals who might purchase our products in the future, and affect the rates we may charge such facilities for our approved products. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed, would further expand the 340B program to additional covered entities or would require participating manufacturers to agree to provide 340B discounted pricing on drugs used in an inpatient setting.

As noted above, the marketability of any products for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale may suffer if the government and other third-party payors fail to provide adequate coverage and reimbursement. An increasing emphasis on cost containment measures in the United States has increased and we expect will continue to increase the pressure on pharmaceutical pricing. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

These laws, and future state and federal healthcare reform measures may be adopted in the future, any of which may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding and otherwise affect the prices we may obtain for any of our product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval or the frequency with which any such product candidate is prescribed or used.

In addition, in most foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing and reimbursement vary widely from country to country. For example, the EU provides options for its Member States to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. Reference pricing used by various EU Member

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States and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. In some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical study or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of any of our product candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the United States and, generally, prices tend to be significantly lower. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries.

Employees

As of December 31, 2019, we had 71 full-time employees, 27 of whom have Ph.D. or M.D. degrees and 55 of whom are engaged in research and development activities. As of December 31, 2019, we had no part-time employees. None of our employees is represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, we announced that, as part of a new strategic focus, we were reducing our workforce by approximately 24% of our then current headcount. Refer to Note 16, Corporate Restructuring, to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

Corporate History and Trademarks

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in October 2013 under our previous name, Onco3, Inc. Our executive offices are located at 40 Erie Street, Suite 110, Cambridge, MA 02139, and our telephone number is (617) 337-4701. Our website address is www.neontherapeutics.com. We do not incorporate the information on or accessible through our website into this report, and you should not consider any information on, or that can be accessed through, our website as part of this report.

We view our operations and measure our business as one reportable segment. All of the Company's tangible assets are held in the United States. Refer to Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

We are the owner of trademark rights in the NEON THERAPEUTICS, RECON, NEO-STIM, Precision NEO-STIM and MAPTAC trademarks, as well as certain other trademarks, including design versions of some of these trademarks. The symbols ™ and ® are not used in connection with the presentation of these trademarks in this report and their absence does not indicate a lack of trademark rights. Certain other trademarks used in this report are the property of third-party trademark owners and may be presented with or without trademark references.

Available Information

Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, are available free of charge on our website located at www.neontherapeutics.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with or furnished to the SEC. These reports are also available at the SEC’s Internet website at www.sec.gov.

A copy of our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Conduct and Business Ethics and the charters of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are posted on our website, www.neontherapeutics.com, under the heading "Investors."

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In evaluating the Company and our business, careful consideration should be given to the following risk factors, in addition to the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and in other documents that we file with the SEC. Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. If any of the following risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The risks described below are not intended to be exhaustive and are not the only risks facing the Company. New risk factors can emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict the impact that any factor or combination of factors may have on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to our Merger with BioNTech SE

Failure to complete, or delays in completing, the potential merger with BioNTech announced on January 16, 2020 could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, business, financial results and/or stock price.

On January 15, 2020, we entered into an agreement with BioNTech pursuant to which, if all of the conditions to closing are satisfied or waived, we will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of BioNTech. Consummation of the Merger is subject to certain closing conditions, a number of which are not within our control. Any failure to satisfy these required conditions to closing may prevent, delay or otherwise materially adversely affect the completion of the transaction. We cannot predict with certainty whether or when any of the required closing conditions will be satisfied or if another uncertainty may arise and cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully consummate the proposed merger as currently contemplated under the Merger Agreement or at all.

Our efforts to complete the Merger could cause substantial disruptions in, and create uncertainty surrounding, our business, which may materially adversely affect our results of operation and our business. Uncertainty as to whether the Merger will be completed may affect our ability to recruit prospective employees or to retain and motivate existing employees. Employee retention may be particularly challenging while the transaction is pending because employees may experience uncertainty about their roles following the transaction. Uncertainty as to our future could adversely affect our business and our relationship with collaborators, suppliers, vendors, regulators and other business partners. For example, vendors, collaborators and other counterparties may defer decisions about working with us or seek to change existing business relationships with us. Changes to, or termination of, existing business relationships could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, as well as the market price of our common stock. The adverse effects of the pendency of the transaction could be exacerbated by any delays in completion of the transaction or termination of the Merger Agreement.

Risks related to the failure of the proposed merger to be consummated include, but are not limited to, the following:


•	we would not realize any or all of the potential benefits of the Merger, including any synergies that could result from combining our financial and proprietary resources with those of BioNTech, which could have a negative effect on our stock price;


•	under some circumstances, we may be required to pay a termination fee to BioNTech of $3,200,000;


•	we will remain liable for significant transaction costs, including legal, accounting, financial advisory and other costs relating to the Merger regardless of whether the Merger is consummated;


•	the trading price of our common stock may decline to the extent that the current market price for our stock reflects a market assumption that the Merger will be completed;


•	the attention of our management and employees may have been diverted to the Merger rather than to our own operations and the pursuit of other opportunities that could have been beneficial to us;


•	we could be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the Merger;


•	the potential loss of key personnel during the pendency of the Merger as employees and other service providers may experience uncertainty about their future roles with us following completion of the Merger; and


•	under the Merger Agreement, we are subject to certain restrictions on the conduct of our business prior to completing the Merger, which restrictions could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business as we otherwise would have done if we were not subject to these restrictions.

The occurrence of any of these events individually or in combination could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, business, and our stock price.

We cannot be sure if or when the Merger will be completed.

The consummation of the Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of various conditions, including the authorization of the Merger by our shareholders. We cannot guarantee that the closing conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement will be satisfied. If we are unable to satisfy the closing conditions in BioNTech’s favor or if other mutual closing conditions are not satisfied, BioNTech will not be obligated to complete the Merger. Under certain circumstances, we would be required to pay BioNTech a termination fee of $3,200,000.

If the Merger is not completed, our board of directors, in discharging its fiduciary obligations to our shareholders, will evaluate other strategic alternatives or financing options that may be available, which alternatives may not be as favorable to our shareholders as the Merger. Any future sale or merger, financing or other transaction may be subject to further shareholder approval. We may also be unable to find, evaluate or complete other strategic alternatives, which may materially adverse affect our business.

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Our efforts to complete the Merger could cause substantial disruptions in, and create uncertainty surrounding, our business, which may materially adversely affect our results of operation and our business. Uncertainty as to whether the Merger will be completed may affect our ability to recruit prospective employees or to retain and motivate existing employees. Employee retention may be particularly challenging while the transaction is pending because employees may experience uncertainty about their roles following the transaction. A substantial amount of our management’s and employees’ attention is being directed toward the completion of the transaction and thus is being diverted from our day-to-day operations. Uncertainty as to our future could adversely affect our business and our relationship with collaborators, suppliers, vendors, regulators and other business partners. For example, vendors, collaborators and other counterparties may defer decisions concerning working with us, or seek to change existing business relationships with us. Changes to, or termination of, existing business relationships could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, as well as the market price of our common stock. The adverse effects of the pendency of the transaction could be exacerbated by any delays in completion of the transaction or termination of the Merger Agreement.

Until the Merger is completed, the Merger Agreement restricts BioNTech and us from taking specified actions without the consent of the other party, and, in regards to us, requires us to operate in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice. These restrictions may prevent BioNTech and us from making appropriate changes to our respective businesses or pursuing attractive business opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of the Merger.

Because the Merger Agreement provides for a fixed exchange ratio for the number of shares of BioNTech ADSs that will be issued for each outstanding share of our common stock, the consideration received at the time of the Merger may be lower than the public trading value of shares of our common stock when we entered into the Merger Agreement.

The Merger Agreement provides for a fixed exchange ratio for the number of shares of BioNTech ADSs that will be issued for each outstanding share of our common stock in the Merger. If the public trading value of shares of BioNTech common stock declines over the period of time required to satisfy the Merger’s closing conditions, the consideration received at the time of the Merger may be lower than the public trading value of shares of our common stock when we entered into the Merger Agreement.

The Merger Agreement contains provisions that limits our ability to pursue alternatives to the Merger, could discourage a potential competing acquiror of us from making an alternative transaction proposal and, in specified circumstances, could require us to pay a termination fee to BioNTech.

The Merger Agreement provides that we shall not, and requires us to refrain from permitting our representatives to, among other things, solicit, participate in negotiations with respect to or approve or recommend any third party proposal for an alternative transaction, subject to exceptions set forth in the Merger Agreement relating to the receipt of certain unsolicited proposals. Further, while our board of directors is permitted to make a recommendation change to our stockholders with respect to the Merger under certain circumstances, unless BioNTech terminates the Merger Agreement, we nonetheless will be required to submit the proposals to a stockholder vote at a special meeting. This requirement, which is often called a “force the vote” provision, means that we do not have the right before the stockholder vote to terminate the Merger Agreement to accept a superior proposal. If the Merger Agreement is terminated, in certain circumstances, we may be required to pay BioNTech a termination fee of $3,200,000.

These provisions could discourage a potential third-party acquiror or merger partner that might have an interest in acquiring all or a significant portion of us or pursuing an alternative transaction from considering or proposing such a transaction, even if it were prepared to pay consideration with a higher per share cash or market value than the consideration in the Merger, or might result in a potential third-party acquiror or merger partner proposing to pay a lower price to our stockholders than it might otherwise have proposed to pay because of the added expense of the termination fee that may become payable in certain circumstances.

If the Merger Agreement is terminated and we determine to seek another business combination, we may not be able to negotiate a transaction with another party on terms comparable to, or better than, the terms of the Merger.

Lawsuits may be filed against us and the members of our board of directors arising out of the proposed merger, which may delay or prevent the proposed merger.

Putative stockholder complaints, including stockholder class action complaints, and other complaints may be filed against us, our board of directors, BioNTech, BioNTech’s board of directors and others in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. The outcome of litigation is uncertain, and we may not be successful in defending against any such future claims. Lawsuits that may be filed against us, our board of directors, BioNTech, or BioNTech’s board of directors could delay or prevent the Merger, divert the attention of our management and employees from our day-to-day business and otherwise adversely affect us financially.

Risks Related to Our Business, Technology and Industry

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We have incurred net losses in every year since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur net losses in the future.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical immuno-oncology company with a limited operating history. Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate effect or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval and become commercially viable. We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, and we continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. As a result, we are not profitable and have incurred losses in each period since our inception in October 2013. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we reported net losses of $79.8 million and $76.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $253.5 million. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our research and development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates. We expect to continue to incur substantial expenses in connection with our ongoing activities if, and as, we:


•	initiate or continue clinical trials of our product candidates;


•	advance our development programs into and through preclinical and clinical development;


•	seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;


•	hire additional clinical, quality assurance and scientific personnel;


•	expand our operational, financial and management systems and increase personnel, including personnel to support our clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization efforts and our operations as a public company;


•	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;


•	establish a sales, marketing, medical affairs and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and intend to commercialize on our own or jointly with third parties; and


•	acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies.

To become and remain profitable, we or any potential future collaborator must develop and eventually commercialize products with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical studies and clinical trials, obtaining marketing approval for product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling products for which we may obtain marketing approval and satisfying any post-marketing requirements. We may never succeed in any or all of these activities and, even if we do, we may never generate revenue that is significant or large enough to achieve profitability. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company also could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Even if we succeed in commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we will continue to incur substantial research and development and other expenditures to develop and market additional product candidates. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.

To date, we have not generated any product revenue, have a history of losses and will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations. If we fail to obtain necessary financing, we will not be able to complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since our inception. We expect to continue to spend substantial amounts to conduct further research and development and preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies and clinical trials of our current and future programs, to seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates and to launch and commercialize any products for which we receive regulatory approval, including potentially building our own commercial organization. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $29.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2019 will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the third quarter of 2020. However, our future capital requirements and the period for which our existing resources will support our operations may vary significantly from what we expect. We will in any event require additional capital in order to complete clinical development of any of our current programs. Our monthly spending levels will vary based on new and ongoing development and corporate activities. Because the length of time and activities associated with development of our product candidates is highly uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require for development and any approved

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marketing and commercialization activities. Our funding requirements, both near and long-term, as well as the timing and amount of our operating expenditures, will depend largely on:


•	the initiation, progress, scope, timing, costs and results of preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies and clinical trials for our product candidates;


•	the clinical development plans we establish for these product candidates;


•	the number and characteristics of product candidates that we develop or may in-license;


•	the terms of any collaboration agreements we may choose to execute;


•	the outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements established by the FDA, the EMA, the Dutch Health Authority, and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities;


•	the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent claims and other intellectual property rights;


•	the cost of defending intellectual property disputes, including any patent infringement actions that may be brought by third parties in the future against us or our product candidates;


•	the effect of competing technological and market developments;


•	the cost and timing of formulation development and manufacturing, including the completion of commercial-scale outsourced manufacturing activities; and


•	the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval in regions where we choose to commercialize our products on our own.

We do not have any committed external source of funds or other support for our development efforts and we cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Until we can generate sufficient product or royalty revenue to finance our cash requirements, which we may never do, we expect to finance our future cash needs through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other marketing or distribution arrangements. If we raise additional funds through public or private equity offerings, the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. Further, to the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of common stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, your ownership interest will be diluted. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we would be subject to fixed payment obligations and may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional capital through marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish certain valuable rights to our product candidates, technologies, future revenue streams or research programs or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. We also could be required to seek collaborators for one or more of our current or future product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or relinquish our rights to product candidates or technologies that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our products or product candidates or one or more of our other research and development initiatives. Any of the above events could significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations and cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in its report on our audited financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As a result of our recurring losses from operations, recurring negative cash flows from operations and substantial cumulative losses, there is uncertainty regarding our ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate our business effectively, which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The report from our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes an explanatory paragraph stating that our recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception and required additional funding to finance our operations raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we seek additional financing to fund our business activities and there remains substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, investors or other financing sources may be unwilling to provide additional funding to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to obtain sufficient funding, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate all of our research and development programs or other business activities, and our financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected and we may be unable to continue as a going concern. In the future, reports from our independent registered public accounting firm may also contain statements expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our most advanced product candidates are uniquely manufactured for each patient and we may encounter difficulties in production, particularly with respect to scaling our manufacturing capabilities. If we or any of our third-party manufacturers

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with whom we contract encounter these types of difficulties, our ability to provide supply of our product candidates for clinical trials or our products for patients, if approved, could be delayed or stopped, or we may be unable to maintain a commercially viable cost structure.

The manufacturing process used to produce our product candidates is complex and novel and has not been validated for clinical or commercial production. For example, for NEO-PTC-01, we will harvest T cells from a patient and then, through a proprietary ex vivo process, prime, activate and expand those T cells to create an autologous T cell therapy that will ultimately be infused back into the patient’s body. Similarly, for NEO-PV-01, we custom design and manufacture up to 20 individually selected peptides with a proprietary formulation to construct a unique vaccine for each patient. As a result of these complexities, the cost to manufacture our product candidates is generally higher than traditional small molecule chemical compounds and the manufacturing process is less reliable and is more difficult to reproduce.

Our manufacturing process will be susceptible to product loss or failure due to logistical issues associated with the collection of a patient’s tumor and blood or other samples, shipping that material to analytical laboratories, and shipping the final product back to the location using cold chain distribution where it will be administered to the patient, manufacturing issues associated with the differences in patient starting materials, interruptions in the manufacturing process, contamination, equipment or reagent failure, improper installation or operation of equipment, vendor or operator error, inconsistency in cell growth, and variability in product characteristics. Even minor deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production yields, lot failures, product defects, product delays, product recalls, product liability claims and other supply disruptions. If for any reason we lose a patient’s starting material or one of our custom manufactured products at any point in the process, the manufacturing process for that patient will need to be restarted and the resulting delay may adversely affect that patient’s outcome. If microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our product candidates or in the manufacturing facilities in which our product candidates are made, the manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination, which could result in our inability to produce or ship product. Because our product candidates are manufactured for each particular patient, we will be required to maintain a chain of identity with respect to materials as they move from the patient to the manufacturing facility, through the manufacturing process and back to the patient. Maintaining this type of chain of identity is difficult and complex and the failure to do so could result in adverse patient outcomes, loss of product, or regulatory action, including withdrawal of any approved products from the market. Further, as product candidates are developed through preclinical to later-stage clinical trials towards approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods, are altered in an effort to optimize processes and results. If we make these types of changes, we may not achieve our intended objectives and any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently than we expect, potentially affecting the results of clinical trials.

Although we continually attempt to optimize our manufacturing process, doing so is a difficult and uncertain task and there are risks associated with scaling to the level required for advanced clinical trials or commercialization, including, among others, cost overruns, potential problems with process scale-out, process reproducibility, stability issues, lot consistency and timely availability of reagents or raw materials. If we are unable to adequately validate or scale-up the manufacturing process with any of our current manufacturers, we will need to transfer to another manufacturer and complete the manufacturing validation process, which can be a lengthy process. We ultimately may not be successful in transferring our production system or the manufacturers on whom we rely may not have the necessary capabilities to complete the implementation and development process. If we are able to adequately validate and scale-up the manufacturing process for our product candidates with a contract manufacturer, we will still need to negotiate an agreement for commercial supply with that contract manufacturer and it is not certain we will be able to come to agreement on terms acceptable to us. As a result, we may ultimately be unable to reduce the cost of goods for our product candidates to levels that will allow for an attractive return on investment if and when those product candidates are approved and commercialized.

The manufacturing process for any products that we may develop is subject to the FDA and foreign regulatory authority approval processes and we will need to contract with manufacturers who we believe can meet applicable FDA and foreign regulatory authority requirements on an ongoing basis. If we or our CMOs are unable to reliably produce products to specifications acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities, we may not obtain or maintain the approvals we need to commercialize our products. Even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, there is no assurance that either we or our CMOs will be able to manufacture the approved product to specifications and under required good manufacturing practices acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities, to produce it in sufficient quantities to meet the requirements for the potential launch of the product, or to meet potential future demand. Any of these challenges could delay completion of clinical trials, require bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates, impair commercialization efforts, increase our cost of goods and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our future success depends on our ability to manufacture our products on a timely basis with acceptable manufacturing costs, while at the same time maintaining good quality control and complying with applicable regulatory requirements and an inability

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to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. In addition, we could incur higher manufacturing costs if manufacturing processes or standards change and we could need to replace, modify, design or build and install equipment, all of which would require additional capital expenditures. Specifically, because our product candidates may have a higher cost of goods than conventional therapies and may require long-term follow up evaluations, the risk that coverage and reimbursement rates may be inadequate for us to achieve profitability may be greater.

We may in the future evaluate the use of one or more CMOs, as well as the possibility of establishing our own capabilities and infrastructure, including a manufacturing facility. If we were to choose to build our own manufacturing facility, we would need significant funding and would need to select an adequate location. We expect that development of our own manufacturing facility would provide us with enhanced control of material supply for both clinical trials and the commercial market, enable the more rapid implementation of process changes and allow for better long-term margins. However, we have no experience in developing a manufacturing facility and may never be successful in developing our own manufacturing facility or capability. If we determine to establish our own manufacturing capabilities and infrastructure, we will also need to hire additional personnel to manage our operations and facilities and develop the necessary infrastructure to continue the research and development and eventual commercialization, if approved, of our product candidates. If we fail to select the correct location, complete the construction in an efficient manner, recruit the required personnel and generally manage our growth effectively, the development and production of our product candidates could be curtailed or delayed. We may establish multiple manufacturing facilities as we expand our commercial footprint to multiple geographies, which may lead to regulatory delays or could prove costly. Even if we are successful, our manufacturing capabilities could be affected by cost-overruns, unexpected delays, equipment failures, labor shortages, natural disasters, power failures and numerous other factors that could prevent us from realizing the intended benefits of our manufacturing strategy and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, the FDA, the EMA and other foreign regulatory authorities may require us to submit samples of any lot of any approved product, together with the protocols showing the results of applicable tests at any time. Under some circumstances, the FDA, the EMA or other foreign regulatory authorities may require that we not distribute a lot until the relevant agency authorizes its release. Slight deviations in the manufacturing process, including those affecting quality attributes and stability, may result in unacceptable changes in the product that could result in lot failures or product recalls. Lot failures or product recalls could cause us to delay product launches or clinical trials, which could be costly to us and otherwise harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Problems in our manufacturing process could restrict our ability to meet market demand for our products.

We also may encounter problems hiring and retaining the experienced scientific, quality control and manufacturing personnel needed to operate our manufacturing processes, which could result in delays in production or difficulties in maintaining compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Any problems in our manufacturing process or facilities could make us a less attractive collaborator for potential partners, including larger pharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions, which could limit our access to additional attractive development programs.

Our business is highly dependent on the success of our product candidates. All of our product candidates will require significant additional nonclinical and clinical development before we can seek regulatory approval for and launch a product commercially.

Our business and future success depend on our ability to obtain regulatory approval of and then successfully launch and commercialize our product candidates. All of our product candidates will require additional clinical and nonclinical development, regulatory review and approval in multiple jurisdictions, substantial investment, access to sufficient commercial manufacturing capacity, and significant marketing efforts before we can generate any revenue from product sales.

In December 2019, we filed a clinical trial authorization with the Dutch Health Authority for our planned trial of NEO-PTC-01 in the Netherlands in patients with metastatic melanoma who are refractory to checkpoint inhibitors. NEO-PTC-01 involves the priming, activation and expansion of neoantigen-specific T cells ex vivo, an approach that may be less effective than anticipated, and our planned clinical trial is subject to risks related to trial execution, including uncertainty of timing or achievement of approval from the Dutch Health Authority to conduct the trial, difficulties with patient enrollment, trial design and establishing trial protocols.

We announced in November 2019 that we would cease undertaking new additional spending commitments related to our NEO-PV-01 and NEO-SV-01 programs. NEO-PV-01 is currently being investigated in three Phase 1b clinical trials. We plan to continue to conduct follow-up from our NT-002 clinical trial of NEO-PV-01 in first-line patients with untreated advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and will cease future enrollment in our NT-003 trial in metastatic melanoma. We received approval on an IND submitted to the FDA for NEO-SV-01, a neoantigen vaccine for the treatment of a genetically defined subset of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, but do not currently have plans to initiate a trial of NEO-SV-01. As a result, we currently have fewer active programs and expect that a substantial portion of our efforts and expenditures over the next several years will be devoted to NEO-PTC-01 and NEO-STC-01. Accordingly, our business currently depends heavily on the successful

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development, regulatory approval, and commercialization of NEO-PTC-01 and NEO-STC-01. We cannot be certain that either of our programs or any future programs will receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if we receive regulatory approval. If we were required to discontinue development of our current programs or if they do not receive regulatory approval or fail to achieve significant market acceptance, we would be delayed in our ability to achieve profitability, if ever.

The successful development of biopharmaceuticals, such as neoantigen-targeted therapies, is highly uncertain.

Successful development of biopharmaceuticals, such as neoantigen-targeted therapies, is highly uncertain and is dependent on numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. Neoantigen-targeted therapies that appear promising in the early phases of development may fail to reach the market for several reasons including:


•	nonclinical or preclinical testing or study results may show the neoantigen-targeted therapies to be less effective than desired or to have harmful or problematic side effects;


•	clinical trial results may show the neoantigen-targeted therapies to be less effective than expected (e.g., a clinical trial could fail to meet its primary endpoint(s)) or could have unacceptable side effects or toxicities;

•

we may fail to receive the necessary regulatory approvals or experience a delay in receiving those approvals, including delays that may be caused by slow enrollment in clinical trials, patients dropping out of trials, the required length of time to achieve trial endpoints, additional time requirements for data analysis or biologics license application, or BLA, preparation, discussions with the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities , requests from regulatory authorities for additional nonclinical or clinical data, or unexpected safety or manufacturing issues;


•	manufacturing costs, turnaround time, formulation issues, pricing or reimbursement issues, or other factors that make the neoantigen-targeted therapy uneconomical; and


•	the proprietary rights of others and their competing products and technologies that may prevent the neoantigen-targeted therapy from being commercialized.

The length of time necessary to complete clinical trials and to submit an application for marketing approval for a final decision by a regulatory authority may vary significantly from one therapy to the next and may be difficult to predict.

Even if we are successful in getting market approval for our product candidates, commercial success of any approved products will also depend in large part on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, including government payors such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs and managed care organizations, which may be affected by existing and future healthcare reform measures designed to reduce the cost of healthcare. In order to qualify for reimbursement, third-party payors could require us to conduct additional studies, including post-marketing studies related to the cost effectiveness of a product, which could be costly and divert our resources. If government and other healthcare payors were not to provide adequate coverage and reimbursement levels for any of our products once approved, market acceptance and commercial success would be reduced.

In addition, if any of our products is approved for marketing, we will be subject to significant regulatory obligations regarding the submission of safety and other post-marketing information and reports and registration, and will need to continue to comply (or ensure that our third-party providers comply) with cGMPs and GCPs for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. In addition, there is always the risk that we or a regulatory authority might identify previously unknown problems with a product post-approval, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency. Compliance with these requirements is costly and any failure to comply or other issues with our product candidates post-approval could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Preclinical development is uncertain. Our preclinical programs may experience delays or may never advance to clinical trials, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals or commercialize these programs on a timely basis or at all, which could have an adverse effect on our business.

