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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

Commission File No.: 001-33710

CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

1621 Fiske Place
Oxnard, CA 93033
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (805) 639-9458

         Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b):

         Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g): None

         Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o    No ý

         Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o    No ý

         Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý    No o

         Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý    No o

         Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.    ý

         Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

         Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o    No ý

         The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 30, 2015, was $30,366,445. This calculation does not reflect a determination that persons are affiliates for any other purposes. The registrant does not have non-voting common stock outstanding.

         As of March 4, 2016, the outstanding number of shares of the registrant's common stock, par value $0.01 per share, was 18,461,027.

   

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Annual Report on Form 10-K
For the Year Ended December 31, 2015

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

        This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, adopted pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words "may," "will," "project," "might," "expects," "anticipates," "believes," "intends," "estimates," "should," "could," "would," "strategy," "plan," "continue," "pursue," or the negative of these words or other words or expressions of similar meaning. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on information available to us, are current only as of the date on which the statements are made, and are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results, performance, prospects or opportunities to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements. For a discussion of such risks and uncertainties, please see the discussion under the caption "Risk Factors" contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other information contained in this annual report and our publicly available filings with the SEC. You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Except as otherwise required by federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, changed circumstances or any other reason.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

        The terms "CDTi" or the "Company" or "we," "our" and "us" means Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. References to "Notes" are notes included in the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

TRADEMARKS

        The Clean Diesel Technologies name with logo, CDT logo, CDTi name with logo, CSI®, CATALYTIC SOLUTIONS®, CSI logo, ARIS®, BARETRAP®, BMARS™, CATTRAP®, COMBICLEAN®, COMBIFILTER®, DESIGNED TO FIT. BUILT TO LAST.™, DURAFIT™, DURAFIT OEM REPLACEMENT EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES™, MPC®, P2C™, PATFLUID®, PLATINUM PLUS®, PURIFIER and design, PURIFILTER®, PURIMUFFLER®, SPGM™, SPINEL™, THREE-WAY ZPGM™, TWO-WAY ZPGM™, ZPGM™, ZPGM TWC™, TERMINOX® and UNIKAT®, among others, are registered or unregistered trademarks of Clean Diesel (including its subsidiaries).

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PART I

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS

Company Overview

        We are transitioning our business from being a niche manufacturer of emissions control solutions for the automotive and heavy duty diesel markets to becoming an advanced materials technology provider for these markets. We have a proven ability to develop proprietary materials incorporating various base metals that replace costly platinum group metals ("PGM") and rare earth metals in coatings on vehicle catalytic converters. Our business is driven by increasingly stringent global emission standards for internal combustion engines, which are major sources of a variety of harmful pollutants.

        Over the past decade, we have developed several generations of high performance catalysts, including our low-PGM MPC® catalysts that are used on certain new Honda vehicles. Recently, we have expanded our materials platform to include new synergized-PGM diesel oxidation catalysts, or SPGM™ DOCs, base-metal activated rhodium support, or BMARS™, and Spinel™ technologies. Initial vehicle tests using these new technologies have demonstrated PGM savings of up to 97% compared to current OEM catalysts. We are in the process of introducing these new catalyst technologies to OEMs and other vehicle catalyst manufacturers in a proprietary powder form, which will allow them to capture the benefits of our advanced catalyst technology in their own manufacturing operations.

        We also supply heavy duty diesel emissions control systems and products incorporating our proprietary catalyst technologies to major OEMs, distributors, integrators and retrofitters.

        We have more than 15 years history of supplying catalysts to light duty vehicle OEMs and 35 years of experience in the heavy duty diesel systems market. During these periods, we have developed a substantial portfolio of patents and related proprietary rights and extensive technological know-how.

        We currently organize our operations in two business divisions: Catalyst and Heavy Duty Diesel Systems.

        Catalyst.    Utilizing our advanced materials technology platform, we develop and produce catalysts to reduce emissions from gasoline, diesel and natural gas combustion engines. Most catalytic systems require significant amounts of costly PGMs to operate effectively. Using our proprietary mixed-phase catalyst, or MPC®, technology, we have developed a family of unique high-performance catalysts, featuring inexpensive base-metals with low or even no PGM content. We have recently developed a new generation of catalyst technologies, which we believe will enable further advances in catalyst performance and further reductions in PGM usage. Since 2001, we have supplied over twelve million catalyst parts to light duty vehicle OEM customers. Our Catalyst division is also a supplier of products for our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division.

        Heavy Duty Diesel Systems.    We specialize in the design and manufacture of exhaust emissions control solutions for a wide range of heavy duty diesel applications. We offer a full range of DuraFit™ OEM replacement diesel particulate filters, or DPFs, and diesel oxidation catalysts, or DOCs, and products for the verified retrofit and non-retrofit OEM markets through our distribution/dealer network and direct sales. We believe we offer one of the industry's most comprehensive portfolios of emissions control systems for use in engine retrofit programs that have been evaluated and verified as compliant with applicable state and federal regulations, as well as regulations imposed by several European countries. We have received certification from the Verification of Emission Reduction Technologies Association (VERT) for our Purifilter® exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) diesel particulate filter system, which expands our retrofit market opportunities into South America and other international locations. Sales of emissions control systems by our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division are driven by the regulation of diesel emissions, particularly in the State of California.

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Strategy

        We are in the process of transitioning from being a niche manufacturer of emissions control solutions for the automotive and heavy duty diesel markets to becoming an advanced materials technology provider of proprietary powders for these markets. We believe that the transition to a powder-to-coat (P2C™) business model will allow us to achieve greater scale and higher return on our technology investment than in the past. In the short term, we expect to focus our efforts and resources in pursuing opportunities in fast growing markets in China and India, as well as North America, where we believe that we can serve profitably with our powder-to-coat business model.

        In support of this strategy, we have filed approximately 215 patents that underpin next-generation technology for our advanced zero-PGM and low-PGM catalysts, and during 2015 and early 2016, we completed an initial series of vehicle tests to validate our next-generation technologies. Based on the success of these tests, we are beginning to make our new catalyst technologies available to OEMs, catalyst coaters and other participants in the emission reduction supply chain for use in proprietary powder form, and we foresee multiple paths to market our new technologies.

        In 2014, we were awarded two significant patents for our new Spinel™ technology, a proprietary clean emissions exhaust platform aimed at improved catalytic performance, which we believe will dramatically reduce the cost of compliance with more stringent clean-air requirements. This is becoming increasingly relevant as new standards, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Tier 3, become effective and are expected to require increased loadings of PGMs to achieve compliance with conventional catalyst formulation technology.

Emissions Control Industry Overview

        Regulatory standards have been adopted worldwide to control the exhaust emissions from on- and off-road engines. These emissions typically include nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and more recently greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Emission regulations for mobile sources have tightened and expanded over the years due to an increased understanding of the impacts of these emissions on human health and the environment, which is highlighted by the following:

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According to a March 2014 EPA report, over 149 million Americans today still experience unhealthy levels of air pollution which are linked to adverse health impacts such as hospital admissions, emergency room visits and premature mortality.



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In a 2014 State of the Air report prepared by the American Lung Association, it was documented that air pollution hovers at unhealthy levels in almost every major city, placing lives at risk. The same report indicated that cleaner diesel engines helped cut year-round particle pollution in many areas.



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According to a 2013 report published by the World Health Organization, exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM_2.5) reduces the life expectancy of each person in Europe by an average of 8.6 months.

        Because standards put in place by the EPA, CARB, the European Union and other international regulators continue to become more restrictive, we view the market opportunities for our products as continually expanding, as our light duty vehicle catalyst products and heavy duty diesel emission control systems are designed specifically to deal with emissions from gasoline, diesel and a variety of alternative fuel powered engines.

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Light Duty Vehicles

        Key milestones in the evolution of light duty vehicle emissions control in the U.S. are summarized in the table below:

Light Duty Vehicles—International Markets

        Europe implemented similar regulations as those noted above under Euro III (effective 2000), Euro IV (effective 2005), Euro V (effective 2009) and Euro VI (effective 2016).

        In India the current emission standard is at BSIII going to BSIV nationwide (similar to Eu-4) with discussions still on-going concerning timing to implement BSV and BSV1.

        China has the world's largest passenger car market and is transitioning to China V (Euro-V) in 2016 and 2017. With a complex set of regional deadlines. China VI (with an accelerated timetable for Beijing called "Beijing 6") is set to be implemented in 2019. China VI is equivalent to Eu-6.

        We currently supply our catalyst products featuring our proprietary MPC® technology to OEMs such as Honda, whose 2014 Plug-in Hybrid Accord was approved by CARB as the first gasoline-powered car to meet what is known as the Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle 20 (SULEV20) standard, the most stringent standard in the nation.

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Heavy Duty Diesel Engines

        Key milestones in the evolution of heavy duty diesel engine emissions control in the U.S. are summarized in the table below.

        Off-road compression ignition emissions standards (non-road Tier 1) were first set in 1996 and consistently phased in and further tightened by off-road Tier 2 and Tier 3 emissions limits. Tier 4 emissions limits which have been phased in between 2011 and 2014 saw the first introduction of various exhaust emissions controls including diesel oxidation catalysts, diesel particulate filters and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts. Given the global nature of the off-road diesel powered equipment market, common EPA and European Union standards have typically been enacted at comparable times.

Emerging Replacement Market in North America

        According to market analysis firm Power System Research, manufacturers in North America have produced an average 250,000 heavy duty on-road diesel vehicles equipped with a diesel particulate filter each year since 2007 to comply with EPA requirements. The typical OEM warranty on diesel particulate filters is five years and has expired for many of these vehicles with more continuing to expire in the coming years. As 2007 and newer diesel particulate filters from OEMs fail and require replacement, non-OEM diesel particulate filters will be needed as replacements. According to a 2012 industry report, the market for medium and heavy duty vehicle after-treatment maintenance and repair is projected to grow from $0.5 billion in 2010 to $3.0 billion by 2017. In the third quarter of 2014, we introduced the CDTi manufactured DuraFit™ OEM replacement diesel particulate filters through our channel of distributors to provide an alternative to OEM manufactured parts. We expect to leverage our existing technology and know-how to cost effectively serve this emerging market.

Heavy Duty Diesel Engines—International Markets

        Europe has adopted the stringent Eu-6 standard for heavy-duty vehicles—that has led to systems using DOC, particulate filter and SCR—as in US EPA 2010. China is following the European standards and is currently implementing Eu-5 with Eu-6 set to begin in 2010 with an accelerated version in Beijing. India is currently at BSIV (similar to Eu-4) and is discussing the timetable for BSV and BSVI implementation.

Technology

        In addition to our traditional catalyst products (TWC, DOC, CDPF and SCR), we have succeeded in developing a broad technology portfolio of new materials and catalysts to meet and exceed regulatory emission standards around the globe. We have focused on the two products—Three-Way Catalysts (TWC) and Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC)—that currently utilize a significant amount of PGMs. In particular, our BMARS™, Spinel™ and MPC® powder materials and catalyst products

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developed from these: SPGM™ DOC, SPGM™ TWC and TWC using BMARS™ and MPC®, are at the core of our business.

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Spinel™.  Our Spinel™ technology is a unique clean emissions exhaust technology which we believe will dramatically reduce the cost of attaining more stringent clean air standards. Spinel was the name initially given to naturally-occurring magnesium aluminate (MgAI2O4) and is now used to describe any composition with the same structure. Our Spinel™ technology may employ numerous low-cost metals in the spinel structure enabling use in a wide range of engine and vehicle applications, both gasoline and diesel, as well as other potential vertical markets. Our unique Spinel™ technology utilizes various base metals, which when combined together in a common structure, achieve unusual and very effective catalytic conversion activity. Spinel™ technology is ideal for the coating of catalytic converters—an alternative to those utilizing costly PGMs and rare earth materials. The base metals we use are common and inexpensive compared to PGMs, such as platinum, palladium and rhodium, and rare earth metals, such as cerium, lanthanum and neodymium. We believe Spinel™ technology will provide significant cost savings over conventional coating formulations. In addition, the Spinel™ technology structure is extremely versatile and stable. The versatility is critical for optimizing future generations of products to meet changing catalytic conversion needs for rapidly evolving engine technologies and increasingly stringent clean air standards. The stability of Spinel™ is critical to provide superior catalytic performance over time and at extreme temperatures for lifetime durability. In addition to SPGM™ and ZPGM™ catalysts, we currently have oxygen storage material, or OSM, under development which synergizes PGM function and drives the critical vehicle on-board diagnostic system. Our newest family of advanced low-PGM and ZPGM™ oxide compounds based upon our Spinel™ technology is summarized below:

        To date, we have filed numerous patents on our Spinel™ technology and two were issued in late 2014. While ready for commercialization, Spinel™ is not yet ready for sale, as we continue testing this technology on production models of popular passenger cars and heavy duty diesel vehicles in local markets at independent vehicle test facilities as part of the commercialization process for specific applications.

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BMARS^TM.  We have developed and patented intellectual property rights to a novel technology for enhancing the catalytic activity of rhodium known as base-metal activated rhodium on Support (BMARS^TM). This technology is in the form of a nano-scale powder that can be used by

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catalyst manufacturing partners in the production of TWC. The products made from these novel materials exhibit superior NOx performance at reduced rhodium loading.

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MPC®.  We have developed and patented intellectual property rights to a novel technology for creating and manufacturing catalysts known as mixed phase catalysts (MPC®). This technology involves the self-assembly of a ceramic oxide matrix with catalytic metals precisely positioned within three-dimensional structures. The MPC® design gives our catalyst products two critical attributes that we believe differentiate them from competing offerings: superior stability that allows heat resistance and high performance with very low levels of precious metals; and base metal activation that allows base metals to be used instead of costly PGMs without compromising catalytic performance. This stability feature will continue to be important in the context of the new ZPGM™ materials. The design methodology of sintering resistance will continue to be a key focus as we integrate the new materials with full catalyst design strategies. MPC® powder materials are now available that enable coating by catalyst manufacturing partners to embody this technology in TWC.



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SPGM^TM DOC.  We have developed powder materials that can be used to produce SPGM^TM DOC—synergized PGM diesel oxidation catalyst. The unique materials developed enable a low PGM and high performance DOC for use in a range of applications—including systems utilizing particulate filters and SCR for advanced emission standards.



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Platinum Plus®.  We have developed and patented our Platinum Plus® fuel-borne catalyst as a diesel fuel soluble additive, which contains minute amounts of organo-metallic platinum and cerium catalysts. Platinum Plus® enables rapid conversion of particulate matter from diesel engines when coupled with a diesel particulate filter. It also improves combustion, which acts to reduce engine-out emissions. Platinum Plus® fuel-borne catalyst lends itself to a wide range of enabling solutions including diesel particulate filtration, low emission biodiesel, carbon reduction and exhaust emission reduction.



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ARIS®.  We have developed technology for selective catalytic reduction using urea, which is a highly effective method of reducing oxides of nitrogen. ARIS® technology forms a key part of the selective catalytic reduction system and is an advanced, computer-controlled, reagent injection system. Our ARIS® technology applies to single-fluid systems, methods of control and the combination of selective catalytic reduction with exhaust gas recirculation technology. It covers a concept for injecting urea into the engine exhaust where it reacts across a catalyst to reduce oxides of nitrogen and water vapor. ARIS® technology also provides reliable hydrocarbon (HC) injection into the exhaust stream for applications including lean NOx traps, reformer systems and diesel particulate filter active regeneration. Effective heat removal and reliable, trouble-free fuel injection for durable exhaust emissions systems performance is a paramount consideration for designing OEM and retrofit solutions. Our patented ARIS® for selective catalytic reduction reduces nitrogen oxide by up to 90%. We have numerous U.S. and corresponding international patents on the use of ARIS® technology.



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Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Selective Catalytic Reduction.  Exhaust Gas Recirculation, or EGR, and Selective Catalytic Reduction, or SCR, are technologies developed in the global transportation industry by manufacturers of diesel powered equipment in order to meet the standards of oxides of nitrogen emissions defined by the EPA and other global environmental regulation agencies. In 1997, we developed and patented the concept of combined use of EGR and SCR to minimize emissions and take advantage of the benefits each can bring in terms of oxides of nitrogen reduction. As legislation tightens across the globe, we believe EGR in combination with SCR is a key solution to meet strict oxides of nitrogen regulations. Previously seen as competing approaches, combined EGR/SCR allows users to meet strict oxides of nitrogen levels outlined by the U.S. 2010 and Euro 6/VI emission standards. The EGR system

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can be activated to reduce oxides of nitrogen when starting a cold engine. The SCR operates at a higher temperature when the catalyst is fully active and at low EGR rates. With both EGR and SCR in place, engines can be fine-tuned to optimize fuel efficiency and deliver greater emissions reduction. We have intellectual property holdings for the design and implementation of these combination systems and have licensed these patents to several industry providers.

        We protect our proprietary technologies, along with our other intellectual property, through the use of patents, trade secrets and registered and common law trademarks. For additional information, refer to the "Intellectual Property" discussion below.

Competitive Advantages

        Through a focused technology development campaign, the company has developed a full suite of materials for gasoline and diesel engines with an associated broad portfolio of emission control catalysts. We believe that our technologies and products represent a fundamentally different solution, and the following competitive strengths position us as a leading provider of emission control products and systems.

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Superior Catalyst Performance.  Our proprietary technology enables us to produce catalytic coatings capable of significantly better catalytic performance than those previously available. We have achieved this demonstrated performance advantage by creating catalysts using unique nanostructures with superior stability under prolonged exposure to high temperatures. As a result, in heavy duty diesel and automotive applications, our catalyst formulations are able to maintain high levels of performance over time using substantially lower—or zero—PGMs than products previously available.



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Catalyst Cost Advantage—Addressing Global PGM Supply and Demand.  Expensive PGMs, which include palladium, platinum and rhodium, and rare earth metals such as cerium, neodymium and lanthanum, are used in the manufacture of emission control catalysts, with palladium being the primary component used in catalysts serving the global light duty vehicle market. According to Johnson Matthey PLC's "Platinum 2013 Interim Review", in 2013, over 70% of all primary platinum and 80% of all primary rhodium produced originated in South Africa. Russia and South Africa combined supplied over 75% of palladium. We believe that the continued growth of these metals from the mines in South Africa and Russia will be critical in order to meet the increasingly stringent global emission control standards. According to the same report, it is estimated that more than $6 billion is spent annually by OEMs on PGM purchases for catalysts. The global auto industry is expected to produce over 100 million vehicles by 2018, according to IHS Automotive. These production levels are expected to result in a continued increase in PGM demand for the foreseeable future. In addition, continued tightening of emission standards by regulators globally will require increased loading of PGM in emission catalysts. For example, the landmark Tier 3 emission standards announced by the EPA in 2014 are expected to increase per-vehicle PGM requirements and volumes, which will contribute to higher demand for North America. The EPA expects the new standards will increase PGM loadings by 50% for palladium and 20% for rhodium. The need to reduce the dependence on the use of PGMs in vehicle emission control systems is one of our primary drivers for developing catalysts that use much less or zero PGM to achieve air quality standards, as the cost of PGMs has been subject to extreme volatility due to growing demand and limited supply. The new materials developed at CDTI enable OEMs and their suppliers to drastically reduce the PGM loadings in the DOC and TWC products that currently require the high cost of elevated PGM usage. In the automotive market in particular, where PGM costs represent a large portion of manufacturers' costs, a significant benefit of our commercialized catalyst technology is that it offers performance equal to or exceeding that of other catalyst technologies with up to a 50% reduction in PGM loadings. Once

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verified, we expect that catalysts featuring our Spinel™ technology will further reduce or completely eliminate the need for PGM loadings.

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Highly Customizable Catalyst Formulations.  Our proprietary MPC® technology is a design approach, as opposed to a single chemical formulation. We have developed this technology since inception as a platform that can be tailored for a range of different industrial catalyst applications. Specifically, our formulations can be tailored in two distinct ways. First, the oxide compounds used in our formulations can be adapted for specific applications by adding to them, or doping them with, a wide range of chemical elements, a process known as tuning. This technical approach is accelerating with major new resource investments to establish a new family of advanced low-PGM and ZPGM™ oxide materials based upon our MPC®, BMARS^TM and Spinel™ technologies, in addition to novel materials for DOC products. By contrast, our competitors typically tune their catalyst offerings by adjusting the PGM type and content. Second, we are able to vary the mixtures of our compounds to create customized solutions for specific applications. In the emissions control market, these two independent design mechanisms allow for customization and optimization for different vehicle platforms within the auto industry, complex heavy duty diesel equipment for OEMs, aftermarket and retrofit markets, and for different applications in the energy sector, such as selective catalytic reduction nitrogen oxide control for industrial and utility boilers, process heaters, gas turbines and generator sets. In addition, the material science underlying our MPC® and Spinel™ technologies could have other applications where reduction in PGMs would provide cost advantages. These could include applications in the fuel cell, petrochemical and refinery, and thermoelectric industries.



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Proven Durability.  Our products and systems have undergone substantial laboratory and field testing by our existing and prospective customers and have demonstrated their durability and reliability in a wide range of applications in actual use for many years. In addition, our products and systems have achieved numerous certifications and meet or exceed industry standards. Of particular note, our Catalyst division has supplied over twelve million catalyst parts to light duty vehicle customers since 2001.



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Broad Portfolio of Verified Heavy Duty Diesel Systems.  We believe we offer one of the industry's most comprehensive portfolios of system products that have been evaluated and verified (approved) by the EPA and CARB, as well as regulators in several European countries, for use in engine retrofit programs and in the aftermarket segment. Additionally, we have a thorough understanding of the verification process and the demonstrated ability to obtain broad verifications of products for use in the retrofit market.



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Compatibility with Existing Manufacturing Infrastructure and Operating Specifications.  Catalytic converters using our catalyst products are compatible with existing automotive manufacturing processes as well as specific vehicle operating specifications. Our customers generally do not need to change their manufacturing operations, processes, or how their products operate in order to utilize our proprietary technology. Our heavy duty diesel emission control products and solutions are engineered to each customer's specific application and designed to deliver custom and industry-leading solutions that meet or exceed environmental mandates.

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Products

Sales and Marketing

        The catalyst industry is mainly comprised of a few suppliers serving large, sophisticated customers such as automobile manufacturers. Purchase cycles for catalysts tend to be long, resulting in generally predictable and stable revenue streams. Catalysts are technology intensive products that have a profound effect on the performance of the large, expensive systems in which they are embedded. Extensive interaction is required between catalyst manufacturers and their customers in the course of developing an effective, reliable catalyst for a particular application. For this reason it would appear that even the largest customers prefer to work with only two or three preferred catalyst suppliers on a specific application. The collaboration required for catalyst development and the technical hurdles involved in making effective and reliable catalysts create barriers to entry and provide an opportunity for catalyst manufacturers to earn attractive margins. We are an approved supplier of catalysts for major automotive manufacturers, such as Honda. Our ability to deliver our technology in powder form to automobile manufacturers as well as catalyst manufacturers has enhanced our ability to market our products more broadly. We utilize a business development team, with technical backgrounds, to pursue customers that can benefit from the use of our technology in the manufacture of their own catalysts.

        A significant portion of Catalyst division sales to external customers in 2015 and 2014 were made to Honda. Sales to Honda represented 98% of Catalyst division revenues for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and 57% and 52% of consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

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        We sell our heavy duty diesel system products to customers worldwide through a large network of dealers and distributors, as well as directly to OEM customers. The dealers and distributors receive a discount from list price or a commission, which varies depending on the product sold. Customers purchase heavy duty diesel system products to reduce emissions for either retrofit, OEM or OEM replacement applications. Retrofit applications generally involve funded projects that use "approved systems" that are one-off in nature. Typical retrofit end-user customers include school districts, municipalities and other fleet operators, and the market for our heavy duty diesel systems products is heavily influenced by government funding of emissions control projects. OEM customers include manufacturers of heavy duty diesel equipment, such as mining equipment, vehicles, generator sets and construction equipment. OEM replacement products are sold through the OEMs proprietary service network or through independent distributors and retailers. We recently entered the OEM replacement market with DuraFit™ brand of OEM replacement diesel particulate filters and diesel oxidation catalysts. Adoption and implementation of diesel emission control regulations drives demand for our products.

        Our total backlog of confirmed orders was approximately $7.3 million at December 31, 2015 and $6.6 million at December 31, 2014. We expect to fulfill the confirmed orders as of December 31, 2015 during 2016.

        We also have an investment in TC Catalyst, Inc. ("TCC"), an entity that manufactures and distributes catalysts in the Asia-Pacific territories including, among other countries, China, Japan and South Korea. In 2008 and 2009, we sold and transferred specific heavy duty catalyst and three-way catalyst technology and intellectual property for use in certain countries in Asia (the "Territory") to our investment partner in TCC, Tanaka Holdings Co., Ltd. (formerly Tanaka Holdings K.K.), a Japanese company, which together with its subsidiary Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K., is referred to herein as TKK, who agreed to provide certain of that intellectual property to TCC on a royalty-free basis. Recently, we further amended our agreements with TKK and TCC to, among other things, enable us to sell certain products and technology in the Territory pursuant to royalty arrangements. For additional information, refer to Note 16, "Equity Investments".

Competition

        Our company operates in two market segments, with two different competitive landscapes.

