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8-K - 8-K - TD AMERITRADE HOLDING CORPa8k_20170419.htm
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Exhibit 99.1
At the Company
 
 
 
Kim Hillyer
Jeff Goeser
Director, Communications
Director, Investor Relations
(402) 574-6523
(402) 597-8464
kim.hillyer@tdameritrade.com
jeffrey.goeser@tdameritrade.com

TD Ameritrade Reports Record Quarterly Revenue

Record Net New Client Assets of $19.5B
Record Average Client Trades per Day of 517,000
Net Revenues Top $900M
Record Total Client Assets of $847B

OMAHA, Neb., April 19, 2017 TD Ameritrade Holding Corporation (Nasdaq: AMTD) has released results for the second quarter of fiscal 2017 and reaffirmed its full-year earnings per share guidance of $1.50 to $1.80. The Company gathered approximately $19.5 billion in net new client assets for the quarter and reported 517,000 client trades per day, on average, both reflecting strong year-over-year increases.

The Company’s results for the quarter ended March 31, 2017 include the following:(1) 

$0.40 in earnings per diluted share, up 5 percent year over year, on net income of $214 million
Record net new client assets of approximately $19.5 billion, an annualized growth rate of 10 percent
Record average client trades per day of approximately 517,000, up 2 percent year over year
Record net revenues of $904 million, 58 percent of which were asset-based
Pre-tax income of $344 million, or 38 percent of net revenues
Interest rate-sensitive assets(2) of $124 billion, up 11 percent year over year
Record client assets of $847 billion, up 19 percent year over year

“Our record-breaking results reflect the powerful combination of strong investor engagement in the market within an improving interest rate environment. Both factors served as tailwinds further accelerating our continued organic growth and giving us the flexibility to respond to the competitive environment with lower pricing for all of our clients,” said Tim Hockey, president and chief executive officer. “Client asset inflows hit an all-time high as investors found value in our outstanding trading platforms, innovative tools, and broad product selection. We’re capturing money in motion and have plans firmly in place to help our industry-leading organic growth continue.”

“We continued to build on our strong momentum from the December quarter driving solid growth from net new client assets and new accounts,” said Steve Boyle, executive vice president and chief financial officer. “We expect the benefits from balance growth and higher interest rates to more than offset the financial impact of our lower commission price. Ongoing investments in cutting-edge technology that drive automation and further enhance the client experience will remain core to our strategy for the balance of the fiscal year.”






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Capital Management
The Company paid $95 million in its second fiscal quarter, or $0.18 per share, in cash dividends.

The Company has declared an $0.18 per share quarterly cash dividend, payable on May 16, 2017 to all holders of record of common stock as of May 2, 2017.

Company Hosts Conference Call
TD Ameritrade will host its April Quarter conference call this morning, April 19, 2017, at 8:30 a.m. EDT (7:30 a.m. CDT). Participants may listen to the conference call by dialing 877-648-7976. The Company will webcast the conference call through www.amtd.com, via the “Presentations & Events” page of the web site. A replay of the phone call will be available by dialing 855-859-2056 and entering the Conference ID 88024252 beginning at 11:30 a.m. EDT (10:30 a.m. CDT) on April 19, 2017. The replay will be available until 11:59 p.m. EDT (10:59 p.m. CDT) on April 26, 2017. A transcript of the call will be available on the Company’s corporate web site, www.amtd.com, via either the “Investor Relations” page or the “Presentations & Events” page beginning Thursday, April 20, 2017.
Interested parties can visit or subscribe to newsfeeds at www.amtd.com for the most up-to-date corporate financial information, presentation announcements, transcripts and archives. The company also communicates this information via Twitter, @TDAmeritradePR. Web site links, corporate titles and telephone numbers provided in this release, although correct when published, may change in the future.

Source: TD Ameritrade Holding Corporation

About TD Ameritrade Holding Corporation
Millions of investors and independent registered investment advisors (RIAs) have turned to TD Ameritrade’s (Nasdaq: AMTD) technology, people and education to help make investing and trading easier to understand and do. Online or over the phone. In a branch or with an independent RIA. First-timer or sophisticated trader. Our clients want to take control, and we help them decide how - bringing Wall Street to Main Street for more than 40 years. TD Ameritrade has time and again been recognized as a leader in investment services. Please visit TD Ameritrade's newsroom or www.amtd.com for more information, or read our stories at Fresh Accounts.