With the exception of NEO-PV-01, all of our other product candidates are still in the preclinical discovery stage and their risk of failure is high. Before we can commence clinical trials for a product candidate, we must complete extensive preclinical testing and studies that support our planned INDs in the United States, or similar applications in other jurisdictions. We cannot be certain of the timely completion or outcomes of our preclinical testing and studies and cannot predict if the FDA or other regulatory authorities will accept our proposed clinical programs or if the outcomes of our preclinical testing and studies will ultimately support the further development of our programs. As a result, we cannot be sure that we will be able to submit INDs or similar applications for our preclinical programs on the timelines we expect, if at all, and we cannot be sure that submission of INDs or similar applications will result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities allowing clinical trials to begin.

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PTC-01 involves the priming, activation and expansion of neoantigen-specific T cells ex vivo, an approach that may be less effective than anticipated, and our planned clinical trial is subject to risks related to trial execution, including uncertainty of timing or achievement of approval from the Dutch Health Authority to conduct the trial, difficulties with patient enrollment, trial design and establishing trial protocols.

Clinical development is a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome. We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of any product candidates.

To obtain the requisite regulatory approvals to commercialize any product candidates, we must demonstrate through extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials that our products are safe, pure and potent or effective in humans. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete and the outcome of any clinical trial is inherently uncertain. We may be unable to establish clinical endpoints that applicable regulatory authorities would consider clinically meaningful and a clinical trial can fail at any stage of testing. The outcome of nonclinical studies and early clinical trials, or interim analyses of these trials, may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. For example, our ongoing Phase 1b clinical trials of NEO-PV-01 are open-label and not all enrolled patients have completed these trials. Further, we expect any later-stage clinical trials of NEO-PV-01 will require placebo comparison or comparison with an active comparator. Differences in trial design between early stage clinical trials and later-stage clinical trials make it difficult to extrapolate the results of earlier clinical trials to later clinical trials. Moreover, nonclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in nonclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products.

Successful completion of clinical trials is a prerequisite to submitting a BLA to the FDA, a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, to the EMA, and similar marketing applications to comparable foreign regulatory authorities for each product candidate and, consequently, the ultimate approval and commercial marketing of any product candidates. We do not know whether any of our clinical trials will begin or be completed on schedule, if at all.

For example, in December 2019 we filed a clinical trial authorization with the Dutch Health Authority for our planned trial of NEO-PTC-01 in the Netherlands in patients with metastatic melanoma who are refractory to checkpoint inhibitors. NEO-PTC-01 involves the priming, activation and expansion of neoantigen-specific T cells ex vivo, an approach that may be less effective than anticipated, and our planned clinical trial is subject to risks related to trial execution, including uncertainty of timing or achievement of approval from the Dutch Health Authority to conduct the trial, difficulties with patient enrollment, trial design and establishing trial protocols.

We may experience delays in completing our preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies and initiating or completing clinical trials. We also may experience numerous unforeseen events or circumstances during, or as a result of, any future clinical trials that we may conduct that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:


•	regulators or institutional review boards, or IRBs, or ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;


•	we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective trial sites and prospective CROs as the terms of these agreements can be subject to extensive negotiation and vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;


•	clinical trials of any product candidates may fail to show safety, purity or potency, or produce negative or inconclusive results, which may cause us to decide, or regulators to require us, to conduct additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials or which may cause us to decide to abandon product development programs;


•	the number of patients required for clinical trials of any product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipated or participants may drop out of these clinical trials or fail to return for post-treatment follow-up at a higher rate than we anticipated;


•	our CROs and other third-party contractors involved in our clinical trials may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, or they may deviate from the clinical trial protocol or drop out of the trial, which may require that we add new clinical trial sites or investigators;


•	we may elect to, or regulators, IRBs or ethics committees may require that we or our investigators, suspend or terminate clinical research or trials for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;


•	the cost of preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies and clinical trials of any product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;

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•	the potential insufficiency or inadequacy of the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates;


•	the potential inability to manufacture and supply product to patients consistent with clinical trial protocols;


•	our product candidates may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us or our investigators, regulators, IRBs or ethics committees to suspend or terminate trials, or reports may arise from nonclinical or clinical testing of other cancer therapies that raise safety or efficacy concerns about our product candidates; and


•	the FDA or other regulatory authorities may require us to submit additional data such as long-term toxicology studies, or impose other requirements on us, before permitting us to initiate a clinical trial.

We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, the IRBs of the institutions in which these clinical trials are being conducted, or the FDA or other regulatory authorities, or if a clinical trial is recommended for suspension or termination by the relevant Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB. A suspension or termination may be imposed due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities that results in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product or treatment, failure to establish or achieve clinically meaningful trial endpoints, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. Many of the factors that could cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. Further, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation of data from clinical trials or may change the requirements for approval even after they have reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials.

Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in conducting clinical testing or receiving marketing approvals. We do not know whether any of our preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies or clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates and may allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, potentially impairing our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and harming our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. Any delays in our nonclinical or future clinical development programs may harm our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations significantly.

We rely on our RECON bioinformatics engine to identify neoantigen targets. Our competitive position could be materially harmed if our competitors develop platforms similar to RECON that they use to develop rival product candidates.

We rely on trade secrets, unpatented know-how, inventions and other proprietary information to strengthen our competitive position. We consider know-how to be our primary intellectual property with respect to our RECON (Real-time Epitope Computation for ONcology) bioinformatics engine. The algorithms comprising RECON require accurate input data to enable the algorithms to detect patterns. Our clinical trials allow us to collect clinical data together with myriad samples of blood and tumor tissue, which we use as a feedback loop to make improvements to RECON. However, know-how protected by trade secret can be difficult to protect. In particular, we anticipate that, with respect to this platform, this know-how may over time be disseminated within the industry through independent development, the publication of journal articles describing the method and the movement of skilled personnel.

We cannot rule out that our competitors may have or obtain the knowledge necessary to analyze and characterize similar data to our known data for the purpose of identifying and developing products that could compete with our current or future product candidates. Our competitors may also have significantly greater financial, product development, technical and human resources and access to other human tumors than we do. Further, our competitors may have significantly greater experience in using translational science methods to identify and develop product candidates.

We may not be able to prohibit our competitors from using technology or methods that are the same as or similar to RECON to develop their own product candidates. If our competitors develop bioinformatics and engage in the computation and analysis of complex algorithms to identify neoantigen targets and develop associated therapies, our ability to develop and market a promising product or product candidate may diminish substantially, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Continuous and up-to-date clinical data is a key feature of RECON. We cannot guarantee that we will be permitted by regulatory authorities, or have the resources to obtain, continuous clinical data that would be input into RECON. For example, regulatory authorities may require that we refrain from inputting any additional data into RECON after we commence a pivotal clinical trial. If we are prevented or impeded from adding additional clinical data into RECON, we will not be able to advance RECON and its utility may be diminished. In addition, we cannot guarantee that any changes or additions we make to RECON will ultimately result in improved therapeutic outcomes for any product candidates that are generated as a result of RECON. As

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a result, our ability to develop product candidates through the use of RECON that provide therapeutic benefit may be significantly impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Our planned clinical trials or those of our future collaborators may reveal significant adverse events not seen in our preclinical or nonclinical studies and may result in a safety profile that could inhibit regulatory approval or market acceptance of any of our product candidates.

Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any products, we must demonstrate through lengthy, complex and expensive preclinical studies and clinical trials that our product candidates are both safe and effective for use in each target indication. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. In addition, initial success in clinical trials may not be indicative of results obtained when those trials are completed. There is typically an extremely high rate of attrition from the failure of product candidates proceeding through clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy profile despite having progressed through nonclinical studies and initial clinical trials. Companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in later-stage clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or unacceptable safety issues, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Most product candidates that commence clinical trials are never approved as products and there can be no assurance that any of our current or future clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development of any of our product candidates.

Certain of our product candidates will be developed in combination with one or more cancer therapies. This combination may have additional side effects that were not present in initial clinical trials of our product candidates with other cancer therapies. The uncertainty resulting from the use of our product candidates in combination with other cancer therapies may make it difficult to accurately predict side effects in future clinical trials.

If significant adverse events or other side effects are observed in any of our current or future clinical trials, we may have difficulty recruiting patients to our clinical trials, patients may drop out of our trials, or we may be required to abandon the trials or our development efforts of one or more product candidates altogether. We, the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities, or an IRB, may suspend clinical trials of a product candidate at any time for various reasons, including a belief that trial subjects are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or adverse side effects. Some potential therapeutics developed in the biotechnology industry that initially showed therapeutic promise in early-stage trials have later been found to cause side effects that prevented their further development. Even if the side effects presented do not preclude the drug from obtaining or maintaining marketing approval, undesirable side effects may inhibit market acceptance of the approved product due to its tolerability versus other therapies. Any of these developments could materially harm our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons. The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the study until its conclusion. The enrollment of patients depends on many factors, including:


•	the patient eligibility and exclusion criteria defined in the protocol;


•	the size of the patient population required for analysis of the trial’s primary endpoints;


•	the proximity of patients to trial sites;


•	the design of the trial;


•	the ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;


•	the ability to obtain and maintain patient consents; and


•	the risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will drop out of the trials before completion.

In addition, our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that are similar therapeutic areas as our product candidates, which may reduce the number and types of patients available to us. Since the number of qualified clinical investigators is limited, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials at those sites. Moreover, because our product candidates represent a departure from more commonly used methods for cancer treatment, potential patients and their doctors may be inclined to use conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation, rather than enroll patients in a clinical trial. This may be particularly true for patients with late-stage disease who may perceive that our approach is not effective for patients with that disease profile.

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Delays in patient enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of our planned clinical trials. These delays could also prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our product candidates.

We expect to develop some of our product candidates in combination with other therapies, and safety or supply issues with combination use products may delay or prevent development and approval of our product candidates.

We intend to develop some of our product candidates in combination with one or more approved or unapproved cancer therapies.

Even if any product candidate we develop were to receive marketing approval or be commercialized for use in combination with other existing therapies, we would continue to be subject to the risks that the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States could revoke approval of the therapy used in combination with our product or that safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues could arise with any of those existing therapies. If the therapies we use in combination with our product candidates are replaced as the standard of care for the indications we choose for any of our product candidates, the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States may require us to conduct additional clinical trials. The occurrence of any of these risks could result in our own products, if approved, being removed from the market or being less successful commercially.

We may also evaluate some of our product candidates in combination with one or more cancer therapies that have not yet been approved for marketing by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States. We will not be able to market and sell any product candidate we develop in combination with an unapproved cancer therapy if that unapproved cancer therapy does not ultimately obtain marketing approval. In addition, unapproved cancer therapies face the same risks described with respect to our product candidates currently in development and clinical trials, including the potential for serious adverse effects, delay in their clinical trials and lack of FDA approval.

If the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States do not approve these other drugs or revoke their approval of, or if safety, efficacy, manufacturing, or supply issues arise with, the drugs we choose to evaluate in combination with our product candidates , we may be unable to obtain approval of or market those product candidates.

Neoantigen-targeted therapies are a novel approach and negative perception of the efficacy or safety of any of our product candidates could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business or obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates.

Neoantigen-targeted therapies remain novel and unproven technologies, with no neoantigen-targeted therapy approved to date in the U.S. or EU. Neoantigen T cell therapies, neoantigen vaccines or any other modality that we seek to use may not gain the acceptance of the public or the medical community. For example, earlier cancer vaccines attempted to direct the immune system against a class of molecules found predominantly, but not exclusively, at the tumor site. Since the targets of these cancer vaccines were are also found on normal cells, they were regarded as ‘self’, which caused the immune system to prohibit destruction of the cancerous cells. As a result, these cancer vaccines did not generate potent immune responses. Our neoantigen vaccines may be perceived to face the same challenges as the earlier cancer vaccines, which could limit our ability to enroll patients in our clinical trials or if approved, negatively impact our vaccines’ market acceptance. Further, with respect to our NEO-PTC-01 program, the use of T cells as a potential cancer treatment is a recent scientific development and may not become broadly accepted by physicians, patients, hospitals, cancer treatment centers and others in the medical community.

Our success will depend upon physicians who specialize in the treatment of diseases targeted by our product candidates prescribing treatments that involve the use of our product candidates in lieu of, or in addition to, existing treatments with which they are more familiar and for which greater clinical data may be available. Adverse events in clinical trials of our product candidates or in clinical trials of others developing similar products and the resulting publicity, as well as any other adverse events in the field of neoantigen-targeted therapies cancer vaccines, or T cell therapies, could result in a decrease in demand for any product that we may develop. In addition, responses by the U.S., state or foreign governments to negative public perception may result in new legislation or regulations that could limit our ability to develop or commercialize any product candidates, obtain or maintain regulatory approval or otherwise achieve profitability. More restrictive statutory regimes, government regulations or negative public opinion would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations and may delay or impair the development and commercialization of our product candidates or demand for any products we may develop.

NEO-PV-01, our personal neoantigen-based cancer vaccine product candidate, includes a development-stage vaccine adjuvant, poly-ICLC. It is difficult for us to predict how our use of poly-ICLC will be viewed by the FDA or other regulatory agencies as we attempt to demonstrate the safety of NEO-PV-01.

We use an adjuvant, poly-ICLC, with our NEO-PV-01 vaccine product candidate, which makes it difficult to predict how the FDA and applicable other regulatory agencies will evaluate the safety of NEO-PV-01. Adjuvants are compounds that are added to vaccines to enhance the activation of and improve the immune response and efficacy of vaccines. Any vaccine, because of the presence of an adjuvant, may have side effects that may pose too great a safety risk to warrant approval of the vaccine. Development-

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stage vaccine adjuvants, such as poly-ICLC, may pose an increased safety risk to patients. Poly-ICLC has been used as an adjuvant in other investigational vaccine trials but has never been approved by the FDA for commercial use. The existence of additional trials using this adjuvant may provide support for approval of our product candidates, however, negative safety or efficacy results from other trials using poly-ICLC could similarly jeopardize the continued development of our product candidates that use poly-ICLC as an adjuvant.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our research and development activities involve the use of biological and hazardous materials and produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts and business operations, as well as environmental damage that could result in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these types of materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by applicable laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these types of materials. In the event of any contamination or injury, we may be held liable for any resulting damages in an amount that could potentially exceed our resources, and state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of certain materials and/or interrupt our business operations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of changes to applicable laws and regulations and cannot be certain of our future compliance. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not carry specific biological waste or hazardous waste insurance coverage or workers compensation or property and casualty and general liability insurance policies that include coverage for damages and fines arising from biological or hazardous waste exposure or contamination.

We may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates if we face product liability lawsuits.

We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of testing our product candidates in clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize any products. For example, we may be sued if our product candidates cause or are perceived to cause injury or are found to be otherwise unsuitable during clinical trials, manufacturing, marketing or sale. We could face product liability claims that may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. In addition, we could face claims asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims or state consumer protection claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates. Even the successful defense against a claim of this nature would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, claims of liability of this nature may result in:


•	our inability to bring a product candidate to the market or commercialize any product candidate;


•	decreased demand for our products;


•	injury to our reputation;


•	withdrawal of clinical trial participants and inability to continue clinical trials;


•	initiation of investigations by regulators;


•	costs to defend the related litigation;


•	diversion of management’s time and our resources;


•	substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;


•	product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;


•	loss of revenue;


•	exhaustion of any available insurance and our capital resources;

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•	the withdrawal of IRB approval for the conduct of clinical trials using our product candidates; and


•	a decline in our share price.

Our inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop, alone or with collaborators. Even if our agreements with any future corporate collaborators entitle us to indemnification against losses, that indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise. Although we currently carry $10.0 million in clinical trial insurance, that amount of insurance coverage may not be adequate and, in the future, we may be unable to maintain this insurance coverage or we may not be able to obtain additional or replacement insurance at a reasonable cost, if at all. Our insurance policies also have various exclusions and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We may have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay those amounts.

The market opportunities for our product candidates may be limited or small.

The potentially addressable patient population for our product candidates may be limited or may not be amenable to treatment with our product candidates. In addition, our projections of both the number of people who have the cancers we are targeting, as well as the subset of people with these cancers in a position to receive our therapies, if approved, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature, surveys of clinics, patient foundations, or market research, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these cancers. The number of potential patients for our product candidates may turn out to be lower than expected. Even if we obtain significant market share for our product candidates, if the potential target populations are small, we may never achieve profitability without obtaining regulatory approval for additional indications.

We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

The biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by intense competition and rapid innovation. Our competitors may be able to develop other compounds or drugs that are able to achieve similar or better results. Our potential competitors include major multinational pharmaceutical companies, established biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and universities and other research institutions. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations and well-established sales forces. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. Established pharmaceutical companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel therapeutics or to in-license novel therapeutics that could make the product candidates that we develop obsolete. Mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. Competition may increase further due to advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors, either alone or with collaborative partners, may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing on an exclusive basis drug or biologic products that are more effective, safer, more easily commercialized or less costly than our product candidates, or they may develop proprietary technologies or secure patent protection that we may need for the development of our technologies and products. We believe the key competitive factors that will affect the development and commercial success of our product candidates are efficacy, safety, tolerability, reliability, convenience of use, price and reimbursement.

We anticipate competing with the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, many of which are conducting research in neoantigen based therapies and all of which have greater financial and human resources than we currently have. In addition to these fully-integrated biopharmaceutical companies, we will also face competition from other immunotherapy-focused oncology companies. Further, we directly compete with a number of neoantigen therapeutics-focused companies, some of whom are developing vaccines, while others are developing T cell therapies and/or T cell receptor-based therapies. These competitors include Aduro Biotech, Inc., Achilles Therapeutics Limited, Adaptimmune Therapeutics plc, Adaptive Biosciences, Inc., Adicet Bio, Inc., Advaxis, Inc., Agenus Inc., AgenTus Therapeutics, Inc., BioNTech SE, bluebird bio, Inc., Celgene Corporation, Genocea Biosciences, Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Gritstone Oncology, Inc., Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, IMV Inc., Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc., ISA Pharmaceuticals, B.V., Lion TCR Pte. Ltd., Marker Therapeutics, Inc., Medigene AG, Moderna, Inc., Nouscom AG, PACT Pharma, Inc., Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., TScan Therapeutics, Inc., Vaccibody AS, Zelluna Immunotherapy AS and ZIOPHARM Oncology, Inc. For further information on our potential merger with one of our competitors, BioNTech SE, please see section above titled "Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Merger with BioNTech."

Even if we obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates, the availability and price of our competitors’ products could limit the demand and the price we are able to charge for our product candidates. We may not be able to implement our business plan if the acceptance of our product candidates is inhibited by price competition or the reluctance of physicians to switch from

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existing methods of treatment to our product candidates, or if physicians switch to other new drug or biologic products or choose to reserve our product candidates for use in limited circumstances.

Even if a product candidate we develop receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

If any product candidate we develop receives marketing approval, whether as a single agent or in combination with other therapies, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community. For example, other cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy are well established in the medical community and doctors may continue to rely on these therapies. If the product candidates we develop do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of any product candidate, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:


•	efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments;


•	price competitiveness;


•	convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;


•	the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;


•	the strength of marketing and distribution support;


•	the ability to obtain sufficient third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement, including with respect to the use of the approved product as a combination therapy;


•	adoption of a companion diagnostic and/or complementary diagnostic; and


•	the prevalence and severity of any side effects.

We may need to grow the size of our organization and we may experience difficulties identifying and hiring the right employees and in managing this growth.

Although we announced in November 2019 a 24% reduction in our headcount, it is possible that, in the future, we may experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of technology research, product development and manufacturing, regulatory affairs and, if any product candidates are submitted for or receive marketing approval, sales, marketing and distribution. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:


•	identifying, recruiting, integrating, maintaining and motivating additional employees;


•	managing our internal development efforts effectively, including the clinical and FDA review process for our product candidates, while complying with our contractual obligations to contractors and other third parties; and


•	improving our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.

Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates may depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth and our management may also have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities.

We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain independent organizations, advisors, contractors and consultants to provide certain services, including substantially all aspects of regulatory approval, clinical management and manufacturing. There can be no assurance that the services of independent organizations, advisors, contractors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a timely basis when needed or that we will be able to find qualified replacements. In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by independent organizations, advisors, contractors or consultants is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates or otherwise advance our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our existing independent organizations, advisors, contractors or consultants or find other competent resources on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and expanding the roster of independent organizations, advisors and consultants on whom we rely on an outsourced basis, we may not be able successfully to implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize our product candidates and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.

Our corporate restructuring and the associated headcount reduction announced in November 2019 may not result in anticipated savings, could result in total costs and expenses and attrition that are greater than expected and could disrupt our business.

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On November 20, 2019, we announced a 24% reduction in headcount as part of a corporate restructuring. We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements in our cost structure from our restructuring efforts due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings from the restructuring, our operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected. We also cannot guarantee that we will not have to undertake additional headcount reductions or restructuring activities in the future. Furthermore, our restructuring activities may be disruptive to our operations. For example, our headcount reductions could yield unanticipated consequences, such as attrition beyond planned staff reductions, or increase difficulties in our day-to-day operations. Our headcount reductions could also harm our ability to attract and retain qualified management, scientific, clinical, manufacturing and other personnel who are critical to our business. Any failure to attract or retain qualified personnel could prevent us from successfully developing and commercializing our product candidates in the future.

If we lose key management personnel, or if we fail to retain or recruit additional highly skilled personnel, our ability to identify and develop new or next generation product candidates will be impaired, could result in loss of markets or market share and could make us less competitive.

Our ability to compete in the highly competitive biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. We are highly dependent on our management, scientific and medical personnel. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers, other key employees and other scientific and medical advisors and our inability to find suitable replacements could result in delays in product development and harm our business.

We conduct our operations at our facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This region is home to many other biopharmaceutical companies and many academic and research institutions and competition for skilled personnel in our market is intense and may limit our ability to hire and retain highly qualified personnel on acceptable terms or at all.

Additionally, while we put in place retention arrangements at the time we effected our November 2019 corporate restructuring, the combination of having effected that restructuring and the January 2020 announcement of the planned acquisition of our company by BioNTech announced in January 2020 may make it increasingly difficult for us to retain our executive officers, other key employees and other scientific and medical advisors.

To induce valuable employees to remain at our company, in addition to salary and cash incentives, we have provided restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock options that vest over time. The value to employees of stock options that vest over time may be significantly affected by movements in our stock price that are beyond our control and may at any time be insufficient to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies. Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management, scientific and development teams may terminate their employment with us on short notice. Although we have employment agreements with certain of our key employees, these employment agreements provide for at-will employment, which means that any of our employees could leave our employment at any time, with or without notice. We do not maintain "key man" insurance policies on the lives of these individuals or the lives of any of our other employees. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled junior, mid-level and senior managers, as well as junior, mid-level and senior scientific and medical personnel.

Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations, and those of our CROs, CMOs and other independent organizations, advisors, contractors and consultants, could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions for which we are predominantly self-insured. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce and process our product candidates on a patient-by-patient basis. Our ability to obtain clinical supplies of our product candidates could be disrupted if the operations of the suppliers of these materials are affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption.

Business or economic disruptions or global health concerns could seriously harm our development efforts and increase our costs and expenses.

Broad-based business or economic disruptions could adversely affect our ongoing or planned research and development activities. For example, in December 2019 an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus originated in Wuhan, China, and has since spread to a number of other countries, including the United States. To date, this outbreak has already resulted in extended shutdowns of certain businesses in the Wuhan region and has had ripple effects to businesses around the world. Global health concerns, such as coronavirus, could also result in social, economic, and labor instability in the countries in which we or the third parties with whom we engage operate. We cannot presently predict the scope and severity of any potential business shutdowns or disruptions, but if we or any of the third parties with whom we engage, including the suppliers, clinical trial sites, regulators and other third parties with whom we conduct business, were to experience shutdowns or other business disruptions, our ability to conduct our

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business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively impacted. It is also possible that global health concerns such as this one could disproportionately impact the hospitals and clinical sites in which we conduct any of our clinical trials, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our results of operation and financial condition.

Our internal computer systems, or those used by our CROs or other independent organizations, advisors, contractors or consultants, may be subject to cyber-attacks, fail or suffer security breaches.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our CROs and other independent organizations, advisors, contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses and unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. Because information systems, networks, web tools and other technologies are critical to many of our operating activities, shutdowns or service disruptions at our company or vendors that provide information systems, networks, web tools or other services to us pose increasing risks. Disruptions of this nature may be caused by events such as computer hacking, phishing attacks, ransomware, dissemination of computer viruses, worms and other destructive or disruptive software, denial of service attacks and other malicious activity, as well as power outages, natural disasters (including extreme weather), terrorist attacks or other similar events. In addition, outside parties may attempt to penetrate our systems or those of our vendors or fraudulently induce our personnel or the personnel of our vendors to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data and/or systems. Like other companies, we have on occasion experienced, and will continue to experience, threats and incursions to our data and systems, including malicious codes and viruses, phishing, business email compromise attacks or other cyber-attacks. The number and complexity of these threats continue to increase over time. While we have not experienced any material system failure or security breach to date, if an event of that nature were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Additionally, a security breach related to RECON’s proprietary combination of algorithms could adversely affect our ability to apply RECON to predict therapeutically-relevant neoantigens or result in our competitors having access to these algorithms, which could adversely affect our competitive position. Likewise, we currently, and may in the future continue to, rely on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates and to conduct clinical trials and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our internal computer systems or those used by our CROs or other independent organizations, advisors, contractors or consultants, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, suffer reputational harm and experience delays in the further development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We could be required to expend significant amounts of money and other resources to respond to these threats or breaches and to repair or replace information systems or networks. We also could suffer financial loss or the loss of valuable confidential information. In addition, we could be subject to regulatory actions and/or claims made by individuals and groups in private litigation involving privacy issues related to data collection and use practices and other data privacy laws and regulations, including claims for misuse or inappropriate disclosure of data, as well as unfair or deceptive practices. Although we develop and maintain systems and controls designed to prevent these events from occurring and we have a process to identify and mitigate threats, the development and maintenance of these systems, controls and processes is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become increasingly sophisticated. Moreover, despite our efforts, the possibility of these events occurring cannot be eliminated entirely and there can be no assurance that any measures we take will prevent cyber-attacks or security breaches that could adversely affect our business.