        Catalyst.    The catalyst industry is highly concentrated with a few major competitors as a result of continuing consolidation through acquisitions. The major competitors are diversified enterprises with catalysts representing one of several lines of business. Our Catalyst division competes directly against BASF GmbH, Johnson Matthey plc and Umicore Limited Liability Company. In the worldwide market the key competitive factors are:

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Ability to provide a solution that satisfies emission reduction regulations;



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Total cost of product (inclusive of PGM);



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Ability to transition new products from development to production;



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Quality control that guarantees 100% compliance with specifications;



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On-time delivery to support customer production requirements; and



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Financial stability and global reach.

        We believe that our advanced low-PGM catalyst technology and our history of quality and service enable us to compete in some cases despite our lack of financial stability and size. Our strategy of transitioning to an advanced materials company is intended to enable broad commercialization of our technology without the need for a global manufacturing footprint.

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        Heavy Duty Diesel Systems.    Our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division competes directly against other companies that market verified products. In North America, our key competitors with verified products include: Donaldson Company, Inc., ESW, Inc., Hug Filtersystems, Johnson Matthey plc and DCL International Inc. In Europe, we compete with a number of companies, including Dinex Exhausts Ltd, Eminox Ltd, Huss Group and HJS Emission Technology. Key competitive factors are:

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Having a broad portfolio of verified products;



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Performance track record with dealers, distributors and end-use customers; and



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Ability to provide cost effective innovative solutions with technologies from our catalyst division.

        We believe that we are very competitive on all key criteria with other companies in this marketplace. Our recent decision to contract out the manufacture of the metal catalyst housing is expected to increase our responsiveness and speed to market in delivering product to our customers.

Research and Development

        Our research and development in catalyst technology is our core strength and has resulted in a broad array of products for the light duty vehicle and heavy duty diesel markets. Our greatest strength in the catalyst business lies in the technical sophistication and cost-to-performance ratio of our products. Product development in our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division has resulted in a broad family of verified products and systems. We credit our accomplishments to strong engineering capabilities, an experienced team, streamlined product development processes and solid experience in the verification and approval process. We seek to acquire competitive advantage through the use of customized catalysts for our emission control systems. We spent approximately $7.8 million and $6.5 million on research and development activities in the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Intellectual Property

        Our intellectual property includes patent rights, trade secrets and registered and common law trademarks. Historically, we have primarily protected our intellectual property, particularly in the area of three-way catalysts (and particularly in the automotive area) by maintaining our innovative technology as trade secrets. We believe that the protection provided by trade secrets for our intellectual property was the most suitable protection available for the automotive industry where our business initially started and in which we currently sell our commercial products. Our automotive competitors largely rely on trade secret protection for their innovative technology.

        In order to more broadly commercialize our technology in new business models, we have sought patent protection in relation to any new industries and new countries in which we expect to do business. We currently have approximately 111 issued patents and approximately 177 pending applications covering the following main technologies: fundamental catalyst formulations based on perovskite mixed metal oxides applicable to all catalyst markets, Spinel™ technology, Mixed Phase Catalyst (MPC®) technology, PGM-free catalyzed diesel particulate filter, selective catalytic reduction, diesel oxidation catalyst, ZPGM™ three-way catalyst formulations, ZPGM™ diesel oxidation catalyst, palladium three-way catalyst formulations, fuel-borne catalysts, optimization and stabilization of oxygen storage materials without rare earth materials, exhaust gas recirculation with selective catalytic reduction and exhaust systems for diesel engines incorporating particulate filters. Currently, our patents have expiration dates ranging from 2016 through 2033.

        We have conducted an analysis of our technologies and intellectual property and have decided to aggressively patent our important technologies going forward. While we continue to rely on a combination of trade secrets, know-how, trademark registrations, confidentiality and other agreements with employees, customers, partners and others, we intend to strengthen our position through the

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prosecution of patents to protect our intellectual property rights pertaining to our products and technology.

        We currently have registered and unregistered trademarks for the Clean Diesel Technologies name with logo, CDT logo, CDTi name with logo, CSI®, CATALYTIC SOLUTIONS®, CSI logo, ARIS®, BARETRAP®, BMARS™, CATTRAP®, COMBICLEAN®, COMBIFILTER®, DESIGNED TO FIT. BUILT TO LAST.™, DURAFIT™, DURAFIT OEM REPLACEMENT EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES™, MPC®, P2C™, PATFLUID®, PLATINUM PLUS®, PURIFIER and design, PURIFILTER®, PURIMUFFLER®, SPGM™, SPINEL™, THREE-WAY ZPGM™, TWO-WAY ZPGM™, ZPGM™, ZPGM TWC™, TERMINOX® and UNIKAT®.

Manufacturing Operations

        Our Catalyst division has developed an innovative and sophisticated manufacturing process for coating substrates using our MPC® catalytic coatings. The manufacturing process consists of mixing specially formulated catalytic coatings, applying the coatings to ceramic substrates, firing the coated substrates in a furnace, then repeating this process one or two more times. The process of mixing and applying the various types of coatings onto high cell density substrates is complex and requires sophisticated manufacturing technology. We have been manufacturing automotive catalysts since 1999. Our manufacturing lines are designed to provide a high level of quality control at every step of the unique manufacturing process. We manufacture our proprietary catalyst products in our manufacturing facility in Oxnard, California.

        Our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division engineers our emissions control products to customer-specific applications. We believe that this approach reduces installation or assembly time and optimizes operating uptime. Our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division works as the customer's partner to deliver custom, industry-leading solutions that address each customer's particular environmental mandates. Our heavy duty diesel systems are designed and manufactured in facilities located in Thornhill, Ontario and Malmö, Sweden. We recently decided to close our facility in Thornhill, Ontario and to externalize manufacture of the metal housing for our heavy duty diesel systems although we will continue to manufacture the catalysts that are utilized in our systems at our facility in Oxnard, California.

        We maintain ISO 9001:2008, ISO/TS 16949:2009 and ISO 14001:2004 certifications.

        Our raw material requirements vary by division. Our Catalyst division purchases ceramic substrates that we coat with specialty formulated catalysts comprised of PGMs and various chemicals. PGMs are either provided on a consignment basis by the customers of the division or are purchased by us on behalf of the customer. Our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division purchases filters, filters coated with catalysts and other materials to manufacture our emission systems. These raw materials are purchased from third party suppliers as well as internally from our Catalyst division. For the Catalyst division, the availability of raw materials is generally dictated by global market supply of key materials. Key materials such as rare earth metals and platinum group metals have at times had delivery constricted due to global supply constraints. The ceramic substrates that we buy are generally sourced by our automotive OEM customers and adequate supply is generally available. The filters for our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division can generally be purchased from more than one source, limiting our risk of supply, and coated filters, can be sourced from either our Catalyst division or outside suppliers, though changing suppliers for some catalysts may require regulatory approval. For further discussion of risk of supply, refer to "Item 1.A. Risk Factors—Failure of one or more key suppliers to timely deliver could prevent, delay or limit us from supplying products. Delays in delivery times for PGM purchases could also result in losses due to fluctuations in prices. Delays in the delivery times and the cost impact of the world-wide shortage of rare earth metals could delay us from supplying products and could result in lower profits."

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Regulations

        We are committed to complying with all federal, state and international environmental laws governing production, use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our emissions control products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with emissions standards applicable to new product diesel, gasoline and alternative fuel engines. These regulations include those developed in Japan, in the United States by the EPA and CARB and in the E.U. by the European Environment Agency, including standards from the Verification of Emission Reduction Technologies, or VERT, Association.

        Many of our products must receive regulatory approval prior to sale. In the United States, regulatory approval is obtained from the EPA or CARB through a verification process. The verification process includes a thorough review of the technology as well as tightly controlled testing to quantify statistically significant levels of emission reductions. For example, the EPA verification process begins with a verification application and a test plan. Once this is completed, the testing phase begins and is then followed by a data analysis to determine if the technology qualifies for verification. Once a technology is placed on the verified technologies list and 500 units are sold, the manufacturer is responsible for conducting in-use testing and reporting of results to the EPA. Where we own the verification, primarily in retrofit, we are responsible for this testing. Similar product approval schemes exist in other countries around the world.

Company History

        We are a Delaware corporation formed in 1994 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Fuel Tech, Inc., a Delaware corporation (formerly known as Fuel-Tech N.V., a Netherlands Antilles limited liability company) ("Fuel Tech"), and were spun off by Fuel Tech in a rights offering in December 1995 on the NASDAQ Stock Market (Symbol CDTI). On October 15, 2010, we completed a business combination with Catalytic Solutions, Inc. ("CSI"), a California corporation formed in 1996, when our wholly-owned subsidiary, CDTI Merger Sub, Inc., merged with and into CSI. We refer to this transaction as the "Merger." The Merger was accounted for as a reverse acquisition and, as a result, our Company's (the legal acquirer) consolidated financial statements are now those of CSI (the accounting acquirer), with the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of CDTI being included effective from October 15, 2010, the closing date of the Merger. From November 22, 2006 through the closing date of the Merger, CSI's common stock was listed on the AIM of the London Stock Exchange (AIM: CTS and CTSU).

Employees

        As of December 31, 2015, we had 122 full time employees and 3 part time employees. None of our employees is a party to a collective bargaining agreement. We also retain outside consultants and sales and marketing consultants and agents.

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ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

        We are subject to risks and uncertainties that may affect our future financial performance and our stock price. Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause our financial performance to vary or that may materially or adversely affect our financial performance or stock price are discussed below. Any of these risks, as well as other risks and uncertainties not known to us or that we believe to be immaterial, could harm our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. You should carefully consider the risks described below in addition to the cautionary statements and risk factors described elsewhere and the other information contained in this Annual report on Form 10-K and in our other filings with the SEC, including subsequent reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, before deciding to purchase, hold, or sell our stock.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition

We have limited cash and experience negative cash flows from operations, and need to raise additional capital to sustain our operations. If we are unable to raise additional capital, we may be forced to seek to reorganize under bankruptcy laws or liquidate. As a result, our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

        As of December 31, 2015, we held cash of $3.0 million, negative working capital of $0.2 million and indebtedness of $11.1 million. Additionally, we have historically operated with negative cash flows from operations. We had operating cash flow deficits of $11.6 million and $9.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As such, we are actively seeking to raise additional capital. If we fail to raise additional capital by the early second quarter of 2016, we will need to reorganize our balance sheet and operations, or liquidate, under the protection of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, which could result in a loss of your entire investment. There can be no assurance that any financing or restructuring will be obtained on acceptable terms with the necessary parties or at all.

        Consistent with the foregoing, our auditors have rendered a going concern opinion in respect of our financial statements.

If we are forced to seek reorganization under bankruptcy laws, there can be no assurance that we will be successful or that we will emerge as a going concern.

        Although we may seek an orderly restructuring, for example, through a "pre-packaged" or "pre-negotiated" bankruptcy proceeding, there can be no assurance that we would be able to do so. In order for any proposed plan of reorganization to be confirmed, the Bankruptcy Code, in addition to other legal requirements, requires that at least one impaired class of creditors votes to accept the plan of reorganization. In order for a class to approve a plan of reorganization, approval of over one-half in number of creditors and at least two-thirds in claim amount by those who vote in each impaired class of creditors are required. In addition to obtaining the required votes, the requirements for a bankruptcy court to approve a plan of reorganization include, among other judicial findings, that:

•

we acted in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Bankruptcy Code; and



•

the plan of reorganization has been proposed in good faith and not by any means forbidden by law.

        In the event at least one class of impaired creditors or interest holders does not vote to accept the plan of reorganization, we would have to satisfy the "cram down" requirements of the Bankruptcy Code and show that the plan of reorganization does not unfairly discriminate and is fair and equitable with respect to those classes of claims and interests that did not vote to accept the plan of reorganization.

        We may not be able to obtain approval of a disclosure statement and/or the required votes or the required judicial approval to the proposed plan of reorganization promptly, if at all. In such event, a

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prolonged Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding could adversely affect our relationships with customers, suppliers and employees, among other parties, which in turn could adversely affect our business, competitive position, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations and our ability to continue as a going concern. A weakening of our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could adversely affect our ability to implement any proposed plan of reorganization. In addition, if a plan of reorganization is not confirmed by the bankruptcy court, we may be forced to liquidate our assets.

        If a bankruptcy proceeding is commenced, it is also possible that the bankruptcy court may dismiss the proceeding or otherwise decide to abstain from hearing it on procedural grounds. In addition, the confirmation and effectiveness of any plan of reorganization would be subject to certain conditions and requirements in addition to those described above that may not be satisfied, and the bankruptcy court may conclude that the requirements for confirmation and effectiveness have not been satisfied.

        Given our current cash position and negative cash flow from operations, we may have insufficient cash to effect a plan of reorganization. Given our financial position, suppliers may require payment in advance of or upon delivery of materials or products to us, the Company may have inadequate cash on hand or be unable to borrow to fund such payments. In addition, customers may delay payment to us for inventory shipped to them, until the product is sold, or otherwise, further exacerbating our liquidity situation. In such event, we may need to liquidate, which would likely result in the loss of your entire investment and creditors would be unlikely to recoup all of their debts due.

We require additional working capital to maintain our operations in the form of funding from outside sources which may be limited, difficult to obtain, or unavailable on acceptable terms or not available at all, or in the case of an offering of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock, may result in dilution to our existing stockholders.

        We have historically relied on outside sources of funding in the form of debt or equity. Although we have a demand credit facility backed by our receivables and inventory, there is no guarantee that we will be able to borrow to the full limit of $7.5 million if the lender chooses not to finance a portion of our receivables or inventory. Additionally, the lender may terminate the facility at any time. We were successful in raising net proceeds of $7.1 million and $9.9 million through public offerings of shares during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, but there is no guarantee that should the need arise, we will be able to do so again.

        Any required additional funding may be in the form of debt financing or a private or public offering of equity securities. We believe that debt financing would be difficult to obtain because of our limited assets and cash flows as well as current general economic conditions. Any additional offering of shares of our common stock or of securities exercisable for or convertible into shares of our common stock may result in further dilution to our existing stockholders. Our ability to consummate a financing will depend not only on our ability to achieve positive operating results, but also on conditions then prevailing in the relevant capital markets. There can be no assurance that such funding will be available if needed, or on acceptable terms. In the event that we are unable to raise such funds, we may be required to delay, reduce or severely curtail or cease our operations or the implementation of our business strategies or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts and/or seek reorganization under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects.

Future growth of our business depends, in part, on the general availability of funding for emissions control programs, enforcement of existing emissions-related environmental regulations, further tightening of emission standards worldwide, market acceptance of our catalyst products, and successful product verifications.

        Although retrofit is a declining part of our business, future growth of our business depends in part on the general availability of funding for emissions control programs, which can be affected for

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economic as well as political reasons. For example, in light of the recent budget crisis in California, funding was not available for a state-funded emissions control project for off-road diesel equipment, and thus, its start date was pushed back. Additionally, funding for the EPA's Diesel Emissions Reductions Act, or DERA, for 2016 has been substantially reduced from historic levels, and future funding remains uncertain as budget discussions continue to be debated in the U.S. Congress. Funding under the U.S. Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality program, or CMAQ, can be used by states for a variety of emission reduction programs including purchase of new vehicles, building high occupancy travel lanes (car-pool lanes) and retrofit programs. To the extent that these funds are not used for retrofit programs, it limits our sales opportunities. Funding for these types of emissions control projects drives demand for our products. If such funding is not available, it can negatively affect our future growth prospects. In addition to funding, we also expect that our future business growth will be driven, in part, by the enforcement of existing emissions-related environmental regulations, further tightening of emissions standards worldwide, market acceptance of our catalyst products and successful product verifications. If such standards do not continue to become stricter or are loosened or are not enforced by governmental authorities due to commercial and business pressure or otherwise, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects.

The pursuit of opportunities relating to special government mandated retrofit programs requires cash investment in operating expenses and working capital such as inventory and receivables prior to the realization of profits and cash from sales and, if we are not successful in accessing cash resources to make these investments, we may miss out on these opportunities; further, if we are not successful in generating sufficient sales from these opportunities, we will not realize the benefits of the investments in inventory, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

        Although retrofit is a declining part of our business, we are pursuing revenue generating opportunities relating to special government mandated retrofit programs such as those in California and potentially others in various jurisdictions in North America, Europe and Asia. Opportunities such as these require cash investment in operating expenses and working capital such as inventory and receivables prior to realizing profits and cash from sales. If we are not successful in accessing cash resources to make these investments, we may miss out on these opportunities. Further, if we are not successful in generating sufficient sales from these opportunities, we will not realize the benefits of the investments in inventory, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which will likely result in significant legal and accounting expense and diversion of management resources, and current and potential stockholders may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the market price of our stock will likely decline.

        We are required by the SEC to establish and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting that provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. We are likewise required, on a quarterly basis, to evaluate the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and to disclose any changes and material weaknesses in those internal controls.

        Any failure to maintain internal controls could adversely affect our ability to report our financial results on a timely and accurate basis. If our financial statements are not accurate, investors may not have a complete understanding of our operations. If we do not file our financial statements on a timely basis as required by the SEC and The NASDAQ Capital Market, we could face negative consequences from those authorities. In either case, there could be a material adverse effect on our business. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. We can give no

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assurance that material weaknesses or restatements of financial results will not arise in the future due to a failure to implement and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting or circumvention of these controls. In addition, in the future our controls and procedures may no longer be adequate to prevent or identify irregularities or errors or to facilitate the fair presentation of our consolidated financial statements. Responding to inquiries from the SEC or The NASDAQ Capital Market, regardless of the outcome, is likely to consume a significant amount of our management resources and cause us to incur significant legal and accounting expense. Further, many companies that have restated their historical financial statements have experienced a decline in stock price and related stockholder lawsuits.

The Merger adversely affects our ability to take advantage of the significant U.S. federal tax loss carryforwards and tax credits accumulated.

        In connection with the Merger, we performed a study to evaluate the status of net operating loss carryforwards. Because the Merger caused an "ownership change" (as defined for U.S. federal income tax purposes), our ability to use our net operating losses and credits in future tax years has been significantly limited. In addition, due to the "ownership change," our federal research and development credits have also been limited and, consequently, we do not anticipate being able to use any of these credits that existed as of the date of the Merger in future tax years. Our limited ability to use these net operating losses and tax credits as a result of the Merger or otherwise, including as a result of equity offerings subsequent to the Merger, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Foreign currency fluctuations could impact financial performance.

        Because of our activities in the United Kingdom, Europe, Canada and Asia, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency rates. We may manage the risk to such exposure by entering into foreign currency futures and option contracts of which there were none in 2015 or 2014. Foreign currency fluctuations may have a significant effect on our operations in the future.

Risks Related to Our Business

We cannot assure you that we will be successful in our transition into an advanced materials supplier or that those efforts will have the intended effect of increasing profitability.

        We are in the process of transitioning from being a niche manufacturer of emissions control solutions for the automotive and heavy duty diesel markets to becoming an advanced materials technology provider of proprietary powders for these markets. We believe that the transition to a powder-to-coat business model will allow us to achieve greater scale and higher return on our technology investment than in the past. In the short term, we expect to focus our efforts and resources in pursuing opportunities in fast growing markets in China and India, as well as North America, where we believe that we can serve profitably with our powder-to-coat business model. However, we cannot assure you that these efforts will be successful and, if they are, that they will have the intended effect of increasing profitability.

        We may not be able to successfully implement this strategy for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to:

•

Unforeseen costs and delays;



•

Unexpected legal, regulatory, or administrative hurdles;



•

Our customers' unfamiliarity with this business model;



•

Restrictions on our technology; and

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•

Our inability to:



•

Obtain additional capital to pursue such strategies on favorable terms or at all;



•

Protect our intellectual property;



•

Develop products that meet or exceed the qualification standards of OEMs and partners and provide greater value than alternatives;



•

Persuade other catalyst manufacturers to incorporate our technology in their products;



•

Find suitable third parties with whom to enter into partnering arrangements or invest in our business; and



•

Compete successfully or enter new markets.

        We recently announced the hiring of a new Chief Executive Officer, and our Executive Team, with input from our Board of Directors, is in the process of accelerating the execution of our business strategy. However, we cannot assure you that we will successfully complete our transformation from serving as a manufacturer of emissions solutions to a developer and supplier of proprietary powders used by other catalyst manufacturers for supply to the global automotive industry or that those efforts will have the intended effect of increasing profitability.

        Furthermore, in attempting to execute this strategy, we may harm our relationships with customers, suppliers, employees or other third parties, any of which could be significant. The process of exploring, financing, and realigning our strategic path may also be disruptive to our business. While we believe the pursuit of this strategy will have a positive effect on our profitability in the long-term, there is no assurance that this will be the case. If we are not successful in our efforts to carry out this strategy, our business, financial condition, and results of operation may be adversely affected.

Historically, we have been dependent on a few major customers, particularly Honda, for a significant portion of our revenue and our revenue would decline if we are unable to maintain those relationships, if customers reduce their orders for our products, or if we are unable to secure new customers. In addition, we have an expired agreement with Honda that may limit our rights to commercialize certain technology within the scope of that agreement and adversely affect our technology licensing strategy.

        Historically, we have derived a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of customers. For example, sales to Honda represented 98% of Catalyst division revenues for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and 57% and 52% of consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. However, based on discussions with Honda, and acceleration of our powder-to-coat strategy, we anticipate that our supply of coated catalysts to Honda will begin to significantly decline in the second half of 2017, as certain current vehicle models are phased out. Accordingly, it will be critical that our powder-to-coat business strategy produces revenues with new customers, which may include Honda, directly or indirectly, to replace those from our current core catalyst business. While we continually seek to broaden our customer base, it is likely that through mid-2017 we will remain dependent on Honda to represent a substantial portion of our revenue. Manufacturers typically seek to have two or more sources of critical components; however, there can be no assurance that manufacturers for which we are a shared supplier will not sole source the products we supply. Once our product is designed into a vehicle model, we generally supply our component for the life of that model. There can be no assurance, however, that our customers will retain us for a full model term. In this regard, relationships with our customers are based on purchase orders rather than long-term formal supply agreements and customers can discontinue or materially reduce orders without warning or penalty. In addition, while new models tend to remain relatively stable for a few years, there can be no assurance that manufacturers will not change models more rapidly, or change the performance requirements of components used in those models, and use other suppliers for these new

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or revised models. Demand for our products is tied directly to demand for vehicles. Accordingly, factors that affect the truck and automobile markets have a direct effect on our business, including factors outside of our control, such as vehicle sales slowdowns due to economic concerns, or as a result of natural disasters, including earthquakes and/or tsunamis. The loss of one or more of our significant customers, or reduced demand from one or more of our significant customers, particularly Honda, would have an adverse effect on our revenue, and could affect our ability to become profitable or continue our business operations.

        In conjunction with our longstanding relationship with Honda, we entered into a joint research agreement with the motorcycle division of Honda regarding the development of ZPGM™ catalysts for motorcycles. The agreement was signed in 2010, extended in 2012 and expired in March 2014, although confidentiality provisions continue to survive. The agreement provides that technology within the scope of the agreement developed solely by one party is owned by that party, and that technology within the scope of the agreement that is jointly developed by both parties is jointly owned. While we believe that core technology within the scope of the agreement was developed solely by us, there can be no assurance that our belief will not be challenged or invalidated. To the extent that Honda is a joint owner of critical technology developed under the agreement, Honda (including its automotive division) might not be required to pay us a license or royalty fee for use of the jointly owned technology; Honda may be able to manufacture its own catalysts based on the jointly owned technology; and Honda may be able to license the jointly owned technology to others without our consent. In addition, under the terms of the agreement, we may not be able to license jointly owned technology to others without Honda's consent. Our inability to license jointly owned technology to others could adversely affect the ability to license certain technology. Further, as noted above, we do not have long-term supply agreements with Honda, and accordingly, Honda could terminate its relationship with us at any time for any reason.

We may not be able to successfully market new products that are developed or obtain verification or approval of our new products.

        Some of our catalyst products and heavy duty diesel systems are still in the development or testing stage with targeted customers. We are developing technologies in these areas that are intended to have a commercial application, however, there is no guarantee that such technologies will actually result in any commercial applications. In addition, we plan to market other emissions reduction devices used in combination with our current products. There are numerous development and verification issues that may preclude the introduction of these products for commercial sale. These proposed operations are subject to all of the risks inherent in a developing business enterprise, including the likelihood of continued operating losses. If we are unable to demonstrate the feasibility of these proposed commercial applications and products or obtain verification or approval for the products from regulatory agencies, we may have to abandon the products or alter our business plan. Such modifications to our business plan will likely delay achievement of revenue milestones and profitability.

PGMs and rare earth metals price fluctuations could impact financial performance.

        Because our catalysts contain platinum, palladium and rhodium, or platinum group metals (PGMs), and rare earth metals, fluctuations in prices could have an adverse impact on our profits as it may not be possible to recover price increases from customers. Additionally, increased prices could result in increased working capital requirements which we may not be able to finance. Conversely, reductions in PGM prices could reduce the competitive advantage our catalyst technologies have over conventional catalysts which rely on significantly higher PGM loadings to achieve emissions targets.

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We depend on intellectual property and the failure to protect our intellectual property could adversely affect our future growth and success.

        We rely on patent, trademark and copyright law, trade secret protection, and confidentiality and other agreements with employees, customers, partners and others to protect our intellectual property. In addition, some of our intellectual property is not protected by any patent or patent application. The lack of patent and trademark protection may be intentional as we may lack sufficient resources to protect our intellectual property in every applicable jurisdiction. As a result, it may be possible for third parties to obtain and use our intellectual property without the need to obtain our authorization.