Safe Harbor
This document contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. We intend these forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions of the federal securities laws. In particular, any projections regarding our future revenues, expenses, earnings, capital expenditures, effective tax rates, client trading activity, accounts, stock price or any projections or expectations regarding the proposed business combination transaction between us and Scottrade Financial Services, Inc., as well as the assumptions on which such expectations are based, are forward-looking statements. These statements reflect only our current expectations and are not guarantees of future performance or results. These statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results or performance to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and assumptions include, but are not limited to: general economic and political conditions and other securities industry risks, fluctuations in interest rates, stock market fluctuations and changes in client trading activity, credit risk with clients and counterparties, increased competition, systems failures, delays and capacity constraints, network security risks, liquidity risks, new laws and regulations affecting our business, regulatory and legal matters, the ability to obtain regulatory approvals and meet other closing conditions to the proposed transaction, including the completion of the merger between


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Scottrade Bank and TD Bank, N.A., on the expected terms and schedule; delay in closing the transaction; difficulties and delays in integrating the TD Ameritrade and Scottrade businesses or fully realizing cost savings and other benefits; business disruption following the proposed transaction; changes in asset quality and credit risk; the inability to sustain revenue and earnings growth; changes in interest rates and capital markets; inflation; customer borrowing, repayment, investment and deposit practices; customer disintermediation; the introduction, withdrawal, success and timing of business initiatives; competitive conditions; TD Ameritrade’s and Scottrade’s businesses experiencing disruptions due to transaction-related uncertainty or other factors making it more difficult to maintain relationships with employees, customers, other business partners or governmental entities; the inability to realize synergies or to implement integration plans and other consequences associated with mergers, acquisitions and uncertainties and other risk factors described in our latest Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on Nov. 18, 2016 and our latest Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed thereafter. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which the statements were made. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except to the extent required by the federal securities laws.

1 Please see the Glossary of Terms, located in “Investor” section of www.amtd.com for more information on how these metrics are calculated.

2 Interest rate-sensitive assets consist of spread-based assets and money market mutual funds. Ending balances as of March 31, 2017.

Brokerage services provided by TD Ameritrade, Inc., member FINRA (www.FINRA.org) /SIPC (www.SIPC.org).



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TD AMERITRADE HOLDING CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
In millions, except per share amounts
(Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Quarter Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Dec. 31, 2016
 
Mar. 31, 2016
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Mar. 31, 2016
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Transaction-based revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      Commissions and transaction fees
$
365

 
$
355

 
$
360

 
$
719

 
$
689

   
Asset-based revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      Insured deposit account fees
269

 
245

 
235

 
514

 
462

      Net interest revenue
154

 
151

 
147

 
305

 
300

      Investment product fees
103

 
94

 
88

 
197

 
181

         Total asset-based revenues
526

 
490

 
470

 
1,016

 
943

   
Other revenues
13

 
14

 
16

 
27

 
27

      Net revenues
904

 
859

 
846

 
1,762

 
1,659


Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Employee compensation and benefits
229

 
214

 
208

 
443

 
408

   Clearing and execution costs
37

 
36

 
37

 
73

 
67

   Communications
29

 
35

 
33

 
64

 
66

   Occupancy and equipment costs
45

 
44

 
43

 
89

 
85

   Depreciation and amortization
25

 
24

 
22

 
49

 
44

   Amortization of acquired intangible assets
19

 
19

 
22

 
38

 
45

   Professional services
59

 
53

 
37

 
111

 
74

   Advertising
80

 
57

 
81

 
137

 
143

   Other
23

 
24

 
20

 
47

 
40

      Total operating expenses
546

 
506

 
503

 
1,051

 
972


Operating income
358

 
353

 
343

 
711

 
687


Other expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Interest on borrowings
14

 
14

 
13

 
28

 
26

      Total other expense
14

 
14

 
13

 
28

 
26

Pre-tax income
344

 
339

 
330

 
683

 
661

Provision for income taxes
130

 
123

 
125

 
253

 
244

Net income
$
214

 
$
216

 
$
205

 
$
430

 
$
417

Earnings per share - basic
$
0.41

 
$
0.41

 
$
0.38

 
$
0.81

 
$
0.78

Earnings per share - diluted
$
0.40

 
$
0.41

 
$
0.38

 
$
0.81

 
$
0.78


Weighted average shares outstanding - basic
528

 
527

 
533

 
528

 
535

Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted
530

 
530

 
535

 
530

 
538


Dividends declared per share
$
0.18

 
$
0.18

 
$
0.17

 
$
0.36

 
$
0.34




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TD AMERITRADE HOLDING CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
In millions
(Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Sept. 30, 2016
Assets:
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
2,231