Continued uncertainty surrounding the implementation and effect of Brexit may cause increased economic volatility, affecting our operations and business.

In March 2017, the United Kingdom served notice to the European Council under Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon to withdraw membership from the EU. Such exit (Brexit) could cause disruptions to, and create uncertainty surrounding, our business in the UK and EU, including affecting our relationships with our existing and future customers, suppliers, and employees. As a result, Brexit could have an adverse effect on our future business, financial results, and operations. The UK formally left the EU on January 31, 2020, and is now in a transition period through December 31, 2020. Although the UK will remain in the EU single market and customs union during the transition period, the long-term nature of the UK’s relationship with the EU is unclear and there is considerable uncertainty any agreement will be reached and implemented. The political and economic instability created by Brexit has caused and may continue to cause significant volatility in global financial markets and uncertainty regarding the regulation of data protection in the UK. In particular, although the UK enacted a Data Protection Act in May 2018 that is consistent with the EU General Data Protection Regulation, uncertainty remains regarding how data transfers to and from the UK will be regulated. Brexit could also have the effect of disrupting the free movement of goods, services, and people between the UK, the EU, and elsewhere. Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the UK determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. Further, uncertainty around these and related issues could lead to adverse effects

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on the economy of the UK and the other economies. There can be no assurance that any or all of these events will not have a material adverse effect on our business operations, results of operations and financial condition.

Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other illegal activity by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct that fails to comply with the laws enforced by the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory bodies, provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory bodies, comply with manufacturing standards we have established, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the United States and similar foreign laws, or report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. If we obtain FDA approval of any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our potential exposure under these laws will increase significantly and our costs associated with compliance with these laws are also likely to increase. These laws may impact, among other things, our current activities with principal investigators and research patients, as well as proposed and future sales, marketing and education programs.

Our relationships with healthcare providers and physicians and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of pharmaceutical products. Arrangements with third-party payors and customers can expose pharmaceutical manufactures to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act, or the FCA, which may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which companies sell, market and distribute pharmaceutical products. In particular, the promotion, sales and marketing of healthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry, are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, structuring and commission(s), certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of patient recruitment for clinical trials. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

•

the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of any good, facility, item or service for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. A person or entity can be found guilty of violating this statute without actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. Violations are subject to civil and criminal fines and penalties for each violation, plus up to three times the remuneration involved, imprisonment, and exclusion from government healthcare programs. In addition, a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA. The Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers, on the one hand, and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers, on the other. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution;

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federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, including the FCA, which impose criminal and civil penalties, including through civil "qui tam" or "whistleblower" actions, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false or fraudulent claims for payment to, or approval by Medicare, Medicaid, or other federal healthcare programs, knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim or an obligation to pay or transmit money to the federal government, or knowingly concealing or knowingly and improperly avoiding or decreasing or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government. Manufacturers can be held liable under the FCA even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to "cause" the submission of false or fraudulent claims. The FCA also permits a private individual acting as a "whistleblower" to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging violations of the FCA and to share in any monetary recovery. When an entity is determined to have violated the FCA, the government may impose civil fines and penalties ranging, plus treble damages, and exclude the entity from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs;


•	the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or

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property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private) and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity can be found guilty of violating HIPAA without actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it;

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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, which impose, among other things, requirements on certain covered healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses, as well as their respective business associates that perform services for them that involve the use, or disclosure of, individually identifiable health information, relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate authorization. HITECH also created new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions;

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the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, created under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and its implementing regulations, which require manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to the United States Department of Health and Human Services information related to payments or other transfers of value made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Effective January 1, 2022, these reporting obligations will extend to include transfers of value made to certain non-physician providers such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners;


•	federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers; and

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analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers, and may be broader in scope than their U.S. federal equivalents; state and foreign laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers; state and foreign laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

The failure to comply with any of these laws or regulatory requirements subjects entities to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, our failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from participation in federal and state funded healthcare programs, contractual damages and the curtailment or restricting of our operations, as well as additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws. Any action for violation of these laws, even if successfully defended, could cause a pharmaceutical manufacturer to incur significant legal expenses and divert management’s attention from the operation of the business. Prohibitions, restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future marketed products could materially affect a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s business in an adverse way.

We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, a copy of which is available on the Investors section of our website. However, even after adopting and implementing appropriate corporate policies, it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent inappropriate conduct may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming

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from a failure to be in compliance with applicable laws or regulations. Our efforts to ensure that our business arrangements will comply with applicable healthcare laws may involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental and enforcement authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law interpreting applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If any actions of this nature are instituted against us and if we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, disgorgement, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. In addition, the approval and commercialization of any of our product candidates outside the United States will also likely subject us to foreign equivalents of the healthcare laws mentioned above, among other foreign laws.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify additional product candidates. Due to our limited resources and access to capital, we must prioritize development of certain product candidates; these decisions may prove to be wrong and may adversely affect our business.

Although we intend to explore therapeutic opportunities beyond those that we are currently developing, we may fail to identify viable new product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, which could result in harm to our business.

Research programs to pursue the development of our existing and planned product candidates for additional indications and to identify new product candidates and disease targets require substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not they are ultimately successful. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential indications and/or product candidates, yet fail to yield results for clinical development for a number of reasons, including:


•	the research method used may not be successful in identifying potential indications and/or product candidates;


•	potential product candidates may, after further study, be shown to have harmful adverse effects or other characteristics that indicate they are unlikely to be effective therapies; or


•	it may take greater human and financial resources than we will possess to identify additional therapeutic opportunities for our product candidates or to develop suitable potential product candidates through internal research programs, thereby limiting our ability to develop, diversify and expand our product portfolio.

Because we have limited financial and human resources, we intend to initially focus on research programs and product candidates for a limited set of indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential or a greater likelihood of success. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities.

Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will ever be able to identify additional therapeutic opportunities for our product candidates or develop suitable potential product candidates through internal research programs, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential product candidates or other potential programs that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by a variety of risks associated with marketing our product candidates internationally.

We plan to seek regulatory approval of our product candidates outside of the United States and, accordingly, if we obtain necessary approvals, we expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to operating in foreign countries, including:


•	differing regulatory requirements in foreign countries, including with respect to privacy restrictions and the sharing of patient information;


•	unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers, price and exchange controls and other regulatory requirements;


•	import and export regulations;


•	economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;


•	compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;


•	foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;


•	foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;


•	difficulties staffing and managing foreign operations;


•	workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

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•	potential liability under the FCPA or comparable foreign regulations;


•	challenges enforcing our contractual and intellectual property rights, especially in those foreign countries that do not respect and protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States;


•	production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and


•	business interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, including war and terrorism.

These and other risks associated with our international operations may materially adversely affect our ability to attain or maintain profitable operations.

We currently have no marketing and sales organization and have no organizational experience marketing products. If we are unable to establish marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may not be able to generate product revenue.

We currently have no sales, marketing or distribution capabilities and have no organizational experience marketing products. In the future, we may determine to develop an in-house marketing organization and sales force, which will require significant capital expenditures, management resources and time. We will have to compete with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire, train and retain marketing and sales personnel.

In addition to establishing internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we may pursue collaborative arrangements regarding the sales and marketing of our products. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to establish or maintain these types of collaborative arrangements, or if we are able to do so, that our partners will have effective sales forces. Any revenue we receive from collaboration partners will depend upon the efforts of these third parties, which may not be successful. We may have little or no control over the marketing and sales efforts that these third parties undertake and our revenue from product sales may be lower than if we had commercialized our product candidates ourselves. We also face competition in our search for third parties to assist us with the sales and marketing efforts of our product candidates.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop in-house sales and distribution capabilities or establish or maintain relationships with third-party collaborators to commercialize any, assuming they receive regulatory approval, in the United States or overseas.

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could substantially increase our development costs.

A portion of our planned clinical trial activities and clinical product manufacturing are conducted outside of the United States, and associated costs may be incurred in the local currency of the country in which the activity is being conducted, which costs could be subject to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. At present, we do not engage in hedging transactions to protect against uncertainty in future exchange rates between particular foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. A decline in the value of the U.S. dollar against currencies in geographies in which we conduct clinical trials or manufacturing activities could have a negative impact on our research and development costs. We cannot predict the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, and foreign currency fluctuations in the future may adversely affect our development costs.

Changes in tax law could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The laws and rules dealing with U.S. federal, state and local income taxation are routinely reviewed and modified by governmental bodies, officials and regulatory agencies, including the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect us or holders of our common stock. Since the Company was founded in 2014, many such changes have been made and changes are likely to continue to occur in the future. For example, in December 2017, Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, was significantly reformed by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the TCJA. Changes under the TCJA included, among other things, a reduction of the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate, significant limitations on the deductibility of interest and net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, the ability to expense capital expenditures, and the migration from a "worldwide" system of taxation to a territorial system. It cannot be predicted whether, when, in what form, or with what effective dates, tax laws, regulations and rulings may be enacted, promulgated or issued, that could result in an increase in our or our shareholders’ tax liability.

Our ability to use net operating losses and research and development credits to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

As of December 31, 2019, we had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $153.9 million of which $79.1 million will begin to expire in 2034 and $74.8 million of which can be carried forward indefinitely. We also had state net operating loss carryforwards of $155.2 million, which begin to expire in 2034. As of December 31, 2019, we also had federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $7.6 million and $2.6 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2034 and 2029, respectively. Under the TCJA, net operating loss carryforwards generated in taxable years ending after December 31, 2017 are

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not subject to expiration. Our ability to utilize our net operating losses or tax credits, or NOLs or credits, is conditioned upon our attaining profitability and generating U.S. federal and state taxable income. As described above under "Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Business, Technology and Industry," we have incurred significant net losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. In addition, in general, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code, a corporation that undergoes an "ownership change" is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs or credits to offset future taxable income or taxes. For these purposes, an ownership change generally occurs where the aggregate stock ownership of one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who owns at least 5% of a corporation’s stock increases its ownership by more than 50 percentage points over its lowest ownership percentage within a specified testing period. We may have experienced ownership changes in the past and we expect to experience an ownership change in the future as a result of the proposed acquisition of the Company by BioNTech (as discussed above under "Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Merger with BioNTech"). Our NOLs or credits may also be impaired under state law. Accordingly, we do not know whether or when we will utilize our NOL or credit carryforwards.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

The regulatory approval process for our product candidates in the United States, European Union and other jurisdictions is currently uncertain and will be lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable and we may experience significant delays in the clinical development and regulatory approval, if any, of our product candidates.

The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, import, export, marketing and distribution of drug products, including biologics, are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the United States and regulatory authorities in states and other countries. We are not permitted to market any biological product in the United States until we receive a biologics license from the FDA. We have not previously submitted a BLA to the FDA, or similar marketing application to comparable foreign authorities. A BLA must include extensive nonclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish that the product candidate is safe, pure and potent for each desired indication. The BLA must also include significant information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing and controls for the product, and the manufacturing facilities must complete a successful pre-license inspection. We expect the novel nature of our product candidates to create further challenges in obtaining regulatory approval. For example, the personal T cell and vaccine product candidates that we design and manufacture are molecularly different for each patient and the FDA has not approved any personal neoantigen therapies to date. Similarly, we use data from our clinical trials to continuously improve the algorithms composing our RECON bioinformatics engine. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may require that we refrain from inputting any additional data into our RECON bioinformatics engine before we commence any pivotal clinical trials of our product candidates. As a result, our ability to develop product candidates and obtain regulatory approval may be significantly impacted.

The FDA may also require a panel of experts, referred to as an Advisory Committee, to deliberate on the adequacy of the safety and efficacy data to support approval. The opinion of the Advisory Committee, although not binding, may have a significant impact on our ability to obtain approval of any product candidates that we develop based on the completed clinical trials.

Moreover, while we are not aware of any specific genetic or biomarker diagnostic tests for which regulatory approval would be necessary in order to advance any of our product candidates to clinical trials or potential commercialization, in the future, regulatory agencies may require the development and approval of these types of tests. Accordingly, the regulatory approval pathway for our product candidates may be uncertain, complex, expensive and lengthy, and we may never obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates.

In addition, clinical trials can be delayed or terminated for a variety of reasons, including delays or failures related to:


•	obtaining regulatory authorization to begin a trial;


•	the availability of financial resources to begin and complete the planned trials;


•	reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;


•	obtaining approval at each clinical trial site by an independent IRB or ethics committee;


•	recruiting suitable patients to participate in a trial in a timely manner;


•	having patients complete a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up;


•	deviations from trial protocols by clinical trial sites, noncompliance with GCP requirements or clinical trial sites dropping out of a trial;


•	addressing any patient safety concerns that arise during the course of a trial;


•	addressing any conflicts with new or existing laws or regulations;


•	adding new clinical trial sites; or

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•	manufacturing qualified materials under cGMP regulations for use in clinical trials.

Patient enrollment is a significant factor in the timing of commencement and completion of trials and can be affected by many factors. A clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the IRBs for the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, or the FDA or other regulatory authorities, or a clinical trial may be recommended for suspension or termination by the applicable DSMB, due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product candidate, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. If we experience termination of, or delays in the completion of, any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects for our product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenue will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing any clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenue.

The FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may disagree with our regulatory plan and we may fail to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates.

The general approach for FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority approval of a new biologic or drug is to provide dispositive data from two well-controlled, Phase 3 clinical trials of the relevant biologic or drug in the relevant patient population. Phase 3 clinical trials typically involve hundreds of patients, have significant costs and take years to complete. We believe that we may be able to utilize an accelerated approval approach for our product candidates given the limited alternatives for cancer treatments, but the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may not agree with our plans.

In addition, our clinical trials results may also not support approval of our product candidates. Our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:


•	the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials;


•	we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that our product candidates are safe and effective for any of their proposed indications;


•	the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for approval;


•	we may be unable to demonstrate that our product candidates’ clinical and other benefits outweigh their safety risks;


•	the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from nonclinical studies or clinical trials;


•	the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may be deemed by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to be insufficient to support the submission of a BLA or other comparable submission in foreign jurisdictions or to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere;


•	the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve or find deficiencies with the manufacturing processes and controls or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies or any facilities that we may own in the future; and


•	the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner that could render our clinical data insufficient for approval.

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We may rely on third parties to conduct investigator-sponsored clinical trials of our product candidates. Any failure by a third party to meet its obligations with respect to the clinical development of our product candidates may delay or impair our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our other product candidates.

We may rely on academic and private, non-academic institutions to conduct and sponsor clinical trials relating to our product candidates. We will not control the design or conduct of these investigator-sponsored trials. It is possible that the FDA or non-U.S. regulatory authorities will not view these investigator-sponsored trials as providing adequate support for future clinical trials, whether controlled by us or third parties, for any one or more reasons, including due to elements of the design or execution of the trials, safety concerns or other trial results.

Our arrangements with academic and private, non-academic institutions will likely provide us certain information rights with respect to the investigator-sponsored trials, including access to and the ability to use and reference the data resulting from the investigator-sponsored trials, including for our own regulatory filings. However, we would not have control over the timing and reporting of the data from investigator-sponsored trials, nor would we own the data from the investigator-sponsored trials. If we are unable to confirm or replicate the results from investigator-sponsored trials or if those trials produce negative results, we would likely be further delayed or prevented from advancing further clinical development of our product candidates. Further, if investigators or institutions breach their obligations with respect to the clinical development of our product candidates, or if the data they generate prove to be inadequate compared to the first-hand knowledge we might have gained had their trials instead been sponsored and conducted by us, then our ability to design and conduct any future clinical trials ourselves may be adversely affected.

Additionally, the FDA or non-U.S. regulatory authorities may disagree with the sufficiency of our right of reference to the preclinical, manufacturing or clinical data generated by these investigator-sponsored trials, or our interpretation of preclinical, manufacturing or clinical data from these investigator-sponsored trials. If so, the FDA or other non-U.S. regulatory authorities may require us to obtain and submit additional preclinical, manufacturing, or clinical data before we may initiate our planned trials and/or may not accept such additional data as adequate to initiate our planned trials.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in other jurisdictions.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of a product candidate in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval for that product candidate in any other jurisdiction, while a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. For example, even if the FDA grants marketing approval of a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the product candidate in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United States, including additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials as clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to regulatory approval.

We may also submit marketing applications in other countries. Regulatory authorities in jurisdictions outside of the United States have requirements for approval of product candidates with which we must comply prior to marketing our product candidates in those jurisdictions. Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets and/or receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be harmed.

Even if we receive regulatory approval of any product candidates or therapies, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our product candidates.

If any of our product candidates are approved, they will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping, conduct of post-marketing studies and submission of safety, efficacy and other post-market information, including both federal and state requirements in the United States and requirements of comparable foreign regulatory authorities. In addition, we will be subject to continued compliance with cGMP and GCP requirements for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval.

Manufacturers and manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA, and comparable foreign regulatory authority requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP, and in certain cases, current Good Tissue Practices, or cGTP, regulations. As a result, we and our contract manufacturers, including our outsourced peptide manufacturer and vaccine adjuvant supplier, will be subject to continual review and inspections to assess compliance with

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cGMP and adherence to commitments made in any BLA, other marketing application, and previous responses to inspection observations. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production and quality control.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. The FDA may also require that we implement a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, program as a condition of approval of our product candidates, which could entail requirements for long-term patient follow-up, a medication guide, physician communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. In addition, if the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves our product candidates, we will have to comply with requirements including submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports and establishment registration.

The FDA may seek consent decrees or withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our product candidates, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:


•	restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of our products, withdrawal of the product from the market or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;


•	fines, warning or untitled letters or holds on clinical trials;


•	refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or suspension or revocation of license approvals;


•	product seizure or detention or refusal to permit the import or export of our product candidates; and


•	injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Products may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability. The policies of the FDA and of other regulatory authorities may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Coverage and reimbursement may be limited or unavailable in certain market segments for our product candidates, if approved, which could make it difficult for us to sell any product candidates or therapies profitably.

Our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, including government health care programs, private health insurers, and other organizations. Third-party payors decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. The availability of coverage and extent of reimbursement by governmental and private payors is essential for most patients to be able to afford treatments. Sales of these or other product candidates that we may identify will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our product candidates will be covered and reimbursed by third-party payors. If coverage and adequate reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a sufficient return on our investment.

Third-party payors decide which drugs and treatments they will cover and the amount of reimbursement. There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the medicine is approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. In the United States, the principal decisions about reimbursement for new medicines are typically made by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS. CMS decides whether and to what extent a new medicine will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare and private payors tend to follow CMS to a substantial

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degree. Coverage and reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend upon a number of factors, including the third-party payor’s determination that use of a product is:


•	a covered benefit under its health plan;


•	safe, effective and medically necessary;


•	appropriate for the specific patient;


•	cost-effective; and


•	neither experimental nor investigational.

In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors. As a result, obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval of a product from a government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide to each payor supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products, with no assurance that the payor would agree to provide coverage and adequate reimbursement. Reimbursement agencies in Europe may be more conservative than CMS. For example, a number of cancer drugs have been approved for reimbursement in the United States and have not been approved for reimbursement in certain European countries. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale, and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products we may develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize product candidates, and our overall financial condition. Even if we obtain coverage for a given product, the resulting reimbursement payment rates might not be adequate for us to achieve or sustain profitability or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Additionally, third-party payors may not cover, or provide adequate reimbursement for, long-term follow-up evaluations required following the use of product candidates. Patients are unlikely to use our product candidates unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our product candidates. Because our product candidates may have a higher cost of goods than conventional therapies and may require long-term follow up evaluations, the risk that coverage and reimbursement rates may be inadequate for us to achieve profitability may be greater. There is significant uncertainty related to insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. It is difficult to predict at this time what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates.

Payment methodologies may be subject to changes in healthcare legislation, regulatory initiatives and judicial challenges. For example, in order for a drug product to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicaid or Medicare Part B programs or to be sold directly to U.S. government agencies, the manufacturer must extend discounts to entities eligible to participate in the 340B drug pricing program. Additional state and federal healthcare reform measures are expected to be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for certain pharmaceutical products or additional pricing pressures and therefore may affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Moreover, increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payors in the United States and abroad to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause public and private payor organizations to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for newly approved products and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our product candidates. There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to specialty drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. At the federal level, Congress and the current administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs, and the current administration recently released a "Blueprint," or plan, to reduce the cost of drugs. The current administrations’ Blueprint contains certain measures that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is already working to implement. In May 2019, CMS issued a final rule to allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option of using step therapy, a type of prior authorization, for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2020. This final rule codified CMS’s policy change that was effective January 1, 2019. While some proposed measures may require additional authorization to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. For example, on September 25, 2019, the Senate Finance Committee introduced the Prescription Drug Pricing Reduction Action of 2019, a bill intended to reduce Medicare and Medicaid prescription drug prices. The proposed legislation would restructure the Part D benefit, modify payment methodologies for certain drugs, and impose an inflation cap on drug price increases. An even more restrictive bill, the Lower Drug Costs Now Act of 2019, was introduced in the House of Representatives on September 19, 2019, and would require HHS to directly negotiate drug prices with manufacturers.

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The Lower Drugs Costs Now Act of 2019 has passed out of the House and was delivered to the Senate on December 16, 2019. However, it is unclear whether either of these bills will make it through both chambers and be signed into law, and if either is enacted, what effect it would have on our business. Individual states in the United States have also increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

At the state level, legislatures are increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any of our product candidates due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations, cost containment initiatives and additional legislative changes.

Ongoing healthcare legislative and regulatory reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any changes of this nature were to be imposed on us, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

In the United States, there have been, and continue to be, a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. For example, in March 2010, Congress passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or the ACA, which substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. The ACA, among other things, subjects biological products to potential competition by lower-cost biosimilars; addresses a new method by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected; increases the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and extends the rebate program to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; establishes annual fees and taxes on manufacturers of certain branded prescription drugs; and creates a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 70% (increased pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, effective as of 2019) point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D.

Since its enactment, there have been judicial, administrative, executive and Congressional legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. For example. various portions of the ACA are currently undergoing constitutional challenges in the Fifth Circuit Court and the United States Supreme Court, and the Trump Administration has issued various Executive Orders eliminating cost sharing subsidies and various provisions that would impose a fiscal burden on states or a cost, fee, tax, penalty or regulatory burden on individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices. Additionally, Congress has introduced several pieces of legislation aimed at significantly revising or repealing the ACA. It is unclear whether the ACA will be overturned, repealed, replaced, or further amended, and we cannot predict what affect further changes to the ACA would have on our business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs, including aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year. These reductions went into effect on April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, including the BBA, will remain in effect through 2029, unless additional congressional action is taken. On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers. In addition, on May 30, 2018, the Right to Try Act was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for certain patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase I clinical trial and that are undergoing investigation for FDA approval. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA permission under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a drug manufacturer to make its drug products available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act, but the manufacturer must develop an internal policy and respond to patient requests according to that policy.

These laws, and state and federal healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding and/or otherwise affect the prices we may obtain for any product candidates

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for which we may obtain regulatory approval or the frequency with which any such approved product candidate is prescribed or used. Litigation and legislative efforts to change or repeal the ACA are likely to continue, with unpredictable and uncertain results.

European Union drug marketing and reimbursement regulations may materially affect our ability to market and receive coverage for our products in the European member states.

We intend to seek approval to market our product candidates in both the United States and in selected foreign jurisdictions. If we obtain approval for our product candidates in one or more foreign jurisdictions, we will be subject to rules and regulations in those jurisdictions. In some foreign countries, particularly those in the European Union, or the EU, the pricing of biologics is subject to governmental control and other market regulations that could put pressure on the pricing and usage of our product candidates. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after obtaining marketing approval of a product candidate. In addition, market acceptance and sales of our product candidates will depend significantly on the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors for our product candidates and may be affected by existing and future healthcare reform measures.

Much like the Anti-Kickback Statute prohibition in the United States, the provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is also prohibited in the European Union. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians is governed by the national anti-bribery laws of European Union Member States, such as the U.K. Bribery Act 2010. Infringement of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment.

Payments made to physicians in certain European Union member states must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians often must be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his or her competent professional organization and/or the regulatory authorities of the individual European Union member states. These requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes or professional codes of conduct that are applicable in the European Union member states. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.

In addition, in most foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed.

The requirements governing drug pricing and reimbursement vary widely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. Reference pricing used by various European Union member states and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. In some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical study or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of any of our product candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the European Union do not follow price structures of the United States and, generally, prices tend to be significantly lower in the European Union. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels or if reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, our revenues from sales by us or our strategic partners and the potential profitability of any of our product candidates in those countries would be negatively affected.

European data collection is governed by restrictive regulations governing the use, processing and cross-border transfer of personal information.