        We do not know whether any patents will be issued from our pending or future patent applications or whether the scope of any issued patents is or will be sufficiently broad to protect our technologies. Moreover, patent applications and issued patents may be challenged or invalidated. We could incur substantial costs in prosecuting or defending patent infringement suits. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect or enforce intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States.

        The patents protecting our proprietary technologies expire after a period of time. Currently, our patents have expiration dates ranging from 2016 through 2033. Although we have attempted to incorporate technology from our core patents into specific patented product applications, product designs and packaging, there can be no assurance that this building block approach will be successful in protecting our proprietary technology and products. If we are not successful in protecting our proprietary technology, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Questions have arisen regarding our exclusive ownership and control of certain technologies, including by our principal customer, Honda, and a former employee, who claims ownership in a patent relating to ZPGM™. In addition, we have sold technology for exclusive use in Asia to another party. For additional information, refer to "—Historically, we have been dependent on a few major customers, particularly Honda..." above and "—We are subject to restrictions and must pay a royalty a royalty on certain sales of our products and technology in specified countries in Asia." below. Past or future weaknesses in control of our intellectual property could render our current strategies unachievable, require that we change our strategies which could prove unsuccessful, result in litigation over ownership issues including the costs thereof and potential adverse findings, require that we pay to license back technology that we developed or co-developed, or otherwise material adversely affect us, our business and our financial performance.

        As part of our confidentiality procedures, we generally have entered into nondisclosure agreements with employees, consultants and corporate partners. We also have attempted to control access to and distribution of our technologies, documentation and other proprietary information. We plan to continue these procedures. Despite these procedures, third parties could copy or otherwise obtain and make unauthorized use of our technologies or independently develop similar technologies. The steps that we have taken and that may occur in the future might not prevent misappropriation of our solutions or technologies, particularly in foreign countries where laws or law enforcement practices may not protect the proprietary rights as fully as in the United States.

        There can be no assurance that we will be successful in enforcing our proprietary rights. For example, from time to time we have become aware of competing technologies employed by third parties who might be covered by one or more of our patents. In such situations, we may seek to grant licenses to such third parties or seek to stop the infringement, including through the threat of legal action. There is no assurance that we would be successful in negotiating a license agreement on favorable terms, if at all, or able to stop the infringement. Any infringement upon our intellectual property rights could have an adverse effect on our ability to develop and sell commercially competitive systems and components.

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If we fail to obtain the right to use the intellectual property rights of others which are necessary to operate our business, our ability to succeed will be adversely affected.

        From time to time, we may choose to or be required to license technology or intellectual property from third parties in connection with the development of our products. We cannot assure you that third-party licenses will be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Generally, a license, if granted, would include payments of up-front fees, ongoing royalties or both. These payments or other terms could have an adverse impact on our results of operations. The inability to obtain a necessary third-party license required for our product offerings or to develop new products and product enhancements could require us to substitute technology of lower quality or performance standards, or of greater cost, either of which could adversely affect our business. If we are not able to obtain licenses from third parties, if necessary, then we may also be subject to litigation to defend against infringement claims from these third parties. Our competitors may be able to obtain licenses or cross-license their technology on better terms than we can, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage. If we are unable to obtain or maintain any third-party license required to develop new products and product enhancements, on favorable terms, our results of operations may be harmed.

If third parties claim that our products infringe upon their intellectual property rights, we may be forced to expend significant financial resources and management time litigating such claims and our operating results could suffer.

        Third parties may claim that our products and systems infringe upon their patents and other intellectual property rights. Identifying third-party patent rights can be particularly difficult, notably because patent applications are generally not published until up to 18 months after their filing dates. If a competitor were to challenge our patents, or assert that our products or processes infringe their patent or other intellectual property rights, we could incur substantial litigation costs, be forced to make expensive product modifications, pay substantial damages or even be forced to cease some operations. Third-party infringement claims, regardless of their outcome, would not only drain financial resources but also divert the time and effort of management and could result in customers or potential customers limiting or deferring their purchase or use of the affected products or services until resolution of the litigation.

We are subject to restrictions and must pay a royalty on certain sales of our products and technology in specified countries in Asia.

        In February 2008, we established a joint venture in Japan called TC Catalyst, Inc., or TCC, with Tanaka Holdings Co., Ltd. (formerly Tanaka Holdings K.K.), a Japanese company, which, together with its subsidiary Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K., is referred to herein as TKK. Initially, we and TKK each owned 50% of TCC, but since formation we have sold most of our stake in the venture to TKK and now own 5%. In connection with these transactions, we also sold to TKK certain proprietary technology for sale, licensing or use in various countries in Asia, which we refer to as the Territory. In general, the technology covers our catalyst formulations (including platinum and zero platinum) developed for heavy duty commercial vehicles and other applications through 2013, and for non-commercial light vehicles through 2012. In addition, TKK has a right to cause us to license heavy duty commercial technology to TKK or TCC in exchange for a royalty if TKK or TCC desire to sell related products or services outside the Territory to subsidiaries of OEM customers located within the Territory. We have also agreed not to compete in the Territory with TKK or TCC in connection with heavy duty commercial vehicles and applications and light duty vehicles.

        Subsequent to these arrangements, we discovered that an exception allowing us to continue to supply catalysts in Japan to our largest customer, Honda, had been omitted in an amendment to the original transaction documents with TKK. We have shipped approximately $5.6 million of catalysts

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covered by the agreements since such amendment through December 31, 2014. In this regard, we have made a good faith payment of $0.3 million to TKK with respect to such prior shipments.

        In addition, on March 13, 2015, we further amended our agreements with TKK and TCC to, among other things, enable us to sell in the Territory (i) coated substrates or certain catalytic materials utilizing the technology we sold to TKK for a 4% royalty to TKK; (ii) coated substrates and certain catalytic materials utilizing solely new technology developed by us after we sold TKK the prior technology, as well as licenses of such technology related to catalysts for heavy-duty commercial vehicles and applications and light duty vehicles, for a 3% royalty to TKK; (iii) products used in vehicles without a royalty, provided that the ultimate user of the vehicle which contains the product purchases the vehicle outside the Territory; (iv) limited quantities of coated substrates or certain catalytic materials sold for the purpose of customer testing, evaluation and approval without a royalty; and (v) limited quantities of coated substrates sold during an extended period of time after mass production ends for a specified vehicle model year program without a royalty.

        Pursuant to the terms of the amendment, once an aggregate amount of approximately $16.6 million in royalties has been paid by us to TKK, we may commercialize any technology without a royalty, including inside the Territory.

        Consequently, if we or third parties desire to sell our products or otherwise commercialize certain of our technology in the Territory, we currently would have to pay a royalty to TKK in order to do so, which could adversely affect our ability to expand. In addition, although we believe that the amendment to the parties' agreements will generally enable us to pursue our business strategies in the Territory and that, based on discussions with TKK, our non-binding, good faith payment relieves us from further obligations to TKK with respect to past shipments of catalysts covered by the agreements, there can be no assurance that TKK will not assert claims and pursue available remedies, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business.

Failure of one or more key suppliers to timely deliver could prevent, delay or limit us from supplying products. Delays in delivery times for PGM purchases could also result in losses due to fluctuations in prices. Delays in the delivery times and the cost impact of the world-wide shortage of rare earth metals could delay us from supplying products and could result in lower profits.

        Due to customer demands and specifications, we are required to source critical materials and components such as ceramic substrates from single suppliers. Our three largest suppliers accounted for over 60% and 50% of our raw material purchases during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Failure of one or more of the key suppliers to deliver timely could prevent, delay or limit us from supplying products because we would be required to qualify an alternative supplier. For certain products and customers, we are required to purchase PGM materials. As commodities, PGM materials are subject to daily price fluctuations and significant volatility, based on global market conditions. Historically, the cost of PGMs used in the manufacturing process has been passed through to the customer. This limits the economic risk of changes in market prices to PGM metal usage in excess of nominal amounts allowed by the customer. However, going forward there can be no assurance that we will continue to be successful in passing PGM price risk onto our current and future customers to minimize the risk of financial loss. Additionally, PGM material is accounted for as inventory and therefore subject to lower of cost or market adjustments on a regular basis. A drop in market prices relative to the purchase price of PGMs could result in a write-down of inventory. Due to the high value of PGM materials, special measures have been taken to secure and insure the inventory. There is a risk that these measures may be inadequate and expose us to financial loss. We utilize rare earth metals in the production of some of our catalysts. Due to a reduction in export from China of these materials, there has been a world-wide shortage, leading to a lack of supply and higher prices. We risk delays in shipment due to this constrained supply and potentially lower margins if we are unable to pass the increased costs on to our customers.

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Qualified management, marketing, and sales personnel are difficult to locate, hire and train, and if we cannot attract and retain qualified personnel, it will harm the ability of the business to grow.

        Our success depends, in part, on our ability to retain current key personnel, attract and retain future key personnel, additional qualified management, marketing, scientific, and engineering personnel, and develop and maintain relationships with research institutions and other outside consultants. Competition for qualified management, technical, sales and marketing employees is intense. In addition, some employees might leave our Company and go to work for competitors. The loss of key personnel or the inability to hire or retain qualified personnel, or the failure to assimilate effectively such personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are transitioning from being a niche manufacturer of emissions control solutionsm, which will increase our reliance on third-party manufacturers and could harm our business.

        In connection with our efforts to realign our manufacturing footprint, we announced in December 2015 our intention to close our Canadian manufacturing facility in 2016. As a result of this action, we will rely on third-party service providers to manufacture certain of our products. This reliance generates a number of risks, including decreased control over the production process, which could lead to production delays or interruptions, and inferior product quality control. In addition, performance problems at these third-party providers could lead to cost overruns, shortages or other problems, which could increase our costs of production or result in delivery delays to our customers.

        If one or more of our third-party manufacturers becomes insolvent or unwilling to continue to manufacture products of acceptable quality, at acceptable costs, in a timely manner, our ability to deliver products to our retail customers could be significantly impaired. Substitute manufacturers might not be available or, if available, might be unwilling or unable to manufacture the products we need on acceptable terms. Moreover, if customer demand for our products increases, we may be unable to secure sufficient additional capacity from our current third-party manufacturers, or others, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

Any liability for environmental harm or damages resulting from technical faults or failures of our products could be substantial and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

        Customers rely upon our products to meet governmental emissions control standards. Failure of our products to meet such standards could expose us to claims from customers. Our products are also integrated into goods manufactured by our consumers, and therefore, a malfunction or the inadequate design of our products could subject us and our customers to product liability claims. Any liability for environmental harm or damages resulting from technical faults or failures could be substantial and could adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, a well-publicized actual or perceived problem could adversely affect the market's perception of our products, which would materially impact our financial condition and operating results.

        By email dated June 26, 2015, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) asserted the Company had deficiencies in compliance with the Verification Procedure, Aftermarket Parts Regulations and the Vehicle Code. The penalty calculated by CARB for these alleged violations was $1.8 million, with the largest component relating to the use of empty center bodies to allow trucks to be placed back in service while warranty claims are being evaluated. This process is now explicitly permitted by regulation, but was not permitted at the time of the alleged violation. Although the Company disagreed, and continues to disagree, with CARB's findings, the Company has cooperated with CARB's investigation and is discussing with CARB whether and to what extent the payment of monetary penalties would be appropriate. After review and evaluation of CARB's findings and publicly available CARB settlements for similar matters, the Company has accrued an expense of less than $0.1 million

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as of December 31, 2015 to resolve this matter. During 2016, CARB responded to our proposed settlement with a counter-proposal of $0.8 million by cutting certain components of their initial penalty in half and reducing certain penalties. We are currently evaluating CARB's recent counter-proposal and other relevant information, and an additional accrual may be recorded upon the completion of our current evaluation later in 2016. In the event that a mutually satisfactory agreement cannot be reached, the Company plans to defend any formal action taken by CARB. If we are unsuccessful in resolving this matter, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We have entered into contractual agreements in connection with past sales of certain of our assets, which may expose us to liability for claims for indemnification under such agreements.

        We have entered into various agreements by which we may be obligated to indemnify the other party with respect to certain matters. Generally, these indemnification provisions provide that we agree to hold the indemnified party harmless against losses arising from a breach of the contract terms. Payments by us under such indemnification clauses are generally conditioned on the other party making a claim. Such claims are generally subject to challenge by us and to dispute resolution procedures specified in the particular contract. Further, our obligations under these arrangements may be limited in terms of time and/or amount and, in some instances, we may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by us. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these indemnification agreements due to the conditional nature of our obligations and the unique facts of each particular agreement.

Risks Related to Our Industry

Future growth of our business depends, in part, on market acceptance of our catalyst products, successful verification of our products and retention of our verifications.

        While we believe that there exists a viable market for our developing catalyst products, there can be no assurance that such technology will succeed as an alternative to competitors' existing and new products. The development of a market for the products is affected by many factors, some of which are beyond our control. The adoption cycles of our key customers are lengthy and require extensive interaction with the customer to develop an effective and reliable catalyst for a particular application. While we continue to develop and test products with key customers, there can be no guarantee that all such products will be accepted and commercialized. Our relationships with our customers are based on purchase orders rather than long-term formal supply agreements. Generally, once a catalyst has successfully completed the testing and certification stage for a particular application, it is generally the only catalyst used on that application and therefore unlikely that, unless there are any defects, the customer will try to replace that catalyst with a competing product. However, our customers usually have alternate suppliers for their products and there is no assurance that we will continue to win the business. Also, although we work with our customers to obtain product verifications in accordance with their projected production requirements, there is no guarantee that we will be able to receive all necessary approvals for our catalysts by the time a customer needs such products, or that a customer will not accelerate its requirements. If we are not successful in having verified catalyst products to meet customer requirements, it will have a negative effect on our revenues, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

        If a market fails to develop or develops more slowly than anticipated, we may be unable to recover the costs we will have incurred in the development of our products and may never achieve profitability. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we will continue to develop, manufacture or market our products or components if market conditions do not support the continuation of the product or component.

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        We believe that it is an essential requirement of the U.S. retrofit market that emissions control products and systems are verified under the EPA and/or CARB protocols to qualify for funding from the EPA and/or CARB programs. Funding for these emissions control products and systems is generally limited to those products and technologies that have already been verified. Verification is also useful for commercial acceptability. Notably, EPA verifications were withdrawn on two of our products in January 2009 because available test results were not accepted by the EPA as meeting new emissions testing requirements for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measurement. As a general matter, we have no assurance that our products will be verified by the CARB or that such a verification will be acceptable to the EPA. If we are not able to obtain or maintain necessary product verifications, it will limit our ability to commercialize such products, which could have a negative effect on our revenues and on our results of operations.

Our results may fluctuate due to certain regulatory, marketing and competitive factors over which we have little or no control.

        The factors listed below, some of which we cannot control, may cause our revenue and results of operations to fluctuate significantly:

•

Actions taken by regulatory bodies relating to the verification, registration or health effects of our products;



•

The extent to which our products obtain market acceptance;



•

The timing and size of customer purchases;



•

Customer concerns about the stability of our business, which could cause them to seek alternatives to our solutions and products; and



•

Increases in raw material costs, particularly platinum group metals and rare earth metals.

We face constant changes in governmental standards by which our products are evaluated.

        We believe that, due to the constant focus on the environment and clean air standards throughout the world, requirements in the future to adhere to new and more stringent regulations are possible as governmental agencies seek to improve standards required for certification of products intended to promote clean air. In the event our products fail to meet these ever-changing standards, some or all of our products may become obsolete.

We face competition and technological advances by competitors.

        There is significant competition among companies that provide solutions for pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines. Several companies market products that compete directly with our products. Other companies offer products that potential customers may consider to be acceptable alternatives to our products and services, including products that are verified by the EPA, the CARB or other environmental authorities. We face direct competition from companies with greater financial, technological, manufacturing and personnel resources. Newly developed products could be more effective and cost-efficient than our current or future products. We also face indirect competition from vehicles using alternative fuels, such as methanol, hydrogen, ethanol and electricity.

New standards, lower environmental limits or stricter regulation for health reasons of platinum or cerium metals could be adopted and affect use of our products.

        New standards or environmental limits on the use of platinum or cerium metals by a governmental agency could adversely affect our ability to use our Platinum Plus® fuel-borne catalyst in some applications. Government or regulatory bodies in countries where we sell our Platinum Plus® fuel-borne

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catalyst could adopt limits or regulations with regards to platinum and cerium metals that could impact our ability to sell Platinum Plus® and related fuel borne catalysts.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

We could be delisted from NASDAQ, which could seriously harm the liquidity of our stock and our ability to raise capital.

        On February 12, 2016, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications staff of The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (Nasdaq) indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of our common stock for the last 30 consecutive business days, we no longer meet the requirement to maintain a minimum bid price of $1 per share, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1). In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have been provided a period of 180 calendar days, or until August 10, 2016, in which to regain compliance. In order to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, the closing bid price of our common stock must be at least $1 per share for a minimum of ten consecutive business days during this 180-day period. In the event we do not regain compliance within this 180-day period, we may be eligible to seek an additional compliance period of 180 calendar days if we meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the bid price requirement, if we provide written notice to Nasdaq of our intent to cure the deficiency during this second compliance period, which may include, if necessary, implementing a reverse stock split. However, if it appears to the Nasdaq Staff that we will not be able to cure the deficiency, or if we are then otherwise not eligible, Nasdaq will provide us notice that our common stock will be subject to delisting.

        There can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement or maintain compliance with the other listing requirements, or that we will be eligible for listing on any comparable trading market. The effects of losing the Nasdaq listing could materially harm our ability to raise additional capital.

The price of our common stock may be adversely affected by the sale by us or our shareholders of a significant number of new common shares.

        The sale, or availability for sale, of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise additional working capital through the sale of equity securities. For example, on November 23, 2015, we issued 883,862 shares of our common stock and Series B pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,686,138 shares of our common stock in a registered direct offering under our shelf registration statement. In a concurrent private placement, we issued warrants to purchase 771,000 shares of common stock and for the surrender and cancellation of warrants to purchase the same number of shares, warrants to purchase 856,393 shares of common stock. Also, on June 2, 2015, we entered into an underwriting agreement to sell 2,500,000 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 500,000 shares of our common stock under our shelf registration statement. Resale of shares, including shares received upon exercise of warrants, that we may issue from time to time by the holders thereof could contribute to downward pressure on the trading price of our stock.

        To provide us with additional flexibility to access capital markets for general corporate purposes, we filed a shelf registration statement which was declared effective by the SEC on November 17, 2015. The shelf registration statement permit us to sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate $50.0 million of various securities, including common stock, preferred stock, warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock and units consisting of one or more of the foregoing or any combination of such securities. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities under our shelf registration statement, our stockholders may experience dilution. Any dilution or potential dilution may

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cause our stockholders to sell their shares, which could contribute to a downward movement in the trading price of our stock.

The risk of dilution, perceived or actual, may contribute to downward pressure on the trading price of our stock.

        We have outstanding warrants and stock options to purchase shares of our common stock, and additional shares or warrants or options to acquire shares of our common stock may be issued in the future. The exercise of these securities will result in the issuance of additional shares of our common stock. We may also issue additional shares of our common stock or securities exercisable for or convertible into shares of our common stock, whether in the public market or in a private placement to fund our operations, or as compensation. These issuances, particularly where the exercise price or purchase price is less than the current trading price for our common stock, could be viewed as dilutive to the holders of our common stock. The risk of dilution, perceived or actual, may cause existing stockholders to sell their shares of stock, which could contribute to a decrease in the price of shares of our common stock. In that regard, downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock may also cause investors to engage in short sales, which could further contribute to downward pressure on the trading price of our stock.

There has been and may continue to be significant volatility in the volume and price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market and an investment in our stock could suffer a decline in value.

        CDTi's common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market effective October 3, 2007. In the period immediately following the Merger and the related reverse stock split, we experienced significantly higher trading volume than typical for our Company. Unusual trading volume in our shares has continued to occur from time to time. The market price of our common stock also has been and may continue to be highly volatile. On February 26, 2016, the closing price for a share of our common stock was $0.68 per share. Factors, including announcements of technological innovations by us or other companies, regulatory matters, new or existing products or procedures, concerns about our financial position, operations results, litigation, government regulation, developments or disputes relating to agreements, patents or proprietary rights, may have a significant impact on the market volume and price of our stock.

        As a publicly traded company, CDTi is assessed periodically by securities analysts. Changes in assessments by such analysts may increase the volatility or our stock price and may result in a decline in value if the assessments are negative.

We have not paid and do not intend to pay dividends on shares of our common stock.

        We have not paid dividends on our common stock since inception, and do not intend to pay any dividends to our stockholders in the foreseeable future. We intend to reinvest earnings, if any, in the development and expansion of our business.

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ITEM 1B.    UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

        None.

ITEM 2.    PROPERTIES

        Our Catalyst division uses approximately 52,000 square feet of space in Oxnard, California under three separate lease agreements, one that is month-to-month, one that expires on December 31, 2016 and one that expires on April 30, 2018. Our Oxnard facilities include our corporate headquarters, contain a warehouse that is used for shipping and receiving, and are also used for manufacturing and research and development. Our Catalyst division also leases approximately 800 square feet of space in Tokyo, Japan under a lease agreement that expires on June 14, 2016, which is used for sales and marketing purposes.

        Our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division uses approximately 51,000 square feet of space in Ontario, Canada under a lease agreement that expires on December 31, 2018 for administrative, research and development, manufacturing, sales and marketing functions; approximately 4,300 square feet of space in Malmö, Sweden for administrative, research and development and European sales and marketing; and an office in a shared office suite complex in Whyteleafe, Surrey, United Kingdom (outside London) for administrative and sales and marketing which we lease on a month-to-month basis.

        We do not anticipate the need to acquire additional space in the near future and consider our current capacity to be sufficient for current operations and projected growth. As such, we do not expect that our rental costs will increase substantially from the amounts historically paid in 2015. However, on December 11, 2015, we announced our intention to close our Canadian manufacturing facility in 2016, and we will record remaining lease payments at the time that this location is vacated.

ITEM 3.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

        Refer to Note 17, "Commitments and Contingencies".

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

        Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5.    MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

        Our common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol "CDTI". For a 20-trading day period immediately following the Merger and the one-for-six reverse stock split, both of which took effect October 15, 2010, it temporarily traded under the symbol "CDTID" in accordance with NASDAQ's rules.

        The following table sets forth the high and low prices of our common stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market for each of the periods listed. Prices indicated below with respect to our share price include inter-dealer prices, without retail mark up, mark down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

Holders

        At March 4, 2016, there were 186 holders of record of our common stock, which excludes stockholders whose shares were held by brokerage firms, depositories and other institutional firms in "street name" for their customers.

Dividends

        No dividends have been paid on our common stock and we do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

        Refer to Part III "Item 12—Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters".

ITEM 6.    SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

        Not applicable.

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ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

        The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, the accuracy of which involves risks and uncertainties, see "Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements". Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements for many reasons, as a result of many important factors, including those set forth in Part I—Item 1A "Risk Factors".

        References to "Notes" are notes included in the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

        We are transitioning our business from being a niche manufacturer of emissions control solutions for the automotive and heavy duty diesel markets to becoming an advanced materials technology provider for these markets. We have a proven ability to develop proprietary materials incorporating various base metals that replace costly platinum group metals ("PGM") and rare earth metals in coatings on vehicle catalytic converters. Our business is driven by increasingly stringent global emission standards for internal combustion engines, which are major sources of a variety of harmful pollutants.

        Over the past decade, we have developed several generations of high performance catalysts, including our low-PGM MPC® catalysts that are used on certain new Honda vehicles. Recently, we have expanded our materials platform to include new synergized-PGM diesel oxidation catalysts, or SPGM™ DOCs, base-metal activated rhodium support, or BMARS™, and Spinel™ technologies. Initial vehicle tests using these new technologies have demonstrated PGM savings of up to 97% compared to current OEM catalysts. We are in the process of introducing these new catalyst technologies to OEMs and other vehicle catalyst manufacturers in a proprietary powder form, which will allow them to capture the benefits of our advanced catalyst technology in their own manufacturing operations.

        We also supply heavy duty diesel emissions control systems and products incorporating our proprietary catalyst technologies to major automakers, distributors, integrators and retrofitters.

        We have more than 15 years history of supplying catalysts to light duty vehicle OEMs and 35 years of experience in the heavy duty diesel systems market. During these periods, we have developed a substantial portfolio of patents and related proprietary rights and extensive technological know-how.

        We organize our operations in two business divisions: Catalyst and Heavy Duty Diesel Systems.