 
$
1,855

 
Segregated cash and investments
8,727

 
8,729

 
Broker/dealer receivables
1,101

 
1,190

 
Client receivables, net
12,036

 
11,941

 
Investments available-for-sale, at fair value
747

 
757

 
Goodwill and intangible assets
3,004

 
3,042

 
Other
1,319

 
1,304

 
 
Total assets
$
29,165

 
$
28,818


Liabilities and stockholders' equity:
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
Broker/dealer payables
$
1,884

 
$
2,040

 
Client payables
19,238

 
19,055

 
Long-term debt
1,765

 
1,817

 
Other
953

 
855

 
 
Total liabilities
23,840

 
23,767

Stockholders' equity
5,325

 
5,051

 
 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
$
29,165

 
$
28,818






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TD AMERITRADE HOLDING CORPORATION
SELECTED OPERATING DATA
(Unaudited)
 
Quarter Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Dec. 31, 2016
 
Mar. 31, 2016
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Mar. 31, 2016
Key Metrics:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net new assets (in billions)
$
19.5

 
$
18.7

 
$
14.1

 
$
38.1

 
$
31.6

Net new asset growth rate (annualized)
10
%
 
10
%
 
8
%
 
10
%
 
10
%
Average client trades per day
516,994

 
486,801

 
509,120

 
501,837

 
473,041

Profitability Metrics:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating margin
39.6
%
 
41.1
%
 
40.5
%
 
40.4
%
 
41.4
%
Pre-tax margin
38.1
%
 
39.5
%
 
39.0
%
 
38.8
%
 
39.8
%
Return on average stockholders' equity (annualized)
16.3
%
 
16.9
%
 
16.6
%
 
16.6
%
 
16.9
%
Net profit margin
23.7
%
 
25.1
%
 
24.2
%
 
24.4
%
 
25.1
%
EBITDA(1) as a percentage of net revenues
44.5
%
 
46.1
%
 
45.7
%
 
45.3
%
 
46.8
%
Liquidity Metrics:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest on borrowings (in millions)
$
14

 
$
14

 
$
13

 
$
28

 
$
26

Interest coverage ratio (EBITDA(1)/interest on borrowings)
28.7

 
28.3

 
29.8

 
28.5

 
29.8

Cash and cash equivalents (in billions)
$
2.2

 
$
1.7

 
$
2.5

 
$
2.2

 
$
2.5

Liquid assets available for corporate investing
and financing activities(1) (2) (in billions)
$
1.0

 
$
0.8

 
$
0.5

 
$
1.0

 
$
0.5

Transaction-Based Revenue Metrics:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total trades (in millions)
32.1

 
30.4

 
31.1

 
62.5

 
58.7

Average commissions and transaction fees per trade
$
11.38

 
$
11.65

 
$
11.60

 
$
11.51

 
$
11.74

Trading days
62.0

 
62.5

 
61.0

 
124.5

 
124.0

Order routing revenue (in millions)
$
83

 
$
79

 
$
76

 
$
162

 
$
147

Spread-Based Asset Metrics:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Average insured deposit account balances (in billions)
$
95.1

 
$
93.3

 
$
84.0

 
$
94.2

 
$
82.2

Average interest-earning assets (in billions)
24.6

 
24.4

 
21.8

 
24.5

 
22.0

   Average spread-based balance (in billions)
$
119.7

 
$
117.7

 
$
105.8

 
$
118.7

 
$
104.2

Insured deposit account fee revenue (in millions)
$
269

 
$
245

 
$
235

 
$
514

 
$
462

Net interest revenue (in millions)
154

 
151

 
147

 
305

 
300

   Spread-based revenue (in millions)
$
423

 
$
396

 
$
382

 
$
819

 
$
762

Avg. annualized yield - insured deposit account fees
1.13
%
 
1.03
%
 
1.11
%
 
1.08
%
 
1.11
%
Avg. annualized yield - interest-earning assets
2.50
%
 
2.42
%
 
2.66
%
 
2.46
%
 
2.69
%
   Net interest margin (NIM)
1.41
%
 
1.32
%
 
1.43
%
 
1.36
%
 
1.44
%
Fee-Based Investment Metrics:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market mutual fund fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Average balance (in billions)
$
3.5

 
$
3.7

 
$
5.8

 
$
3.6

 
$
5.8

  Average annualized yield
0.44
%
 
0.38
%
 
0.18
%
 
0.41
%
 
0.12
%
  Fee revenue (in millions)
$
4

 
$
3

 
$
2

 
$
8

 
$
4

Market fee-based investment balances:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Average balance (in billions)
$
176.9