The collection and use of personal health data in the European Union is governed by the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679, or GDPR. This directive imposes several requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals, notification of data processing obligations to the competent national data protection authorities and the security and confidentiality of the personal data, and substantial fines for breaches of the data protection rules. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the European Union to the United States. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and the related national data protection laws of the European Union Member States may result in fines and other administrative penalties. The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR. In addition, the GDPR includes restrictions on cross-border data transfers. The GDPR may increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process where such processing is subject to the GDPR, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR, including as implemented by individual countries. Since we anticipate beginning our NEO-PTC-01 program in the

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Netherlands, our operations in the EU may be subject to the GDPR. The GDPR regulations may impose additional responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with these and/or new data protection rules. We may be required to obtain additional consent to process and transfer data outside the EU, which may affect our ability to enroll enough patients in our trials. These regulations may be onerous and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Additional laws and regulations governing international operations may preclude us from developing, manufacturing or selling certain products and product candidates outside the United States, which could limit our growth potential and increase our development costs.

If we expand our operations outside of the United States, we must dedicate additional resources to comply with numerous laws and regulations in each jurisdiction in which we plan to operate. The FCPA prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with certain accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.

Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, the FCPA presents particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government and doctors and other hospital employees are considered foreign officials. Certain payments to hospitals in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions.

Various laws, regulations and executive orders also restrict the use and dissemination outside of the United States, or the sharing with certain non-U.S. nationals, of information classified for national security purposes, as well as certain products and technical data relating to those products. If we expand our presence outside of the United States, we will need to dedicate additional resources to complying with these laws, and these laws may preclude us from developing, manufacturing or selling certain products and product candidates outside of the United States, which could limit our growth potential and increase our development costs.

We are subject to certain U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and regulations. We can face serious consequences for violations.

Among other matters, U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and regulations, which are collectively referred to as the Trade Laws, prohibit companies and their employees, agents, clinical research organizations, legal counsel, accountants, consultants, contractors, and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting, or receiving directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to or from recipients in the public or private sector. Violations of the Trade Laws can result in substantial criminal fines and civil penalties, imprisonment, the loss of trade privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities and other organizations. We also expect our non-U.S. activities to increase in time, including when and if we conduct clinical trials outside the United States. We plan to engage third parties for clinical trials and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations and other regulatory approvals and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our personnel, agents or partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have prior knowledge of such activities.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property. It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights and technology and we may not be able to ensure their protection.

Our commercial success will depend in large part on obtaining and maintaining patent, trademark and trade secret protection of our proprietary technologies and product candidates, their respective components, formulations, combination therapies, methods used to manufacture them and methods of treatment, as well as successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges. Our ability to stop unauthorized third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our product candidates is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities. If we are unable to secure and maintain patent protection for any product or technology we develop or if the scope of the patent

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protection secured is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours and our ability to commercialize any product candidates we may develop may be adversely affected.

The patenting process is expensive and time-consuming and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. In addition, we may not pursue or obtain patent protection in all relevant markets. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from or license to third parties and are reliant on our licensors or licensees. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in issued patents that protect our technology or products, in whole or in part. In addition, our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from using our technology or from developing competing products and technologies.

We depend on intellectual property licensed from third parties and termination of any of these licenses could result in the loss of significant rights, which would harm our business.

We are dependent on patents, know-how and proprietary technology, both our own and those licensed from others. As a result, any termination of these licenses could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to commercialize our product candidates.

Disputes may also arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including:


•	the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;


•	whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;


•	our right to sublicense patent and other rights to third parties under collaborative development relationships;


•	our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed technology in relation to our development and commercialization of our product candidates and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations; and


•	the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners.

If disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates.

We are generally also subject to all of the same risks with respect to protection of intellectual property that we license, as we are for intellectual property that we own, which are described below. If we or our licensors fail to adequately protect this intellectual property, our ability to commercialize products could suffer.

If we fail to comply with our obligations under our patent licenses with third parties, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We are a party to license agreements with the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc., the Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and others, pursuant to which we in-license key patent and patent applications for our product candidates. These existing licenses impose various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these obligations, our licensors may have the right to terminate the license, in which event we would not be able to develop or market the products covered by the intellectual property licensed under these agreements.

We have limited control over the maintenance and prosecution of these in-licensed patents and patent applications and may have limited control over other intellectual property that may be in-licensed. For example, we cannot be certain that the maintenance and prosecution activities by these licensors have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patents and other intellectual property rights. We also have limited control over the manner in which our licensors initiate an infringement proceeding against a third-party infringer of the intellectual property rights or defend certain of the intellectual property that is licensed to us. It is possible that the licensors’ infringement proceedings or defense activities may be less vigorous than had we conducted them ourselves.

Our proprietary position depends upon patents that are manufacturing, formulation or method-of-use patents, which may not prevent a competitor or other third party from using the same product candidate for another use.

Composition-of-matter patents on the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, in prescription drug products are generally considered to be the strongest form of intellectual property protection for drug products because those types of patents provide protection without regard to any particular method of use or manufacture or formulation of the API used. We do not currently have

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any claims in our owned or in-licensed issued U.S. patents that cover the composition-of-matter of any of our product candidates. We are, however, pursuing claims in our pending owned or in-licensed patent applications that cover the composition-of-matter of our product candidates. We cannot be certain that claims in any future patents issuing from our pending owned or in-licensed patent applications or our future owned or in-licensed patent applications will cover the composition-of-matter of our current or future product candidates. In addition, there are likely to be additional challenges in obtaining composition-of-matter patents for our current and future personal T cell and vaccine product candidates, given the highly bespoke nature of our personalized therapies.

Method-of-use patents protect the use of a product for the specified method and formulation patents cover formulations of the API. These types of patents do not prevent a competitor or other third party from developing or marketing an identical product for an indication that is outside the scope of the patented method or from developing a different formulation that is outside the scope of the patented formulation. Moreover, with respect to method-of-use patents, even if competitors or other third parties do not actively promote their product for our targeted indications or uses for which we may obtain patents, physicians may recommend that patients use these products off-label, or patients may do so themselves. Although off-label use may infringe or contribute to the infringement of method-of-use patents, the practice is common and this type of infringement is difficult to prevent or prosecute. In addition, there are numerous publications and other prior art that may be relevant to our owned and in-licensed formulation and method-of-use patents and may be used to challenge the validity of these owned or in-licensed patents in litigation or other intellectual property-related proceedings. If these types of challenges are successful, our owned and in-licensed patents may be narrowed or found to be invalid and we may lose valuable intellectual property rights. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, prospects and results of operations.

The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our product candidates or uses thereof in the United States or in foreign countries. Even if patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may result in those patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from designing around our claims. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patent applications we hold with respect to our product candidates is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop, and threaten our ability to commercialize, our product candidates. Further, if we encounter delays in our clinical trials, the period of time during which we could market our product candidates under patent protection would be reduced. Since patent applications in the United States and other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, at any moment in time, we cannot be certain that we were in the past or will be in the future the first to file any patent application related to our product candidates. Furthermore, for our United States patent applications in which all claims are entitled to a priority date before March 16, 2013, a third party can invoke, or the United States patent office, or USPTO, can institute an interference proceeding to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims included in our applications.

We cannot be certain that we are the first to invent the inventions covered by pending patent applications and, if we are not, we may be subject to priority disputes. We may be required to disclaim part or all of the term of certain patents or all of the term of certain patent applications. There may be prior art of which we are not aware that may affect the validity or enforceability of a patent claim. There also may be prior art of which we are aware, but which we do not believe affects the validity or enforceability of a claim, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to affect the validity or enforceability of a claim. No assurance can be given that, if challenged, our patents would be declared by a court to be valid or enforceable or that even if found valid and enforceable, a competitor’s technology or product would be found by a court to infringe our patents. We may analyze patents or patent applications of our competitors that we believe are relevant to our activities and consider that we are free to operate in relation to our product candidates, but our competitors may achieve issued claims, including in patents we consider to be unrelated, that block our efforts or potentially result in our product candidates or our activities infringing those issued claims. The possibility also exists that others will develop products that have the same effect as our products on an independent basis that do not infringe our patents or other intellectual property rights or will design around the claims of patents that we have had issued that cover our products.

Past or future patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. In March 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, the United States moved from a "first to invent" to a "first-to-file" patent system. Under a "first-to-file" system, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to a patent on the invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. The America Invents Act includes a number of other significant changes to U.S. patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and establish a new post-grant review system. The effects of these changes are currently unclear as the USPTO continues to promulgate new regulations and procedures in connection with the America Invents Act and many of the substantive changes to patent law, including the "first-to-file" provisions, only became effective in March 2013. In addition, the courts have yet to address many of these provisions and the applicability of the act and new regulations on the specific patents discussed in this filing have not been determined and would need to be reviewed. However, the America Invents Act and its

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implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:


•	others may be able to make or use compounds or cells that are similar to the biological compositions of our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of our patents;


•	the active biological ingredients in our current product candidates will eventually become commercially available in biosimilar drug products and no patent protection may be available with regard to formulation or method of use;


•	we or our licensors, as the case may be, may fail to meet our obligations to the U.S. government regarding any in-licensed patents and patent applications funded by U.S. government grants, leading to the loss of patent rights;


•	we or our licensors, as the case may be, might not have been the first to file patent applications for certain inventions;


•	others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies;


•	it is possible that our pending patent applications will not result in issued patents;


•	it is possible that there are prior public disclosures that could invalidate our or our licensors’ patents, as the case may be, or parts of our or their patents;


•	it is possible that others may circumvent our owned or in-licensed patents;


•	it is possible that there are unpublished applications or patent applications maintained in secrecy that may later issue with claims covering our products or technology similar to ours;


•	the laws of foreign countries may not protect our or our licensors’, as the case may be, proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States;


•	the claims of our owned or in-licensed issued patents or patent applications, if and when issued, may not cover our product candidates;


•	our owned or in-licensed issued patents may not provide us with any competitive advantages, may be narrowed in scope, or be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges by third parties;


•	the inventors of our owned or in-licensed patents or patent applications may become involved with competitors, develop products or processes that design around our patents or become hostile to us or the patents or patent applications on which they are named as inventors;


•	it is possible that our owned or in-licensed patents or patent applications omit individual(s) that should be listed as inventor(s) or include individual(s) that should not be listed as inventor(s), which may cause these patents or patents issuing from these patent applications to be held invalid or unenforceable;


•	we have engaged in scientific collaborations in the past and will continue to do so in the future and our collaborators may develop adjacent or competing products that are outside the scope of our patents;


•	we may not develop additional proprietary technologies for which we can obtain patent protection;


•	it is possible that product candidates or diagnostic tests we develop may be covered by third parties’ patents or other exclusive rights; or


•	the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to patent protection, we rely heavily upon know-how and trade secret protection, as well as non-disclosure agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and third-parties, to protect our confidential and proprietary information, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. For example, significant elements of our research and development approaches, including aspects of sample preparations, methods of manufacturing, cell culturing conditions and computational-biological algorithms, including RECON’s algorithms, and related processes and software, are based on unpatented trade secrets and know-how that are not publicly disclosed.

It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or made known to the individual or entity during the course of the party’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties, except in certain specified circumstances. In the case of employees, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived by the individual and that are related to our current or planned business or research and development or made during normal working

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hours on our premises or using our equipment or proprietary information are our exclusive property. We have also adopted policies and conduct training that provides guidance on our expectations and our advice for best practices in protecting our trade secrets.

In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information through other appropriate precautions, such as physical and technological security measures. These measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor and any recourse we might take against this type of misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent us from receiving legal recourse. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any of that information was independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position could be harmed.

In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets. If we choose to go to court to stop a third party from using any of our trade secrets, we may incur substantial costs. Even if we are successful, these types of lawsuits may consume our time and other resources. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our technology. As a result, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our product discovery and development efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patents and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, as well as administrative proceedings for challenging patents, including interference, derivation, inter partes review, post grant review, and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO or oppositions and other comparable proceedings in foreign jurisdictions. We may be exposed to, or threatened with, future litigation by third parties having patent or other intellectual property rights alleging that our product candidates and/or proprietary technologies infringe their intellectual property rights. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications that are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing our product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may give rise to claims of infringement of the patent rights of others. Moreover, it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of drugs, products or their methods of use or manufacture. Thus, because of the large number of patents issued and patent applications filed in our fields, there may be a risk that third parties may allege they have patent rights encompassing our product candidates, technologies or methods.

If a third party claims that we infringe its intellectual property rights, we may face a number of issues, including, but not limited to:


•	infringement and other intellectual property claims that, regardless of merit, may be expensive and time-consuming to litigate and may divert our management’s attention from our core business;


•	substantial damages for infringement, which we may have to pay if a court decides that the product candidate or technology at issue infringes on or violates the third party’s rights, and, if the court finds that the infringement was willful, we could be ordered to pay treble damages plus the patent owner’s attorneys’ fees;


•	a court prohibiting us from developing, manufacturing, marketing or selling our product candidates, or from using our proprietary technologies, unless the third party licenses its product rights to us, which it is not required to do;


•	if a license is available from a third party, we may have to pay substantial royalties, upfront fees and other amounts and/or grant cross-licenses to intellectual property rights for our products; and


•	the requirement that we redesign our product candidates or processes so they do not infringe, which may not be possible or may require substantial monetary expenditures and time.

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations or could otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. Generally, conducting clinical trials and other development activities in the United States is not considered an act of infringement. If and when any of our neoantigen-targeting therapy product candidates is approved by the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority, a third party who believes that our technology infringes its patent may then be able to seek to enforce its patent by filing a patent

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infringement lawsuit against us. We are aware of U.S. Patent No. 10,055,540 entitled "Neoantigen Identification, Manufacture, and Use." If a claim is subsequently asserted that any of our neoantigen-targeting therapy product candidates or RECON infringes this patent, we believe that we have reasonable defenses, such as noninfringement or invalidity. There can be no assurance that these defenses will succeed. We also have patent rights in this technology space. Further, while we do not believe that any claims of other outstanding patents that could otherwise materially adversely affect commercialization of our neoantigen therapies product candidates, if approved, are valid and enforceable, we may be incorrect in this belief or we may not be able to prove that position in a litigation. In this regard, patents issued in the United States by law enjoy a presumption of validity that can be rebutted only with evidence that is "clear and convincing," a heightened standard of proof.

There may be third-party patents of which we are currently unaware with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our product candidates may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents.

If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of our product candidates, constructs or molecules used in or formed during the manufacturing process or any final product itself, the holders of those patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize our product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents or until those patents were to expire or are finally determined to be invalid or unenforceable. Similarly, if any third-party patent were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture or methods of use, including combination therapy or patient selection methods, the holders of that patent may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the product candidate unless we obtained a license or until the applicable patent expires or is finally determined to be invalid or unenforceable. In either case, a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, particularly if the applicable patent is owned or controlled by one of our primary competitors. If we are unable to obtain a necessary license to a third-party patent on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, our ability to commercialize our product candidates may be impaired or delayed, which could significantly harm our business. Even if we obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

Parties making claims against us may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee time and resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, pay royalties or redesign our infringing products, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. We cannot predict whether any license of this nature would be available at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, even in the absence of litigation, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates and we may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize our product candidates, which could significantly harm our business.

Our use of open source software could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our products.

Our use of open source software could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our products. Our products utilize open source software that contain modules licensed for use from third-party authors under open source licenses. In particular, some of the software that powers RECON may be provided under license arrangements that allow use of the software for research or other non-commercial purposes. As a result, in the future, as we seek to use RECON in connection with commercially available products, we may be required to license that software under different license terms, which may not be possible on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to license software components on terms that permit its use for commercial purposes, we may be required to replace those software components, which could result in delays, additional cost and/ or additional regulatory approvals.

Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the software code. Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the type of open source software we use. If we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain of the open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. This could allow our competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time, and ultimately could result in a loss of product sales for us. Although we monitor our use of open source software, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that those licenses could be

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construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. In that case we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our products, to re-engineer our products or to discontinue the sale of our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.

As is common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, we employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other biopharmaceutical or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we there are no currently pending misappropriation or improper disclosure claims and although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties. We may then have to pursue litigation to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any claims of this nature, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against these types of claims, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and, if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, that perception could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. This type of litigation or proceeding could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce our resources available for development activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct this type of litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of this type of litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of intellectual property litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings could adversely affect our ability to compete in the marketplace.

We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to product components and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.

Presently, we have intellectual property rights through licenses from third parties to develop certain of our product candidates and we have filed and may continue to file additional patent applications of our own in the future that may be directed to some or all of these or other product candidates. Because our programs may involve additional product candidates that may require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business will likely depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use these proprietary rights.

Our product candidates may also require specific formulations to work effectively and efficiently and these rights may be held by others. We may develop products containing our compounds and pre-existing pharmaceutical compounds. We may be required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to provide a companion diagnostic test or tests with our product candidates, which test or tests may be covered by intellectual property rights held by others. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary or important to our business operations. In addition, we may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all, which would harm our business. Were that to happen, we may need to cease use of the compositions or methods covered by those third-party intellectual property rights and seek to develop alternative approaches that do not infringe on those intellectual property rights, which may entail additional costs and development delays, even if we were able to develop such alternatives, which may not be feasible. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, which means that our competitors may also receive access to the same technologies licensed to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology.

Additionally, we sometimes collaborate with academic institutions to accelerate our preclinical research or development under written agreements with these institutions. In certain cases, these institutions provide us with an option to negotiate a license to any of the institution’s rights in technology resulting from the collaboration. Regardless of whether we hold that type of option, we may be unable to negotiate a license from the institution within the specified timeframe or under terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual property rights to others, potentially blocking our ability to pursue our program. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property or to maintain our existing intellectual property rights, we may have to abandon development of a program our business financial condition, prospects and results of operations could suffer.

The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area and companies, that may be more established or have greater resources than we do may also be pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider necessary or attractive in order to commercialize our product candidates. More established

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companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully complete these types of negotiations and ultimately acquire the rights to the intellectual property surrounding the additional product candidates that we may seek to develop or market.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that one or more of our patents is not valid or is unenforceable or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Defense of these types of claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business.

We may choose to challenge the patentability of claims in a third party’s U.S. patent by requesting that the USPTO review the patent claims in an ex-parte re-examination, inter partes review or post-grant review proceedings. These proceedings are expensive and may consume our time or other resources. We may choose to challenge a third party’s patent in patent opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office, or EPO, or another foreign patent office. The costs of these opposition proceedings could be substantial, and may consume our time or other resources. If we fail to obtain a favorable result at the USPTO, EPO or other patent office then we may be exposed to litigation by a third party alleging that the patent may be infringed by our product candidates or proprietary technologies.

In addition, because some patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued, patent applications are typically not published in the United States until 18 months after their respective filing dates. Further, publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries. Consequently, we cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology covered by our owned and in-licensed issued patents or our pending applications, or that we or, if applicable, a licensor were the first to invent the technology. It is possible that our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering our products or technology similar to ours and that those patent applications may have priority over our owned and in-licensed patent applications or patents, which could require us to obtain rights to issued patents covering such technologies. If another party has filed a U.S. patent application on inventions similar to those owned by or in-licensed to us, we or, in the case of in-licensed technology, the licensor may have to participate in an interference proceeding declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention in the United States. If we or one of our licensors is a party to an interference proceeding involving a U.S. patent application on inventions owned by or in-licensed to us, we may incur substantial costs, divert management’s time and expend other resources, even if we are successful.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome in an interference proceeding could result in a loss of our current patent rights and could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Litigation or interference proceedings may result in a decision adverse to our interests and, even if we are successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, that perception could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies also require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent application process and following the issuance of a patent. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction.

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Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. Were a noncompliance event to occur, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Issued patents covering our product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court, the USPTO or in foreign jurisdictions.

If we or one of our licensing partners initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate, as applicable, is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace and there are numerous grounds upon which a third party can assert invalidity or unenforceability of a patent. Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. These types of mechanisms include re-examination, post grant review and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). These types of proceedings could result in revocation or amendment to our patents such that they no longer cover our product candidates. The outcome for any particular patent following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we, our patent counsel and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, or if we are otherwise unable to adequately protect our rights, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our product candidates. A loss of patent protection for our product candidates could have a material adverse impact on our ability to commercialize or license our technology and product candidates and, as a result, on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. In 2018, one of our in-licensed European patents related to our NEO-PV-01 and NEO-PTC-01 product candidates was involved in a European opposition proceeding at the EPO involving several opponents. Following an oral hearing, the EPO decided to revoke this in-licensed patent, which is one asset within our broader intellectual property portfolio that relates to our personal neoantigen product candidates. We and our licensors filed an appeal of this decision and, over what we believe will be a multi-year period while the appeal is pending at the EPO, the claims in the originally granted patent remain effective and enforceable. If we are unsuccessful in this appeal, we will be unable to assert this patent against our competitors marketing products in relevant European countries that would have been deemed to be infringing.

Likewise, our in-licensed patents directed to our proprietary technologies and our product candidates are expected to expire in 2031, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions. Our earliest in-licensed patents may expire before, or soon after, our first product achieves marketing approval in the United States or foreign jurisdictions. Upon the expiration of our current patents, we may lose the right to exclude others from practicing these inventions. The expiration of these patents could also have a similar material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. We own or in-license pending patent applications directed to proprietary technologies or our product candidates that, if issued as patents, are expected to expire from 2031 through 2038, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions. However, we cannot be assured that the USPTO or relevant foreign patent offices will grant any of these patent applications.

Changes in patent law in the United States and in non-U.S. jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

As is the case with other biopharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involve both technological and legal complexity and is therefore costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. In addition, the United States has recently enacted and is currently implementing wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future. For example, in the case, Assoc. for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court held that certain claims to DNA molecules are not patentable. While we do not believe that any of our owned or in-licensed patents will be found invalid based on this decision, we cannot predict how future decisions by the courts, the U.S. Congress or the USPTO may impact the value of our patents. Any similar any adverse changes in the patent laws of other jurisdictions could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

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We have limited foreign intellectual property rights and may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

We have limited intellectual property rights outside the United States. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents and our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceutical products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products against third parties in violation of our proprietary rights generally. The initiation of proceedings by third parties to challenge the scope or validity of our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

We may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents and we may be unable to protect our rights to our products and technology.

If we or our licensors choose to go to court to stop a third party from using the inventions claimed in our owned or in-licensed patents, that third party may ask the court to rule that our patents are invalid and/or should not be enforced against that third party. These types of lawsuits are expensive and would consume time and other resources even if we or our licensors, as the case may be, were successful in stopping the infringement of these patents. In addition, there is a risk that the court will decide that our patents are not valid and that we or our licensors, as the case may be, do not have the right to stop others from using the inventions in question.

There is also the risk that, even if the validity of our patents is upheld, the court will refuse to stop the third party on the ground that the third party’s activities do not infringe our owned or in-licensed patents. In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court has recently changed some legal principles that affect patent applications, granted patents and assessment of the eligibility or validity of these patents. As a consequence, issued patents may be found to contain invalid claims according to the newly revised eligibility and validity standards. Some of our owned or in-licensed patents may be subject to challenge and subsequent invalidation or significant narrowing of claim scope in proceedings before the USPTO or during litigation under the revised criteria, which could also make it more difficult to obtain patents.

We or our licensors, as the case may be, may not be able to detect infringement against our owned or in-licensed patents, which may be especially difficult for manufacturing processes or formulation patents. Even if we or our licensors detect infringement by a third party of our owned or in-licensed patents, we or our licensors, as the case may be, may choose not to pursue litigation against or settlement with the third party. If we, or our licensors later sue such third party for patent infringement, the third party may have certain legal defenses available to it that otherwise would not be available but for the delay between when the infringement was first detected and when the suit was brought. These legal defenses may make it impossible for us or our licensors to enforce our owned or in-licensed patents, as the case may be, against that third party.

If another party questions the patentability of any of our claims in our owned or in-licensed U.S. patents, the third party can request that the USPTO review the patent claims such as in an inter partes review, ex parte re-examination or post-grant review proceedings. These proceedings are expensive and may result in a loss of scope of some claims or a loss of the entire patent. In addition to potential USPTO review proceedings, we are currently, and may in the future become, party, to patent opposition proceedings at the EPO or similar proceedings in other foreign patent offices where either our owned or in-licensed foreign patents are challenged. In 2018, one of our in-licensed European patents related to our NEO-PV-01 and NEO-PTC-01 product candidates was involved in a European opposition proceeding at the EPO involving several opponents. Following an oral hearing, the EPO decided to revoke this in-licensed patent, which is one asset within our broader intellectual property portfolio that relates to the

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our personal neoantigen product candidates. We and our licensors filed an appeal of this decision and, over what we believe will be multi-year period while an appeal is pending at the EPO, the claims in the originally granted patent remain effective and enforceable. If we are unsuccessful in this appeal, we will be unable to assert this patent against our competitors marketing products in relevant European countries that would have been deemed to be infringing.

In the future, we may be involved in similar proceedings challenging the patent rights of others, and the outcome of that type of proceeding is highly uncertain. An adverse determination in any proceeding of that nature could reduce the scope of or invalidate our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. The costs of these opposition or similar proceedings could be substantial and may result in a loss of scope of some claims or a loss of the entire patent. An unfavorable result at the USPTO, EPO or other patent office may result in the loss of our right to exclude others from practicing one or more of our inventions in the relevant country or jurisdiction, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent and the protection it affords is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products, including biosimilars. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting our product candidates might expire before or shortly after we or our partners commercialize those candidates. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If we do not obtain patent term extension and data exclusivity for any product candidates we may develop, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of any product candidates we may develop, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Action of 1984 Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent extension term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent per product may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. However, even if we were to seek a patent term extension, it may not be granted because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, the failure to apply within applicable deadlines, the failure to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or the failure otherwise to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded under an extension request could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or if the term of any requested extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations could be materially harmed.

Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

We will rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines or comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of or commercialize any potential product candidates.

We presently and, in the future, will depend upon third parties, including independent investigators, to conduct our clinical trials under agreements with universities, medical institutions, CROs, strategic partners and others. As a result, we have to negotiate budgets and contracts with CROs and trial sites, which may result in delays to our development timelines and increased costs.

We presently do, and in the future will continue to, rely heavily on third parties over the course of our clinical trials, and, as a result, will have limited control over the clinical investigators and limited visibility into their day-to-day activities, including with respect to their compliance with the approved clinical protocol. Nevertheless, our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities and we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal and regulatory requirements and scientific standards. We and these third parties are required to comply with GCP requirements, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCP requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, clinical investigators and trial sites. If we or any of these third parties fail to comply with applicable GCP requirements, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to suspend or terminate these trials or perform additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials

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before approving our marketing applications. We cannot be certain that, upon inspection, regulatory authorities will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with the applicable GCP requirements. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with biologic products produced under cGMP requirements and may require a large number of patients.

Our failure or any failure by these third parties to comply with these applicable regulations or to recruit a sufficient number of patients may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. Moreover, our business may be implicated if any of these third parties violates federal or state fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws.

The third parties who presently or may in the future conduct our clinical trials will not be our employees and, except for remedies that may be available to us under our agreements with those third parties, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our ongoing nonclinical and clinical programs. These third parties may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other product development activities, which could affect their performance on our behalf. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to complete development of, obtain regulatory approval of or successfully commercialize our product candidates in a timely manner or at all. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.

If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs or others terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or other third parties or to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Switching or adding additional CROs involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO begins work. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

We expect to rely on third parties to manufacture our clinical product supplies, and we intend to rely on third parties to produce and process our product candidates, if approved.

We do not currently own any facility that may be used as our clinical-scale manufacturing and processing facility and expect to rely on outside vendors to manufacture supplies and process our product candidates. We have not yet caused any product candidates to be manufactured or processed on a commercial scale and may not be able to do so for any of our product candidates. We will make changes as we work to optimize the manufacturing process. For example, we may switch or be required to switch from non-cGMP materials to commercial grade materials in order to get regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot be sure that even minor changes in the process will result in therapies that are safe and effective and approved for commercial sale.

The facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates must be approved by the FDA or other foreign regulatory agencies following inspections that will be conducted after we submit an application to the FDA or other foreign regulatory agencies. We do not directly control the manufacturing process of, and will be completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with regulatory requirements, known as cGMP requirements, for the manufacture of our product candidates. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or other regulatory authorities, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. For instance, for NEO-PTC-01, our outside vendors will harvest T cells from a patient and then prime, activate and expand those T cells ex vivo to create a T cell therapy for that patient that will ultimately be infused back into the patient’s body. As a result of these complexities, the cost to manufacture our product candidates is generally higher than traditional small molecule chemical compounds and the manufacturing process is less reliable and is more difficult to reproduce. In addition, we have no direct control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it finds deficiencies with or withdraws any approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved.

Our existing and future collaborations will be important to our business. If we are unable to enter into or maintain any of these collaborations, or if these collaborations are not successful, our business could be adversely affected.

We have limited capabilities for product development and do not yet have any capability for sales, marketing or distribution. Accordingly, we have entered into collaborations with other companies to provide us with important technologies for our programs

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and technology and we expect to receive additional technologies under these and other collaborations in the future. Our existing therapeutic collaborations and any future collaborations we may enter into may pose a number of risks, including the following:


•	collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply;


•	collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected;

•

collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of any product candidates that achieve regulatory approval or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs or license arrangements based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborators’ strategic focus or available funding or external factors, such as a strategic transaction that may divert resources or create competing priorities;


•	collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;


•	collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our products and product candidates if the collaborators believe that the competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;


•	product candidates discovered in collaboration with us may be viewed by our collaborators as competitive with their own product candidates or products, which may cause collaborators to cease to devote resources to the commercialization of our product candidates;


•	collaborators may fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the development, manufacture, distribution or marketing of a product candidate or product;


•	collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more of our product candidates that achieve regulatory approval may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of our product or products;

•

disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course of development, might cause delays or terminations of the research, development or commercialization of product candidates, might lead to additional responsibilities for us with respect to product candidates or might result in litigation or arbitration, any of which would be time-consuming and expensive;


•	collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in a manner that may invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;


•	collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;


•	if a collaborator of ours is involved in a business combination, the collaborator might deemphasize or terminate the development or commercialization of any product candidate we licensed to it; and


•	collaborations may be terminated by the collaborator, and, if terminated, we could be required to raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates.

If our collaborations do not result in the successful discovery, development and commercialization of products or if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any anticipated future benefits under the collaboration, our development of our technology and product candidates could be delayed and we may need additional resources to develop product candidates and our technology. All of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approval and commercialization described in this filing also apply to the activities of our therapeutic collaborators.

Additionally, if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may find it more difficult to attract new collaborators as the way we are perceived in the business and financial communities could be adversely affected.

For some of our programs, we may in the future determine to collaborate with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for development and potential commercialization of product candidates. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborations. Our ability to reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable collaborators on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all, we may have to curtail the development of a product candidate, reduce or delay one or more of our other development programs, delay a product candidate’s potential commercialization, reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need

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to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we fail to enter into collaborations or do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates, bring them to market and generate revenue from sales of drugs or continue to develop our technology and our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We are dependent on single-source suppliers for some of the components and materials used in and the processes required to develop our product candidates.

We currently depend on single-source suppliers for some of the components and materials used in and processes required to develop our product candidates. We cannot ensure that these suppliers or service providers will remain in business, have sufficient capacity or supply to meet our needs or that they will not be purchased by one of our competitors or another company that is not interested in continuing to work with us. Our use of single-source suppliers of raw materials, components, key processes and finished goods exposes us to several risks, including disruptions in supply, price increases or late deliveries. For example, we obtain our vaccine adjuvant, poly-ICLC, which is administered simultaneously with NEO-PV-01, from a single-source supplier. Additionally, we rely on a single-source supplier to manufacture our peptides and a single source for the manufacture of our T cell product candidate NEO-PTC-01. There are, in general, relatively few alternative sources of supply for substitute components. Our current vendors may be unable or unwilling to meet our future demands for our clinical trials or commercial sale. Establishing additional or replacement suppliers for these components, materials and processes could take a substantial amount of time and it may be difficult to establish replacement suppliers who meet regulatory requirements. Any disruption in supply from any single-source supplier or service provider could lead to supply delays or interruptions, which would damage our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

If we were to have to switch to a replacement supplier, the manufacture and delivery of our product candidates or components of our product candidates could be interrupted for an extended period, which could adversely affect our business. We may not be able to quickly establish additional or replacement suppliers for the adjuvants, peptides or any of the components or processes used in our product candidates, if required. If we are able to find a replacement supplier, the replacement supplier would need to be qualified, which might require additional regulatory authority approval, which could result in further delay. For example, the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority could require additional supplemental data and clinical trial data if we rely upon a new supplier for the adjuvants and peptides used in our product candidates. While we seek to maintain adequate inventory of the single source components and materials used in our products, any interruption or delay in the supply of components or materials or our inability to obtain components or materials from alternate sources at acceptable prices, or at all, in a timely manner, could impair our ability to meet the demand of our customers and cause them to cancel orders.

In addition, as part of the FDA’s or other regulatory authority's approval of our product candidates, we will also require FDA or other regulatory authority approval of the individual components of our process, which include the manufacturing processes and facilities of our single-source suppliers. Our current single-source suppliers have not undergone this process, nor have they had any components included in any product approved by the FDA.

Our reliance on these suppliers, service providers and manufacturers subjects us to a number of risks that could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations, including, among other things:


•	delays to the development timelines for our product candidates;


•	interruption of supply resulting from modifications to or discontinuation of a supplier’s operations;


•	delays in product shipments resulting from uncorrected defects, reliability issues or a supplier’s variation in a component;


•	a lack of long-term supply arrangements for key components with our suppliers;


•	inability to obtain adequate supply in a timely manner or to obtain adequate supply on commercially reasonable terms;


•	difficulty and cost associated with locating and qualifying alternative suppliers for our components in a timely manner;


•	production delays related to the evaluation and testing of products from alternative suppliers and corresponding regulatory qualifications;


•	delay in delivery due to our suppliers prioritizing other customer orders over ours;


•	damage to our reputation caused by defective components produced by our suppliers;


•	increased cost of our warranty program due to product repair or replacement based upon defects in components produced by our suppliers; and


•	fluctuation in delivery by our suppliers due to changes in demand from us or their other customers.

If any of these risks materialize, our costs could significantly increase and our ability to meet demand for our products could be impacted.

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Risks Related to Our Common Stock

We do not know whether there will be an active, liquid and orderly trading market for our common stock or what the market price of our common stock will be and, as a result, it may be difficult for you to sell your shares of our common stock.

We became a public company in June 2018 and accordingly there is only a limited history of there being a public market for shares of our common stock. An active trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained and, as a result, you may not be able to sell your shares quickly or at the market price if trading in shares of our common stock is not active. Further, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of our common stock and may impair our ability to enter into strategic partnerships or acquire companies or products by using our shares of common stock as consideration.

The price of our stock may be volatile and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this "Risk Factors" section, these factors may include:


•	the commencement, enrollment or results of our ongoing clinical trials or any future clinical trials we may conduct or changes in the development status of our product candidates;


•	any delay in our regulatory filings for our product candidates and any adverse development or perceived adverse development with respect to the applicable regulatory authority’s review of our regulatory filings, including without limitation the FDA’s issuance of a "refusal to file" letter, a clinical hold or a request for additional information;


•	adverse results or delays in clinical trials;


•	our decision to initiate a clinical trial, not to initiate a clinical trial or to terminate an existing clinical trial;


•	adverse regulatory decisions, including failure to receive regulatory approval of our product candidates;


•	changes in laws or regulations applicable to our products, including but not limited to clinical trial requirements for approvals;


•	adverse developments concerning our manufacturers;


•	our inability to obtain adequate product supply for any approved product or inability to do so at acceptable prices;


•	our inability to establish collaborations if and when needed;


•	our failure to commercialize our product candidates;


•	additions or departures of key scientific or management personnel;


•	serious safety concerns related to the use of our product candidates;


•	introduction of new products or services offered by us or our competitors;


•	announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors;


•	our ability to effectively manage our growth;


•	the size and growth of our initial cancer target markets;


•	our ability to successfully treat additional types of cancers or cancers at different stages;


•	actual or anticipated variations in quarterly operating results;


•	our cash position;


•	our failure to meet the estimates and projections of the investment community or that we may otherwise provide to the public;


•	publication of research reports about us or our industry or neoantigen-targeted therapies in particular, or positive or negative recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts;


•	changes in the market valuations of similar companies;


•	overall performance of the equity markets;


•	sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders in the future;


•	trading volume of our common stock;


•	adoption of new accounting standards;


•	ineffectiveness of our internal controls;

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•	disputes or other developments relating to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;


•	significant lawsuits, including intellectual property or stockholder litigation;


•	general political and economic conditions; and


•	other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control.

For instance, in January 2020, we announced entry into a definitive agreement for the acquisition of our company by BioNTech, which we expect to close in the second quarter of 2020. As a result of this announcement, the trading price of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. This type of litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which would harm our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Our executive officers and directors and Third Rock Ventures III, L.P., a venture capital fund affiliated with certain of our directors, beneficially held, as of December 31, 2019, in the aggregate, approximately 39% of our outstanding voting stock. Therefore, these stockholders and other principal stockholders will have the ability to influence us through their ownership positions. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents or approval of any merger, sale of assets or other major corporate transaction.

This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, which was enacted in April 2012. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years following the year in which we complete our IPO, which occurred in June 2018, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our IPO, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which requires the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates to exceed $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result, changes in rules of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles

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or their interpretation, the adoption of new guidance or the application of existing guidance to changes in our business could significantly affect our financial position and results of operations.

We are a "smaller reporting company" and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are considered a "smaller reporting company" under Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. We are therefore entitled to rely on certain reduced disclosure requirements, such as an exemption from providing selected financial data and executive compensation information. These exemptions and reduced disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a smaller reporting company also mean our auditors are not required to review our internal control over financial reporting and may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our common stock prices may be more volatile. We will remain a smaller reporting company until our public float exceeds $250 million or our annual revenues exceed $100 million with a public float greater than $700 million.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an "emerging growth company" or a "smaller reporting company" under applicable SEC regulations, we incur and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. We will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which will require, among other things, that we file with the SEC annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC and the Nasdaq Global Select Market to implement provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Further, in July 2010, Congress enacted the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas such as "say on pay" and proxy access. Recent legislation permits emerging growth companies to implement many of these requirements over a longer period and up to five years from the pricing of their initial public offerings. We intend to take advantage of this new legislation but cannot guarantee that we will not be required to implement these requirements sooner than budgeted or planned. If that were to happen, we would incur additional and unexpected expenses. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate.

We expect the rules and regulations applicable to public companies to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. The increased costs will decrease our net income or increase our net loss and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or increase the prices of our products or services. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock by our existing stockholders in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.

If our pre-initial public offering stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after the lapsing of any applicable legal restrictions on resale, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

Shares held by directors, executive officers and other affiliates may be subject to certain limitations of Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. In addition, shares of common stock that are either subject to outstanding options or reserved for future issuance under our existing equity compensation plans will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting schedules, any lock-up agreements and Rule 144 under the Securities Act. If these additional shares of common stock are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Additionally, the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2018 Stock Option and Incentive Plan automatically increases on each January 1 by 4% of the outstanding number of

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shares of our common stock on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser number of shares as determined by our compensation committee. Unless our compensation committee elects not to increase the number of shares available for future grant each year, our stockholders may experience additional dilution.

Certain of our stockholders are entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares held by affiliates, as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Any sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

On July 1, 2019, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-232487) with the SEC, which was declared effective on July 8, 2019, or the Shelf Registration Statement, in relation to the registration of common stock, preferred stock, warrants and/or units of any combination thereof for the purposes of selling, from time to time, our common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more offerings. We also simultaneously entered into a Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., or the Sales Agent, to provide for the offering, issuance and sale of up to an aggregate amount of $50.0 million of our common stock from time to time in "at-the-market" offerings under the Shelf Registration Statement and subject to the limitations thereof. As of December 31, 2019, we have sold $0.4 million of our common stock in "at the market offerings" under the Shelf Registration Statement, prior to applicable commissions under the Sales Agreement. We pay to the Sales Agent cash commissions of 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement. Sales of common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities by us under the Shelf Registration Statement may represent a significant percentage of our common stock currently outstanding. If we sell, or the market perceives that we intend to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock under the Shelf Registration Statement or otherwise, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly.

We have broad discretion in the use of our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and may not use them effectively.

Our management has broad discretion in the application of our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and you will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether these proceeds are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. Our management might not apply our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in ways that ultimately increase the value of your investment. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business. Pending their use, we may invest our cash in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our stockholders. If we do not invest our cash in ways that enhance stockholder value, we may fail to achieve expected financial results, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or our guidance.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. From time to time, we may enter into license or collaboration agreements with other companies that include development funding and significant upfront and milestone payments and/or royalties, which may become an important source of our revenue. Accordingly, our revenue may depend on development funding and the achievement of development and clinical milestones under any potential future license and collaboration agreements and sales of our products, if approved. These upfront and milestone payments may vary significantly from period to period and any variance could cause a significant fluctuation in our operating results from one period to the next.

In addition, we measure compensation cost for stock-based awards made to employees at the grant date of the award, based on the fair value of the award as determined by our board of directors, and recognize the cost as an expense over the employee’s requisite service period. As the variables that we use as a basis for valuing these awards change over time, our underlying stock price and stock price volatility, the magnitude of the expense that we must recognize may vary significantly.

Further, our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of other factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including the following:


•	the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research and development activities relating to our current and any future product candidates, which will change from time to time;


•	our ability to enroll patients in clinical trials and the timing of enrollment;


•	the cost of manufacturing our current and any future product candidates, which may vary depending on FDA or other regulatory authority guidelines and requirements, the quantity of production and the terms of our agreements with manufacturers;

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•	expenditures that we will or may incur to acquire or develop additional product candidates and technologies;


•	the timing and outcomes of clinical studies for our product candidates or the timing and outcomes of clinical trials for competing product candidates;


•	competition from existing and potential future products that compete with our product candidates and changes in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners;


•	any delays in regulatory review or approval of our product candidates;


•	the level of demand for our product candidates, if approved, which may fluctuate significantly and be difficult to predict;


•	the risk/benefit profile, cost and reimbursement policies with respect to our products candidates, if approved, and existing and potential future products that compete with our product candidates;


•	our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, within and outside of the United States, either independently or working with third parties;


•	our ability to adequately support our future growth;


•	potential unforeseen business disruptions that increase our costs or expenses;


•	future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and


•	the changing and volatile global economic environment.

The cumulative effect of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. The price of our common stock could decline even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue and/or earnings guidance we may provide.

Anti-takeover provisions under our organizational documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change of control, which could limit the market price of our common stock and may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our board of directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions include:


•	a board of directors divided into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, such that not all members of the board will be elected at one time;


•	a prohibition on stockholder action through written consent, which requires that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;


•	a requirement that special meetings of stockholders may only be called only by the chairman of the board of directors, the chief executive officer or by a majority of the total number of authorized directors;


•	advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations for election to our board of directors;


•	a requirement that no member of our board of directors may be removed from office by our stockholders except for cause and, in addition to any other vote required by law, upon the approval of not less than two-thirds (2/3) of all outstanding shares of our voting stock then entitled to vote in the election of directors;


•	a requirement of approval of not less than two-thirds (2/3) of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to amend any bylaws by stockholder action or to amend specific provisions of our certificate of incorporation; and


•	the authority of the board of directors to issue preferred stock on terms determined by the board of directors without stockholder approval, which preferred stock may include rights superior to the rights of the holders of common stock.

In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current board of directors and could also delay or impede a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choosing or cause us to take other corporate actions

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you desire. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price may decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

Our amended and restated bylaws designate specific courts as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us

Pursuant to our amended and restated bylaws, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for state law claims for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (2) any action asserting a claim of or based on a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (3) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our current or former directors, officers, employees or stockholders arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, or Delaware Forum Provision. The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our amended and restated bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts is the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the Federal Forum Provision. We have chosen the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts as the exclusive forum for such Securities Act causes of action because our principal executive offices are located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In addition, our amended and restated bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing Delaware Forum Provision and Federal Forum Provision.

In Sciabacucchi v. Salzberg, C.A. No. 2017-0931-JTL (Del. Ch.), the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware issued a decision declaring that federal forum selection provisions that purport to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are ineffective and invalid under Delaware law. On August 5, 2019, the decision was appealed to the Delaware Supreme Court and the appeal is pending. Unless and until the Court of Chancery’s decision in Sciabacucchi is reversed by the Delaware Supreme Court or otherwise abrogated, we do not intend to enforce its Federal Forum Provision designating the District of Massachusetts as the exclusive forum for Securities Act claims. In the event that the Delaware Supreme Court affirms the Court of Chancery’s Sciabacucchi decision or otherwise makes a determination that provisions such as the Federal Forum Provision are invalid, our board of directors intends to promptly amend our bylaws to remove the Federal Forum Provision. Such amendment could cause us to incur additional costs, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We recognize that the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our amended and restated bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware or the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as applicable. Additionally, the forum selection clauses in our amended and restated bylaws may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert the provision is not enforceable. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, as applicable, may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Our headquarters are located at 40 Erie Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where we occupy approximately 26,806 square feet of office and laboratory space. This lease expires in September 2024 and we have an option to extend the term of the lease for an additional five years. We believe that our facilities are suitable and sufficient to meet our current needs.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. We are not currently aware of any such proceedings or claims that we believe will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "NTGN." Trading of our common stock commenced on June 27, 2018, following the completion of our IPO. Prior to this time, there was no public market for our common stock.

Holders of our Common Stock

As of February 26, 2020, the number of holders of record of our common stock was 35. This number does not include beneficial owners whose shares are held in street name.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends to our stockholders in the foreseeable future.

Additionally, the Merger Agreement generally restricts, subject to certain limited exceptions (including, without limitation, BioNTech’s prior written consent), our ability to pay any dividends on our common stock during the interim period between the execution of the Merger Agreement and the completion of the transaction (or the date on which the Merger Agreement is earlier terminated).

Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by Item 5 of Form 10-K regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Purchase of Equity Securities

None.

Use of Proceeds from Initial Public Offering of Common Stock

On June 29, 2018, we completed our IPO and sold 6,250,000 shares of our common stock, at a public offering price of $16.00 per share for an aggregate offering of $100.0 million. The offer and sale of the shares in the IPO were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-225330), which was filed on May 31, 2018, amended subsequently and declared effective on June 26, 2018. Morgan Stanley, BofA Merrill Lynch, and Mizuho Securities acted as joint book-running managers of the offering and as representatives of the underwriters. Oppenheimer & Co. acted as lead manager for the offering. The offering commenced on June 26, 2018 and did not terminate until the sale of all of the shares offered.

We received aggregate net proceeds from the IPO of $89.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses paid by us. No offering expenses were paid directly or indirectly to any of our directors or officers (or their associates) or persons owning ten percent or more of any class of our equity securities or to any other affiliates.

As of December 31, 2019, we had used substantially all of the net proceeds received from the IPO, primarily to fund the ongoing clinical development of NEO-PV-01 and to advance our pre-clinical programs, including NEO-PTC-01, and research activities. There was no material change in the use of proceeds from our IPO from the planned use as described in the Company's prospectus filed under Rule 424(b)(4), which was filed with the SEC on June 28, 2018 (File No. 333-224330).

Item 6. Selected Consolidated Financial Data

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information under this item.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which have been prepared by us in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, and with Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with these consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

Our most advanced T cell program is NEO-PTC-01, our personal neoantigen adoptive T cell therapy, which consists of multiple T cell populations that are generated to target each individual patient's unique set of neoantigens. We are focusing the initial clinical development of NEO-PTC-01 in solid tumors for patients who are refractory to checkpoint inhibitors. In December 2019, we announced that we filed a CTA with the Dutch Health Authority to evaluate NEO-PTC-01 in a first-in-human clinical trial. We plan to initiate a Phase 1 dose escalation clinical trial in metastatic melanoma in collaboration with the Netherlands Cancer Institute in the third quarter of 2020. The second planned indication for NEO-PTC-01 is metastatic ovarian cancer, with the potential to both expand to other solid tumor types and pursue clinical development in the United States.

We are also advancing a T cell therapy program targeting shared neoantigens in genetically defined patient populations to direct the immune system towards prevalent mutations that are shared across patients in specific tumor types. We intend to develop product candidates targeting shared neoantigens using both non-engineered and engineered T cell modalities. Our first product candidate using the shared neoantigen approach, NEO-STC-01, is a non-engineered adoptive T cell therapy that targets RAS mutations prevalent across many solid tumors. We are focusing our initial efforts with NEO-STC-01 on the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, or PDAC, as over 84% of PDAC tumors have a RAS mutation and there is a significant unmet medical need for PDAC therapies. We have also assembled libraries of high-quality T cell receptors, or TCRs, against various shared neoantigens across common human leukocyte antigens, or HLAs which are suitable for an engineered TCR-T cell therapy approach.

We also have two neoantigen vaccines in our portfolio, NEO-PV-01, a fully personal neoantigen cancer vaccine, custom-designed and manufactured for each individual patient’s tumor mutations, and NEO-SV-01, a neoantigen vaccine for the treatment of a subset of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. NEO-PV-01 is in Phase 1b clinical development in metastatic disease settings, with three ongoing trials. In November 2019, we reported top line results from the first trial, NT-001, at the Society of Immunotherapy for Cancer 2019 meeting.

On November 20, 2019, we announced that, as part of a new strategic focus, we were reducing our workforce by approximately 24% of our then current headcount. This corporate restructuring was substantially completed during the fourth quarter of 2019. We also announced the cessation of additional spending commitments related to our cancer vaccine programs, NEO-PV-01 and NEO-SV-01. We will continue to conduct follow-up from our ongoing NT-002 clinical trial of NEO-PV-01 in first-line patients with untreated advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, with plans to report initial clinical data from this trial in the second half of 2020. We have also ceased additional enrollment in our NT-003 trial in metastatic melanoma.

After a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives, on January 15, 2020, we entered into the Merger Agreement with BioNTech, pursuant to which, if all of the conditions to closing are satisfied or waived, we will become a wholly-owned subsidiary

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of BioNTech. The Merger Agreement was unanimously approved by the members of our Board and the Board resolved to recommend approval of the Merger Agreement to our shareholders. The closing of the Merger is subject to approval of our shareholders and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. Certain of our stockholders who collectively own approximately 36% of the outstanding shares of our common stock have entered into voting agreements, pursuant to which they have agreed, among other things, and subject to the terms and conditions of the agreements, to vote in favor of the Merger.

Subject to the terms of the Merger Agreement, at Effective Time each share of our common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall automatically be canceled and converted (without interest but subject to any withholding required under applicable law) into the right to receive 0.063 of an American Depositary Share of BioNTech, or Parent ADS, with each Parent ADS representing one ordinary share of BioNTech. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2020. Refer to Note 18, Subsequent Events, to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

To date, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, acquiring and discovering product candidates, securing related intellectual property rights and conducting research and development activities related to our product candidates.