        Catalyst:    Utilizing our advanced materials technology platform, we develop and produce catalysts to reduce emissions from gasoline, diesel and natural gas combustion engines. Most catalytic systems require significant amounts of costly PGMs to operate effectively. Using our proprietary mixed-phase catalyst, or MPC®, technology, we have developed a family of unique high-performance catalysts, featuring inexpensive base-metals with low or even no PGM content. We have recently developed a new generation of catalyst technologies, which we believe will enable further advances in catalyst performance and further reductions in PGM usage. Since 2001, we have supplied over twelve million catalyst parts to light duty vehicle OEM customers. Our Catalyst division is also a supplier of products for our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division. Revenues from our Catalyst division accounted for 58% and 53% of the total consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

        Heavy Duty Diesel Systems:    We specialize in the design and manufacture of exhaust emissions control solutions for a wide range of heavy duty diesel applications. We offer a full range of DuraFit™ OEM replacement diesel particulate filters, or DPFs, and diesel oxidation catalysts, or DOCs, and

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products for the verified retrofit and non-retrofit OEM markets through our distribution/dealer network and direct sales. We believe we offer one of the industry's most comprehensive portfolios of emissions control systems for use in engine retrofit programs that have been evaluated and verified as compliant with applicable state and federal regulations, as well as regulations imposed by several European countries. We have received certification from the Verification of Emission Reduction Technologies Association (VERT) for our Purifilter® exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) diesel particulate filter system, which expands our retrofit market opportunities into South America and other international locations. Sales of emissions control systems by our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division are driven by the regulation of diesel emissions, particularly in the State of California. Revenues from our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division accounted for 42% and 47% of the total consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Strategy

        We are in the process of transitioning from being a niche manufacturer of emissions control solutions for the automotive and heavy duty diesel markets to becoming an advanced materials technology provider of proprietary powders for these markets. We believe that the transition to a powder-to-coat (P2C™) business model will allow us to achieve greater scale and higher return on our technology investment than in the past. In the short term, we expect to focus our efforts and resources in pursuing opportunities in fast growing markets in China and India, as well as North America, where we believe that we can serve profitably with our powder-to-coat business model.

        In support of this strategy, we have filed approximately 215 patents that underpin next-generation technology for our advanced zero-PGM and low-PGM catalysts, and during 2015 and early 2016, we completed an initial series of vehicle tests to validate our next-generation technologies. Based on the success of these tests, we are beginning to make our new catalyst technologies available to OEMs and other catalytic coaters for use in proprietary powder form, and we foresee multiple paths to market our new technologies.

        In 2014, we were awarded two significant patents for our new Spinel™ technology, a proprietary clean emissions exhaust platform aimed at improved catalytic performance, which we believe will dramatically reduce the cost of compliance with more stringent clean-air requirements. This is becoming increasingly relevant as new standards, such as the EPA's Tier 3, become effective and are expected to require increased loadings of PGMs to achieve compliance with conventional catalyst formulation technology.

Recent Developments

Streamlined Operations

        On December 11, 2015, we announced our intention to close our Canadian manufacturing facility in 2016 in order to streamline production activities and better align operations with our advanced materials strategy. We anticipate that the closure will allow us to reduce fixed overhead expenses and simplify our supply chain while enhancing our ability to serve our customers in the heavy duty diesel market.

Chinese Heavy Duty Market Entry

        We recently entered into an agreement with Panasonic Ecology Systems Co., Ltd. to supply our synergized-platinum group metal (SPGM™) diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for the China heavy duty on-road and off-road retrofit markets. Panasonic Ecology Systems Co., Ltd. manufactures and sells environmental systems for the Panasonic Group.

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        Panasonic Ecology Systems will combine its proprietary diesel particulate filter technology with CDTi's SPGM™ DOC technology for the heavy duty diesel retrofit market in China. In the first phase, CDTi will supply substrates coated with CDTi's SPGM™ DOC technology, with a planned transition to CDTi providing its proprietary SPGM™ DOC powder to Panasonic to coat onto substrates in its China factory. The first SPGM™ DOC shipments began in the fourth quarter of 2015.

Appointment of New Chief Executive Officer and Acceleration of Transformation

        In October 2015, we announced the hiring of a new Chief Executive Officer, Matthew Beale, a seasoned executive who has been serving on our Board. Our Executive Team, with input from our Board of Directors, is in the process of accelerating the execution of our business strategy. Among other things, we expect to aggressively complete our transformation from serving as a manufacturer of emissions solutions to a developer and supplier of proprietary powders used by other catalyst manufacturers for supply to the global automotive industry.

        In addition, in connection with our ongoing strategic review, we are evaluating our business portfolio as well as our factory and employee utilization and other metrics with a view to more closely align revenues and expenses.

Initial Vehicle and Engine Test Results

        New products developed for our powder-to-coat business model include the following:

•

SPGM™ diesel oxidation catalyst technology.  Preliminary engine and vehicle test results indicate the achievement of emission control and system performance comparable to a leading OEM catalyst product while reducing PGM usage by over 80%.



•

BMARS™ technology.  Initial test results demonstrate that BMARS™, with one catalyst and 50% less PGM, outperformed the OEM's typical two-catalyst system on a popular passenger car. These results provide OEMs the prospect of eliminating one of the catalyst units altogether, while achieving a greater than 50% PGM cost reduction on the remaining catalyst unit.



•

Spinel™ technology.  Initial vehicle test results demonstrated that a Spinel™ underfloor catalyst with 97% less PGM usage achieved emissions control performance equivalent to the OEM catalyst. Testing of the Spinel™ close coupled catalyst was completed recently with results indicating a 90% reduction in PGM usage.

Collaboration Agreement

        In 2015, we entered into a collaboration agreement with AP Exhaust Technologies, Inc., or AP Exhaust, to commercialize next-generation catalysts. This collaboration aims to bring to market our latest catalyst technologies, which include MPC®, BMARS™ and Spinel™, across portions of AP Exhaust's extensive aftermarket catalytic converter product line. This collaboration agreement is also expected to involve a powder-to-coat business model whereby we would sell AP Exhaust enabling proprietary catalytic powders that AP Exhaust would precision coat onto catalytic converter substrates in its state-of-the-art coating facility. The initial drive to commercialization will target the North American aftermarket for light duty replacement catalytic converters, and it is designed to achieve large-scale, commercialization of our advanced catalyst technologies.

Sources of Revenues and Expenses

        We generate revenues primarily from the sale of our emission control systems and products. We generally recognize revenues from the sale of our emission control systems and products upon shipment of these products to our customers. However, for certain customers, where risk of loss transfers at the

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destination (typically the customer's warehouse), revenue is recognized when the products are delivered to the destination.

        Our cost of revenues consists primarily of direct costs for the manufacture of emission control systems and products, including cost of raw materials, costs of leasing and operating manufacturing facilities and wages and benefits paid to personnel involved in production, manufacturing, quality control, testing and supply chain management. In addition, cost of revenues include normal scrap and shrinkage associated with the manufacturing process and expenses from write-downs of obsolete and slow moving inventory. We include the direct material costs and factory labor as well as factory overhead expense in cost of revenues. Indirect factory expense includes the costs of freight (inbound and outbound for direct material and finished goods), purchasing and receiving, inspection, testing, warehousing, utilities and deprecation of facilities and equipment utilized in the production and distribution of products.

        Our selling, general and administrative expenses, or SG&A, includes the salary and benefits for sales, marketing and administrative staff as well as samples provided at no-cost to customers, marketing materials, travel, legal, accounting and other professional fees, corporate expenses, regulatory fees and bad debt. Also included is any depreciation related to assets utilized in the SG&A functions, as well as amortization of acquired intangible assets.

        Our research and development expenses, or R&D, consists of costs associated with research related to new product development and product enhancement expenditures. R&D also includes costs associated with vehicle testing of our catalysts on engines and vehicles in independent testing facilities, getting our heavy duty diesel systems verified and approved for sale by the EPA, the CARB and other regulatory authorities. R&D includes the salary and benefits for the research and development staff as well as travel, research materials, testing and legal expense related to patenting intellectual property. Also included is any depreciation related to assets utilized in the development of new products.

        Other income (expense) primarily reflects interest expense, including amortization of debt discounts and premiums and amortization of debt issuance costs, our portion of loss or income from unconsolidated affiliates and changes in the fair value of our liability-classified warrants. It also includes loss on foreign exchange and interest income.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

        The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures in the financial statements. Critical accounting policies are those accounting policies that may be material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change, and that have a material impact on financial condition or operating performance. While we base our estimates and judgments on our experience and on various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, actual results may differ materially. For additional information relating to these and other accounting policies, refer to Note 3, "Significant Accounting Policies".

        We believe the following accounting policies and estimates are most critical to the understanding of our consolidated financial statements.

        Revenue Recognition.    We generally recognize revenue when products are shipped and the customer takes ownership and assumes risk of loss, collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, and the sales price is fixed or determinable. When terms of sale include subjective customer acceptance criteria, we defer revenue until the acceptance criteria are met. Concurrent with the shipment of the product, we accrue estimated product return reserves. Critical judgments include the determination of whether or not customer acceptance criteria are

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perfunctory or inconsequential. The determination of whether or not the customer acceptance terms are perfunctory or inconsequential impacts the amount and timing of the revenue that we recognize.

        Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.    The allowance for doubtful accounts involves estimates based on our judgment, review of individual receivables and analysis of historical bad debts. We monitor collections and payments from our customers and maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We also assess current economic trends that might impact the level of credit losses in the future. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in difficulties in their ability to make payments as they become due, additional allowances could be required, which would have a negative effect on our results of operations and working capital.

        Inventory Valuation.    Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined on the first-in, first-out method. We write-down inventory for slow-moving and obsolete inventory based on assessments of future demands, market conditions and customers who are expected to reduce purchasing requirements as a result of experiencing financial difficulties. Such assessments require us to exercise significant judgment. If these factors were to become less favorable than those projected, additional inventory write-downs could be required, which would have a negative effect on our results of operations and working capital.

        Product Warranty Reserves.    We provide warranties on certain of our Heavy Diesel Division products for varying periods. Generally, the warranty periods range from one to five years and may also contain mileage limitations. We provide for the estimated cost of product warranties in cost of sales, at the time product revenue is recognized. Warranty costs are estimated primarily using historical warranty information in conjunction with current engineering assessments applied to our expected repair or replacement costs. The adequacy of the provision is assessed at each quarter end. Should actual performance rates or repair costs differ from estimates, revision to the estimated warranty liability would be required, which would have a negative effect on our results of operations and working capital.

        Accounting for Income Taxes.    Our income tax expense is dependent on the profitability of our various international subsidiaries including Canada, Sweden and the United Kingdom ("U.K."). These subsidiaries are subject to income taxation based on local tax laws in their respective countries. Our U.S. operations have continually incurred losses since inception.

        Our annual tax expense is based on our income, statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining our tax expense and in evaluating our tax positions including evaluating uncertainties. We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. We record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefit in income tax expense. We review our tax positions quarterly and adjust the balances as new information becomes available. If these factors were to become less favorable than those projected, or if there are changes in the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate, there could be an increase in tax expense and a resulting negative effect on our results of operations and working capital.

        Deferred income tax assets represent amounts available to reduce income taxes payable on taxable income in future years. Such assets arise because of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as well as from net operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards. We evaluate the recoverability of these future tax deductions by assessing the adequacy of future expected taxable income from all sources, including reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted operating earnings and available tax planning strategies. These sources of income inherently rely on estimates. To provide insight, we use our historical experience and our short- and long-range

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business forecasts. We believe it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred income tax assets may expire unused and have established a valuation allowance against them. Although realization is not assured for the remaining deferred income tax assets, primarily related to foreign tax jurisdictions, we believe it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be fully recoverable within the applicable statutory expiration periods. However, deferred tax assets could be reduced in the near term if our estimates of taxable income in certain jurisdictions are significantly reduced or available tax planning strategies are no longer viable.

        Goodwill.    We test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually, as of October 31, using a two-step process, and more frequently upon the occurrence of certain triggering events. Our Engine Control Systems reporting unit, which is within our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems reporting segment, has all of our goodwill assigned to it, which totalled $4.7 million and $5.2 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Goodwill impairment testing requires us to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit. The estimate of fair value is based on internally developed assumptions approximating those that a market participant would use in valuing the reporting unit. We derived the estimated fair value of the Engine Control Systems reporting unit at October 31, 2015 from a blending of market and income approach models. We utilized a weighting of 25% and 75% between the market and income approaches, respectively. Significant assumptions used in deriving the fair value of the reporting unit under the income approach included: annual revenue growth over the next five years ranging from 6% to 58%, long-term revenue growth of 3% and a discount rate of 22%. A significant assumption used in deriving the fair value of the reporting unit under the market approach included an average multiple of 1.35 times on revenue. The discount rate of 22% was developed based on a weighted cost of capital ("WACC") analysis. Within the WACC analysis, the cost of equity assumption was developed using the Capital Asset Pricing Model ("CAPM"). The inputs in both the CAPM and the cost of debt assumption utilized in the WACC were developed for our Engine Control Systems business reporting unit using data from comparable companies. The revenue growth rates used are higher than our historical growth patterns due to our recent launch of our DuraFit™ product for the replacement market and consider future growth potential identified by management, however, there is no assurance such growth will be achieved in this newer market. In addition, we considered the overall fair value of our reporting units as compared to our market capitalization. Because the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, we determined that no goodwill impairment existed as of October 31, 2015, and we have not identified any triggering events that would change this assessment through December 31, 2015. However, it is reasonably possible that future results may differ from the estimates made during 2015 and future impairment tests may result in a different conclusion for the goodwill of our Engine Controls Systems reporting unit. In addition, the use of different estimates or assumptions by management could lead to different results. Our estimate of fair value of the reporting unit is sensitive to certain factors, including but not limited to the following: movements in our share price, changes in discount rates and our cost of capital, growth of the reporting unit's revenue, cost structure of the reporting unit, successful completion of research and development, capital expenditures, customer acceptance of new products, competition, general economic conditions and approval of the reporting unit's product by regulatory agencies.

        Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other Than Goodwill.    We evaluate long-lived assets, including intangible assets other than goodwill, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. An impairment is considered to exist if the total estimated future cash flows on an undiscounted basis are less than the carrying amount of the assets. If an impairment does exist, we measure the impairment loss and record it based on discounted estimated future cash flows. In estimating future cash flows, we group assets at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of cash flows from other asset groups. Considerable judgment is necessary to estimate the fair value of the assets and, accordingly, actual results could vary significantly from such estimates. Our most significant estimates and judgments relating to the long-lived asset impairments include the timing and amount of projected

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future cash flows. These estimates and judgments are based upon, among other things, certain assumptions about expected future operating performance and growth rates and other factors, actual results of which may vary significantly.

        In 2015, we considered whether any events or changes in circumstance indicated that the carrying amount of our long-lived assets may not be recoverable and concluded that no such triggering event had occurred during 2015 that would lead us to believe that the assets were impaired. Therefore, no further testing was performed. To the extent additional events or changes in circumstances occur, we may conclude that a non-cash impairment charge is required, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

        Warrant Derivative Liability.    In light of the terms of certain of our outstanding warrants, we have determined that we are required to carry them at fair value until exercised or expired, and record changes in their fair value in our results of operations in each reporting period. At December 31, 2015, we had a liability of $3.1 million related to liability-classified warrants. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded a non-cash gain of $2.6 million to other income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of comprehensive loss to reflect the change in fair value of these liability-classified warrants. The determination of fair value requires us to use of judgment. For common stock warrants with market conditions, we use the Monte Carlo pricing model to determine fair value. For other common stock warrants, we use the Black-Scholes option-valuation model, which requires that we make certain assumptions regarding: (i) the expected volatility in the market price of our common stock; (ii) dividend yield; (iii) risk-free interest rates; and (iv) the contractual terms of the warrants. These variables are projected based on our historical data, experience, and other factors. Changes in any of these variables could result in material adjustments to the non-cash gain or loss recognized for changes in the valuation of the warrant derivative liability.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

        Refer to the "Recently Issued Accounting Guidance" discussion in Note 3, "Significant Accounting Policies".

Factors Affecting Future Results

Advanced Materials Strategy

        Our strategy is to transition from being a niche manufacturer of emissions control solutions for the automotive and heavy duty diesel OEM, retrofit and replacement markets to becoming an advanced materials technology provider of proprietary powders for these markets. We believe that the transition to a powder-to-coat business model will allow us to achieve greater scale and higher return on our technology investment than in the past. In support of this strategy, we have filed a significant number of patents that underpin next-generation technology for our advanced low-PGM catalysts, and we have recently completed an initial series of vehicle tests to validate our next-generation technologies. It is our intention to invest in developing and commercializing these catalyst technologies. As a consequence, we anticipate that we will continue to expand our intellectual property portfolio with additional patents in 2016 and beyond. In addition, we will invest in other development and marketing activities, including hiring of personnel and incurring costs for outside testing and consulting.

DuraFit™

        In the third quarter of 2014, we introduced CDTi's DuraFit™ OEM replacement DPFs through independent distributors to provide an alternative to OEM manufactured parts. According to market analysis firm Power System Research, manufacturers in North America have produced an average of 250,000 heavy duty on-road diesel vehicles equipped with DPFs each year since 2007 to comply with EPA requirements. The typical OEM warranty on DPFs is 5 years and has expired for many of these vehicles with more continuing to expire in the coming years. As 2007 and newer DPFs from OEMs fail

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and require replacement, non-OEM DPFs will be needed as replacements. According to a 2012 industry report, the market for medium and heavy duty vehicle after-treatment maintenance and repair is projected to grow from $0.5 billion in 2010 to $3.0 billion by 2017.

        Announcements regarding our progress with the launch of DuraFit™ include:

•

The New York Department of Sanitation, or DSNY, became the first major fleet customer for our DuraFit™ OEM replacement DPFs. The DSNY operates the largest municipal-owned sanitation fleet in the world consisting of approximately 3,000 vehicles including refuse collection trucks and mechanical street sweepers.



•

We signed a National Distribution Agreement, pursuant to which DuraFit™ will be sold under a private label to hundreds of retailers in the North American aftermarket.



•

We signed a multi-year contract with PACCAR Parts to distribute DuraFit™ to its North American network of more than 670 Peterbilt and Kenworth dealerships. Shipments to PACCAR Parts are expected to commence this year.



•

We are opening four new distribution centers in the U.S., further strengthening our best-in-class service model and enabling us more efficiently meet order fulfillment and the technical support and service needs of our end customers.



•

We announced DuraFit™ diesel oxidation catalyst for the heavy duty aftermarket. Leveraging our SPGM™ technology, this OEM quality DOC transforms exhaust stream pollutants into less harmful compounds, enhances DPF performance and reduces the need for costly PGMs.



•

We partnered with Hino Motors, Ltd. to distribute DuraFit™ DPFs and DOCs to its North American network of more than 300 dealerships. Shipments to Hino are expected to commence during the first quarter of 2016.

        As expected, sales from these products were modest in 2014 but have increased significantly during 2015 and are expected to grow substantially in subsequent periods.

Customer Dependency and Relationship with Honda

        Historically, we have derived a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of customers. Sales to Honda represented 57% and 52% of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. However, based on discussions with Honda, and acceleration of our powder-to-coat strategy, we anticipate that our supply of coated catalysts to Honda will begin to significantly decline in the second half of 2017, as certain current vehicle models are phased out. Accordingly, it will be critical that our powder-to-coat business strategy produces revenues with new customers, which may include Honda, directly or indirectly, to replace those from our current core catalyst business.

        In conjunction with our longstanding relationship with Honda, we entered into a joint research agreement with the motorcycle division of Honda regarding the development of ZPGM™ catalysts for motorcycles. The agreement was signed in 2010, extended in 2012 and expired in March 2014, although confidentiality provisions continue to survive. The agreement provides that technology within the scope of the agreement developed solely by one party is owned by that party, and that technology within the scope of the agreement that is jointly developed by both parties is jointly owned. While we believe that core technology within the scope of the agreement was developed solely by us, there can be no assurance that our belief will not be challenged or invalidated. To the extent that Honda is a joint owner of critical technology developed under the agreement, Honda (including its automotive division) might not be required to pay us a license or royalty fee for use of the jointly owned technology; Honda may be able to manufacture its own catalysts based on the jointly owned technology; and Honda may be able to license the jointly owned technology to others without our consent. In addition, under the terms of the agreement, we may not be able to license jointly owned technology to others without Honda's consent. Our inability to license jointly owned technology to others could adversely affect the ability to license certain technology.

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Government Funding and Standards

        The nature of our business is heavily influenced by government funding of emissions control projects and increased emission control regulations and mandates. Compliance with these regulatory initiatives drives demand for our products and the timing of the implementation of emission reduction projects. We believe that, due to the constant focus on the environment and clean air standards throughout the world, it can be expected that new and more stringent regulations, both domestically and abroad, will continually be adopted, requiring the ongoing development of new products that meet these standards. However, the availability of funding to incentivize the adoption of emission reduction programs is often one-off, which means that such funding does not generally result in a regular source of recurring revenues for us.

Macroeconomic Factors Impacting the Automotive Industry

        Since the customers of our Catalyst division are primarily OEM auto makers, this division is generally affected by macroeconomic factors impacting the automotive industry. Demand for our products is tied directly to the demand for vehicles. Accordingly, factors that affect the truck and automobile markets have a direct effect on our business, including factors outside of our control, such as vehicle sales slowdowns due to economic concerns, or as a result of natural disasters, including earthquakes and/or tsunamis.

        In addition, our business, operations, results of operation and financial condition may be affected by other factors, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and our other filings with the SEC.

Results of Operations

        The tables in the discussion that follow are based upon the way we analyze our business. For additional information regarding our reportable segments, refer to Note 18, "Segment Reporting".

Revenues

        Excluding intercompany revenue, the increase in revenues for our Catalyst division was due to an increase in demand from our Japanese OEM customer, including the new model that we announced in March of 2015, which entered production in January of 2015. Further, unit volume for this customer increased by 4% for vehicles currently in mass production.

        The decrease in revenues for our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division was due to a sharp downturn in retrofit due to a compliance deadline in California during the prior year period, partially offset by a $4.1 million increase in DuraFit™ sales, which are continuing to ramp.

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Gross Profit

        The gross margin for our Catalyst division remained fairly consistent.

        The decrease in gross margin for our Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division was a result of the aforementioned decrease in revenues, coupled with the impact of fixed costs. Further, gross margin was impacted by DuraFit™ launch costs and a supply chain that we are in the process of optimizing.

Operating Expenses

SG&A

        SG&A remained consistent as a percentage of revenue, and the dollar decrease relates primarily to a $0.3 million payment in 2014 to a joint venture partner related to discussions concerning conducting business in the Asia territory, a decrease in certain incentive based compensation and a decrease in marketing for DuraFit^TM that launched in 2014. Partially offsetting these decreases was an increase in consulting fees to support newer strategies and products. For additional information regarding the payment to a joint venture partner, refer to Note 16, "Equity Investments".

R&D

        The increase in research and development was primarily due to development work and outside testing related to new products and employee related costs to support our technology initiatives.

Severance and Other Charges

        During the year ended December 31, 2015, we incurred severance costs related to our North American locations, including $0.8 million of severance benefits covering a one year period for our former president and chief operating officer and our former general counsel, corporate secretary and vice president, administration, pursuant to separation and release agreements. Additionally, on December 11, 2015, we announced our intention to close our Canadian manufacturing facility. Certain

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costs associated with this closure, primarily severance costs, totaling $0.6 million have been accrued in 2015, and additional costs will continue to be accrued until the ultimate closure of this facility in 2016.

        During the year ended December 31, 2014, we incurred severance costs related to our North American and U.K. locations, including severance benefits covering a one year period for our former chief financial officer, pursuant to a separation and release agreement. The Company incurred additional lease exit costs related to the exit of leases in North America. Also included in severance and other charges was an additional $0.1 million related to the increase in fair value of our common stock associated with the aforementioned legal settlement, dated March 13, 2014, and $0.1 million related to the settlement of a customer dispute.

Other Income (Expense), Net

        Interest expense, net remained fairly consistent.

        The increase in other income was primarily attributable to a $2.6 million change in the re-measurement adjustments for our liability-classified warrants.

Income Taxes

        We incurred income tax benefit of $0.4 million and a tax expense of $0.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our effective income tax rate was 5% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to (2)% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The differences between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory tax rate were primarily related to the valuation allowance offsetting the deferred tax assets in both the U.S. and U.K. jurisdictions, as well as Swedish and Canadian foreign tax rate differentials.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

        Historically, the revenue that we have generated has not been sufficient to fund our operating requirements and debt servicing needs. Notably, we have suffered recurring losses since inception. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $199.6 million compared to $191.1 million at December 31, 2014. We have also had negative cash flows from operations from inception through the year ended December 31, 2015. Our primary sources of liquidity in recent years have been asset sales, credit facilities and other borrowings and equity sales.

        At December 31, 2015 and 2014, $1.1 million and $1.4 million, respectively, of our cash was held by foreign subsidiaries in Canada, Sweden and the U.K. We do not intend to repatriate any amount of this cash to the United States as it will be used to fund our subsidiaries' continued operations. If we decide to repatriate unremitted foreign earnings in the future, it could have negative tax implications.

        We have a $7.5 million secured demand financing facility with FGI backed by our receivables and inventory that terminates on August 15, 2016 and may be extended at our option for additional one-year terms. However, FGI can cancel the facility at any time. For additional information regarding the FGI facility, refer to the "Description of Indebtedness" discussion below. At December 31, 2015, we had $3.5 million in borrowings outstanding with $4.0 million available under our FGI credit facility,

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subject to the availability of eligible accounts receivable and inventory balances for collateral. However, there is no guarantee that we will be able to borrow to the full limit of $7.5 million if FGI chooses not to finance a portion of our receivables or inventory.