 
$
166.7

 
$
147.3

 
$
171.8

 
$
150.1

  Average annualized yield
0.22
%
 
0.21
%
 
0.23
%
 
0.22
%
 
0.23
%
  Fee revenue (in millions)
$
99

 
$
91

 
$
86

 
$
189

 
$
177

Average fee-based investment balances (in billions)
$
180.4

 
$
170.4

 
$
153.1

 
$
175.4

 
$
155.9

Average annualized yield
0.23
%
 
0.22
%
 
0.23
%
 
0.22
%
 
0.23
%
Investment product fee revenue (in millions)
$
103

 
$
94

 
$
88

 
$
197

 
$
181

(1) See attached reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
(2) Effective in March 2017, the liquid assets available for corporate investing and financing activities metric was revised. Prior periods have been updated to conform to the current presentation.
NOTE: See Glossary of Terms on the Company's website at www.amtd.com for definitions of the above metrics.


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TD AMERITRADE HOLDING CORPORATION
SELECTED OPERATING DATA
(Unaudited)

 
Quarter Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Dec. 31, 2016
 
Mar. 31, 2016
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Mar. 31, 2016
Client Account and Client Asset Metrics:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Funded accounts (beginning of period)
7,046,000

 
6,950,000

 
6,686,000

 
6,950,000

 
6,621,000

Funded accounts (end of period)
7,189,000

 
7,046,000

 
6,777,000

 
7,189,000

 
6,777,000

Percentage change during period
2
%
 
1
%
 
1
%
 
3
%
 
2
%

Client assets (beginning of period, in billions)
$
797.0

 
$
773.8

 
$
695.3

 
$
773.8

 
$
667.4

Client assets (end of period, in billions)
$
846.7

 
$
797.0

 
$
711.2

 
$
846.7

 
$
711.2

Percentage change during period
6
%
 
3
%
 
2
%
 
9
%
 
7
%

Net Interest Revenue:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Segregated cash:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Average balance (in billions)
$
8.7

 
$
8.7

 
$
6.5

 
$
8.7

 
$
6.4

  Average annualized yield
0.46
%
 
0.30
%
 
0.19
%
 
0.38
%
 
0.14
%
  Interest revenue (in millions)
$
10

 
$
7

 
$
3

 
$
17

 
$
4


Client margin balances:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Average balance (in billions)
$
11.9

 
$
11.9

 
$
11.6

 
$
11.9

 
$
11.9

  Average annualized yield
3.67
%
 
3.56
%
 
3.79
%
 
3.61
%
 
3.66
%
  Interest revenue (in millions)
$
109

 
$
108

 
$
111

 
$
217

 
$
222


Securities borrowing/lending:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Average securities borrowing balance (in billions)
$
0.9

 
$
0.9

 
$
0.7

 
$
0.9

 
$
0.7

  Average securities lending balance (in billions)
$
1.7

 
$
1.9

 
$
1.9

 
$
1.8

 
$
2.2

  Net interest revenue - securities borrowing/lending (in millions)
$
31

 
$
33

 
$
32

 
$
65

 
$
73


Other cash and interest-earning investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Average balance (in billions)
$
3.1

 
$
2.9

 
$
3.0

 
$
3.0

 
$
3.0

  Average annualized yield
0.54
%
 
0.44
%
 
0.17
%
 
0.49
%
 
0.11
%
  Interest revenue - net (in millions)
$
4

 
$
3

 
$
1

 
$
7

 
$
2


Client credit balances:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Average balance (in billions)
$
16.1

 
$
16.1

 
$
14.4

 
$
16.1

 
$
14.2

  Average annualized cost
0.01
%
 
0.01
%
 
0.01
%
 
0.01
%
 
0.01
%
  Interest expense (in millions)
$
(0
)
 
$
(0
)
 
$
(0
)
 
$
(1
)
 
$
(1
)

Average interest-earning assets (in billions)
$
24.6

 
$
24.4

 
$
21.8

 
$
24.5

 
$
22.0

Average annualized yield
2.50
%
 
2.42
%
 
2.66
%
 
2.46
%
 
2.69
%
Net interest revenue (in millions)
$
154

 
$
151

 
$
147

 
$
305

 
$
300

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NOTE: See Glossary of Terms on the Company's web site at www.amtd.com for definitions of the above metrics.


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TD AMERITRADE HOLDING CORPORATION
RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
Dollars in millions
(Unaudited)
 
Quarter Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Dec. 31, 2016
 
Mar. 31, 2016
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Mar. 31, 2016
 
$
 
% of Net Rev.
 
$
 
% of Net Rev.
 
$
 
% of Net Rev.
 