On June 29, 2018, we completed our IPO in which we issued and sold 6,250,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $16.00 per share in exchange for net proceeds of $89.9 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering costs. Upon the completion of the IPO, all shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock then outstanding converted into an aggregate of 18,644,462 shares of common stock.

From inception through December 31, 2019, we have funded our operations primarily through an aggregate of $89.9 million of net proceeds from our IPO, as well as an aggregate of $161.1 million of net proceeds from sales of our preferred stock and convertible debt. To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to do so for several years, if at all. Due to our significant research and development expenditures, we have generated substantial operating losses in each period since inception, including net losses of $79.8 million and $76.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $253.5 million. We expect to incur substantial additional losses in the foreseeable future as we expand our research and development activities.

We expect to continue to incur substantial expenses in connection with our ongoing activities if, and as, we:


•	initiate or continue clinical trials of our product candidates;


•	advance our development programs into and through preclinical and clinical development;


•	seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;


•	hire additional clinical, quality assurance and scientific personnel;


•	expand our operational, financial and management systems and increase personnel, including personnel to support our clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization efforts and our operations as a public company;


•	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;


•	establish a sales, marketing, medical affairs and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and intend to commercialize on our own or jointly with third parties; and


•	acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies.

As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the pursuit of a strategic transaction, sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources, including collaborations with other companies. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements, including a strategic transaction, when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as, and when, needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of expenses or the timing of when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

As of December 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $29.4 million. We believe that, based on our current operating plan, our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements

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into the third quarter of 2020. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect. See "—Liquidity and Capital Resources." To finance our operations beyond that point we will need to raise additional capital, which cannot be assured. We have concluded that this circumstance raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Refer to Note 1, Nature of Business, to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K for additional information on our assessment.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products for several years, if at all. If our development efforts for our current or future product candidates are successful and result in marketing approval or collaboration or license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from a combination of product sales or payments from collaboration or license agreements that we may enter into with third parties.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses represent costs incurred by us for the discovery, development and manufacture of our product candidates and include:


•	expenses incurred under agreements with third parties, including CROs, CMOs and suppliers;


•	license fees to acquire and maintain in-process technology and data;


•	costs related to the development of our platforms, including costs related to RECON and NEO-STIM;


•	personnel-related costs, including salaries, benefits and non-cash stock-based compensation expense, for personnel engaged in research and development functions;


•	costs of outside consultants, including their fees, related travel expenses and stock-based compensation expense;


•	the costs of laboratory supplies and acquiring, developing and manufacturing preclinical study and clinical trial materials;


•	costs related to compliance with regulatory requirements; and


•	facility-related expenses, which include direct depreciation costs and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities and general support services.

We expense research and development costs as incurred. We recognize costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials and manufacturing costs, based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment or other information provided to us by our vendors. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual agreements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in our financial statements as prepaid or accrued external research and development expenses. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. These amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered.

We use our employee and infrastructure resources across our multiple research and development programs directed toward developing our personal and shared approaches, as well as identifying and developing product candidates. We track outsourced development and manufacturing costs, including external clinical and regulatory costs, by development product candidates, but we do not allocate costs such as personnel costs or other internal costs to specific development of product candidates. These external and unallocated research and development expenses are summarized in the table below:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
NEO-PV-01	$	17,333	$	26,934
NEO-PTC-01	4,257		2,452
Other early-stage development expenses	7,078		3,027
Unallocated expenses	31,050		28,012
Total research and development expense	$	59,718	$	60,425

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At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of our product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales of our products, if approved. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing our product candidates, including the uncertainty related to:


•	the addition and retention of key research and development personnel;


•	successful and timely enrollment in and completion of our current or future clinical trials;


•	costs associated with the preclinical development and clinical trials for our early discovery product candidates;


•	maintaining agreements with third-party manufacturers for clinical supply for our clinical trials and commercial manufacturing, if our product candidates are approved;


•	receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;


•	commercializing products, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;


•	the terms and timing of any collaboration, license or other arrangement, including the terms and timing of any milestone payments thereunder;


•	obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity for our products if and when approved; and


•	continued acceptable safety profiles of our products following approval.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates would significantly change the costs, timing and viability associated with the development of that product candidate.

Research and development activities account for a significant portion of our operating expenses. We expect to maintain our research and development expenses over the next several years as we continue to implement our business strategy, which includes advancing clinical development of NEO-PTC-01 and progressing NEO-STC-01 into clinical development, expanding our research and development efforts, seeking regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, accessing and developing additional product candidates and maintaining personnel to support our research and development efforts. In addition, product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally incur higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. As a result, we expect our research and development expenses to increase as our product candidates advance into later stages of clinical development.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist of personnel-related costs, including salaries, benefits and non-cash stock-based compensation expense, for our personnel in executive, legal, finance and accounting, human resources, business operations and other administrative functions, legal fees related to patent, intellectual property and corporate matters, fees paid for accounting, regulatory and tax services, insurance costs, consulting fees and facility-related costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses.

We expect to maintain our general and administrative expenses at similar levels in future periods to support our continued research and development activities, as well as the costs of operating as a public company.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net consists primarily of interest income related to our investments in cash equivalents and marketable securities.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, along with the changes in those items in dollars:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			Change
	(in thousands)
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	59,718		$	60,425		$	(707	)
General and administrative	21,420			18,276			3,144
Total operating expenses	81,138			78,701			2,437
Loss from operations	(81,138		)	(78,701		)	(2,437		)
Other income (expense), net	1,362			1,767			(405		)
Net loss	$	(79,776	)	$	(76,934	)	$	(2,842	)

Research and Development

Research and development expenses decreased by $0.7 million from $60.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $59.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 due primarily to the following decreases:


•	$7.1 million for external manufacturing costs to support NEO-PV-01 and NEO-PTC-01;


•	the non-recurrence of a $0.6 million expense incurred during the year ended December 31, 2018 related to a one-time milestone payable under one of our collaboration agreements as a result of the closing of our IPO;


•	$0.5 million for external costs related to advancing our preclinical development candidates; and


•	$0.3 million for decreased stock-based compensation expense.

These decreases were partially offset by the following increases:


•	$4.5 million for NEO-SV-01 costs, including expenses related to manufacturing, stability studies and the submission of an IND to the FDA;


•	$1.3 million for personnel-related restructuring charges, including one-time employee termination costs, severance and other benefits in connection with our November 2019 workforce reduction;


•	$1.3 million for personnel-related costs due to increased headcount, all of which were incurred prior to the November 2019 workforce reduction;


•	$0.5 million for facility-related costs, including occupancy costs, as well as depreciation and other maintenance costs; and


•	$0.2 million for external development costs to support our ongoing NEO-PV-01 clinical trials.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased by $3.1 million from $18.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $21.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 due primarily to the following increases:


•	$2.2 million for personnel-related costs due to increased headcount, including $1.4 million of increased stock-based compensation expense;


•	$0.9 million for other general and administrative costs primarily due to the increased costs of being a public company, as well as additional insurance and tax related expenditures; and


•	$0.5 million for professional fee expenses, primarily associated with the Company's pursuit of strategic alternatives.

These increases were partially offset by $0.5 million for decreased expenses related to the timing of expenditures associated with protecting the Company's owned and in-licensed intellectual property.

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Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income decreased by $0.4 million from $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily as a result of decreased interest income on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses in each period and on an aggregate basis. We have not yet commercialized any of our product candidates, which are in various phases of preclinical and clinical development, and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any products for several years, if at all. We have funded our operations through December 31, 2019 primarily with aggregate net proceeds of $89.9 million from our IPO, as well as an aggregate of $161.1 million of net proceeds from sales of our preferred stock and convertible debt. As of December 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $29.4 million.

Historical Cash Flows

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for each of the periods presented (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(73,412	)	$	(63,428	)
Investing activities	49,597			(32,611		)
Financing activities	510			90,338
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(23,305	)	$	(5,701	)

Cash Used in Operating Activities

The cash used in operating activities resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for non-cash charges and changes in components of working capital, which are primarily the result of increased expenses and timing of vendor payments.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, operating activities used $73.4 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $79.8 million and net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $3.9 million, partially offset by net non-cash charges of $10.2 million. Net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2019 consisted primarily of a $2.3 million decrease in accounts payable, a $0.7 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities and a $1.1 million decrease in operating lease liabilities, partially offset by a $0.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, operating activities used $63.4 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $76.9 million, partially offset by net non-cash charges of $7.7 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $5.8 million. Net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2018 consisted primarily of a $4.1 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities and a $2.0 million increase in accounts payable, partially offset by a $0.3 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

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Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash provided by investing activities was $49.6 million, consisting of proceeds from the sales and maturities of marketable securities of $50.7 million, partially offset by purchases of property and equipment of $1.1 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, net cash used in investing activities was $32.6 million, consisting of purchases of marketable securities of $72.9 million and purchases of property and equipment of $3.2 million, partially offset by proceeds from the sales and maturities of marketable securities of $43.6 million.

Cash Provided by Financing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash provided by financing activities was $0.5 million, primarily consisting of $0.3 million of net proceeds from the issuance of shares of common stock pursuant to our ATM facility and $0.2 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and the issuance of shares under our employee stock purchase plan.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $90.3 million, primarily consisting of $93.0 million of net proceeds from our IPO, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, and $0.4 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options, partially offset by payments of IPO costs of $3.1 million.

Funding Requirements

We expect to continue to incur substantial expenses in connection with our ongoing research and development activities, particularly as we advance the preclinical activities and clinical trials of our product candidates. As a result, we expect to incur substantial operating losses and negative operating cash flows for the foreseeable future.

Based on our current operating plan, we expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the third quarter of 2020. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could exhaust our capital resources sooner than we expect.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of our product candidates or programs and because the extent to which we may enter into collaborations with third parties for development of our product candidates is unknown, we may incorrectly estimate the timing and amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the research and development of our product candidates. Our funding requirements, both near and long-term, as well as the timing and amount of our operating expenditures, will depend largely on:


•	the initiation, progress, scope, timing, costs and results of preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies and clinical trials for our product candidates;


•	the clinical development plans we establish for these product candidates;


•	the number and characteristics of product candidates that we develop or may in-license;


•	the terms of any collaboration agreements we may choose to execute;


•	the outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements established by the FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities;


•	the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent claims and other intellectual property rights;


•	the cost of defending intellectual property disputes, including any patent infringement actions that may be brought by third parties in the future against us or our product candidates;


•	the effect of competing technological and market developments;


•	the cost and timing of formulation development and manufacturing, including the completion of commercial-scale outsourced manufacturing activities; and


•	the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval in regions where we choose to commercialize our products on our own.

A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with these changed operating plans.

In addition to the variables described above, if and when any of our product candidates successfully complete development, we will incur substantial additional costs associated with regulatory filings, marketing approval, post-marketing requirements,

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maintaining our intellectual property rights and regulatory protection, in addition to other commercial costs. We cannot reasonably estimate these costs at this time.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through the pursuit of a strategic transaction, or a combination of equity or debt financings and collaboration arrangements. We currently have no credit facility or committed sources of capital. To the extent that we raise additional capital through a future strategic transaction or the future sale of equity or debt, the ownership interests of our stockholders will be diluted and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing common stockholders. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt securities, these securities could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. We may require additional capital beyond our currently anticipated amounts and additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If we raise additional funds through collaboration arrangements or other strategic transactions in the future, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate development or future commercialization efforts.

We have concluded that the above circumstance raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Refer to Note 1, Nature of Business, to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K for additional information on our assessment.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented we did not have, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under applicable SEC rules.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019 and the effects that these obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods:



	Payments Due by Period
	Total		Less Than 1 Year		1 to 3 Years		3 to 5 Years		More Than 5 Years
	(in thousands)
Operating lease commitments⁽¹⁾	$	9,780	$	1,948	$	4,072	$	3,760	$	—
Total	$	9,780	$	1,948	$	4,072	$	3,760	$	—

______________________________


(1)	Primarily represents minimum payments due for our lease of office and laboratory space in Cambridge, Massachusetts under an operating lease agreement that expires in 2024.

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs, CMOs and other third parties for clinical trials, preclinical research studies and testing and manufacturing services. These contracts are generally cancelable by us upon up to 120 days prior written notice. Payments due upon cancellation consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including noncancelable obligations of our service providers up to and through the date of cancellation. These payments are not included in the preceding table as the amount and timing of these payments are not known. In December 2019, we provided notice to an independent third party who performs manufacturing, analytical testing and quality assurance services related to the manufacture of drug product and/or peptides for use in our preclinical and clinical activities that we were terminating our manufacturing agreement for convenience. We accrued the costs associated with terminating this agreement during the year ended December 31, 2019. No payments are included in the preceding table, as we do not expect to incur a material amount of future costs associated with the termination of the agreement.

In the normal course of business, we have also entered into license and collaboration agreements with third parties. We have not included future payments under these agreements in the table of contractual obligations above since obligations under these agreements are contingent upon future events such as our achievement of specified development, regulatory or commercial milestones, or are tied to royalties on net product sales. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the aggregate maximum amount of milestone payments we could be required to make under our then-existing license and collaboration agreements was approximately $116.9 million. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we were unable to estimate the timing or likelihood of achieving these milestones or generating future product sales. During the year ended December 31, 2018 and as a result of the closing of our IPO, we recorded approximately $0.6 million of incremental research and development expense related to a milestone payable under one of our collaboration agreements.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. In addition, we believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management's judgments and estimates.

Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, or ASC 842, with no restatement of prior periods or cumulative adjustment to retained earnings. Comparative periods in our financial statements will be presented in accordance with the existing guidance under ASC 840.

Upon adoption, we took advantage of the transition package of practical expedients permitted within ASU 2016-02, which allowed us to not reassess previous accounting conclusions around whether arrangements are, or contain, leases, as well as to carry forward both the historical classification of leases and the treatment of initial direct costs for existing leases. In addition, we also have made an accounting policy election to exclude leases with an initial term of twelve months or less from its balance sheet.

Under ASC 842, we determine whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception of the contract based on the unique facts and circumstances around identified assets, if present, and control over those identified assets. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based upon the present value of lease payments over the lease term. When determining the lease term, we include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option. We use the implicit rate when readily determinable and use our estimated incremental borrowing rate when the implicit rate is not readily determinable based upon the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is determined using a secured borrowing rate for the same currency and term as the associated lease.

We recognize lease costs on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and include amounts related to short-term leases.

Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities of approximately $8.7 million and $8.9 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. The adoption of the new standard did not materially impact our condensed consolidated statement of operations. Refer to Note 2 and Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

Research and Development Expenses and Related Accruals

Research and development expenses include costs directly attributable to the conduct of research and development programs, including personnel-related expenses such as salaries, benefits and non-cash stock-based compensation expense; materials; supplies; depreciation on and maintenance of research equipment; manufacturing and external costs related to outside vendors engaged to conduct both preclinical studies and clinical trials; costs related to the development of our platforms, unless such costs meet the criteria to be capitalized as internal-use software, and the allocable portions of facility costs, such as rent, utilities, repairs and maintenance, depreciation, and general support services. All costs associated with research and development activities are expensed as incurred.

We enter into various research and development contracts with research institutions and other companies and record accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, we analyze progress of the studies or trials, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with personnel to identify services that have been performed and estimating the level of service performed and the associated costs incurred for the services for which we have not yet been invoiced. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or amount of prepaid expense accordingly. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing

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of services performed may vary and may result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, we have not made any material adjustments to our prior estimates of accrued research and development expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure stock-based compensation expense related to restricted common stock, restricted stock units and stock options granted to our employees and directors based on the fair value on the date of grant. We recognize compensation expense for these awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Generally, we issue awards with only service-based vesting conditions and record the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. We have also granted certain stock-based awards with performance-based vesting conditions. We recognize compensation expense for awards with performance-based vesting conditions over the remaining service period when management determines that achievement of the performance condition is probable.

We estimate the fair value of the stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and subjective assumptions we make, including the expected stock price volatility, the expected term of the award, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Because there had been no public market for our common stock prior to our IPO, there is a lack of Company‑specific historical and implied volatility data. Accordingly, we base our estimates of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a representative group of publicly traded companies for which historical information was available. The historical volatility is calculated based on a period of time commensurate with the assumption used for the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant commensurate with the expected term assumption. We use the simplified method to calculate the expected term for options granted to employees and directors. We utilize this method as we do not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. For options granted to nonemployees, we utilize the contractual term of the arrangement as the basis for the expected term assumption. The expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero as we have never paid dividends and do not have current plans to pay any dividends on common stock. We determine the fair value of restricted common stock awards and restricted stock units based on the fair value of our common stock, less any applicable purchase price. We determine compensation expense for discounted purchases under our employee stock purchase plan using the Black-Scholes model to compute the fair value of the look-back provision plus the purchase discount, and recognize this compensation expense over the offering period.

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation expense related forfeitures as the forfeiture occurs.

Effective January 1, 2019, equity-classified share-based payment awards issued to nonemployees will be measured at grant date fair value similarly to those of employees. Refer to Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

Determination of Fair Value of Common Stock on Grant Dates prior to our IPO

Due to the absence of an active market for our common stock prior to the commencement of trading of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 27, 2018 in connection with our IPO, the estimated fair values of our common stock as of the grant dates prior to our IPO were determined using contemporaneous valuations performed in accordance with the guidance outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, also known as the Practice Aid. Following our IPO, it is no longer necessary for us to estimate the fair value of our common stock in connection with our accounting for stock options or other equity awards, as the fair value of our common stock can be determined by reference to its closing price on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on the applicable grant date.

Valuations of our common stock were performed by third parties at various dates, which resulted in valuations of our common stock of $1.30 per share as of December 31, 2015, $2.00 per share as of April 30, 2016, $2.65 per share as of September 20, 2016, $5.80 per share as of December 31, 2016, $9.65 per share as of December 1, 2017, $10.20 per share as of January 24, 2018 and $11.90 per share as of April 16, 2018. In addition to considering the results of these third-party valuations, our board of directors considered various objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of our common stock as of each grant date, which may be a date later than the most recent third-party valuation date, including:


•	the prices at which we sold shares of preferred stock and the superior rights and preferences of the preferred stock relative to our common stock at the time of each grant;


•	the progress of our research and development programs, including the status of preclinical studies and current and planned clinical trials for our product candidates;


•	our stage of development and commercialization and our business strategy;


•	external market conditions affecting the biotechnology industry, and trends within the biotechnology industry;

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•	our financial position, including cash on hand, and our historical and forecasted performance and operating results;


•	the lack of an active public market for our common stock and our preferred stock;


•	the likelihood and potential timing of achieving a liquidity event, such as an IPO or a sale of our company in light of prevailing market conditions; and


•	the analysis of IPOs and the market performance of similar companies in the biopharmaceutical industry.

The assumptions underlying these valuations represented management's best estimates, which involved inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. Significant changes to the key assumptions used in the valuations could have resulted in different fair values of our common stock at each valuation date.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation, to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, permits an "emerging growth company" such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to "opt out" of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards when they are required to be adopted by public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

As of December 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $29.4 million. Our cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds that are invested in U.S. government-backed securities. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. Due to the short-term nature of our cash equivalents, a sudden change in interest rates would not be expected to have material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Because of the short-term nature of the investments in our portfolio, an immediate change by 100 basis points in market interest rates would not have a material impact on the fair market value of our investment portfolio or on our financial position or results of operations.

We are not currently exposed to significant market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. However, we have contracted with, and may continue to contract with, vendors that are located in Europe. We may be subject to fluctuations in foreign currency rates in connection with certain of these agreements. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the United States dollar are recorded based on exchange rates at the time such transactions arise. While we have not engaged in the hedging of our foreign currency transactions to date, we are evaluating the costs and benefits of initiating such a program and may in the future hedge selected significant transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar as we expand our international operation and our risk grows.

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and clinical trial costs. We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the year-ended December 31, 2019.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Our consolidated financial statements, together with the independent registered public accounting firm report thereon, are presented beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company has established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive officer (our

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Chief Executive Officer) and principal financial and accounting officer (our Chief Financial Officer), to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2019. Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2019, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:


•	pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;


•	provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and


•	provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision of and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for newly public companies.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

No change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

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PART III

Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference from the discussion responsive thereto contained in an amendment to this Form 10-K or in our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2020 annual meeting of stockholders, pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, also referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as our 2020 Proxy Statement, either of which we expect to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K, but in any event no later than April 29, 2020.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Information regarding our directors, including the Audit Committee and audit committee financial experts, and executive officers and compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act will be included in an amendment to this Form 10-K or in our 2020 Proxy Statement, either of which we intend to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates, and is incorporated herein by reference.

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for all of our directors, officers and employees as required by Nasdaq governance rules and as defined by applicable SEC rules. Stockholders may locate a copy of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on our website at www.neontherapeutics.com or request a copy without charge from:

Neon Therapeutics, Inc.

Attention: Compliance Officer

40 Erie Street, Suite 110

Cambridge, MA 02139

We will post to our website any amendments to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, as well as any waivers that are required to be disclosed by the rules of either the SEC or Nasdaq.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this item regarding executive compensation will be included in an amendment to this Form 10-K or in our 2020 Proxy Statement, either of which we intend to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this item regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans will be included in an amendment to this Form 10-K or in our 2020 Proxy Statement, either of which we intend to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item regarding certain relationships and related transactions and director independence will be included in an amendment to this Form 10-K or in our 2020 Proxy Statement, either of which we intend to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The information required by this item regarding principal accounting fees and services will be included in an amendment to this Form 10-K or in our 2020 Proxy Statement, either of which we intend to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates, and is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) The following documents are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

1. The following Report and Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company are included in this Annual Report:



Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, Contingently Redeemable Restricted Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

2. No schedules are submitted because they are not applicable, not required or because the information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.

3. The exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K and Item 15(b) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are listed in the Exhibit Index immediately preceding the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index are incorporated by reference herein.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

The Company has elected not to include summary information.

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, Contingently Redeemable Restricted Common Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

F-1

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Neon Therapeutics, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Neon Therapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of redeemable convertible preferred stock, contingently redeemable restricted common stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) and of cash flows for the years then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Substantial Doubt About the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception, has an accumulated deficit, and will require additional financing to fund future operations that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

March 2, 2020

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2016.

F-2

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)



	December 31,
	2019			2018
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	29,395		$	52,700
Marketable securities	—			50,611
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,848			2,116
Total current assets	31,243			105,427
Operating lease, right-of-use assets	7,542			—
Property and equipment, net	7,109			8,205
Other long-term assets	478			456
Total assets	$	46,372		$	114,088
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,702		$	4,268
Accrued expenses	7,464			8,422
Operating lease liabilities, current	1,241			—
Total current liabilities	10,407			12,690
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	6,542			—
Other liabilities	6			149
Total liabilities	16,955			12,839
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2019 and 2018; 28,729,725 and 28,314,274 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively	29			28
Additional paid-in capital	282,926			275,058
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	—			(75		)
Accumulated deficit	(253,538		)	(173,762		)
Total stockholders' equity	29,417			101,249
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	46,372		$	114,088

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-3

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	59,718		$	60,425
General and administrative	21,420			18,276
Total operating expenses	81,138			78,701
Loss from operations	(81,138		)	(78,701		)
Other income (expense), net
Interest income	1,401			1,792
Other expense	(39		)	(25		)
Total other income (expense), net	1,362			1,767
Net loss	(79,776		)	(76,934		)
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	—			(6,371		)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(79,776	)	$	(83,305	)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(2.86	)	$	(5.54	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	27,878,701			15,036,397

Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(79,776	)	$	(76,934	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities	75			(62		)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	75			(62		)
Comprehensive loss	$	(79,701	)	$	(76,996	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK, CONTINGENTLY REDEEMABLE RESTRICTED COMMON STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(In thousands, except share amounts)



	Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock					Contingently Redeemable Restricted Common Stock			Common Stock				Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
	Shares		Amount			Contingently Redeemable Restricted Common Stock			Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2017	93,222,418		$	174,895		$	355		3,302,927		$	3	$	—		$	(13	)	$	(93,562	)	$	(93,572	)
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—			210			—		—		6,019			—			—			6,019
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	—		6,371			—			—		—		(3,105		)	—			(3,266		)	(6,371		)
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock and contingently redeemable restricted common stock to common stock	(93,222,418	)	(181,266		)	(565		)	18,644,462		19		181,812			—			—			181,831
Issuance of common stock upon completion of initial public offering, net of commissions, underwriting discounts and offering costs	—		—			—			6,250,000		6		89,906			—			—			89,912
Exercise of stock options	—		—			—			129,510		—		404			—			—			404
Cancellation of restricted common stock	—		—			—			(12,625	)	—		—			—			—			—
Vesting of restricted common stock	—		—			—			—		—		22			—			—			22
Unrealized losses on marketable securities	—		—			—			—		—		—			(62		)	—			(62		)
Net loss	—		—			—			—		—		—			—			(76,934		)	(76,934		)
Balance at December 31, 2018	—		$	—		$	—		28,314,274		$	28	$	275,058		$	(75	)	$	(173,762	)	$	101,249
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—			—			—		—		7,340			—			—			7,340
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs of $1	—		—			—			327,602		1		333			—			—			334
Exercise of stock options	—		—			—			44,132		—		115			—			—			115
Issuance of common stock; ESPP purchase	—		—			—			62,927		—		63			—			—			63
Issuance of restricted common stock	—		—			—			25,000		—		—			—			—			—
Cancellation of restricted common stock	—		—			—			(44,210	)	—		—			—			—			—
Vesting of restricted common stock	—		—			—			—		—		17			—			—			17
Unrealized gains on marketable securities	—		—			—			—		—		—			75			—			75
Net loss	—		—			—			—		—		—			—			(79,776		)	(79,776		)
Balance at December 31, 2019	—		$	—		$	—		28,729,725		$	29	$	282,926		$	—		$	(253,538	)	$	29,417

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(79,776	)	$	(76,934	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,644			1,458
Non-cash lease expense	1,186			—
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities	5			(4		)
Stock-based compensation expense	7,340			6,229
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	39			25
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	268			(340		)
Other long-term assets	(22		)	125
Accounts payable	(2,311		)	1,951
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(716		)	4,062
Lease liabilities	(1,069		)	—
Net cash used in operating activities	(73,412		)	(63,428		)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of marketable securities	—			(72,939		)
Sales and maturities of marketable securities	50,681			43,550
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,084		)	(3,222		)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	49,597			(32,611		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from initial public offering of common stock, net of commissions and underwriting discounts	—			93,000
Proceeds from equity offerings, net of issuance costs	334			—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	115			404
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock under ESPP	63			—
Repurchase of unvested restricted common stock	(2		)	(1		)
Payment of initial public offering costs	—			(3,065		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	510			90,338
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(23,305		)	(5,701		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	53,156			58,857
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	29,851		$	53,156
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash items:
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	$	—		$	6,371
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock and contingently redeemable restricted common stock to common stock upon closing of the initial public offering	$	—		$	181,831
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	—		$	497

The following table provides a reconciliation of the cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances as of each of the periods shown above:



	December 31,
	2019		2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	29,395	$	52,700
Restricted cash included in other long-term assets	456		456
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	29,851	$	53,156

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Nature of the Business

Neon Therapeutics, Inc. (the "Company") is a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company and a leader in the field of neoantigen-targeted therapies, dedicated to transforming the treatment of cancer by directing the immune system towards neoantigens. The Company is leveraging over a decade of insights from its founders to develop neoantigen-targeted therapies that use two distinct approaches: the first approach utilizes fully personal therapies that target neoantigens specific to each individual, and the second approach utilizes shared therapies that target neoantigens that are shared across subsets of patients or tumor types. Both the personal neoantigen approach and the shared neoantigen approach focus on targeting a prioritized set of what the Company believes are the most therapeutically-relevant neoantigens.