        On May 15, 2012, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, or the Shelf Registration, which permits us to sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of various securities. However, we may not sell our securities in a primary offering pursuant to the Shelf Registration or any other registration statement on Form S-3 with a value exceeding one-third of our public float in any 12-month period (unless our public float rises to $75.0 million or more). On May 19, 2015, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC to replace the existing Shelf Registration, or the Replacement Shelf, which was declared effective on November 17, 2015. Shelf registration statements are intended to provide us with additional flexibility to access capital markets for general corporate purposes, subject to market conditions and our capital needs. For additional information, refer to Note 11, "Stockholders' Equity".

        On June 2, 2015, we entered into an underwriting agreement to sell 2,500,000 units pursuant to the Shelf Registration for $2.05 per unit, with each unit consisting of one share of common stock and 0.2 of one warrant to purchase one share of common stock with an exercise price of $2.65 per share. We received net proceeds of $4.5 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and other offering expenses. For additional information, refer to Note 11, "Stockholders' Equity" and Note 12, "Warrants".

        On October 7, 2015, we and Kanis S.A. entered into a letter agreement whereby Kanis S.A. agreed to amend the terms of the outstanding loans, in the aggregate principal amount of $7.5 million, made to us, such that the maturity dates of all outstanding loans were extended to October 1, 2018. For additional information, refer to Note 10, "Debt".

        On November 23, 2015, we entered into a Securities and Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors (the "Purchasers") providing for the issuance and sale by us of 883,862 shares of the Company's common stock and Series B pre-funded warrants (the "Pre-Funded Warrants") to purchase an aggregate of 1,686,138 shares of its Common Stock. The offering price was $1.22 per share of common stock and the offering price for the Pre-Funded Warrant was $1.21 for each to purchase one share of common stock. In a concurrent private placement, the Company issued 0.3 of a Series A warrant to purchase one share of common stock for each share of common stock purchased or pre-funded through the Pre-Funded Warrants in the registered offering. Each whole Series A Warrant can be exercised for a share of Common Stock. The Series A Warrants cover, in the aggregate, 771,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.70 per share. In addition, in exchange for the surrender and cancellation for outstanding warrants to purchase 856,393 shares of common stock, with a weighted average exercise price of $3.19 per share, held by the Purchasers, we issued Series C-1, Series C-2 and Series C-3 warrants to purchase an aggregate of 856,393 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.70 per share. We received net proceeds of $2.6 million after deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. For additional information, refer to Note 11, "Stockholders' Equity" and Note 12, "Warrants".

        On February 12, 2016, a special meeting of our stockholders was held, and at the meeting, our stockholders voted to approve an amendment to our Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares from 24,100,000 shares to 100,000,000 shares. Further, on February 12, 2016, we filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware a Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation which increased the number of authorized shares from 24,100,000 shares to 100,000,000 shares, ninety nine million nine hundred thousand (99,900,000) of which are designated as common stock and one hundred thousand (100,000) of which are designated as preferred stock. The additional authorized shares and Replacement Shelf registration statements are intended to provide us

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with additional flexibility to access capital markets for general corporate purposes, subject to market conditions and our capital needs.

        We continue to pursue development of our DuraFit^TM product line and its distribution channels, as well as developing sales opportunities in developing countries like India and China for our catalyst technology. Opportunities such as these require cash investment in operating expenses and working capital such as inventory and receivables prior to realizing profits and cash from sales. Additionally, as previously discussed, we intend to pursue aggressive development of our materials science platform which will require cash investment.

        Based on our current cash levels and our current and anticipated usage of cash resources, we will require additional financing in the form of funding from outside sources during the early second quarter of 2016. We will evaluate the amount of cash needed, and the manner in which such cash will be raised, on an ongoing basis. Our continuation as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to obtain adequate additional financing, including financing from equity sales and asset divestitures. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain such financing or achieve projected levels of revenue and maintain access to sufficient working capital, and accordingly, there is substantial doubt as to whether our existing cash resources and working capital are sufficient to enable us to continue our operations for the next twelve months. If we are unable to obtain the necessary capital, we will be forced to license or liquidate our assets, significantly curtail or cease our operations and/or seek reorganization under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

        The following table and discussion summarizes our cash flows from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

        Our primary uses of cash for operating activities are for purchasing inventory in support of the products that we sell, personnel related expenditures, facilities costs and payments for general operating matters. Cash flows were largely impacted by the loss from operations, adjusted for non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, change in fair value of the liability-classified warrants, and foreign currency gains. Operating cash flows were also impacted by the timing of sales and collections and an increase in inventory, as our DuraFit^TM sales are continuing to ramp.

        The increase in net cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to the sale of the Reno Business during 2014.

        The decrease in cash provided by financing activities was due to higher proceeds from a common stock and warrant offering, pursuant to our Shelf Registration, and proceeds from the exercise of warrants and stock options in the prior year period.

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Description of Indebtedness

        We have a $7.5 million secured demand facility with FGI backed by our receivables and inventory. The FGI facility expires on August 15, 2016 and may be extended at our option for additional one-year terms. However, FGI can cancel the facility at any time.

        Under the FGI facility, FGI can elect to purchase eligible accounts receivables from us and certain of our subsidiaries at up to 80% of the value of such receivables (retaining a 20% reserve). At FGI's election, FGI may advance us up to 80% of the value of any purchased accounts receivable, subject to the $7.5 million limit. Reserves retained by FGI on any purchased receivable are expected to be refunded to us net of interest and fees on advances once the receivables are collected from customers. We may also borrow against eligible inventory up to the inventory sublimit as determined by FGI subject to the aggregate $7.5 million limit under the FGI facility and certain other conditions. At December 31, 2015, the inventory sublimit was the lesser of $1.5 million or 50% of the aggregate purchase price paid for accounts receivable purchased under the FGI facility. While the overall credit limit and inventory sublimit were not changed, in the first quarter of 2015, borrowing against Honda inventory has been limited to $0.2 million by FGI due to their concerns about customer concentration.

        The interest rate on advances or borrowings under the FGI facility is the greater of (i) 6.50% per annum and (ii) 2.50% per annum above the prime rate, as defined in the FGI facility, and was 6.50% at December 31, 2015 and 2014.

        We were in compliance with the terms of the FGI facility at December 31, 2015. However, there is no guarantee that we will be able to borrow the full limit of $7.5 million if FGI chooses not to finance a portion of our receivables or inventory.

        For additional information regarding our indebtedness, refer to Note 10, "Debt".

Capital Expenditures

        As of December 31, 2015, we had no material commitments for capital expenditures and no material commitments are anticipated in the near future.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

        As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Commitments and Contingencies

        As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, other than office leases, employment agreements with key executive officers and the obligation to fund our portion (5%) of the losses of our Asian investment, we had no material commitments other than the liabilities reflected in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For additional information, refer to Note 17, "Commitments and Contingencies".

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ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AN QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

        Not applicable.

ITEM 8.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

        See "Index to Financial Statements", located on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9.    CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

        Not applicable.

ITEM 9A.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

        In evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded, because of the material weakness described below, that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective, at the reasonable assurance level, as of the end of the period covered by this report to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (1) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and (2) is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

        However, giving full consideration to the material weakness, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects our consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, consolidated statements of stockholders' equity and consolidated statements of cash flows for the periods disclosed in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Further, this material weakness was identified and corrected prior to the completion of our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

        Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our principal executive and principal financial officers, or person performing similar functions, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

•

pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;

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•

provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the company; and



•

provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

        Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

        Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. Management based this assessment on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management's assessment included an evaluation of the design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. Management reviewed the results of its assessment with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

        Based on this assessment, management determined that, as of December 31, 2015, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was not effective because of the material weakness described below.

Material Weakness Related to Inventory Costing and Capitalization of Manufacturing Variances

        During the fourth fiscal quarter of 2015, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer identified a material weakness related to our inventory costing and the capitalization of certain manufacturing variances at our Canadian manufacturing facility that we were in the process of closing. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected in a timely basis. This control deficiency resulted in the reasonable possibility that a material misstatement in the valuation of inventory would not be prevented or detected in a timely basis. This material weakness was identified and any resulting errors corrected prior to the completion of our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Remediation Plan

        During the first quarter of 2016, the Company ceased to manufacture at the Canadian manufacturing facility and outsourced the manufacturing previously done at this location. As the material weakness related to the valuation of inventory at the Company's Canadian manufacturing facility, management anticipates that the closure of such facility and outsourcing of the manufacturing activities will eliminate the manufacturing labor and overhead variance component of the capitalization contributing towards the remediation of the material weakness in internal controls related to the inventory costing and the capitalization of certain manufacturing variances at the former Canadian manufacturing facility. Additionally, management's plans to remediate this material weakness include:

•

Add additional resources with expertise in inventory cost accounting;



•

Redesign controls to ensure proper inventory costing and the capitalization of certain manufacturing variances;

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        In addition to the changes described above, management will continue to evaluate and enhance the complement of its resources in 2016, as needed, to address the material weakness identified above.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

        Other than as described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2015, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Auditor's Attestation

        This annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management's report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit us to provide only management's report in this annual report.

ITEM 9B.    OTHER INFORMATION

Employment Agreement Amendments

        On March 29, 2016, the Company entered into addendums to employment agreements with certain of its Executive Officers to reduce base salary compensation to the amounts listed below:

•

Matthew Beale, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director: $250,000



•

Stephen J. Golden, Ph.D., Chief Technology Officer and Vice President: $225,000



•

Hans Eric Bippus, Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing: $240,000



•

David E. Shea, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary: $175,000

        Such reductions in base salary compensation are intended to support the Company's efforts to reduce its overall cost structure.

        The above summaries are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the Addendums to Employment Agreements, copies of which are filed as Exhibits 10.62 through 10.65 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and which are incorporated by reference herein.

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PART III

ITEM 10.    DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF CDTi

        The following table sets forth the name, age and positions of individuals who are currently Directors and executive officers of CDTi. Following the table is a brief biography of each nominee for Director and of each current executive officer of CDTi. To CDTi's knowledge, there are no family relationships between any Director or executive officer and any other Director or executive officer of CDTi. Executive officers serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Additionally, executive officers may be elected to the Board of Directors.

Directors

        Charles R. Engles, Ph.D., Chairman.    Dr. Engles joined the CDTi Board of Directors in October 2010, immediately following the business combination of CDTi and Catalytic Solutions, Inc. and was appointed Chairman in September 2014. Dr. Engles served as a Director of Catalytic Solutions, Inc. from January 2000 to October 2010. Dr. Engles is an independent consultant and has over 20 years of experience serving as a board member for U.S. public companies and has also been a board member of numerous private companies. From May 2012 to May 2013, he served as a consultant to PatentBridge, LLC, an intellectual property brokerage firm, under the title of Senior Director. From April to October 2008, Dr. Engles served as Interim Chief Executive Officer of ThermoCeramix, Inc., an advanced materials company focused on electrical to thermal energy conversion. From September 1997 to March 2008, Dr. Engles served as Chief Executive Officer of Cutanix Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company focused on dermatological drug discovery that he co-founded. From September 1994 to March 1997, he served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Stillwater Mining Company (NYSE:SWC), a producer of platinum group metals, and, under his direction, it completed an IPO on NASDAQ in 1994. In 1992, he organized the spin out from Johns-Manville Corporation (NYSE:BRK.A,BRK.B) and Chevron Corporation (NYSE:CVX) of Stillwater Mining Company. He also served as a Director of Stillwater Mining Company from May 2013 until November 2014. From July 1989 until September 1994, Dr. Engles served as Senior Vice President of Johns-Manville Corporation responsible for corporate development and worldwide mining and minerals operations. Dr. Engles holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University in operations research and attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar.

        We believe Dr. Engles is qualified to serve on our Board based on his experience as a director and executive officer of public companies, experience in the platinum group metals business, as well as technical background and his performance as a member of our Board.

        Matthew Beale, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director.    Mr. Beale was appointed Chief Executive Officer in October 2015 and President in December 2015. He joined the CDTi Board of Directors in September 2014. From May 2013 until September 2015, Mr. Beale served as Group

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Strategy Officer at Landi Renzo SpA (MIL:LR), a multinational engineering and manufacturing company based in Italy focused on alternative fuel systems and components for OEM and aftermarket automotive applications. From July 2012 to April 2013, Mr. Beale was a strategy consultant to the alternative fuel systems industry focused on business and capital markets strategies. Prior to that, he held several leadership positions at Fuel Systems Solutions, Inc. (NASDAQ:FSYS), a producer of fuel systems and components for automotive and industrial markets, including: Co-President and Head of IMPCO Operations from April 2011 to June 2012; Chief Financial Officer from May 2009 to March 2011; President and Secretary from May 2008 to March 2011; and Vice President of Business Development from February 2007 to April 2008. Previously, Mr. Beale held international corporate finance and banking positions with CVS Partners from 2005 to 2007; with Citigroup Inc. from 2000 to 2004; and with JP Morgan (NYSE:JPM) from 1994 to 2000. Mr. Beale received a BA in English Literature from the University of London, a Diploma in Accounting and Finance from the London School of Economics, and an MBA from IESE Business School.

        We believe Mr. Beale is qualified to serve on our Board based on his experience as an executive officer of public companies and his finance and operations leadership experience in the automotive industry provides him with the continued business experience and acumen to guide CDTi on its financial and strategic initiatives.

        Dr. Till Becker, Director.    Dr. Becker joined the CDTi Board of Directors in February 2015. Dr. Becker has over 25 years of international experience in the automotive, consumer goods and energy industries, including 19 years in leadership roles at Daimler AG, and an extensive background in corporate restructuring and M&A transactions. Dr. Becker currently serves as a Senior Advisor at Global Board Room Advisors, an Asia-focused M&A consulting firm which he co-founded in 2011. Additionally, he has served as Senior Advisor to Holland Private Equity Growth Capital, an investment firm focused on growth-stage investments in small to mid-market technology companies in the Benelux and Germany, since 2014 and Senior Consultant to Artris Management Ltd., a European M&A and consulting company, since 2010. In 2013, Dr. Becker served as CEO of Hess AG, a provider of world-class lighting systems, where he implemented a successful restructuring plan that lead to the company's sale. From 2010 to 2011, he served as interim CEO of MPS Micropaint Holding AS, an international distributor of premium spot repair systems for small paint damages and as an advisor to RealEyes GmbH, a three-dimensional display imaging firm. From 2008 to 2010, Dr. Becker served as an advisor to Capital Dynamics Ltd., an independent, global asset management firm that invests in private equity and clean energy infrastructure. From 1987 to 2006, Dr. Becker served in numerous roles at Daimler AG, including Chairman and CEO of Daimler Northeast Asia, Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S., Istanbul, Mercedes-Benz India Pvt. Ltd. and Mercedes-Benz Portugal SA as well as Executive Vice President of the parent company. In addition to CDTi, Dr. Becker currently serves as chairman of the board of Armonic AudioMotive Limited and MPS Micropaint Holding AS and as director of Automotive Business Consulting AG and Equity Gate Advisors GmbH. He previously served as chairman the board of PAS Management Holding GmbH (2008 to 2010) and Lombardium Hamburg GmbH & Co KG (2009 to 2011). Dr. Becker received a law degree from the University of Münster.

        We believe Dr. Becker is qualified to serve on our Board based on his experience as a director and extensive international leadership experience, technology and commercialization experience and first-hand understanding of the automotive industry.

        Lon E. Bell, Ph.D., Director.    Dr. Bell joined the CDTi Board of Directors in June 2013. He founded Gentherm Inc. (NASDAQ:THRM), formerly Amerigon Inc., a global developer and marketer of innovative thermal management technologies for a broad range of heating and cooling and temperature control applications, in 1991, and was a consultant to Gentherm from December 2010 to December 2012. Dr. Bell served many roles at Gentherm, including Chief Technology Officer until December 2010, Director of Technology until 2000, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer until 1999,

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and President until 1997. Dr. Bell served as the Chief Executive Officer and President of BSST LLC, a subsidiary of Gentherm, from September 2000 to December 2010. He served as a Director of Gentherm from 1991 to 2012. Previously, Dr. Bell co-founded Technar Incorporated, which developed and manufactured automotive components, and served as Technar's Chairman and President until selling majority ownership to TRW Inc. in 1986. Dr. Bell continued managing Technar, then known as TRW Technar, as its President until 1991. Dr. Bell co-founded Mahindra REVA Electric Vehicle Pvt Ltd in 1994 and currently serves as a Director. He has served as a director for Ideal Power Converters, Inc. (NASDAQ:IPWR) since 2012 and ClearSign Combustion Corporation (NASDAQ:CLIR) since November 2011. From January 2012 to January 2014, Dr. Bell served as a Director of Aura Systems Inc. (OTC:AUSI) and through 2012, Dr. Bell was a director of the non-profit CALSTART. Dr. Bell received a BS degree in Mathematics, MS degree in Rocket Propulsion, and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

        We believe Dr. Bell is qualified to serve on our Board based on his experience as a director of public companies, significant business acumen, technology and commercialization experience and first-hand understanding of the automotive industry.

        Bernard H. "Bud" Cherry, Director.    Mr. Cherry joined the CDTi Board of Directors in October 2010, immediately following the business combination of CDTi and Catalytic Solutions, Inc. Mr. Cherry served as a Director of Catalytic Solutions, Inc. from January 2008 to October 2010. Mr. Cherry has served as Chief Executive Officer and Director of Eagle Creek Renewable Energy, LLC, a privately owned developer and operator of hydroelectric generating facilities, since June 2011. Mr. Cherry is also the Principal Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Energy 5.0 LLC, a privately held energy solutions company established in November 2006, that develops, finances, constructs and operates complex renewable energy production facilities. Mr. Cherry has over 40 years' experience in the energy sector. He served as Executive Vice Chairman of the Board of Northern Power Systems, Inc., a wind energy company from August 2008 to July 2009 and Chief Executive Officer from August 2008 to December 2008. In February 2007, Mr. Cherry joined the Board of Directors of Distributed Energy Systems Corporation (NASDAQ:DESC), a renewable energy generation and technology equipment manufacturer, and became Chairman of the Board in August 2007. In October 2007, Mr. Cherry was named Chief Executive Officer and served until August 2008, at which time he also left the Board. Distributed Energy Systems Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in June 2008. Prior to that, Mr. Cherry was Chief Executive Officer of the Foster Wheeler Global Power Group, one of the two major business groups of Foster Wheeler Limited (NASDAQ:FWLT), a provider of construction and engineering services, from November 2002 until June 2006. Prior to his tenure at Foster Wheeler, Mr. Cherry was a member of the senior management team of the Oxbow Group for 17 years. Mr. Cherry was the President and Chief Operating Officer of the Oxbow Energy and Minerals Group and played a key leadership role in the creation and growth of Oxbow's global energy activities. Mr. Cherry began his career as a Nuclear Engineer at United Nuclear Corporation and holds a BS degree in Chemistry and MS degree in Nuclear Engineering, both earned at the University of Illinois.

        We believe Mr. Cherry is qualified to serve on our Board based on his experience as a director of public companies, over 40 years of experience in the energy sector and performance as a member of our Board.

        Mungo Park, Director.    Mr. Park has been a Director of CDTi since September 2009 and served as Chairman from September 2009 to October 2010. Mr. Park is the Chairman and Founder of Innovator Capital Limited, a financial services company of London, England established in 2003. He has over 30 years of investment banking experience, focusing primarily on the technology, industrial technology and the biomedical industries.

        We believe Mr. Park is qualified to serve on our Board based on his fundraising experience and experience in advising "Greentech" companies on financial matters.

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Executive Officers

        Biographical information for Mr. Beale is included above under "—Directors."

        Hans Eric Bippus, Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing.    Mr. Bippus joined CDTi as Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing in July 2015. He has over 15 years of sales, marketing and operations management experience in the global automotive and heavy duty vehicle markets. Prior to joining CDTi, from December 2013 to July 2015, Mr. Bippus served as Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Dura Products, Inc., a manufacturer of digital chemical meters and mini-bulk transfer pumps for the agricultural and on- and off-road diesel engine markets. From May 2011 to October 2013, he served as Senior Vice President of Global Aftermarket Sales for Remy International Inc. (NASDAQ-REMY), a leading manufacturer and remanufacturer in the automotive, heavy duty and transportation industry, where he also managed the OEM heavy duty truck business in North America. From May 2008 to February 2011, he served as Vice President, Sales and Marketing for CNH Industrial, a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A. From May 2000 to May 2008, he held various positions with Prestolite Electric, Inc., a manufacturer of alternators and starter motors for original equipment and aftermarket applications, most recently as Vice President, Worldwide Sales. Mr. Bippus earned his BA degree in Management from the Walsh College of Accountancy and Business in Michigan.

        Stephen J. Golden, Ph.D., Chief Technology Officer and Vice President.    Dr. Golden has served as Chief Technology Officer and Vice President—Business Development and Strategy since April 2012. Dr. Golden joined CDTi as Chief Technical Officer in October 2010, immediately following the business combination of CDTi and Catalytic Solutions, Inc. Dr. Golden is one of the founders of Catalytic Solutions, Inc. and the developer of its technology and had served as the Chief Technical Officer and Director of Catalytic Solutions, Inc. since 1996. From 1994 to late 1995, Dr. Golden was the Research Director for Dreisbach Electromotive Incorporated, a developer of advanced batteries based in Santa Barbara, California. Dr. Golden received his doctorate in Material Science at Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, England. Dr. Golden did extensive post-doctoral work at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Queensland, Australia in ceramic oxide and mixed metal oxide materials.

        David E. Shea, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary.    Mr. Shea was appointed Chief Financial Officer in July 2014 following his service as Corporate Controller from April 2014 to July 2014 and Vice President of Finance from May 2013 to July 2014. Mr. Shea has served as Secretary since December 2015 and Treasurer since May 2013. Mr. Shea joined CDTi as Corporate Controller in October 2010, following the business combination of CDTi and Catalytic Solutions, Inc. Mr. Shea served as Corporate Controller of Catalytic Solutions, Inc. from 2009 and as Manager of Financial Planning and Analysis from October 2005 to 2009. Mr. Shea has over 20 years of financial management experience in a number of different industries. From 2001 to 2005, Mr. Shea served as Director of Finance for ENCO Utility Services, a privately held utility services outsourcing provider. From 1998 to 2001, Mr. Shea was the Manager of Business Planning and Development for Edison Enterprises, an unregulated subsidiary of Edison International (NYSE:EIX). From 1986 to 1998, Mr. Shea held several of financial positions, the last being Manager of Material Estimating and Cost Management at Northrop Grumman (NYSE:NOC). Mr. Shea received a BA degree in Economics/Mathematics from the University of California at Santa Barbara and MBA degree from the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business.

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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

        The Board is committed to sound and effective corporate governance principles and practices. The role of our Board of Directors is to effectively govern the affairs of our Company for the benefit of our stockholders. Our Board of Directors strives to ensure the success and continuity of our Company and its mission through the election and appointment of qualified management. It is also responsible for ensuring that CDTi's activities are conducted in a responsible and ethical matter.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

        Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires the Company's Directors and executive officers, and persons who own more than ten percent of a registered class of the Company's equity securities, to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of common stock and other equity securities of the Company. Officers, Directors and greater than ten percent stockholders are required by SEC regulation to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file.

        To the Company's knowledge, based solely on a review of the copies of such reports furnished to the Company, all Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to CDTi's executive officers, Directors and greater than ten percent beneficial owners during the year ended December 31, 2015 were complied with.

Code of Business Ethics and Conduct

        The Board has adopted a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (the "Code") that applies to all employees, executive officers and Directors. A copy of the Code is available free of charge on written or telephone request to Secretary, CDTi, 1621 Fiske Place, Oxnard, California 93033, U.S.A., or +1 805 639 9458. The Code is also available on CDTi's website at www.cdti.com under "Investor Relations". Changes to the Code or waivers granted under the Code will be posted on CDTi's website at www.cdti.com under "Investor Relations".

Communicating with the Board of Directors

        Stockholders and other interested parties may contact any of CDTi's Directors, including the Chairman or the Non-Executive Directors as a group, by writing a letter to the CDTi Director(s) c/o Secretary, CDTi, 1621 Fiske Place, Oxnard, California 93033, U.S.A. Communications will be forwarded directly to the Chairman, unless a different Director is specified.

Corporate Governance Materials

        Materials relating to corporate governance at CDTi are published on our website at www.cdti.com under "Investor Relations".

•

Board of Directors—Background and Experience



•

Audit Committee Charter



•

Compensation and Nominating Committee Charter



•

Code of Ethics and Business Conduct



•

By-laws of Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc.



•

Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc.

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COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD

        The standing Committees of the Board of Directors are an Audit Committee, Compensation and Nominating Committee and Technology Committee. Special committees may be formed from time to time as determined by the Board of Directors. The Charters of the Audit Committee and Compensation and Nominating Committee are available on CDTi's website at www.cdti.com under "Investor Relations". The following table sets out the current membership of the standing Committees of our Board of Directors and the number of Committee meetings held in 2015:

Audit Committee

        The Audit Committee is responsible for oversight of accounting and financial reporting processes, audits of the financial statements, internal control and audit functions, and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and ethical standards adopted by the Company. For audit services, the Audit Committee is responsible for the engagement and compensation of independent auditors, oversight of their activities and evaluation of their independence. The Audit Committee has instituted procedures for receiving reports of improper record keeping, accounting or disclosure. The Audit Committee is also responsible for reviewing transactions with related parties, regardless of the amount of such transaction. The Board has also constituted the Audit Committee as a Qualified Legal Compliance Committee in accordance with SEC regulations.