$
 
% of Net Rev.
 
$
 
% of Net Rev.
EBITDA (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Income - GAAP
$
214

 
23.7
%
 
$
216

 
25.1
%
 
$
205

 
24.2
%
 
$
430

 
24.4
%
 
$
417

 
25.1
%
Add:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
25

 
2.8
%
 
24

 
2.8
%
 
22

 
2.6
%
 
49

 
2.8
%
 
44

 
2.7
%
Amortization of acquired intangible assets
19

 
2.1
%
 
19

 
2.2
%
 
22

 
2.6
%
 
38

 
2.2
%
 
45

 
2.7
%
Interest on borrowings
14

 
1.5
%
 
14

 
1.6
%
 
13

 
1.5
%
 
28

 
1.6
%
 
26

 
1.6
%
Provision for income taxes
130

 
14.4
%
 
123

 
14.3
%
 
125

 
14.8
%
 
253

 
14.4
%
 
244

 
14.7
%
EBITDA - non-GAAP
$
402

 
44.5
%
 
$
396

 
46.1
%
 
$
387

 
45.7
%
 
$
798

 
45.3
%
 
$
776

 
46.8
%
 
As of
 
Mar. 31, 2017
 
Dec. 31, 2016
 
Sept. 30, 2016
 
June 30, 2016
 
Mar. 31, 2016
Liquid Assets Available for Corporate Investing and Financing Activities (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents - GAAP
$
2,231

 
$
1,662

 
$
1,855

 
$
1,917

 
$
2,476

Less: Non-corporate cash and cash equivalents
(1,286
)
 
(1,203
)
 
(1,363
)
 
(1,067
)
 
(1,416
)
   Corporate cash and cash equivalents
945

 
459

 
492

 
850

 
1,060

Corporate investments
747

 
747

 
757

 
400

 

Less: Corporate liquidity maintained for operational contingencies
(723
)
 
(773
)
 
(773
)
 
(764
)
 
(764
)
Amounts maintained for corporate working capital
(87
)
 
(87
)
 
(87
)
 
(87
)
 
(87
)
Amounts held as collateral for derivative contracts
(40
)
 
(32
)
 
(93
)
 
(94
)
 
(89
)
   Excess corporate cash and cash equivalents and investments
842

 
314

 
296

 
305

 
120

Excess regulatory net capital over management targets
122

 
478

 
357

 
242

 
404

Liquid assets available for corporate investing and financing activities - non-GAAP
$
964

 
$
792

 
$
653

 
$
547

 
$
524

Note: The term "GAAP" in the following explanation refers to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.
(1)
EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) is considered a non-GAAP financial measure as defined by SEC Regulation G. We consider EBITDA an important measure of our financial performance and of our ability to generate cash flows to service debt, fund capital expenditures and fund other corporate investing and financing activities. EBITDA is used as the denominator in the consolidated leverage ratio calculation for covenant purposes under our senior revolving credit facility. EBITDA eliminates the non-cash effect of tangible asset depreciation and amortization and intangible asset amortization. EBITDA should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, GAAP pre-tax income, net income and cash flows from operating activities.
(2)
Liquid assets available for corporate investing and financing activities is considered a non-GAAP financial measure as defined by SEC Regulation G. We consider "liquid assets available for corporate investing and financing activities" to be an important measure of our liquidity. We include the excess capital of our regulated subsidiaries in the calculation of liquid assets available for corporate investing and financing activities, rather than simply including the regulated subsidiaries' cash and cash equivalents, because capital requirements may limit the amount of cash available for dividend from the regulated subsidiaries to the parent company. Excess capital, as defined below, is generally available for dividend from the regulated subsidiaries to the parent company. Liquid assets available for corporate investing and financing activities should be considered as a supplemental measure of liquidity, rather than as a substitute for GAAP cash and cash equivalents.
 
We define liquid assets available for corporate investing and financing activities as the sum of (a) excess corporate cash and cash equivalents and investments and (b) our regulated subsidiaries net capital in excess of minimum operational targets established by management. Excess corporate cash and cash equivalents and investments includes cash and cash equivalents from our investment advisory subsidiaries and excludes (i) amounts being maintained to provide liquidity for operational contingencies, including lending to our broker-dealer and FCM/FDM subsidiaries under intercompany credit agreements, (ii) amounts maintained for corporate working capital and (iii) amounts held as collateral for derivative contracts. Liquid assets available for corporate investing and financing activities is based on more conservative measures of net capital than regulatory requirements because we generally manage to higher levels of net capital at our regulated subsidiaries than the regulatory thresholds require.