On November 20, 2019, the Company announced that, as part of a new strategic focus, it was reducing its workforce by approximately 24% of its then current headcount. This corporate restructuring was substantially completed during the fourth quarter of 2019. The Company also announced the cessation of additional spending commitments related to its cancer vaccine programs, NEO-PV-01 and NEO-SV-01. The Company will continue to conduct follow-up from its ongoing NT-002 clinical trial of NEO-PV-01 in first-line patients with untreated advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, with plans to report initial clinical data from this trial in the second half of 2020. The Company has also ceased enrollment in its NT-003 trial in metastatic melanoma.

On January 15, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with BioNTech SE ("BioNTech") pursuant to which, if all of the conditions to closing are satisfied or waived, the Company will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of BioNTech (the "Merger Agreement" and such transaction, the "Merger"). The Merger Agreement was unanimously approved by the members of the Company's board of directors (the "Board"), and the Board resolved to recommend approval of the Merger Agreement to the Company's shareholders. The closing of the Merger is subject to approval of the Company's shareholders and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions (see Note 18).

The Company is subject to risks common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, development by competitors of new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, dependence on key personnel, compliance with government regulations and the ability to obtain additional financing to fund operations. Product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. Even if the Company's development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize significant revenue from product sales.

Initial Public Offering

On June 29, 2018, the Company completed an initial public offering ("IPO") of its common stock, and issued and sold 6,250,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $16.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds of $89.9 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering costs. Upon the closing of the IPO in June 2018, all shares of the Company’s outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock converted into an aggregate of 18,644,462 shares of common stock (see Note 9). In advance of the IPO, the board of directors and the stockholders of the Company approved a one-for-five reverse split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock that became effective on June 13, 2018. All common share and per share amounts in these consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted for all periods presented to give effect to the reverse stock split.

Liquidity

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), management must evaluate whether there are conditions or events, when considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. Generally, to be considered probable of being effectively implemented, the plans must have been approved before the date that the financial statements are issued.

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Company's financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. Through December 31, 2019, the Company has funded its operations primarily with net proceeds of $89.9 million from its IPO, as well as an aggregate of $161.1 million of net proceeds from sales of the Company’s preferred stock and convertible debt. Since inception, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations in each period and on an aggregate basis. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $253.5 million and $173.8 million, respectively. The Company expects its operating losses and negative operating cash flows to continue into the foreseeable future as it continues to develop, manufacture and commercialize its products.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $29.4 million. The Company expects that, based on its current operating plan, its cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the third quarter of 2020. The future viability of the Company beyond that point is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital to finance its operations. Although the Company has been successful in raising capital in the past, there is no assurance that it will be successful in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all.

The Company expects that it will continue to incur significant expenses in connection with its ongoing business activities. As a result, the Company will need substantial additional funding to support its continuing operations and pursue its growth strategy. Until such time as the Company can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, it expects to finance its operations through the pursuit of a strategic transaction, sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources, including collaborations with other companies. The Company may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements, including a strategic transaction, when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If the Company is unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, the Company may be required to curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of its research and development programs or may be unable to expand its operations or otherwise capitalize on its business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company has determined that its cash runway of less than twelve months, along with its accumulated deficit, history of losses and future expected losses, raises substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance date of these consolidated financial statements. While the Company has plans in place to mitigate this risk, which primarily consist of pursuing a strategic transaction and reducing cash expenditures, there is no guarantee that the Company will be successful in these mitigation efforts.

2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related disclosures have been prepared in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and include the accounts of Neon Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Neon Securities Corporation. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. The Company consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates of accounting reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, estimates related to accrued expenses, the valuation of common stock prior to the completion of the Company's IPO, stock-based compensation, the present value of lease liabilities and the corresponding right-of-use assets and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other market specific or other relevant assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, as there are changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Actual results could differ from those estimates or assumptions.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


•	Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.


•	Level 2—Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices), such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.


•	Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques.

The Company's cash equivalents and marketable securities are carried at fair value, determined according to the fair value hierarchy described above (see Note 3). The carrying amounts reflected in the consolidated balance sheets for prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values, due to their short-term nature.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Cash equivalents consisted primarily of money market funds as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Restricted Cash

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had restricted cash of $0.5 million, which was related to a security deposit associated with the Company's facility lease. Restricted cash accounts are classified within other long-term assets.

Marketable Securities

The Company classifies its available-for-sale investments as current assets on the balance sheet if they mature within one year from the balance sheet date.

The Company classifies all of its investments as available-for-sale securities. Available‑for‑sale debt securities are recorded at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities are reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), which is a separate component of stockholders' equity (deficit). The amortized cost of debt securities in this category is adjusted for the amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity, which are included in interest income. The cost of securities sold is determined on a specific identification basis, and realized gains and losses are included in other income (expense) within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company evaluates its investments with unrealized losses for other-than-temporary impairment. When assessing investments for other-than-temporary declines in value, the Company considers such factors as, among other things, how significant the decline in value is as a percentage of the original cost, how long the market value of the investment has been less than its original cost, the Company's ability and intent to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value and market conditions in general. If any adjustment to fair value reflects a decline in the value of the investment that the Company considers to be "other than temporary," the Company reduces the investment to fair value through a charge to the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. No such adjustments were necessary during the periods presented.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company capitalizes equipment that is acquired for research and development activities and that has alternative future use. Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset as follows:



Asset Classification		Estimated Useful Life
Laboratory equipment		7 years
Furniture and fixtures		7 years
Software		5 years
Computer equipment		3 years
Leasehold improvements		Lesser of useful life or remaining lease term

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Upon retirement or sale of assets, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company regularly evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be fully recoverable. If indications of impairment exist, projected future undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset are compared to the carrying amount to determine whether the asset’s value is recoverable. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds such projected undiscounted cash flows, the asset will be written down to its estimated fair value. There were no significant impairments of long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2018.

Deferred Offering Costs

The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as deferred offering costs until the equity financings are consummated. After consummation of an equity financing, these costs are recorded in stockholders' equity (deficit) as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the offering. Should a planned equity financing be abandoned, the deferred offering costs will be expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

No deferred offering costs were capitalized as of December 31, 2019 or 2018.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include costs directly attributable to the execution of research and development programs, including personnel-related expenses such as salaries, benefits, and non-cash stock-based compensation expense; materials; supplies; depreciation on and maintenance of research equipment; manufacturing and external costs related to outside vendors engaged to conduct both preclinical studies and clinical trials; costs related to the development of our platforms, unless such costs meet the criteria to be capitalized as internal-use software; and the allocable portions of facility costs, such as rent, utilities, repairs and maintenance, depreciation, and general support services. All costs associated with research and development activities are expensed as incurred.

Research Contract Costs and Accruals

The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with research institutions and other companies. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies or trials, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company's estimates. The Company defers and capitalizes non-refundable advance payments made by the Company for research and development activities until the related goods are received or the related services are performed. In circumstances where amounts have been paid in excess of costs incurred, the Company records a prepaid expense.

Patent Costs

All patent-related costs incurred in connection with the filing, maintenance and prosecution of patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation awards to employees and directors in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation ("ASC 718"). ASC 718 requires all stock-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, restricted stock awards ("RSAs") and restricted stock units ("RSUs"), to be recognized as expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss based on their grant date fair values.

The fair value of each stock option granted to employees and directors is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires inputs based on certain subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility, the expected term of the award, the risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Because there had been no public market for the Company’s common stock prior to the IPO, there is a lack of Company‑specific historical and implied volatility data. Accordingly, the Company bases its estimates of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a representative group of publicly traded companies for

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

which historical information was available. The historical volatility is calculated based on a period of time commensurate with the assumption used for the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant commensurate with the expected term assumption. The Company uses the simplified method, under which the expected term is presumed to be the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. The Company utilizes this method due to the lack of historical exercise data and the plain nature of its stock-based awards. The Company uses the remaining contractual term for the expected life of nonemployee awards. The expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid dividends and has no current plans to pay any dividends on common stock. The Company estimates the grant date fair value of each RSA and RSU using intrinsic value, which is based on the fair value of the Company's common stock, less any purchase price. Compensation expense for discounted purchases under the Company's employee stock purchase plan is measured using the Black-Scholes model to compute the fair value of the look-back provision plus the purchase discount, and is recognized as compensation expense over the offering period.

Compensation expense related to awards to employees and directors is recognized on a straight-line basis based on the grant date fair value over the associated service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term. The Company primarily issues awards with service-based vesting conditions and records the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. The Company records the expense for stock-based awards with performance-based vesting conditions over the remaining service period when management determines that achievement of the performance condition is probable. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance condition is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date.

Effective January 1, 2019, upon the adoption of ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2018-07"), equity-classified share-based payment awards issued to nonemployees will be measured at grant date fair value similarly to those of employees (see Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements). Prior to the adoption of ASU 2018-07, and for the year ending December 31, 2018, compensation expense for share-based awards granted to nonemployees was recognized over the period during which services were rendered by such nonemployees until completed. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to completion of the service, the fair value of these awards was remeasured using the then-current fair value of the Company's common shares and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, as applicable. After the adoption of ASU 2018-07, equity-classified share-based payment awards issued to nonemployees are no longer revalued as the equity instruments vest. ASU 2018-07 also allows entities to use the expected term to measure nonemployee options or elect to use the contractual term as the expected term, on an award-by-award basis.

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation expense related forfeitures as the forfeiture occurs.

The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient's payroll or service costs are classified.

Determination of Fair Value of Common Stock on Grant Dates prior to the Company's Initial Public Offering

Prior to the completion of the IPO, the fair value of the Company's common stock was determined by the board of directors as of the date of each option grant, with input from management, considering the Company's most recently available third-party valuations of common stock and the board of directors' assessment of additional objective and subjective factors that it believed were relevant. The board of directors determined the estimated fair value of the Company's common stock based on a number of objective and subjective factors, including the lack of an active public market for the Company's common stock and preferred stock; the prices at which the Company sold shares of its preferred stock and the superior rights and preferences of the preferred stock in relation to the Company’s common stock; the progress of the Company's research and development programs, including the status of preclinical studies and current and planned clinical trials for the Company's product candidates; the Company's stage of development and commercialization and business strategy; external market conditions affecting the biotechnology industry sector; the Company’s financial position; the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an IPO, or a sale of the company in light of prevailing market conditions; and the analysis of IPOs and the market performance of similar companies in the biopharmaceutical industry. The third-party valuations were performed in accordance with the guidance outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. The methodologies included the option pricing method utilizing the back-solve method (a form of the market approach defined in the AICPA Practice Aid) and the probability-weighted expected return method based upon the probability of occurrence of certain future liquidity events such as an initial public offering or sale of the Company. Each valuation methodology included estimates and assumptions that required the Company’s judgment. Significant changes to the key assumptions used in the valuations could have resulted in different fair values of the Company’s common stock at each valuation date.

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Restructuring Expenses

The Company records costs and liabilities associated with exit and disposal activities in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations. Such costs are based on estimates of fair value in the period liabilities are incurred. The Company evaluates and adjusts these costs as appropriate for changes in circumstances as additional information becomes available.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company's tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes net loss, as well as other changes in stockholders' equity (deficit) that result from transactions and economic events other than those with stockholders. Other comprehensive loss for all periods presented consists solely of unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities.

Net Income (Loss) per Share

The Company follows the two-class method when computing net income (loss) per share as the Company has issued shares that meet the definition of participating securities. The two-class method determines net income (loss) per share for each class of common and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The two-class method requires income (losses) available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income (losses) for the period had been distributed.

Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, which excludes shares of restricted common stock that are not vested. Diluted net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders is computed by adjusting net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders to reallocate undistributed earnings based on the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the diluted net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive common shares. For purpose of this calculation, outstanding options to purchase common stock, unvested restricted common stock, unvested restricted stock units and shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock are considered potential dilutive common shares.

The Company's redeemable convertible preferred stock contractually entitles the holders of those shares to participate in dividends, but contractually does not require the holders of those shares to participate in losses of the Company. Accordingly, in periods in which the Company reports a net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, since dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive.

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Suppliers

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company maintains all cash and cash equivalents at accredited financial institutions. The Company does not believe that it is subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply products for research and development activities of its programs, including preclinical and clinical testing. In particular, the Company relies, and expects to continue to rely, on a small number of third-party manufacturers to produce and process its product candidates and to manufacture supply of its product candidates for clinical trials. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of these products.

Segment Information

The Company manages its operations as a single segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. All of the Company's tangible assets are held in the United States ("U.S.").

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

ASU No. 2016-02, Leases

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, as well as provide disclosures with respect to certain qualitative and quantitative information related to a company's leasing arrangements. Leases are classified as either operating or finance based on criteria similar to existing lease accounting, with the classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the statement of operations. The FASB subsequently issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which includes certain amendments to ASU 2016-02 intended to provide relief in implementing the new standard. Among these amendments is the option to not restate comparative periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted these amendments with ASU 2016-02 (collectively, the "New Leasing Standards") effective January 1, 2019.

The Company adopted the New Leasing Standards as of the effective date of January 1, 2019, with no restatement of prior periods or cumulative adjustment to retained earnings. Comparative periods in the Company's financial statements will be presented in accordance with the existing guidance under ASC Topic 840, Leases. Upon adoption, the Company took advantage of the transition package of practical expedients permitted within ASU 2016-02, which allowed the Company not to reassess previous accounting conclusions around whether arrangements are, or contain, leases, as well as to carry forward both the historical classification of leases and the treatment of initial direct costs for existing leases. In addition, the Company also has made an accounting policy election to exclude leases with an initial term of twelve months or less from its balance sheet.

Under the New Leasing Standards, the Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception of the contract based on the unique facts and circumstances around identified assets, if present, and control over those identified assets. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based upon the present value of lease payments over the lease term. When determining the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option. The Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable and uses its estimated incremental borrowing rate when the implicit rate is not readily determinable based upon the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is determined using a secured borrowing rate for the same currency and term as the associated lease.

The Company recognizes lease costs on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and includes amounts related to short-term leases.

Adoption of the New Leasing Standards resulted in the recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities of approximately $8.7 million and $8.9 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. Upon adoption and as of December 31, 2019, the Company did not have any finance leases. The adoption of the New Leasing Standards did not materially impact the Company's consolidated statement of operations.

Refer to Note 7, Leases, for further information on the application of ASU 2016-02 to the Company’s current lease commitments.

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ASU No. 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, which expands the scope of ASC 718 to include all share-based payment arrangements related to the acquisition of goods and services from both nonemployees and employees. Under the amended guidance, equity-classified share-based payment awards issued to nonemployees will be measured at grant date fair value. Upon transition, the entity is required to remeasure these nonemployee awards at fair value as of the adoption date.

The Company adopted this standard as of the effective date of January 1, 2019. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2018-07, for share-based awards granted to nonemployees, compensation expense was recognized over the period during which services were rendered by such nonemployees until completed. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to completion of the service, the fair value of these awards was remeasured using the then-current fair value of the Company's common shares and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, as applicable. After the adoption of ASU 2018-07, equity-classified share-based payment awards issued to nonemployees are measured at grant date fair value similarly to those of employees and are no longer revalued as the equity instruments vest. The new standard allows entities to use the expected term to measure nonemployee options or elect to use the contractual term as the expected term, on an award-by-award basis. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). The new standard requires that expected credit losses relating to financial assets measured on an amortized cost basis and available-for-sale debt securities be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. It also limits the amount of credit losses to be recognized for available-for-sale debt securities to the amount by which carrying value exceeds fair value and also requires the reversal of previously recognized credit losses if fair value increases. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate a material impact to the consolidated financial statements as a result of the adoption of this standard.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement ("ASU 2018-13"), which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate a material impact to the consolidated financial statements as a result of the adoption of this standard.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract ("ASU 2018-15"), which clarifies the accounting for implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements. ASU 2018-15 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this amendment will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes ("ASU 2019-12"), which is intended to simplify various aspects related to the accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that the adoption of ASU 2019-12 may have on on its consolidated financial statements.

3. Fair Value Measurement

The following tables present information about the Company's assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values (in thousands):



			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2019 Using
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	29,075	$	29,075	$	—	$	—
	$	29,075	$	29,075	$	—	$	—

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)



			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 Using
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	53,188	$	53,188	$	—	$	—
Marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities	46,122		—		46,122		—
Commercial paper	4,489		—		4,489		—
	$	103,799	$	53,188	$	50,611	$	—

There were no changes in valuation techniques or transfers between the fair value measurement levels during the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2018. There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 or 2018.

4. Marketable Securities

The Company did not hold any marketable securities at December 31, 2019. Marketable securities consisted of the following at December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



	December 31, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	$	46,197	$	—	$	(75	)	$	46,122
Commercial paper	4,489		—		—			4,489
	$	50,686	$	—	$	(75	)	$	50,611

The Company determined that it did not hold any securities with any other-than-temporary impairment as of December 31, 2018.

There were no sales of available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2018. Net unrealized holding gains or losses for the period that have been included in accumulated other comprehensive loss were not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations.

5. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2019			2018
Software	$	1,180		$	1,180
Laboratory equipment	9,234			8,230
Computer equipment	102			102
Furniture and fixtures	316			371
Leasehold improvements	680			592
Assets under construction	—			511
	11,512			10,986
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(4,403		)	(2,781		)
	$	7,109		$	8,205

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $1.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

6. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2019		2018
Accrued compensation costs	$	2,635	$	3,364
Accrued retention payments	795		—
Accrued restructuring costs	981		—
Accrued professional service fees	904		1,262
Accrued external research and manufacturing costs	1,717		3,001
Accrued additions of property and equipment	—		243
Other accrued expenses	432		552
	$	7,464	$	8,422

7. Leases

On January 21, 2016, the Company entered into an operating lease agreement for office and laboratory space at its current headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The lease commenced on September 28, 2016 and expires on September 27, 2024. The Company has the right to extend the lease for one additional five-year period at a market rental rate as determined by the landlord and agreed to by the Company. Per the terms of the lease agreement, the Company does not have any residual value guarantees. In connection with the lease agreement, the Company issued a letter of credit to the landlord for $0.5 million. The Company secured the letter of credit for the full amount of the letter with cash on deposit, which is reported as restricted cash, and which is classified within other long-term assets.

The Company identified and assessed the following significant assumptions in recognizing the right-of-use asset and corresponding liability related to the lease:


•	Expected lease term - The expected lease term includes the contractual lease period. The lease agreement contains a renewal option, which was not included in the calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liabilities as the renewal is not reasonably certain.

•

Incremental borrowing rate - As the Company’s lease does not provide a readily determinable implicit rate, nor is it available from the lessor, the Company estimated the incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company used the incremental borrowing rate on January 1, 2019 for operating leases that commenced prior to that date.

The Company recognized the right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability on January 1, 2019 by calculating the present value of lease payments, discounted at 10%, the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate, over the 5.7 years expected remaining lease term.

The Company also, from time to time, enters into short-term operating lease arrangements for certain laboratory and office equipment. Leases with a term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For lease agreements entered into or reassessed after the adoption of ASU 2016-02, the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets.

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The components of lease expense and related cash flows were as follows (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31, 2019
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	2,008
Variable lease cost	963
Short-term lease cost	435
Total lease cost	$	3,406

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	1,890

Variable lease expense includes common area maintenance, utility charges and management fees, and was $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate of our operating leases are as follows:



	As of December 31, 2019
Weighted average remaining lease term in years	4.7
Weighted average discount rate	10	%

Amortization of the operating lease right-of-use asset for the lease was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and was included in operating expenses.

Future lease payments for the Company's operating leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):



Year Ending December 31,
2020	$	1,948
2021	2,006
2022	2,066
2023	2,128
2024	1,632
Total future minimum lease payments	$	9,780
Less: interest	(1,997		)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	$	7,783

Under the prior lease guidance, future minimum lease payments for the Company's operating leases as of December 31, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):



Year Ending December 31
2019	$	1,891
2020	1,948
2021	2,006
2022	2,066
2023	2,129
Thereafter	1,632
Total future minimum lease payments	$	11,672

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8. Commitments and Contingencies

Manufacturing Agreements

Peptide and Vaccine Manufacturing Agreement

In December 2015, the Company entered into a manufacturing agreement, as amended in October 2016, January 2017 and November 2018 (collectively as amended, the "Manufacturing Agreement"), with an independent third party (the "Vendor") whereby the Vendor performs manufacturing, analytical testing and quality assurance services related to the manufacture of drug product and/or peptides for use in the Company's preclinical and clinical activities. The Manufacturing Agreement provided for the development and establishment of two manufacturing suites at the Vendor's facility to be used in the manufacturing process to fill orders of peptides ordered by the Company, and requires the Company to reimburse the Vendor for specified manufacturing costs incurred in the manufacture of the peptides, plus a fixed profit margin. The Manufacturing Agreement had a five-year term and was terminable by the Company for convenience with three-months' notice. All amounts incurred under the Manufacturing Agreement are recognized as research and development expense as incurred. In December 2019, the Company provided notice to the Vendor that it was terminating the Manufacturing Agreement for convenience. The Company has accrued the costs associated with terminating this agreement during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company does not expect to incur a material amount of future costs associated with the termination of the agreement.

T Cell Manufacturing Agreement

In August 2019, the Company entered into a manufacturing agreement (the "NKI Agreement") with the Netherlands Cancer Institute (the "NKI") whereby the NKI performs manufacturing, analytical testing and quality assurance services related to the manufacture of the Company's autologous T cell therapy drug product for use in the Company's preclinical and clinical activities. The NKI Agreement has a three-year term, which can be extended for an additional six months at the Company's sole discretion, and can be terminated by the Company for convenience with three-months' notice. All amounts incurred under the NKI Agreement are recognized as research and development expense as incurred.

Other Agreements

License Agreement with the Broad Institute, Inc.

On November 13, 2015, the Company entered into a license agreement with the Broad Institute, Inc. (the "Broad"), a related party (see Note 15) and, in January and November 2018, the Company entered into amendments to the license agreement (as amended to date, the "Broad Agreement"). Under the Broad Agreement, the Company has been granted an exclusive worldwide license to certain intellectual property rights owned or controlled by the Broad, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (the "DFCI") and The General Hospital Corporation d/b/a Massachusetts General Hospital ("MGH") to develop and commercialize any diagnostic, prognostic, preventative or therapeutic product for humans, including any neoantigen vaccine product. In particular, the Company has been granted both exclusive and non-exclusive licenses to a patent portfolio comprised of twelve patent families, including certain granted patents and pending patent applications in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions.

Pursuant to the terms of the Broad Agreement, the Company has also been granted (i) a non-exclusive license under each institution's respective interest in certain of its patent rights to exploit the licensed products in the field in the territory during the term of the license and (ii) a non-exclusive license under each institution's licensed know-how, to exploit any diagnostic, prognostic, preventative or therapeutic product in the field in the territory during the term of the license. The Company is also entitled to sub-license the rights granted to it under the Broad Agreement. In connection with the Broad Agreement, the Company has also entered into a non-exclusive software license with the Broad under which it licenses certain object and source codes for several software programs. These licenses and rights are subject to certain limitations and retained rights, including field restrictions.