        In the opinion of the Board, each of the members of the Audit Committee has both business experience and an understanding of generally accepted accounting principles and financial statements enabling them to effectively discharge their responsibilities as members of that Committee.

Audit Committee Financial Expert

        The Board has determined that Charles R. Engles, Ph.D., is an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of SEC regulations. In making this determination the Board considered Dr. Engles' formal training, extensive experience in accounting and finance and his prior service with other reporting companies under the Securities Exchange Act. The Board has also determined that Dr. Engles is "independent," as independence for audit committee members is defined in the NASDAQ listing standards.

Compensation and Nominating Committee

Compensation

        The Compensation and Nominating Committee is responsible for the oversight and determination of executive compensation. For outside adviser services, the Compensation and Nominating Committee is responsible for the engagement and compensation of independent compensation consultants, legal advisors and other advisers, and the oversight of their activities and evaluation of their independence. Among other things, the Committee reviews, recommends and approves salaries and other compensation of the Company's eligible employees, administers the Company's Management Short Term Incentive Plan and the Company's long-term incentives under the Company's Stock Incentive

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Plan (including reviewing, recommending and approving equity grants to eligible employees) and Executive Long Term Incentive Plan.

        Executive compensation awards are approved by the Compensation and Nominating Committee on recommendation of the Chief Executive Officer, except that the compensation of the Chief Executive Officer is determined by the Committee itself. Compensation of executives is considered for final approval by the Board of Directors upon the recommendation of the Compensation and Nominating Committee.

        In determining executive compensation, the Committee considers:

•

the executive's performance in light of Company goals and objectives;



•

competitive market data at comparable companies;



•

our overall budget for base salary increases; and



•

such other factors as it shall deem relevant.

        The Compensation and Nominating Committee is authorized to engage and retain independent third party compensation and legal advisors to obtain advice and assistance on all matters related to executive compensation and benefit plans, as well as external consultants to provide independent verification of market position and consider the appropriateness of executive compensation.

Nominating

        The Compensation and Nominating Committee also identifies Director Nominees for election to fill vacancies on CDTi's Board. Nominees are considered for approval by the Board on recommendation of the Committee. In evaluating nominees, the Committee seeks candidates of high ethical character with significant business experience at the senior management level who have the time and energy to attend to Board responsibilities. Candidates should also satisfy such other particular requirements that the Committee may consider important to CDTI's business at the time. When a vacancy occurs on the Board, the Committee will consider nominees from all sources, including stockholders, nominees recommended by other parties, and candidates known to the Directors or CDTi's management. The Committee may, if appropriate, make use of a search firm and pay a fee for services in identifying candidates. The best candidate from all evaluated will be recommended to the Board to consider for nomination.

        The Compensation and Nominating Committee does not have a formal affirmative diversity policy for identifying nominees for the Board of Directors. When evaluating nominees, however, the Committee considers itself diversity neutral and examines a candidate's background, experience, education, skills and individual qualities that could contribute to heterogeneity and perspective in Board deliberations.

        Stockholders who wish to recommend candidates for consideration as nominees should furnish in writing detailed biographical information concerning the candidate to the Committee addressed to the Secretary of CDTi at 1621 Fiske Place, Oxnard, California, 93033, U.S.A. No material changes have been made to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to CDTi's Board of Directors.

Technology Committee

        The Technology Committee's responsibility is to represent and assist the Board of Directors in its review and oversight of the Company's technology strategy and investment in research and development and technological and scientific initiatives and to review and identify specific technology, science and innovation matters that could have a significant impact on Company operations.

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Strategy Committee

        On May 20, 2015, the Board of Directors established a Strategy Committee to assist with the Company's mission, vision and strategic direction. Having accomplished the objectives of the special Committee, the Board of Directors dissolved the Committee on January 14, 2016.

ITEM 11.    EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Summary Compensation Table

        The table below sets forth information for the year indicated with respect to compensation earned by 1) the individuals who served as Chief Executive Officer in 2015; and 2) the next two most highly compensated executive officers who were serving as executive officers as of December 31, 2015, other than individuals who served as Chief Executive Officer in 2015, and who earned more than $100,000 during such year; and 3) the individual whom disclosure would have been provided but for the fact that he was not serving as an executive officer as of December 31, 2015. We refer to each of these individuals in this Proxy Statement as a "Named Executive Officer."

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Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table

Employment Agreements

        We entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Beale on October 22, 2015, Mr. Harris on March 25, 2014 (the "Original Employment Agreement"), which was amended and restated on December 22, 2014 (the "Amended Employment Agreement"), and employment agreements with Mr. Shea on December 22, 2014 and Mr. Lopez-Baldrich on March 25, 2014. We also entered into separation agreements with Mr. Harris and Mr. Lopez-Baldrich on December 14, 2015. Our subsidiary, Catalytic Solutions, Inc. ("CSI"), entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Golden on October 17, 2006.

        The employment agreements provide for an annual base salary of $325,000 for Mr. Beale, $250,000 for Mr. Harris under his Original Employment Agreement, $275,000 for Mr. Harris, under his Amended Employment Agreement effective as of December 1, 2014, $257,500 for Dr. Golden, $225,000 for Mr. Shea and $250,000 for Mr. Lopez-Baldrich, subject to potential adjustments based on an annual review of each named executive officer's salary. Under his employment agreement, Mr. Beale is eligible to receive a temporary monthly housing allowance of $3,000 through October 2016.

        The employment agreements also provide for certain incentive compensation, including:

•

for Mr. Beale, (i) 500,000 non-qualified stock options granted on November 5, 2015, having an exercise price equal to the closing price of a share of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ on such date, with 50% vesting on March 31, 2016 and 50% on December 31, 2016, and (ii) an annual bonus based on the Company's achievement of financial objectives established by the Board and Mr. Beale's achievement of agreed upon personal business objectives, which varies from 0% to 119% of base salary with a target of 70% of such base salary;



•

for Mr. Harris, (i) the opportunity to receive long-term incentive awards correlated to his salary and calculated using a multiplier determined by the Board, (ii) an annual bonus based on the Company's achievement of financial objectives established by the Board and Mr. Harris' achievement of agreed upon personal business objectives, which varies from 0% to 68% of base salary with a target of 40% of such base salary under his Original Employment Agreement and 0% to 102% of Mr. Harris' base salary with a target of 60% of such base salary under his Amended Employment Agreement;



•

for Dr. Golden, (i) the opportunity to obtain a bonus of up to 60% of his base salary, dependent on the attainment of certain goals and objectives, and (ii) any equity incentive awards that may be granted to Dr. Golden under the Company's Stock Incentive Plan;



•

for Mr. Shea, (i) the opportunity to receive long-term incentive awards correlated to his salary and calculated using a multiplier determined by the Board, and (ii) an annual bonus based on the Company's achievement of financial objectives established by the Board and Mr. Shea's achievement of agreed upon personal business objectives, which varies from 0% to 68% of Mr. Shea's base salary with a target of 40% of such base salary; and

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•

for Mr. Lopez-Baldrich, (i) the opportunity to receive long-term incentive awards correlated to his salary and calculated using a multiplier determined by the Board, and (ii) an annual bonus based on the Company's achievement of financial objectives established by the Board and Mr. Lopez-Baldrich's achievement of agreed upon personal business objectives, which varies from 0% to 68% of Mr. Lopez-Baldrich's base salary with a target of 40% of such base salary.

        On December 14, 2015, Messrs. Harris and Lopez-Baldrich (each, an "Executive") each entered into a separation agreement and release with the Company, pursuant to which the parties agreed:

•

A cash payment equal to thirteen (13) months of Executive's base salary payable in installments in accordance with the Company's normal payroll schedule and payroll practices, less applicable tax withholdings.



•

A lump sum cash payment in the amount of (i) with respect to Mr. Harris, $11,936.07, and (ii) with respect to Mr. Lopez-Baldrich, $10,756.86, less all applicable withholdings and deductions, to help defray costs incurred for medical insurance whether the Executive elects coverage under COBRA or obtains coverage through the State or Federal Health Insurance Marketplaces.



•

Accelerated vesting and exercisability of (i) with respect to Mr. Harris, 15,595 outstanding restricted stock units and outstanding unvested stock option awards to purchase 46,763 share of common stock and (ii) with respect to Mr. Lopez-Baldrich, 16,667 outstanding restricted stock units, to be automatically accelerated on December 18, 2015.



•

All of Executive's vested stock option awards shall remain exercisable by Executive for a period of 90 days following the Separation Date.

Short-Term Incentives

        All executive officers of the Company are eligible to participate in CDTi's STIP. Participation levels, business and personal objectives, and financial targets are established and determined by the Board upon recommendation of the Compensation and Nominating Committee and may include an incremental pay scale that includes linear payout levels. Aggregate plan payments are calculated by CDTi's senior management and approved by the Compensation and Nominating Committee and the Board of Directors. Individual employee payment recommendations are then submitted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer, Compensation and Nominating Committee and Board for final approval before any payments can be made. Cash incentives under the STIP are paid out on an annual basis by the end of the second quarter of each year upon review of financial results from the previous year. To be eligible for the cash incentive payout, participants must remain employed by CDTi on the date of the payout.

        Upon recommendation by the Compensation and Nominating Committee, on April 2, 2015, the Board set specific performance goals and business target criteria pertaining to the STIP for fiscal 2015. Cash incentive potential is based upon CDTi's business objectives and financial performance. Criteria for financial performance targets include sales growth, operating income and free cash flow. Payments made to Mr. Harris and Mr. Lopez-Baldrich were pro-rated and paid per the terms of their December 14, 2015 separation agreement and release.

Long-Term Incentives

        Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan.    The Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan was established in 2012 as a cash incentive plan for key executives of the Company. The Plan occurs over three-year periods with the first period having commenced with the Company's 2012 calendar year. Under the Plan, the Company's Named Executive Officers and other key executives are provided with specific three-year target incentives based upon their salary, which are payable in cash if the Company achieves

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certain performance goals set by the Board of Directors for each rolling three-year cycle. Awards are to be paid out following the end of the three-year period if the specified performance goals are met. For example, goals set in calendar year 2012 pertained to calendar years 2012, 2013 and 2014, and became eligible for payment in early calendar year 2015, at the Board of Director's discretion. While the Board of Directors has the discretion to establish new performance goals for subsequent three-year cycles on an annual basis, they elected to discontinue use of this plan on May 20, 2015.

        Performance goals for the final three-year period beginning on January 1, 2013 and ending on December 31, 2015 were not achieved and therefore, no executive was eligible to receive payment under the Plan for calendar year 2015.

        Stock Incentive Plan.    CDTi has one equity based employee compensation plan, the Stock Incentive Plan (formerly known as the 1994 Incentive Plan), which was approved by our stockholders in 1994 upon adoption and again in 2002, 2012 and 2015 upon amendments. Under the Plan currently, awards may be granted to participants in the form of non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted share units, performance awards, or any combination of the foregoing. Participants in the Plan may be CDTi's Directors, employees, consultants or advisors (except consultants or advisors in capital-raising transactions) as the Directors determine are key to the success of our business. The Compensation and Nominating Committee grants stock options and restricted stock (or restricted share units) as long-term equity incentive awards. These awards are designed to focus management on the long-term success of CDTi and thereby align the interests of the recipients with the interests of the stockholders.

        Under the Plan, the Board grants stock option awards and restricted share units upon the recommendation of the Compensation and Nominating Committee. Awards are generally granted annually during the first half of the calendar year. Stock options are granted for a term of not more than ten years and at an exercise price per share equal to fair market value on the grant date.

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        The following table sets out information as to the grant awards made to the Named Executive Officers during fiscal year 2015.

        In connection with Mr. Harris' and Mr. Lopez-Baldrich's resignations, the Board of Directors accelerated vesting under certain of their equity awards. Please see footnote two to the "Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End" table.

Executive Compensation Consultant

        During 2015, the Compensation and Nominating Committee directly retained LTC Performance Strategies, Inc. ("LTC") to conduct an executive compensation assessment with a primary focus on the long-term component of compensation for Clean Diesel's executive officers. The assessment by LTC contained a customized peer group analysis of compensation data, including equity compensation/ownership and various long-term compensation practices. The Compensation and Nominating Committee has used and expects to use LTC's assessment and recommendations to determine executive long-term compensation and implement the Company's executive compensation program structures for subsequent years. In particular, in May 2015, on the recommendation of the Compensation and Nominating Committee, Clean Diesel's Board of Directors discontinued use of the Company's Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan beginning with the 2014 plan year; began using stock options as the primary long-term compensation vehicle; and began to increase management's equity holdings toward the median of its peer group.

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Potential Payments upon Termination of Employment or Change in Control

        As of December 31, 2015, the following summarizes the potential payments upon employment termination and change in control events provided for in each of Mr. Beale's, Mr. Shea's and Mr. Lopez-Baldrich's employment agreements and Mr. Harris' Amended Employment Agreement:

        On December 14, 2015, Mr. Harris and Mr. Lopez-Baldrich each entered into a separation agreement and release with the Company. For more information, see "—Employment Agreements" above.

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        As of December 31, 2015, the following summarizes the potential payments upon employment termination and change in control events provided for in Dr. Golden's employment agreement:

        Various terms such as Good Reason, Disability, and Cause are defined in each Named Executive Officer's employment agreement. Payment of benefits upon termination under Dr. Golden's arrangement is subject to a limited exception for violations of the non-compete covenant, and covenants relating to confidentiality and CDTi's intellectual property in his employment agreement, and the signing of a release. In addition, under Dr. Golden's employment agreement, if either party gives notice to terminate Dr. Golden's employment and CSI asks Dr. Golden not to attend work or undertake any or all of Dr. Golden's duties or gives Dr. Golden additional duties for the purpose of investigating any disciplinary matter, Dr. Golden shall receive base salary and any other benefits and accrued and unpaid bonus if Dr. Golden is being terminated without Cause or at the discretion of CSI's board of directors, in each case during such leave period.

        The Named Executive Officers outstanding stock options and restricted share units were issued under the CDTi Stock Incentive Plan. Under the terms of the Stock Incentive Plan, in the event of termination of employment due to resignation, vested options continue to be exercisable for a period of 90 days and unvested restricted share units cancel. In the case of termination of employment due to death, total disability or normal retirement, vested options continue in force and are exercisable until the expiration of the basic ten-year term, but the unvested portion of any outstanding options terminates and has no effect and restricted share units vest 100% on the date of the termination. In addition, in the event of termination for cause, as provided in the award agreement, all options and restricted share units granted terminate immediately. In the event of a "Change in Control," the Board may, in its discretion, take actions as it deems appropriate to provide for the acceleration, assumption, continuation, substitution or cash-out of outstanding awards if not so determined in each Named Executive Officer's employment agreement. Additionally, the Board or Compensation and Nominating Committee may modify, terminate or grant waivers and accelerations with respect to awards under Stock Incentive Plan, subject to the terms and conditions contained therein.

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Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

        The following table sets out information as to the Named Executive Officers concerning their unexercised option and unvested stock awards outstanding at December 31, 2015.

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DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

Summary Director Compensation Table

        The following table shows all compensation earned by CDTi's Non-Executive Directors in 2015.

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Narrative to Director Compensation Table

        During 2015, CDTi's Non-Executive Directors were compensated based on the following fee schedule:

        Fees earned by the Non-Executive Directors are generally paid in cash quarterly during the period earned. Restricted stock unit awards to Non-Executive Directors will be, under the current policy of the Board, granted under the Stock Incentive Plan and vest over time.

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ITEM 12.    SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS AND STOCK OWNERSHIP OF MANAGEMENT

        The following table sets forth information known to us regarding the beneficial ownership of common stock as of February 29, 2016 by: 1) each person known to CDTi to beneficially own more than five percent of its outstanding shares of common stock; 2) each of the Directors (including all nominees for Director); 3) CDTi's "Named Executive Officers" as set forth in the Summary Compensation Table included under "Executive Compensation"; and 4) all current Directors and executive officers as a group at such date.

        Unless otherwise noted below, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table is in care of CDTi, 1621 Fiske Place, Oxnard, California, 93033.

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Equity Compensation Plan Information

        The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2015 regarding the Company's equity compensation plan.

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ITEM 13.    CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Transactions with Related Parties

        Since January 1, 2015, aside from those transactions listed below and compensation and other arrangements described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, there has not been nor is there currently proposed any transaction or series of similar transactions to which the Company was or is to be a party in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000 or one percent of the Company's average total assets at year end for the last two completed fiscal years and in which any of the Company's Directors, executive officer, persons who we know hold more than five percent of our common stock, or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons had or will have a direct or indirect material interest other than compensation agreements and other arrangements, which are described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Kanis S.A.

        We have entered into certain transactions involving the issuance of indebtedness by us to Kanis S.A., a former holder of more than five percent of our outstanding shares of common stock. For more information, see Note 10 to the Company's consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

        In connection with these transactions, we have issued equity securities to Kanis S.A. in return for Kanis S.A. agreeing to loan funds to us or amend related debt instruments and/or agreements, including the issuance on: (i) December 30, 2010 of warrants to acquire up to 25,000 shares of common stock at $10.40 per share (the "December Warrants") in connection with the entry into a loan commitment letter on such date providing for a loan by Kanis S.A. to us of $1.5 million; (ii) July 3, 2013 of 188,000 shares of common stock and warrants to acquire up to 94,000 shares of common stock at $1.25 per share in satisfaction of a $100,000 payment premium due June 30, 2013 and $135,000 of accrued interest as of June 30, 2013 relating to an 8% promissory note due 2016 in the aggregate principal amount of $1.5 million; (iii) on February 16, 2012 of warrants to acquire up to 5,000 shares of common stock at $3.80 per share (the "February Warrants") in connection with an amendment to our 8% subordinated convertible note due 2016 issued pursuant to a subordinated notes commitment letter dated April 11, 2011; (iv) on July 27, 2012 of warrants to acquire up to 45,000 shares of common stock at $2.09 per share (the "July Warrants") in connection with a 8% promissory note in the principal amount of in the initial aggregate principal amount of $3.0 million; and (v) on November 11, 2014 of warrants to acquire up to 80,000 shares of common stock at $1.75 per share in connection with the entry into a letter agreement amending the terms of various loans made by Kanis S.A. to us. On October 7, 2015, we entered into a letter agreement with Kanis S.A., whereby Kanis S.A. agreed to amend the terms of the outstanding loans made to the Company, such that (i) the maturity date and payment premium on the outstanding 8% shareholder note due on October 1, 2016 in the aggregate principal amount of $1,500,000 was extended to October 1, 2018; (ii) the maturity date on the outstanding 8% subordinated convertible note due on October 1, 2016 in the aggregate principal amount of $3,000,000 was extended to October 1, 2018; and (iii) the maturity date on the outstanding 8% shareholder note due on October 1, 2016 in the aggregate principal amount of $3,000,000 was extended to October 1, 2018.

        Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, the Company agreed to amend the terms of certain outstanding warrants issued to Kanis S.A. in order to (i) extend the expiration date until November 11, 2019 and, (ii) with respect to the December Warrants, February Warrants and July Warrants representing the right to purchase up to 75,000 shares of the Company's common stock and reduce the exercise price to $1.75 per share.

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ROLE AND COMPOSITION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

        The Board of Directors, which is elected by the stockholders, is the ultimate decision-making body of the Company, except with respect to those matters reserved to the stockholders. It selects the Chief Executive Officer, or person or persons performing similar functions, and other members of the senior management team, and provides an oversight function for the Chief Executive Officer's execution of overall business strategy and objectives. The Board acts as an advisor and counselor to senior management and validates business strategy and direction. The Board's primary function is to monitor the performance of senior management and facilitate growth and success by providing mentoring and actionable business advice honed by substantial substantive knowledge of the Company's business and history tempered with significant outside business experience.

        Our By-laws state that the number of Directors shall be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors or by the stockholders. On February 9, 2015, our Board of Directors fixed the number of Directors at six (6).

        Each Director shall be elected for a term of one year and until a successor is duly elected or until the Director shall sooner resign, retire, become deceased or be removed by the stockholders. Any Director may be removed by the stockholders with or without cause at any time. Any Director may resign at any time by submitting an electronic transmission or by delivering a written notice of resignation, signed by such Director to the Chairman, the Chief Executive Officer or the Secretary. Unless otherwise specified therein, such resignation shall take effect upon delivery. Vacancies in the Board may be filled by a majority of the Directors then in office (although less than a quorum), by the sole remaining Director, or by the stockholders. Any decrease in the authorized number of Directors shall not become effective until the expiration of the term of the Directors then in office unless, at the time of such decrease, there shall be vacancies on the Board that are being eliminated by the decrease. The Board is currently comprised of a Non-Executive Chairman, four Non-Executive Directors and our Chief Executive Officer.

Director Independence

        The Board of Directors has affirmatively determined that each of Charles R. Engles, Ph.D., Dr. Till Becker, Lon E. Bell, Ph.D., Bernard H. "Bud" Cherry and Mungo Park is "independent" under the NASDAQ listing standards. In addition, the Board of Directors has determined that the members of CDTi's Audit and Compensation and Nominating Committees, Dr. Engles, Dr. Bell, Mr. Cherry and Mr. Park are "independent" under the heightened independence standards applicable to Committee members under applicable NASDAQ listing standards and SEC rules.

2015 Meetings and Attendance

        During 2015, the Board held 16 meetings. All Directors attended at least 75% or more of the aggregate number of meetings of the Board and Board Committees on which they served. All Directors standing for re-election attended the 2015 annual meeting of CDTI held on May 20, 2015. CDTi has a formal policy mandating Director Attendance at annual meetings.

Executive Sessions

        In 2015, the Non-Executive Directors met in executive session of the Board on 3 occasions; the members of the Audit Committee met in executive session on 3 occasions; and the Compensation and Nominating Committee met in executive session on 2 occasions. The policy of the Board is to hold at least two executive sessions of the Board annually and executive sessions of committees when needed.

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Board Leadership Structure

        The CDTi Board is led by a Chairman who is a Non-Executive Director selected by the full Board on nomination of the Compensation and Nominating Committee. The Board believes that the Chairman is responsible for Board leadership and the Chief Executive Officer is responsible for leading the management, employees and operations of CDTi and that these are two distinct and separate responsibilities. The Board believes this leadership structure is efficient and promotes good corporate governance. However, the Board continues to evaluate its leadership structure and may change it, if, in the opinion of the Board, a change is required by the needs of CDTi's business and operations.

Risk Oversight

        The Board of Directors exercises ultimate risk oversight responsibility for CDTi directly and through its committees. The direct role for the Board is to assist management in identifying risk, to evaluate management's performance in managing risk, and, when appropriate, to request information and data to assist in that process. The Board believes that its leadership structure of a separate Chairman and Chief Executive Officer enhances the Board's assessment of risk. The Audit Committee assists the Board of Directors in its oversight of risk management in the areas of financial reporting, internal controls and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The Compensation and Nominating Committee oversees risks relating to CDTi's compensation policies and practices. Each Committee reports its activities and recommendations to the Board, including assessment of risk, when appropriate.

ITEM 14.    PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Audit Fees

        The following table presents fees for audit, tax and other services rendered by BDO USA, LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

        In the above table, in accordance with the SEC's definitions and rules, "Audit Fees" are fees for professional services for the audit of a company's financial statements included in the annual report on Form 10-K, for the review of a company's interim financial statements included in the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and for services that are normally provided by the accountant in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements, "Audit-Related Fees" are fees for assurance and related services by the accountant that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the financial statements and are not reported as "Audit Fees," and "Tax Fees" are fees for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning.

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

        Consistent with SEC rules regarding auditor independence, the Audit Committee has responsibility for appointing, as well as setting the compensation and overseeing the work of, the independent registered public accounting firm. In recognition of this responsibility, the Audit Committee's policy is to approve in advance an engagement of our independent registered public accounting firm for any audit or non-audit service. All services provided by BDO USA, LLP to CDTi during fiscal 2015, as described above, were approved by the Audit Committee in advance of BDO USA, LLP providing such services.

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PART IV

ITEM 15.    EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)

Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules:



(1)

Financial Statements

See "Index to Financial Statements" located on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2)

Financial Statement Schedules

Not applicable.

(3)

Exhibits

The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index immediately following the signature page are incorporated herein by reference.

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SIGNATURES

        Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

        KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that the persons whose signature appears below constitute and appoint Matthew Beale and David Shea, and each one of them, as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place, and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including pre-effective and post-effective amendments) to this registration statement and to sign any registration statement and amendments thereto for the same offering filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all which said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do, or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

        Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated below.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Index to Financial Statements

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Stockholders
Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc.
Oxnard, California

        We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

        We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

        In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

        The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operations since inception, resulting in an accumulated deficit of $199.5 million as of December 31, 2015, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

   

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

   

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(in thousands)

   

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

   

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Description of Business

        Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. ("CDTi" or the "Company") currently commercializes its material technology by manufacturing and distributing light duty vehicle catalysts and heavy duty diesel emissions control systems and products to major automakers, distributors, integrators and retrofitters.

        The Company is transitioning its business from being a niche manufacturer of emissions control solutions for the automotive and heavy duty diesel markets to becoming an advanced materials technology provider for these markets. The Company has a proven ability to develop proprietary materials incorporating various base metals that replace costly platinum group metals ("PGMs") in coatings on vehicle catalytic converters. Recently, the Company has expanded its materials platform to include new synergized-PGM diesel oxidation catalysts (SPGM^TM DOC), Base-Metal Activated Rhodium Support (BMARS^TM), and Spinel™ technologies, and it is in the process of introducing these new catalyst technologies to OEMs and other vehicle catalyst manufacturers in a proprietary powder form. The Company believes that this powder-to-coat business model will allow it to achieve greater scale and higher return on its technology investment than in the past.

        The Company's business is driven by increasingly stringent global emission standards for internal combustion engines, which are major sources of a variety of harmful pollutants. It has operations in the United States ("U.S."), Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Japan and Sweden as well as an Asian investment.

2. Liquidity and Going Concern

        The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. Therefore, the consolidated financial statements contemplate the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The Company has suffered recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception, resulting in an accumulated deficit of $199.6 million at December 31, 2015. The Company has funded its operations through asset sales, credit facilities and other borrowings and equity sales.

        At December 31, 2015, the Company had $3.0 million in cash, and based upon the Company's current and anticipated usage of cash resources, the Company will require additional financing in the form of funding from outside sources during the early second quarter of 2016. The Company will evaluate the amount of cash needed, and the manner in which such cash will be raised, on an ongoing basis. The Company's continuation as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to obtain adequate additional financing, which the Company has successfully secured since inception, including financing from equity sales and asset divestitures. However, there is no assurance that the Company will be able to achieve projected levels of revenue and maintain access to sufficient working capital, and accordingly, there is substantial doubt as to whether the Company's existing cash resources and working capital are sufficient to enable it to continue its operations for the next twelve months. If the Company is unable to obtain the necessary capital, it will be forced to license or liquidate its assets, significantly curtail or cease its operations and/or seek reorganization under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

        The Company has a $7.5 million secured demand facility backed by its receivables and inventory with Faunus Group International, Inc. ("FGI"). At December 31, 2015, the Company had $3.5 million in borrowings outstanding under this facility with $4.0 million available, subject to the availability of eligible accounts receivable and inventory balances for collateral. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to borrow to the full limit of $7.5 million if FGI chooses not to finance a portion

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

2. Liquidity and Going Concern (Continued)

of its receivables or inventory. Additionally, FGI can cancel the facility at any time. For additional information, refer to Note 10, "Debt".

        On May 15, 2012, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") (the "Shelf Registration"), which permits the Company to sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of various securities. However, the Company may not sell its securities in a primary offering pursuant to the Shelf Registration or any other registration statement on Form S-3 with a value exceeding one-third of its public float in any 12-month period (unless the Company's public float rises to $75.0 million or more). On May 19, 2015, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC to replace the existing Shelf Registration (the "Replacement Shelf"), which was declared effective on November 17, 2015. The Replacement Shelf will permit the Company to sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of various securities, provided that the Company may not sell its securities in a primary offering pursuant to the Replacement Shelf or any other registration statement on Form S-3 with a value exceeding one-third of its public float in any 12-month period (unless the Company's public float rises to $75.0 million or more). For additional information, refer to Note 11, "Stockholders' Equity".

        On June 2, 2015, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement to sell 2,500,000 units pursuant to the Shelf Registration for $2.05 per unit, with each unit consisting of one share of common stock and 0.2 of one warrant to purchase one share of common stock with an exercise price of $2.65 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $4.5 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and other offering expenses. For additional information, refer to Note 11, "Stockholders' Equity" and Note 12, "Warrants".

        On October 7, 2015, the Company and Kanis S.A. entered into a letter agreement whereby Kanis S.A. agreed to amend the terms of the outstanding loans, in the aggregate principal amount of $7.5 million, made to the Company, such that the maturity dates of all outstanding loans were extended to October 1, 2018. For additional information, refer to Note 10, "Debt".

        On November 23, 2015, the Company entered into a Securities and Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with certain institutional investors (the "Purchasers") providing for the issuance and sale by the Company of 883,862 shares of the Company's common stock and Series B pre-funded warrants (the "Pre-Funded Warrants") to purchase an aggregate of 1,686,138 shares of its Common Stock. The offering price was $1.22 per share of common stock and the offering price for the Pre-Funded Warrant was $1.21 for each to purchase one share of common stock. In a concurrent private placement, the Company issued 0.3 of a Series A warrant to purchase one share of common stock for each share of common stock purchased or pre-funded through the Pre-Funded Warrants in the registered offering. Each whole Series A Warrant can be exercised for a share of Common Stock. The Series A Warrants cover, in the aggregate, 771,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.70 per share. In addition, in exchange for the surrender and cancellation for outstanding warrants to purchase 856,393 shares of common stock, with a weighted average exercise price of $3.19 per share, held by the Purchasers, the Company issued Series C-1, Series C-2 and Series C-3 warrants to purchase an aggregate of 856,393 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.70 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $2.6 million after deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. For additional information, refer to Note 11, "Stockholders' Equity" and Note 12, "Warrants".

        On February 12, 2016, a special meeting of our stockholders was held, and at the meeting, the Company's stockholders voted to approve an amendment to our Restated Certificate of Incorporation

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

2. Liquidity and Going Concern (Continued)

to increase the number of authorized shares from 24,100,000 shares to 100,000,000 shares. Further, on February 12, 2016, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware a Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the "Amendment") which increased the number of authorized shares from 24,100,000 shares to 100,000,000 shares, ninety nine million nine hundred thousand (99,900,000) of which are designated as common stock and one hundred thousand (100,000) of which are designated as preferred stock. The additional authorized shares and Replacement Shelf registration statements are intended to provide the Company with additional flexibility to access capital markets for general corporate purposes, subject to market conditions and its capital needs.

3. Significant Accounting Policies

a.    Principles of Consolidation

        The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

        Investments in which the Company has at least a 20%, but not more than a 50% interest are generally accounted for under the equity method. Investment interests below 20% are generally accounted for under the cost method, except if the Company could exercise significant influence, the investment would be accounted for under the equity method. The Company's judgment regarding the level of influence over each equity method investment includes considering key factors such as the Company's ownership interest, representation on the board of directors, participation in policy-making decisions and material intercompany transactions. The Company has an investment interest below 20% which is accounted for under the equity method. The Company includes its proportionate share of the net income or loss of equity-method investees in its consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. For additional information, refer to Note 16, "Equity Investments".

b.    Discontinued Operations

        In July 2014, the Company committed to a plan to sell substantially all of the assets of its Reno, Nevada-based custom fabricated exhaust parts and accessories business (the "Reno Business"), and the sale of this business was completed in October 2014. The sale of this non-core business is expected to increase the Company's ability to fund key investments to broaden its growing intellectual property portfolio and to bring to market new products. The Reno Business' operations are classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented in this report. Depreciation and amortization have been eliminated from discontinued operations from the date the Company committed to the plan to sell the Reno Business. In the statements of cash flows, the cash flows of discontinued operations are separately classified and aggregated.

        Discontinued operations also includes accruals and related costs for the Company's estimated liability to settle its ongoing indemnification matters with Johnson Matthey ("JM") associated with the sale of Applied Utility Systems, Inc. ("AUS"), a former subsidiary of the Company, in 2009.

        For additional information, refer to Note 19, "Discontinued Operations".

        All discussions and amounts in the consolidated financial statements and related notes for all periods presented relate to continuing operations only, unless otherwise noted.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

3. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

c.    Concentration of Risk

        For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, one automotive original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") customer within the Catalyst segment accounted for 57% and 52%, respectively, of the Company's revenues. This customer accounted for 31% and 50% of the Company's accounts receivable at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

        For the periods presented below, certain vendors accounted for 10% or more of the Company's raw material purchases as follows:

d.    Use of Estimates

        The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S requires management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent liabilities. These estimates and assumptions are based on management's best estimates and judgment. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions, including those related to impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, stock-based compensation, the fair value of financial instruments including warrants, allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory valuation, taxes and contingent and accrued liabilities. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other factors, including the current economic environment, which it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates and assumptions are adjusted when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. Management believes that the estimates are reasonable.

e.    Cash

        Cash consists of cash balances on hand and on deposit at banks. Cash on deposit at banks at times may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) limits. The Company believes no significant concentration of credit risk exists with respect to these cash balances.

f.    Accounts Receivable

        Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Accounts receivable are presented net of a reserve for doubtful accounts of $0.3 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company's best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company's existing accounts receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience and past due balances over 90 days that are reviewed

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

3. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

individually for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company does not have any off balance sheet credit exposure related to its customer.

g.    Inventories

        Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (FIFO method) or market (net realizable value). Finished goods inventory includes materials, labor and manufacturing overhead. The Company establishes provisions for inventory that is obsolete or when quantities on hand are in excess of estimated forecasted demand. The creation of such provisions results in a write-down of inventory to net realizable value and a charge to cost of sales.

        The Company's inventory includes precious metals (platinum, palladium and rhodium) for use in the manufacturing of catalysts. The precious metals are valued at the lower of cost or market, consistent with the Company's other inventory.

h.    Property and Equipment

        Property and equipment is capitalized at cost and is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is determined using the straight line method over the estimated useful lives of the various asset classes. Machinery and equipment are depreciated over 2 to 10 years; furniture and fixtures, computer hardware and software and vehicles are depreciated over 2 to 5 years. Property and equipment held under capital leases and leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of estimated useful lives or the lease term. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred and major replacements or betterments are capitalized.

i.    Goodwill and Intangible Assets

        Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price of an acquired entity over the fair value of net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired and is recorded in the reporting unit (operating segment or one level below operating segment) that is expected to benefit from the business combination. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather tested for impairment at least annually or more often whenever events or circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The Company performs its annual impairment test as of October 31.

        Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level using a two-step impairment test. The first step is to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, a second step is performed in order to determine the amount of impairment loss, if any. The second step compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment charge is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Prior to performing the two-step impairment test, the Company may make a qualitative assessment of the likelihood of goodwill impairment in order to determine whether a detailed quantitative analysis is required.

        The Company's Engine Control Systems reporting unit, which is within its Heavy Duty Diesel Systems reporting segment, contains all of the Company's allocated goodwill. The Company performed Step 1 of the annual impairment test as of October 31, 2015 and determined that the fair value of the

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

3. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Company's reporting unit (as determined using income and market approaches) was substantially greater than the carrying amount of the respective reporting unit, including goodwill, and Step 2 was not necessary; therefore, there was no impairment to the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill. The Company has recorded no impairment charges to date for this goodwill. The Company also determined that no subsequent events through December 31, 2015 triggered additional impairment testing; however, it is reasonably possible that future impairment tests may result in a different conclusion for the goodwill of the Engine Control Systems reporting unit. The estimate of fair value of the reporting units is sensitive to certain factors including but not limited to the following: movements in the Company's share price, changes in discount rates and its cost of capital, growth of the reporting unit's revenue, cost structure of the reporting unit, successful completion of research and development and customer acceptance of new products, expected changes in emissions regulations and approval of the reporting unit's product by regulatory agencies.

        The Company's intangible assets consist of trade names, acquired patents and technology, and customer relationships and have finite lives. Intangible assets are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed on a straight-line or accelerated basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, ranging from 4 to 20 years.

j.    Long Lived Assets

        Assets such as property and equipment and amortizable intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the sum of the expected undiscounted future net cash flows of an asset or asset group is less than its carrying amount and is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds its fair value.

k.    Warrants and Derivative Liabilities

        The Company accounts for the issuance of Company derivative equity instruments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 815-40 "Derivative and Hedging". The Company reviews common stock purchase warrants at each balance sheet date based upon the characteristics and provision of each particular instrument and classifies them on the balance sheet as:

•

Equity if they (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement, or (ii) give the Company a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in the Company's own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement), or as



•

Liabilities if they (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net-cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the Company's control), or (ii) give the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement of net-share settlement).

        The Company assesses classification of common stock purchase warrants and other freestanding derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities and equity is required.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

3. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

l.    Income Taxes

        Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is required if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance should be sufficient to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.

        The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change occurs. The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefit in income tax expense.

        The Company has adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2015-17, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes", as of December 31, 2015 to simplify the presentation of its deferred taxes. ASU No. 2015-17 provides that all deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. Each jurisdiction will now only have one net noncurrent deferred tax asset or liability. The guidance does not change the existing requirement that only permits offsetting within a jurisdiction. The Company is not offsetting deferred tax liabilities from one jurisdiction against deferred tax assets of another jurisdiction. The Company adopted ASU No. 2015-17 on a prospective basis and prior periods' presentation of deferred taxes was not retrospectively adjusted.

m.    Revenue Recognition

        Revenues are derived primarily from the sale of products. The Company generally recognizes revenue when products are shipped and the customer takes ownership and assumes risk of loss, collection of the relevant receivable is reasonably assured, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists and the sales price is fixed or determinable. There are certain customers where risk of loss transfers at destination point and revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the destination. For these customers, revenue is recognized upon receipt at the customer's warehouse. When terms of sale include subjective customer acceptance criteria, the Company defers revenue until the acceptance criteria are met. The determination of whether or not the customer acceptance terms are perfunctory or inconsequential impacts the amount and timing of the revenue recognized.

n.    Cost of Revenue

        Cost of revenue includes direct material costs and factory labor as well as factory overhead expense. Indirect factory expense includes the costs of freight (inbound and outbound for direct materials and finished goods, respectively), purchasing and receiving, inspection, testing, warehousing, utilities and depreciation of facilities and equipment utilized in the production and distribution of products.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

3. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

o.    Selling, General and Administrative Expense

        Selling, general and administrative expense includes the salary and benefits for sales, marketing and administrative staff as well as samples provided at no-cost to customers, marketing materials, travel, legal, accounting and tax consulting. Also included is any depreciation related to assets utilized in selling, general and administrative functions as well as amortization of acquired intangible assets.

p.    Research and Development

        Research and development costs are generally expensed as incurred. These expenses include the salary and benefits for the research and development staff as well as travel, research materials, testing and legal expense related to patenting intellectual property. Also included is any depreciation related to assets utilized in the development of new products.

q.    Stock-Based Compensation

        Equity awards consist of stock options and restricted stock units ("RSUs"). The Company measures the compensation cost for all stock-based awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognizes it on a straight-line basis over the service period for awards expected to vest, which is generally three years.

        The Company measures the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and certain assumptions, including the expected life of the stock options, an expected forfeiture rate and the expected volatility of its common stock. The fair value of RSUs is based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date.

r.    Product Warranty

        The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties in cost of sales, at the time product revenue is recognized. Warranty costs are estimated primarily using historical warranty information in conjunction with current engineering assessments applied to the Company's expected repair or replacement costs.

s.    Foreign Currency

        The functional currency of the Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division's Engine Control Systems Limited subsidiary in Canada is the Canadian dollar, while that of its subsidiary Engine Control Systems Europe AB in Sweden is the Swedish krona and the division's Clean Diesel Technologies Limited U.K. subsidiary, is the British pound sterling. The functional currency of the Catalyst division's Japanese branch office and Asian investment is the Japanese Yen. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the foreign locations are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates. Revenue and expense accounts are translated at the average exchange rates for the period. The resulting foreign currency exchange adjustments are charged or credited directly to other comprehensive income or loss as a separate component of stockholders' equity. Unrealized foreign currency exchange gains and losses on certain intercompany transactions that are of a long-term investment nature (i.e. settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future) are also recorded in other comprehensive income or loss in stockholders' equity. Accumulated other comprehensive loss contained only foreign currency translation adjustments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

3. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

        The Company has exposure to multiple currencies. The primary exposure is between the U.S. dollar, the Canadian dollar, the Euro, British pound sterling and Swedish krona. Gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the entity are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in foreign currencies are primarily related to inter-company loans that have been determined to be temporary in nature, cash, accounts receivable and accounts payable denominated in non-functional currencies.

t.    Net Loss per Share

        Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares include employee stock options, RSUs, warrants and debt that are convertible into the Company's common stock.

        Diluted net loss per share excludes certain dilutive potential common shares outstanding as their effect is anti-dilutive. Because the Company incurred net losses in the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the effect of potentially dilutive securities has been excluded in the computation of net loss per share as their impact would be anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents excluded were 3.4 million and 2.3 million shares during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

u.    Fair Value Measurements

        Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset and liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, a fair value hierarchy has been established that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;



•

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable including quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and



•

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which little or no market activity exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing.

        The Company records its liability-classified warrants at fair value in accordance with the fair value measurement framework. The valuation inputs hierarchy classification for the warrant liability measured at fair value on a recurring basis is summarized as follows (in thousands):

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

3. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

        The following is a reconciliation of the warrant liability measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs (in thousands):

        For additional information regarding the liability-classified warrants, refer to Note 12, "Warrants".

v.    Fair Value of Financial Instruments

        ASC Topic 825, "Financial Instruments", requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments for which the determination of fair value is practicable. The fair values of the Company's cash, trade accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate carrying values due to the short maturity of these instruments. The fair value of borrowings under the line of credit approximates their carrying value due to the variable interest rates. The fair value of shareholder notes payable, calculated using level 3 inputs, including a Black-Scholes option-pricing model to value the debt's conversion factor and a net present value model, was $7.5 million and $7.7 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

w.

Reclassifications

        Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These changes had no impact on the previously reported consolidated results of operations or stockholders' equity. The Company reclassified $0.7 million from prepaid expenses and other current assets to income taxes payable on the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2014 to net certain income taxes receivable and payable, per jurisdiction, and conform to the current period presentation.

x.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

        In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)". ASU No. 2014-09 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in "Revenue Recognition (Topic 605)". ASU No. 2014-09 requires entities to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. In July 2015, the FASB finalized the delay of the effective date by one year, making the new standard effective for interim periods and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted, but it is not permitted earlier than the original effective date. ASU No. 2014-09 provides for either full retrospective adoption or a modified retrospective adoption by which it is applied only to the

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

3. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

most current period presented. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 on its consolidated financial statements.

        In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, "Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern". ASU No. 2014-15 defines management's responsibility to assess an entity's ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosures in certain circumstances. It is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual and interim reporting periods thereafter. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has not elected to early adopt, and it is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2014-15 on its consolidated financial statements.

        In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, "Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs". ASU No. 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be reported on the consolidated statements of financial condition as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability. It is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within that reporting period with early application permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The Company has not elected to early adopt, and it does not expect the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2015-03 to be material to its consolidated financial statements.

        In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement". ASU No. 2015-05 provides clarification on whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a software license is included, the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a software license is not included, the arrangement should be accounted for as a service contract. It is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. Entities can elect to adopt the standard update prospectively or retrospectively to arrangements entered into, or materially modified, after the effective date. The Company does not expect to early adopt ASU No. 2015-05, and it is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2015-05 on its consolidated financial statements.

        In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, "Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory". ASU No. 2015-11 changes the measurement principle for inventory from the "lower of cost or market" to "lower of cost and net realizable value." Net realizable value is defined as the "estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation." ASU No. 2015-11 eliminates the guidance that entities consider replacement cost or net realizable value less an approximately normal profit margin in the subsequent measurement of inventory when cost is determined on a first-in, first-out or average cost basis. It is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has not yet determined whether it will elect to early adopt ASU No. 2015-11, and it is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2015-11 on its consolidated financial statements.

        In January 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities". ASU No. 2016-01 requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; simplifies the impairment assessment of

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

3. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment; eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments; requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial assets on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements and clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity's other deferred tax assets. ASU No. 2016-01 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on its consolidated financial statements.

        In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)." ASU No. 2016-02 requires the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. It is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Entities are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is evaluating the impact of adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 on its consolidated financial statements.

4. Inventories

        Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

5. Property and Equipment

        Property and equipment consists of the following (in thousands):

        Depreciation expense was $0.4 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

        The Company's Engine Control Systems reporting unit, which is within its Heavy Duty Diesel Systems reporting segment, contains all of the Company's allocated goodwill. The change in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was due to the effect of foreign currency translation.

Intangible Assets

        Intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Continued)

        Amortization expense was $0.6 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Estimated amortization expense for existing intangible assets for each of the next five years is as follows (in thousands):

7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

        Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

8. Severance and Other Charges

        Severance, exit and other charges consist of the following (in thousands):

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

8. Severance and Other Charges (Continued)

        The Company incurred severance costs in 2014 related to its North American and U.K. locations, including severance benefits covering a one year period for its former chief financial officer, pursuant to a separation and release agreement. The Company incurred additional lease exit costs related to the exit of leases in North America.

        The Company incurred severance costs in 2015 related to its North American locations, including $0.8 million of severance benefits covering a one year period for our former president and chief operating officer and our former general counsel, corporate secretary and vice president, administration, pursuant to separation and release agreements. Additionally, on December 11, 2015, the Company announced its intention to close its Canadian manufacturing facility. Certain costs associated with this closure, primarily severance costs, totaling $0.6 million have been accrued as of December 31, 2015, and additional costs will continue to be accrued until the ultimate closure of this facility in 2016.

        The following summarizes the activity in the Company's accrual for severance and other exit costs (in thousands):

9. Accrued Warranty

        Accrued warranty is as follows (in thousands):

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

10. Debt

        Debt consists of the following (in thousands):

Line of Credit with FGI

        On February 14, 2011, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries (the "Credit Subsidiaries") entered into Sale and Security Agreements with FGI to provide for a $7.5 million secured demand facility backed by its receivables and inventory. The Company and the Credit Subsidiaries also entered into guarantees to guarantee the performance of their obligations under the Sale and Security Agreements. The Company also granted FGI a first lien collateral interest in substantially all of its assets. On August 15, 2012, the Company and FGI agreed to amend the FGI facility. As amended, the initial term was extended from February 14, 2013 to August 15, 2015, and the term may be extended at the Company's option for additional one-year terms. The current termination date is August 15, 2016. However, FGI can cancel the facility at any time.

        In connection with the sale of the Reno Business, the Company's Reno, Nevada subsidiary and FGI entered into an agreement, dated October 15, 2014 (the "Termination Agreement"), to terminate the Sale of Accounts and Security Agreement, dated February 14, 2011, between the Company subsidiary and FGI, as amended (the "Reno-FGI Financing Agreement"). Pursuant to the Termination Agreement, the Company was required to make a final payment of $0.4 million and FGI agreed to release all encumbrances on the Reno Business' personal property under the Reno-FGI Financing Agreement.

        Under the FGI facility, FGI can elect to purchase eligible accounts receivable from the Company and the Credit Subsidiaries at up to 80% of the value of such receivables (retaining a 20% reserve). Purchased receivables are subject to full recourse to the Company in the event of nonpayment by the customer. FGI becomes responsible for the servicing and administration of the accounts receivable purchased. The Company is not obligated to offer accounts in any month and FGI has the right to decline to purchase any accounts. At FGI's election, FGI may advance the Company up to 80% of the value of any purchased accounts receivable, subject to the $7.5 million limit. Reserves retained by FGI on any purchased receivable are expected to be refunded to the Company net of interest and fees on

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

10. Debt (Continued)

advances once the receivables are collected from customers. The Company may also borrow against eligible inventory up to the inventory sublimit, as determined by FGI, subject to the aggregate $7.5 million limit under the FGI facility and certain other conditions. At December 31, 2015, the inventory sublimit amount was the lesser of $1.5 million or 50% of the aggregate purchase price paid for accounts receivable purchased under the FGI facility. While the overall credit limit and the inventory sublimit were not changed, borrowing against the Company's significant OEM customer's inventory has been limited to $0.2 million by FGI due to their concerns about customer concentration as of December 31, 2015.

        The interest rate on advances or borrowings under the FGI facility is the greater of (i) 6.50% per annum and (ii) 2.50% per annum above the prime rate, as defined in the FGI facility and was 6.50% at December 31, 2015 and 2014. Any advances or borrowings under the FGI facility are due on demand. The Company also agreed to pay FGI collateral management fees of 0.30% per month on the face amount of eligible receivables as to which advances have been made and 0.38% per month on borrowings against inventory, if any. At any time outstanding advances or borrowings under the FGI facility are less than $2.4 million, the Company agreed to pay FGI standby fees of (i) the interest rate on the difference between $2.4 million and the average outstanding amounts and (ii) 0.44% per month on 80% of the amount by which advances or borrowings are less than the agreed $2.4 million minimum.

        The Company paid FGI a one-time facility fee of $75,000 upon entry into the FGI facility and $75,000 upon amending the FGI facility. If the Company terminates the FGI facility prior to the last day of the initial term, as extended, or any additional term, it must pay a termination fee of 2% of the facility limit then in effect. No termination fee will be due if the Company notifies FGI of its intent to terminate within 10 days of FGI increasing the reserve percentage for accounts to greater than 40% for more than 30 consecutive days. FGI may terminate the facility at any time. The termination fee is not payable upon a termination by FGI or upon non-renewal.

        At December 31, 2015, the Company had $3.2 million of gross accounts receivable pledged to FGI as collateral for short-term debt in the amount of $2.0 million. At December 31, 2015, the Company also had $1.5 million in borrowings outstanding against eligible inventory. The Company was in compliance with the terms of the FGI facility at December 31, 2015. However, there is no guarantee that the Company will be able to borrow to the full limit of $7.5 million if FGI chooses not to finance a portion of its receivables or inventory.