As consideration for the license, the Company paid the Broad a non-refundable license fee of $0.1 million. As additional consideration for the license, the Company must pay the Broad immaterial annual license maintenance fees. Additionally, the Company granted 60,000 shares of restricted common stock to each of the Broad, DFCI and MGH, which were determined to have an aggregate fair value of $0.2 million, and reimbursed the Broad $0.6 million for a portion of its past patent expenses related to the in-licensed patent rights. In June 2018, to align with institutional policies in place between the Broad, DFCI and MGH, DFCI and MGH transferred certain of the shares of restricted common stock that they had previously received to the Broad. Under the Broad Agreement, the Company agreed to reimburse the Broad for future patent expenses related to the patents covered by the license agreement. The Company could be obligated to make up to $12.6 million of developmental milestone payments to the Broad if certain development milestones are achieved over the term of the license agreement. Additionally, under the terms of the license agreement, the Company could be obligated to make up to an aggregate of $97.5 million of payments upon the achievement

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

of specified sales milestones and to pay tiered royalties of low to mid single-digit percentages on net sales of products licensed under the agreement. The Company is required to pay the Broad a low double-digit percentage of any consideration received by the Company from a sublicensee in consideration for a sublicense. No developmental or commercial milestones have been achieved to date. The Company has the right to terminate the agreement for any reason, with or without cause.

License Agreement with the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

On August 5, 2016, the Company entered into a license agreement with the DFCI to grant the Company an exclusive, royalty-free license to provide certain licensed know-how. The know-how in this agreement has particular utility in connection with the development of the licensed products referred to in the Broad Agreement. The agreement also grants a non-exclusive, royalty free right to certain clinical data being generated by the DFCI. The Company has the right to terminate the license agreement with the DFCI for any reason, with or without cause.

In consideration for the licenses, the Company granted 120,000 shares of common stock to each of the Broad and the DFCI. The shares issued to the Broad were unrestricted and fully vested. The 120,000 shares issued to the DFCI contained contingent repurchase options whereby, if the DFCI failed to achieve three specific milestones over the subsequent three-year period, the Company could repurchase the shares (one-third for each milestone) at the original purchase price, which is at zero cost. The Company has accounted for these awards consistent with equity awards with performance-based vesting conditions and, upon it being probable that the Company would not repurchase the award associated with a milestone, the associated expense would be recognized as incremental stock-based compensation expense and reflected within research and development expenses in the consolidated financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the repurchase option on the final one-third of the shares expired and the Company recognized $0.2 million of incremental stock-based compensation expense. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the first and second repurchase options expired due to the achievement of the respective specified criteria and the Company recognized $0.4 million and $0.2 million of incremental stock-based compensation expense in each period, respectively.

Indemnification Agreements

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters arising out of the relationship between the parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with members of its board of directors and certain executive officers and other employees that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is, in many cases, unlimited. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of these indemnification obligations. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any existing claims under indemnification arrangements will have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows, and it had not accrued any liabilities related to its obligations under these agreements in its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2019 or 2018.

Legal Proceedings

The Company is not currently party to any material legal proceedings. At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under the provisions of the authoritative guidance that addresses accounting for contingencies. The Company expenses as incurred the costs related to its legal proceedings.

9. Preferred Stock

Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

At various closing dates during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 55,500,000 shares of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock ("Series A preferred stock") at a price of $1.00 per share. The shares were issued in exchange for cash proceeds of $50.9 million, net of issuance costs of $0.1 million, and the conversion of then-outstanding convertible notes and accrued interest of $4.6 million.

Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

In December 2016, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement and issued and sold 24,911,030 shares of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock ("Series B preferred stock") at a price of $2.81 per share for proceeds of $69.7 million, net of issuance costs of $0.3 million. In December 2017, the Company entered into a subsequent stock purchase agreement and issued

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

and sold an additional 12,811,388 shares of Series B preferred stock at a price of $2.81 per share for proceeds of $35.9 million, net of issuance costs of $0.1 million.

Conversion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Upon IPO

The redeemable convertible preferred stock was classified outside of stockholders’ equity (deficit) because the shares contained redemption features that were not solely within the control of the Company.

Prior to the Company’s IPO, the holders of the Company’s Series A preferred stock and Series B preferred stock had certain voting rights, dividend rights, liquidation preferences, redemption rights and conversion privileges. Upon completion of the Company’s IPO on June 29, 2018, all shares of the redeemable convertible preferred stock converted into an aggregate of 18,644,462 shares of common stock. All rights, preferences and privileges associated with the outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock were terminated upon this conversion.

The Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation now authorizes the Company to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, no shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding.

10. Common Stock

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company's certificate of incorporation, as amended and restated, authorized the Company to issue 150,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share.

Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company's stockholders. Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the Company's board of directors, if any. No dividends have been declared or paid during the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2018.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 the Company has reserved for future issuance the following number of shares of common stock:



	As of December 31,
	2019	2018
Shares reserved for exercise of outstanding stock options	3,374,541	2,548,073
Shares reserved for vesting of restricted stock units	1,053,394	—
Shares reserved for future issuance under the 2018 Stock Option and Grant Plan	—	760,628
Shares reserved for future issuance under the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan	490,215	270,000
	4,918,150	3,578,701

At-the-market equity offering program

In July 2019, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-232487) with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which was declared effective on July 8, 2019 (the "Shelf Registration Statement") in relation to the registration of common stock, preferred stock, warrants and/or units of any combination thereof for the purposes of selling, from time to time, its common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more offerings. Simultaneous with the Shelf Registration Statement, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity Offering^SMSales Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. ("Cantor") to establish an at-the-market equity offering program ("ATM"). Under the Sales Agreement, Cantor may sell up to $50.0 million of the Company’s common stock by any method permitted by law deemed to be an "at the market" offering as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, subject to the terms of the Sales Agreement. Under the Sales Agreement, the Company is required to pay to Cantor cash commissions of 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement. During the three months ended December 31, 2019, the Company sold an aggregate of 327,602 shares under the ATM and received approximately $0.3 million in net proceeds after deducting commissions and offering costs.

11. Stock-Based Compensation

2015 Stock Option and Grant Plan

The Company's 2015 Stock Option and Grant Plan, as amended (the "2015 Plan"), provided for the Company to grant incentive or nonqualified stock options, restricted stock awards, unrestricted stock awards or restricted stock units to employees, directors

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and consultants of the Company. As of June 26, 2018, the effective date of the 2018 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, and as of December 31, 2019, no shares remained available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan.

2018 Stock Option and Incentive Plan

On June 13, 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2018 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan"), which became effective on June 26, 2018. The 2018 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, unrestricted stock awards and dividend equivalent rights to the Company’s officers, employees, directors and other key persons (including consultants). The number of shares initially reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan was 1,215,000 shares, which was cumulatively increased on January 1, 2019 and which will be cumulatively increased each January 1 thereafter by 4% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser number of shares determined by the Company’s compensation committee. Effective January 1, 2019, 1,132,570 additional shares were automatically added to the shares authorized for issuance under the 2018 Plan and these shares were subsequently registered on a Registration Statement on Form S-8.

As of the effective date of the 2018 Plan, the Company will not grant any further awards under the 2015 Plan. However, the shares of common stock underlying any awards that are forfeited, canceled, held back upon exercise or settlement of an award to satisfy the exercise price or tax withholding, reacquired by the Company prior to vesting, satisfied without the issuance of stock, expire or are otherwise terminated (other than by exercise) under the 2018 Plan and the 2015 Plan will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan.

The terms of stock options and restricted stock awards, including vesting requirements, are determined by the board of directors or its delegates, subject to the provisions of the 2018 Plan.

As of December 31, 2019 there were no shares available for future issuance under the 2018 Plan.

2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On June 13, 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"), which became effective on June 26, 2018. A total of 270,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the ESPP. In addition, the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the ESPP will automatically increase on January 1, 2019, and each January 1 thereafter through January 1, 2028, by the lesser of (i) 405,000 shares of common stock, (ii) 1% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or (iii) such lesser number of shares determined by the administrator of the Company’s ESPP. Effective January 1, 2019, 283,142 additional shares were automatically added to the shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP and these shares were subsequently registered on a Registration Statement on Form S-8.

The Company initiated its first offering period under the ESPP on July 1, 2019. Stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP was insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes changes in stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2019:



	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
					(in years)	(in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018	2,548,073		$	7.11	8.68	$	1,965
Granted	1,334,028		5.69
Exercised	(44,132	)	2.62
Forfeited	(463,428	)	7.63
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	3,374,541		$	6.53	7.59	$	270
Options vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2019	3,374,541		$	6.53	7.57	$	270
Options exercisable as of December 31, 2019	1,540,865		$	6.52	6.84	$	—

The weighted average grant-date fair value per share of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $4.39 and $8.81, respectively.

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The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $0.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Stock Option Valuation

The assumptions that the Company used to determine the fair value of the stock options granted to employees and directors were as follows, presented on a weighted average basis:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018
Expected volatility	93.72	%	101.10	%
Risk-free interest rate	2.31	%	2.69	%
Expected dividend yield	0.00	%	0.00	%
Expected life (in years)	6.01		6.00

There were no stock option awards granted to nonemployees during the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2018.

Restricted Stock Units

During the year ended December 31, 2019, under the 2018 Plan, the Company granted RSUs as part of the Company's employee equity compensation program. Pursuant to the terms of the applicable award agreements, each RSU represents the right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock and the RSUs generally vest in equal annual installments over three years, provided the employee remains continuously employed with the Company through the vesting period. Upon vesting, shares of the Company's common stock are delivered to the employee, subject to the payment of applicable withholding taxes. The fair value of RSUs is based on the market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized over the applicable service period.

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2019:



	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Grant- Date Fair Value per Share
Unvested as of December 31, 2018	—		$	—
Granted	1,172,339		$	3.47
Vested	—		$	—
Cancelled	(118,945	)	$	5.15
Unvested as of December 31, 2019	1,053,394		$	3.27

Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock awards originally issued under the terms of the 2015 Plan allow the Company, at its discretion, to repurchase unvested shares at the initial purchase price if the employee or nonemployee terminates his or her service relationship with the Company. No restricted stock awards were issued under the 2015 Plan during the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2018.

The 2018 Plan provides for the grant of restricted stock awards to the Company’s officers, employees, directors and other key persons (including consultants). During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company issued restricted stock awards for 25,000 shares of common stock to certain nonemployee founders and collaborators. The shares were granted under the terms of the 2018 Plan and the respective award agreements governing these awards. These awards vest quarterly over a one-year period.

F-22

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted common stock activity since December 31, 2018:



	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Share
Unvested restricted common stock as of December 31, 2018	383,964		$	1.97
Granted	25,000		$	4.64
Canceled	(44,210	)	$	1.25
Vested	(258,716	)	$	2.02
Unvested restricted common stock as of December 31, 2019	106,038		$	2.78

The aggregate fair value of restricted common stock awards that vested during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, based upon the fair values of the stock underlying the restricted stock awards on the day of vesting, was $1.0 million and $3.1 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Awards Issued Outside of Equity Plans

From May 2015 through July 2016, the Company issued 1,510,000 shares of restricted common stock outside of the 2015 Plan to nonemployee founders and collaborators. The shares were issued under the terms of the respective restricted common stock agreements and unvested shares are subject to repurchase by the Company upon the holder's termination of their relationship with the Company. The unvested shares of restricted common stock are subject to the Company's right to repurchase at the original purchase price per share. The Company did not issue any shares of restricted common stock outside of the Company's 2015 Plan and 2018 Plan during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Of the total shares of restricted common stock awarded to nonemployee founders and collaborators, 300,000 shares vested immediately upon grant; 910,000 shares vested quarterly over a four-year period based on each grantee's continued service relationship with the Company in varying advisory capacities; and 180,000 shares are to vest upon the achievement of specified performance milestones. Additionally, 120,000 shares were issued as fully vested awards, but were subject to repurchase options that expired upon the achievement of specified milestones. As of December 31, 2019, the repurchase option on all 120,000 of these shares had expired (see Note 8).

Of these awards, the underlying restricted common stock agreement for 180,000 shares of restricted common stock provided for a put option whereby the recipient was able to sell its vested shares back to the Company at a price per share equal to the fair value of the Company's common stock upon both (i) the termination of the consulting agreement between the recipient and the Company for any reason and (ii) the determination by the recipient's employer that the ownership of the restricted common stock was in violation of the employer's conflict of interest policy. Prior to the closing of the Company’s IPO, these awards were classified in the consolidated balance sheet as contingently redeemable common stock and were presented outside of permanent equity. As of December 31, 2017, $0.4 million was recorded in temporary equity related to these awards. Upon the closing of the Company’s IPO, this put option expired and the amount recorded in temporary equity was recorded to additional paid in capital.

A summary of the changes in the Company's unvested restricted common stock awards granted to founders and collaborators outside of the Company's 2015 Plan or 2018 Plan since December 31, 2018 is as follows:



	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Grant- Date Fair Value
Unvested restricted common stock as of December 31, 2018	350,625		$	1.29
Vested	(170,625	)	$	1.29
Unvested restricted common stock as of December 31, 2019	180,000		$	1.29

The aggregate fair value of restricted common stock awards issued outside of the 2015 Plan that vested during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, based upon the fair values of the stock underlying the restricted stock awards on the day of vesting, was $0.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively.

F-23

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to all stock-based awards and the ESPP in the following expense categories of its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018
Research and development expenses	$	3,589	$	3,840
General and administrative expenses	3,751		2,389
	$	7,340	$	6,229

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million for awards with performance-based vesting conditions related to the expiration of the final repurchase option on the remaining unvested restricted common shares issued to DFCI (see Note 8). During the year ended December 31, 2018 the second repurchase options expired due to the achievement of the respective specified criteria and the Company recognized $0.4 million of stock-based compensation expense (see Note 8).

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had an aggregate of $8.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock option awards, excluding awards with performance-based vesting conditions, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.2 years. As of December 31, 2019, the Company also had an aggregate of $0.3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested restricted common stock awards, excluding awards with performance-based vesting conditions, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.7 years. Additionally as of December 31, 2019, the Company had an aggregate of $2.7 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.5 years.

12. 401(k) Savings Plan

The Company has a defined-contribution savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the "401(k) Plan"). The 401(k) Plan covers all employees who meet defined minimum age and service requirements. Contributions are permitted up to the maximum allowed under the Internal Revenue Code of each covered employee’s salary. The 401(k) Plan permits the Company to contribute at its discretion. The Company made $0.5 million and $0.1 million in contributions to the 401(k) Plan for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

13. Income Taxes

During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 the Company recorded no income tax benefits for the net operating losses incurred and research and development tax credits earned in each year or interim period due to its uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items.

A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the Company's effective income tax rate is as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018
Federal statutory income tax rate	21.0	%	21.0	%
State taxes, net of federal benefit	5.9		5.9
Federal and state research and development tax credits	3.7		4.7
Other	0.1		0.3
Nondeductible items	(1.0	)	(1.3	)
Change in valuation allowance	(29.7	)	(30.6	)
Effective income tax rate	—	%	—	%

F-24

Table of Contents

NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Net deferred taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2019			2018
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	42,122		$	32,096
Capitalized research and development expenses	18,206			8,611
Research and development tax credit carryforwards	9,619			6,414
Operating lease liability	2,126			—
Stock-based compensation	1,188			150
Deferred rent	—			230
Accruals and reserves	911			866
Other	6			4
Total deferred tax assets	74,178			48,371
Valuation allowance	(71,214		)	(47,536		)
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right-of-use asset	(2,060		)	—
Depreciation	(904		)	(835		)
Net deferred tax assets	$	—		$	—

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had federal net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $153.9 million, which resulted in a deferred tax asset of $32.3 million, of which $79.1 million will begin to expire in 2034 and $74.8 million which can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2019, the Company also had state net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $155.2 million, which resulted in deferred tax assets of $9.8 million, which begin to expire in 2034.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had federal research and development tax credit carry forwards of approximately $7.6 million, which resulted in a deferred tax asset of $7.6 million, which begin to expire in 2034. As of December 31, 2019, the Company also had state research and development tax credit carry forwards of approximately $2.6 million, which resulted in a deferred tax asset of $2.0 million, which begin to expire in 2029.

Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and corresponding provisions of state law, due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. The Company has not conducted a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since inception due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such a study. If the Company has experienced a change of control, as defined by Section 382, at any time since inception, utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382, which is determined by first multiplying the value of the Company's stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate, and then could be subject to additional adjustments, as required. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the net operating loss carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards before utilization. Further, until a study is completed and any limitation is known, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position.

The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon its ability to realize the deferred tax assets. Management has considered the Company's cumulative net losses and its lack of commercialization of any products or generation of any revenue from product sales since inception and has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established against the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. Management reevaluates the positive and negative evidence at each reporting period.

F-25

Table of Contents

NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were primarily due to the increase in net operating loss carryforwards, and were as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018
Valuation allowance as of beginning of year	$	47,536		$	23,964
Increases recorded to income tax provision	26,041			23,765
Decreases recorded as a benefit to income tax provision	(2,363		)	(193		)
Valuation allowance as of end of year	$	71,214		$	47,536

The Company has not recorded any amounts for unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2019 or 2018.

The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal and state jurisdictions, where applicable. There are currently no pending tax examinations. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company's tax years are still open under statute from 2014 to the present. Earlier years may be examined to the extent that tax credit or net operating loss carry forwards are used in future periods. It is the Company's policy to include penalties and interest expense related to income taxes as a component of other income (expense) and interest expense, respectively, as necessary. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions and no amounts have been recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

14. Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders was calculated as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(79,776	)	$	(76,934	)
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	—			(6,371		)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(79,776	)	$	(83,305	)

Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	27,878,701			15,036,397

Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(2.86	)	$	(5.54	)

The Company excluded 286,038 and 734,589 shares of restricted common stock for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, from the calculation of basic net loss per share because these shares had not vested.

The Company’s potential dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders whenever the effect of including them would be to reduce the net loss per share. In periods where there is a net loss, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same. The following potential shares of common stock, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

F-26

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NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019	2018
Outstanding stock options	3,374,541	2,548,073
Unvested restricted stock units	1,053,394	—
Unvested restricted common stock	286,038	734,589
	4,713,973	3,282,662

15. Related Parties

A member of the Company’s board of directors is a founding director and the current president of the Broad. In November 2015, the Company entered into the Broad Agreement with the Broad (see Note 8) and, as consideration, the Company granted 60,000 shares of restricted common stock to the Broad, which were determined to have a fair value of $0.1 million. Additionally, the Company must pay the Broad immaterial annual license maintenance fees. At the time the Company entered into the Broad Agreement, the Company reimbursed the Broad $0.6 million for a portion of past patent expenses and, under the terms of the license agreement, the Company is required to reimburse Broad for future patent expenses related to patents covered by the license agreement. The Company could be obligated to make up to $12.6 million of developmental milestone payments to the Broad if certain development milestones are achieved over the term of the license agreement. Additionally, under the terms of the license agreement, the Company could be obligated to make up to an aggregate of $97.5 million of payments upon the achievement of specified sales milestones and to pay tiered royalties of low to mid single-digit percentages on net sales of products licensed under the agreement. The Company is required to pay the Broad a low double-digit percentage of any consideration received by the Company from a sublicensee in consideration for a sublicense. No developmental or commercial milestones have been achieved to date.

In August 2016, the Company entered into a license agreement with the DFCI in connection with the development of licensed products referred to in the Broad Agreement. As consideration, the Company granted 120,000 shares of restricted common stock to the Broad, which were determined to have a fair value of $0.2 million. In June 2018, to align with institutional policies in place between the Broad, DFCI and MGH, the DFCI and MGH transferred certain of the shares of restricted common stock that they had previously received to the Broad.

The Company recorded expenses related to payments to the Broad of $1.7 million and $2.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had $0.3 million and $2.0 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses due to the Broad, respectively.

16. Corporate Restructuring

During the three months ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded approximately $1.3 million of restructuring-related costs including employee severance, benefits and related costs in accordance with ASC 420, Exit or Disposal Activities. These costs are reflected within research and development expenses in the consolidated statement of operations.

The following table summarizes the restructuring reserve for the periods indicated (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31, 2019
Restructuring reserve beginning balance	$	—
Restructuring expenses incurred during the period	1,289
Amounts paid during the period	(308		)
Restructuring reserve ending balance	$	981

F-27

Table of Contents

NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

17. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The following table contains selected quarterly financial information for 2019 and 2018. The Company believes that the following information reflects all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the information for the periods presented. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.



	2019
	First Quarter			Second Quarter			Third Quarter			Fourth Quarter
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Total operating expenses	$	21,580		$	22,315		$	19,254		$	17,989
Total other income (expense), net	556			383			274			149
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(21,024	)	$	(21,932	)	$	(18,980	)	$	(17,840	)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.76	)	$	(0.79	)	$	(0.68	)	$	(0.63	)



	2018
	First Quarter			Second Quarter			Third Quarter			Fourth Quarter
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Total operating expenses	$	16,757		$	19,117		$	19,053		$	23,774
Total other income (expense), net	237			218			662			650
Net loss	(16,520		)	(18,899		)	(18,391		)	(23,124		)
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	(3,186		)	(3,185		)	—			—
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(19,706	)	$	(22,084	)	$	(18,391	)	$	(23,124	)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(9.47	)	$	(7.84	)	$	(0.67	)	$	(0.84	)

18. Subsequent Events

On January 15, 2020, the Company entered into the Merger Agreement with BioNTech SE, a Societas Europaea organized and existing under the laws of Germany ("Parent"), and Endor Lights, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent ("Merger Sub" and, together with Parent, the "Acquiring Parties"), pursuant to which, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company, with the Company surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent. The Merger Agreement was unanimously approved by the members of the board of directors of the Company (the "Board") and the Board resolved to recommend approval of the Merger Agreement to the Company’s shareholders. The closing of the Merger is subject to approval of the Company's shareholders and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. Certain of the Company's stockholders who collectively own approximately 36% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock have entered into voting agreements, pursuant to which they have agreed, among other things, and subject to the terms and conditions of the agreements, to vote in favor of the Merger.

Subject to the terms of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the "Effective Time"), each share of the Company’s common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall automatically be canceled and converted into the right to receive 0.063 of an American Depositary Share of Parent ("Parent ADS"), with each Parent ADS representing one ordinary share of Parent, without interest but subject to any withholding required under applicable law.

The Merger is expected to close during the second quarter of 2020.

F-28

EXHIBIT INDEX



Exhibit No.		Exhibit Index

3.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38551) filed with the SEC on June 29, 2018)

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38551) filed with the SEC on June 29, 2018)

4.1		Amended and Restated Investors' Rights Agreement among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders, dated December 28, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on May 31, 2018)

4.2		Specimen Stock Certificate evidencing shares of common stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on June 15, 2018)

4.3	*	Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

10.1	#	2018 Stock Option and Incentive Plan and forms of award agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on June 15, 2018)

10.2	#	2018 Senior Executive Cash Incentive Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on June 15, 2018)

10.3	#	2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on June 15, 2018)

10.4	#	Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on June 15, 2018)

10.5	#	Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on June 15, 2018)

10.6	†	License Agreement by and between the Broad Institute, Inc. and the Registrant, dated as of November 13, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on May 31, 2018)

10.7	#	Form of Employment Agreement with Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on June 15, 2018)

10.8		Lease by and between BMR-Sidney Research Campus LLC and the Registrant, dated as of January 21, 2016, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1(File No. 333-225330) filed with the SEC on May 31, 2018)

10.9	†	First Amendment to the License Agreement by and between the Broad Institute, Inc. and the Registrant, dated as of January 16, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-38551) filed with the SEC on March 11, 2019)

10.10	†	Second Amendment to the License Agreement by and between the Broad Institute, Inc. and the Registrant, dated as of November 14, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-38551) filed with the SEC on March 11, 2019)

10.11	#	Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-38551) filed with the SEC on August 6, 2019)

10.12		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated January 15, 2020, by and among the Registrant, BioNTech SE, and Endor Lights, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38551) filed with the SEC on January 16, 2020)



10.13	#	Form of Voting Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38551) filed with the SEC on January 16, 2020)

10.14	#*	Form of Neon Executive Retention Package Letter

21.1	*	Subsidiaries of the Registrant

23.1	*	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

31.1	*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2	*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1	**	Certifications pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by Hugh O’Dowd, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Yasir B. Al-Wakeel, B.M.B.Ch., Chief Financial Officer of the Company

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

___________________


†	Confidential treatment granted as to certain portions, which portions have been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.


#	Indicates a management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.


*	Filed herewith.

The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.




		NEON THERAPEUTICS, INC.
		By:	/s/ Hugh O'Dowd
			Hugh O'Dowd President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Executive Officer

Dated: March 2, 2020

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.



Name	Title	Date

/s/ Hugh O'Dowd	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	March 2, 2020
Hugh O'Dowd

/s/ Yasir B. Al-Wakeel	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)	March 2, 2020
Yasir B. Al-Wakeel, B.M.B.Ch.

/s/ Robert Bazemore	Director	March 2, 2020
Robert Bazemore

/s/ Robert Kamen	Director	March 2, 2020
Robert Kamen, Ph.D.

/s/ Eric Lander	Director	March 2, 2020
Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.

/s/ Cary Pfeffer	Director	March 2, 2020
Cary G. Pfeffer, M.D.

/s/ Stephen A. Sherwin	Director	March 2, 2020
Stephen A. Sherwin, M.D.

/s/ Robert Tepper	Director	March 2, 2020
Robert Tepper, M.D.

/s/ Meryl Zausner	Director	March 2, 2020
Meryl Zausner

Neon Therapeutics, Inc. - FORM 10-K - March 2, 2020

Attached files

Neon Therapeutics, Inc. Reports