$1.5 Million, 8% Shareholder Note Due 2018

        On December 30, 2010, the Company executed a Loan Commitment Letter with Kanis S.A., a shareholder of the Company, pursuant to which Kanis S.A. loaned the Company $1.5 million. The loan is unsecured and bears interest on the unpaid principal at a rate of 6%, with interest only payable quarterly in arrears, commencing March 31, 2011. In addition to principal and accrued interest, the Company was obligated to pay Kanis S.A. at maturity a "Payment Premium" ranging from $100,000 to $200,000 based proportionally on the number of days that the loan remains outstanding. There is no prepayment penalty. The loan originally matured on June 30, 2013. On January 30, 2013, the Company and Kanis S.A. agreed to amend certain terms of the loan to change the maturity date from June 30, 2013 to June 30, 2015 and to increase the interest rate from 6% to 8% beginning on June 30, 2013. In addition, the payment premium due under this note was changed to a fixed amount of $250,000 with

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

10. Debt (Continued)

$100,000 payable on June 30, 2013 and the remaining amount payable at maturity on June 30, 2015. On November 11, 2014, the Company entered into a letter agreement with Kanis S.A., whereby Kanis S.A. agreed to amend the terms of this loan, such that the maturity date and payment premium due on June 30, 2015 were extended to October 1, 2016. On October 7, 2015, the Company entered into a letter agreement with Kanis S.A., whereby Kanis S.A. agree to amend the terms of this loan, such that the maturity date was extended to October 1, 2018.

        On June 28, 2013, the Company and Kanis S.A. entered into a letter agreement pursuant to which Kanis S.A. agreed that the $100,000 payment premium due June 30, 2013 and $135,000 in accrued interest on the shareholder notes payable to Kanis S.A. as of June 30, 2013 could be paid, at the option of the Company, in cash or by issuance of equity securities of the Company. On July 3, 2013, concurrent with the closing of its public offering, the Company issued to Kanis S.A. 188,000 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase up to 94,000 shares of common stock at $1.25 per share, in satisfaction of the payment premium and accrued interest, as described above.

        In connection with the original loan, the Company issued Kanis S.A. warrants to acquire 25,000 shares of its common stock at $10.40 per share. In connection with a letter agreement, dated November 11, 2014, the Company issued Kanis S.A. warrants to acquire 80,000 shares of its common stock at $1.75 per share. The relative estimated fair value of these warrant issuances represent a discount from the face amount of the loan which has been recorded as of the respective issuance dates. The discount is being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term of the loan. In connection with a letter agreement, dated October 7, 2015, the Company agreed to amend the terms of certain outstanding warrants issued to Kanis S.A. in order to (i) extend the expiration date until November 11, 2019 and, (ii) with respect to warrants to purchase up to 75,000 shares, in total, of the Company's common stock, reduce the exercise price to $1.75 per share. The impact of the warrant modifications, dated October 7, 2015, was not significant.

$3.0 Million, 8% Subordinated Convertible Shareholder Notes Due 2018

        On April 11, 2011, the Company entered into a Subordinated Convertible Notes Commitment Letter with Kanis S.A. that provides for the sale and issuance by the Company of 8% subordinated convertible notes (the "Convertible Notes"). As provided in this commitment letter, on May 6, 2011 Kanis S.A. purchased from the Company at par $3.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes, which bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears.

        The Convertible Notes have a stated maturity of five years from the date of issuance. The original agreement allowed for the acceleration of the maturity of the Convertible Notes if: (i) the Company was in breach of the Convertible Notes or other agreements with Kanis S.A., or (ii) Kanis S.A. provided written notice, not less than 30 days prior to such date, that it elected to accelerate the maturity to a date not earlier than November 11, 2012. On February 16, 2012, the Company and Kanis S.A. agreed to amend the terms of the Convertible Notes to modify the early redemption date from November 11, 2012 to May 12, 2013. On January 30, 2013, the Company and Kanis S.A. entered into a letter agreement regarding the Convertible Notes whereby Kanis S.A. agreed not to accelerate the maturity of these notes during the 2013 calendar year and on March 21, 2014, the Company and Kanis S.A. entered into another letter agreement whereby Kanis S.A. agreed not to accelerate the maturity of these notes prior to July 1, 2015. On November 11, 2014, the Company entered into a letter agreement with Kanis S.A., whereby Kanis S.A. agreed to amend the terms of this loan, such that

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

10. Debt (Continued)

the maturity date was extended to October 1, 2016 and the early redemption feature was removed. On October 7, 2015, the Company entered into a letter agreement with Kanis S.A., whereby Kanis S.A. agree to amend the terms of this loan, such that the maturity date was extended to October 1, 2018.

        The Convertible Notes also provide that the Company has the option to redeem the Convertible Notes at any time at a price equal to 100% of the face amount plus accrued and unpaid interest through the date of redemption. There is no prepayment penalty. The Convertible Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and subordinated to existing and future secured indebtedness of the Company.

        The outstanding principal balance of the Convertible Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest were convertible into shares of the Company's common stock at an initial conversion price equal to $7.044 per share, which was 120% of the closing bid price per share of the Company's common stock on April 8, 2011, into no more than 369,853 shares. The Company evaluated the Convertible Notes and determined that there were no embedded derivatives contained in the Convertible Notes that require separate accounting. Additionally, there was no beneficial conversion feature associated with the Convertible Notes since the conversion price was not lower than the estimated fair market value of the Company's common stock on the issuance date. As such, the entire proceeds from the Convertible Notes are recorded as debt in the consolidated balance sheets.

        On July 27, 2012, the Company and Kanis S.A. further amended the terms of the Convertible Notes to modify the conversion feature. As amended, the outstanding principal balance of the Convertible Notes, and accrued and unpaid interest are convertible, at the option of Kanis S.A., at any time upon written notice given not less than 75 calendar days prior to the date of conversion, into no more than 250,000 shares of the Company's common stock at a conversion price of $4.00 per share. The Company evaluated the modification and determined that the modification was not substantial and did not qualify as a debt extinguishment. Accordingly, no gain or loss was recognized from the modification.

        In connection with the February 16, 2012 amendment, the Company issued to Kanis S.A. warrants to acquire 5,000 shares of its common stock at $3.80 per share. The warrants are exercisable on or after August 16, 2014 and expire on the earlier of (i) August 16, 2017 or (ii) that date that is 30 days after the Company gives notice to the warrant holder that the market value of one share of its common stock has exceeded 130% of the exercise price of the warrant for 10 consecutive days on or after August 16, 2014. The Company did not receive any cash consideration for the issuance of the warrants. The Company relied on the private placement exemption provided by Regulation S.

        In connection with a letter agreement, dated November 11, 2014, the Company issued Kanis S.A. warrants to acquire 80,000 shares of its common stock at $1.75 per share. The relative estimated fair value of this warrant issuance represents a discount from the face amount of the loan and has been recorded as a discount from the loan amount as of the issuance date. The discount is being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term of the loan. In connection with a letter agreement, dated October 7, 2015, the Company agreed to amend the terms of certain outstanding warrants issued to Kanis S.A. in order to (i) extend the expiration date until November 11, 2019 and, (ii) with respect to warrants to purchase up to 75,000 shares, in total, of the Company's common stock, reduce the exercise price to $1.75 per share. The impact of the warrant modifications, dated October 7, 2015, was not significant.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

10. Debt (Continued)

$3.0 Million, 8% Shareholder Note Due 2018

        On July 27, 2012, the Company executed a Loan Commitment Letter with Kanis S.A., pursuant to which the Company issued a promissory note in the principal amount of $3.0 million, which bears interest at 8% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. The promissory note was due on July 27, 2015. There is no prepayment penalty or premium, and the promissory note is unsecured. On November 11, 2014, the Company entered into a letter agreement with Kanis S.A., whereby Kanis S.A. agreed to amend the terms of this loan, such that the maturity date was extended to October 1, 2016. On October 7, 2015, the Company entered into a letter agreement with Kanis S.A., whereby Kanis S.A. agree to amend the terms of this loan, such that the maturity date was extended to October 1, 2018.

        In connection with the promissory note, dated July 27, 2012, the Company issued Kanis S.A. a warrant to acquire 45,000 shares of its common stock at $2.09 per share, a third of which becomes exercisable on the issuance date and each of the first and second anniversaries of the issuance date. This warrant expires on July 27, 2018. The Company did not receive any cash consideration for the issuance of this warrant, which was issued in reliance upon the private placement exemption provided by Regulation S. In connection with a letter agreement, dated November 11, 2014, the Company issued Kanis S.A. warrants to acquire 80,000 shares of its common stock at $1.75 per share. The relative estimated fair values of these warrant issuances represent a discount from the face amount of the loan which has been recorded as of the respective issuance dates. The discount is being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term of the loan. In connection with a letter agreement, dated October 7, 2015, the Company agreed to amend the terms of certain outstanding warrants issued to Kanis S.A. in order to (i) extend the expiration date until November 11, 2019 and, (ii) with respect to warrants to purchase up to 75,000 shares, in total, of the Company's common stock, reduce the exercise price to $1.75 per share. The impact of the warrant modifications, dated October 7, 2015, was not significant.

        For additional information on the warrants discussed within this Note, refer to Note 11, "Stockholders' Equity" and Note 12 "Warrants", respectively.

        Annual scheduled principal payments of debt based on earliest redemption date as of December 31, 2015 are (in thousands):

11. Stockholders' Equity

Shelf Registration

        On May 15, 2012, the Company filed a Shelf Registration which was declared effective by the SEC on May 21, 2012. The Shelf Registration permits the Company to sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of various securities, including common stock, preferred stock, warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock and units consisting of one or more shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, warrants, or any combination of such securities. However, the

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

11. Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

Company may not sell its securities in a primary offering pursuant to the Shelf Registration or any other registration statement on Form S-3 with a value exceeding one-third of its public float in any 12-month period (unless the Company's public float rises to $75.0 million or more). The Shelf Registration was intended to provide the Company with additional flexibility to access capital markets for general corporate purposes, subject to market conditions and the Company's capital needs.

        On May 19, 2015, the Company filed a Replacement Shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC to replace the existing Shelf Registration, which it was declared effective on November 17, 2015. The Replacement Shelf will permit the Company to sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of various securities, provided that the Company may not sell its securities in a primary offering pursuant to the Replacement Shelf or any other registration statement on Form S-3 with a value exceeding one-third of its public float in any 12-month period (unless the Company's public float rises to $75.0 million or more). The Replacement Shelf is intended to provide the Company with additional flexibility to access capital markets for general corporate purposes, subject to market conditions and the Company's capital needs.

April 2014 Offering

        On April 1, 2014, the Company entered into subscription agreements with certain investors who agreed to purchase an aggregate of 2,030,000 shares of the Company's common stock together with warrants to purchase up to 812,000 shares of common stock (the "April 2014 Offering"). This offering was made pursuant to the Company's Shelf Registration, and closed on April 4, 2014. The securities were sold in units consisting of one share of common stock and 0.4 of a warrant to purchase one share of common stock for a price of $3.40 per unit.

        The Company received gross proceeds of $6.9 million and net proceeds of $6.1 million after deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. The April 2014 Offering warrants are within the scope of ASC 815-40 and are required to be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, of the $6.1 million in net proceeds, $4.6 million was allocated to the common stock and included in equity and $1.5 million was allocated to the warrant liability based on the fair value of the warrants on the issuance date. Additionally, $0.2 million of the placement agent fees and other offering costs were allocated to the warrants, based on the relative fair value of the April 2014 Offering warrants and the common stock on the issuance date, and was included in other income (expense), net in the accompanying statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2014. The Company used the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including working capital, general and administrative expenses, capital expenditures and implementation of its strategic priorities, and to repay a portion of amounts outstanding under its line of credit.

November 2014 Offering

        On November 4, 2014, the Company entered into subscription agreements with certain investors who agreed to purchase an aggregate of 1,385,000 shares of the Company's common stock, Series A Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 388,393 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $3.25 per share, for a combined purchase price of $2.80 per share and 0.28 of one Series A Warrant, and Series B Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 168,571 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.01 per share for a purchase price of $2.79 per Series B Warrant, pursuant to the Shelf Registration (the "November 2014 Offering").

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

11. Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

        The Company received gross proceeds of $4.4 million and net proceeds of $3.8 million after deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. The November 2014 Offering warrants are within the scope of ASC 815-40 and are required to be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, of the $3.8 million in net proceeds, $2.5 million was allocated to the common stock and included in equity and $1.3 million was allocated to the warrant liability based on the fair value of the warrants on the issuance date. Additionally, $0.1 million of the placement agent fees and other offering costs were allocated to the warrants, based on the relative fair value of the November 2014 Offering warrants and the common stock on the issuance date, and was included in other income (expense), net in the accompanying statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2014. The Company intends to use the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, general and administrative expenses, capital expenditures and implementation of its strategic priorities. The Company may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies that are complementary to its current business, although there are no present commitments or agreements for any such transactions.

June 2015 Offering

        On June 2, 2015, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC, as the representative of the several underwriters identified therein, pursuant to which the Company agreed to offer and sell up to 2,500,000 units at a price to the public of $2.05 per unit (the "June 2015 Offering"). Each unit consisted of one share of common stock and 0.2 of a warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The June 2015 Offering warrants have an exercise price of $2.65 per share and can be exercised during the period commencing after six months and ending five and a half years from the date of issuance.

        The Company received gross proceeds of $5.1 million and net proceeds of $4.5 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and other offering expenses. The June 2015 Offering warrants are within the scope of ASC 815-40 and are required to be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, of the $4.5 million in net proceeds, $3.7 million was allocated to the common stock and included in equity and $0.8 million was allocated to the warrant liability based on the fair value of the warrants on the issuance date. Additionally, $0.1 million of the underwriter discounts and other offering costs were allocated to the June 2015 Offering warrants, based on the relative fair value of the June 2015 Offering warrants and the common stock on the issuance date, and was included in other income (expense), net in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company intends to use the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, general and administrative expenses, capital expenditures and implementation of its strategic priorities. The Company may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies that are complementary to its current business, although there are no present commitments or agreements for any such transactions.

November 2015 Offering

        On November 23, 2015, the Company entered into a securities and purchase agreement with certain institutional investors (the "Purchasers") providing for the issuance and sale by the Company of 883,862 shares of the Company's common stock and Series B pre-funded warrants (the "Pre-Funded Warrants") to purchase an aggregate of 1,686,138 shares of its common stock. The offering price was $1.22 per share of common stock and the offering price for the Pre-Funded Warrant was $1.21 for each

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

11. Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

to purchase one share of common stock. The Pre-Funded Warrants are immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $0.01 per share and expire two years from the date of issuance. In a concurrent private placement, the Company issued 0.3 of a Series A warrant to purchase one share of common stock for each share of common stock purchased or pre-funded through the Pre-Funded Warrants in the registered offering. Each whole Series A Warrant can be exercised for a share of Common Stock. The Series A Warrants cover, in the aggregate, 771,000 shares of common stock and become exercisable seven months following the date of issuance at an exercise price of $1.70 per share and expire five years from the date they become exercisable. In addition, in exchange for the surrender and cancellation for outstanding warrants to purchase 856,393 shares of common stock, with a weighted average exercise price of $3.19 per share, held by the Purchasers, the Company issued Series C-1, Series C-2 and Series C-3 warrants to purchase an aggregate of 856,393 shares of common stock which will become exercisable seven months following the date of issuance at an exercise price of $1.70 per share. Each Exchange Warrant will expire seven months from the expiration date set forth in the corresponding cancelled warrant. The transactions noted just above are collectively referred to as the "November 2015 Offering".

        The Company received gross proceeds of $3.1 million and net proceeds of $2.6 million after deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. Accordingly, of the $3.1 million in gross proceeds initially included in equity, $0.1 million of the offering costs were allocated to common stock, based on the relative fair value of the common stock and the November 2015 Offering warrants on the issuance date. The November 2015 Offering warrants are within the scope of ASC 815-40 and are required to be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, $3.4 million was allocated to the warrant liability based on the fair value of the warrants on the issuance date. As the assigned fair values of the November 2015 Offering warrants were greater than the net cash proceeds allocated to common stock, the $0.4 million excess was treated as offering costs and included in other income (expense), net in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2015, along with the $0.4 million of offering costs allocated to the November 2015 Offering warrants. The Company intends to use the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, general and administrative expenses, capital expenditures and implementation of its strategic priorities. The Company may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies that are complementary to its current business, although there are no present commitments or agreements for any such transactions.

Other Issuances of Common Stock and Warrants

        In connection with a letter agreement, dated November 11, 2014, the Company issued Kanis S.A. warrants to acquire 80,000 shares of its common stock at $1.75 per share for a five year period. The Company did not receive any cash consideration for the issuance of this warrant, which was issued in reliance upon the private placement exemption provided by Regulation S. For additional information, refer to Note 10, "Debt".

        For additional information on the warrants discussed within this Note, refer to Note 12, "Warrants".

12. Warrants

        From time to time, the Company issues warrants to purchase its common stock. Warrants have been issued for consulting services, in connection with the Company's issuance of debt and sales of its

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

12. Warrants (Continued)

common stock. For additional information regarding the warrants discussed in this Note, refer to Note 10, "Debt" and Note 11 "Stockholders' Equity", respectively.

        Warrants activity is summarized as follows:

Warrant Classification

        The Company evaluated the following warrants on issuance and at each reporting date to determine proper classification as equity or as a liability.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

12. Warrants (Continued)

Warrant Liability

        The Company's warrant liability is carried at fair value and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because the warrants are valued based on unobservable inputs.

        The Company determines the fair value of its warrant liability using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model unless the awards are subject to market conditions, in which case it uses a Monte Carlo simulation model, which utilizes multiple input variables to estimate the probability that market conditions will be achieved. These models are dependent on several variables such as the instrument's expected term, expected strike price, expected risk-free interest rate over the expected term of the instrument, expected dividend yield rate over the expected term and the expected volatility. The expected strike price for warrants with full-ratchet down-round price protection is based on a weighted average probability analysis of the strike price changes expected during the term as a result of the full-ratchet down-round price protection.

        Due to the significant change in the Company following its business combination with Catalytic Solutions, Inc. (the "Merger"), CDTi's pre-Merger historical price volatility was initially not considered representative of expected volatility going forward. Therefore, for warrants with an expected term that required a volatility look-back that pre-dates the Merger, the Company used an estimate based upon a weighted average of implied and historical volatility of a portfolio of peer companies and CDTi's post-Merger historical volatility for the valuation of these warrants. For warrants with an expected term that does not require a volatility look-back that pre-dates the Merger, CDTi's post-Merger historical price volatility was considered representative of expected volatility going forward, and accordingly, only CDTi's historical volatility was used for the valuation of these warrants. The expected life is equal to the remaining contractual life of the warrants.

        The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of the warrant liability for these warrants outstanding are as follows:

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

12. Warrants (Continued)

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

12. Warrants (Continued)

        The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the fair value of the warrant liability for the following warrants, as of their respective issuance dates, are as follows:

        The warrant liability, included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, is re-measured at the end of each reporting period with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Upon the exercise of a warrant that is classified as a liability, the fair value of the warrant exercised is re-measured on the exercise date and reclassified from warrant liability to additional paid-in capital.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

13. Stock-Based Compensation

        The Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. Stock Incentive Plan (formerly known as the Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. 1994 Incentive Plan), as amended (the "Plan"), provides for the awarding of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares, performance awards, bonuses or other forms of share-based awards, or combinations of these to the Company's directors, officers, employees, consultants and advisors (except consultants or advisors in capital-raising transactions) as determined by the board of directors. At the Company's Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on May 23, 2012, the Company's shareholders approved certain amendments to the Plan, the most significant of which changed the Plan name, removed the evergreen provision and established a maximum number of 1.4 million shares to be reserved for issuance under the Plan, disallowed the repricing of outstanding stock options without shareholder approval, removed the ability to issue cash bonus awards under the Plan and modified the change in control provisions within the Plan. As of December 31, 2015, there were 203,202 shares available for future grants under the Plan.

        Total stock-based compensation expense was $0.8 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Stock Options

        Stock option activity is summarized as follows:

        The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price and the Company's closing stock price on the last trading day of the year.

        Stock options granted under the Plan typically expire ten years from the date of grant and are issued at a price equal to the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. The Company's board of directors may establish such vesting and other conditions with respect to options as it deems appropriate.

        The Company estimates the fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company did not grant any stock options during the year ended December 31, 2014, and the

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

13. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

weighted-average assumptions and grant date fair value for the year ended December 31, 2015 were as follows:

        The expected term of the options has historically been based upon the historical term until exercise or expiration of all granted options. Due to the significant change in the Company following the Merger and significant change in the terms of the options granted, CDTI's pre-Merger historical exercise data was not considered to provide a reasonable basis for estimating the expected term for current option grants. As such, the expected term of stock options granted in 2015 was determined using the "simplified method" as allowed under ASC 718-10-S99, "Compensation—Stock Compensation: Overall: SEC Materials." The "simplified method" calculates the expected term as the average of the vesting term and original contractual term of the options. The expected volatility is based on the volatility of the Company over the corresponding expected term of the option. The risk-free interest rate is the constant maturity rate published by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board that corresponds to the expected term of the option. The dividend yield is assumed as 0% because the Company has not paid dividends and does not expect to pay dividends in the future.

        Compensation costs for stock options that vest over time are recognized over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had $1.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock option grants that remained to be recognized over vesting periods. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years.

Restricted Stock Units

        RSU activity is as follows:

        As of December 31, 2015, the Company had approximately $0.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs, which will be recognized over a weighted average estimated remaining life of 1.0 years.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

14. Other Income (Expense), Net

        Other income (expense), net, consists of the following (in thousands):

15. Income Taxes

        Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes include the following components (in thousands):

        Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to loss from continuing operations is summarized as follows (in thousands):

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

15. Income Taxes (Continued)

        Income taxes attributable to loss from continuing operations differ from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory rate of 34% to loss from continuing operations before income taxes as shown below (in thousands):

        Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

        The Company had approximately $43.0 million and $27.7 million of federal and state income tax net operating loss carryforwards at December 31, 2015, respectively. The foreign net operating losses

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

15. Income Taxes (Continued)

can be carried forward indefinitely. Future utilization of the federal and state net operating losses and credit carryforwards is subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations as required by Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), as well as similar state limitations.

        The Company performed a study to evaluate the status of net operating loss carryforwards as a result of the ownership change from the Merger. The results of the study provided that the merger caused an "ownership change" of the Company as defined for U.S. federal income tax purposes as of the date of the merger. The "ownership change" will significantly limit the use of the Company's net operating losses and credits in future tax years. Of the $43.0 million federal loss carryforwards approximately $4.9 million of the loss will be subject to an annual limitation of $0.4 million within the next 5 years and $0.2 million for the following 15 years. The federal net operating loss carryforwards will expire in fiscal year 2035. As a result of the "ownership change" the federal research and development credits have been limited and based on the limitation the Company does not anticipate being able to use any of these credits that existed as of the date of the Merger in future tax years. However, the Company has approximately $0.7 million in research and development credits post-Merger which is not subject to any limitation. Of the $27.7 million of state net operating loss carryforwards approximately $1.4 million of the loss will be subject to an annual limitation of $0.1 for the next 20 years. The state net operating loss carryforwards will expire in fiscal year 2035. The Company has state research and development credits of $3.1 million. Since the state credits have an indefinite life, the Company did not write them off even though it is also limited under Section 383. The Company has a full valuation allowance against the related deferred tax assets for its U.S. and U.K. entities as it is more likely than not that they will not be realized by the Company.

        In assessing the potential realization of deferred tax assets, consideration is given to whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the Company attaining future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. In addition, the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards may be limited due to restrictions imposed under applicable federal and state tax laws due to a change in ownership. Based upon the level of historical operating losses and future projections, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the deferred tax assets.

        The Company has not recognized a deferred tax liability on undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries, because these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested. The amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability depends on judgment required to analyze the withholding tax due, the applicable tax law and factual circumstances in effect at the time of any such distributions. Therefore, the Company believes it is not practicable at this time to reliably determine the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to its undistributed earnings; however, these undistributed earnings are immaterial. If circumstances change and it becomes apparent that some or all of the undistributed earnings of a subsidiary will be remitted and income taxes have not been recognized by the parent entity, the parent entity shall accrue as an expense of the current period income taxes attributable to that remittance.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

15. Income Taxes (Continued)

        The following changes occurred in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits including related interest and penalties (in thousands):

        If recognized, the entire amount of the unrecognized tax benefits would affect the effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, accrued for payment of interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits.

        The Company operates in multiple tax jurisdictions, both within and outside of the United States. Although the timing of the resolution and/or closure of audits is not certain, the Company does not believe it is reasonably possible that its unrecognized tax benefits would materially change in the next twelve months. The following tax years remain open to examination by the major domestic taxing jurisdictions to which it is subject:

16. Equity Investments

Pirelli Joint Venture

        On February 19, 2013, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement (the "Joint Venture Agreement") with Pirelli & C. Ambiente SpA ("Pirelli") to form a joint venture entity, Eco Emission Enterprise Srl under the laws of Italy (the "Joint Venture"). The Joint Venture Agreement provided that the Company and Pirelli each held 50% of the total issued share capital of the Joint Venture. The Company accounted for its investment in the Joint Venture using the equity method.

        On November 8, 2013, as a result of slower than anticipated progress in achieving sales objectives initially established for the Joint Venture, the Company and Pirelli agreed to voluntarily dissolve the Joint Venture in accordance with the Joint Venture Agreement. The dissolution was finalized in April 2014, and the majority of the Company's investment balance of $0.1 million was received at that time, with a small balance to be collected following the receipt of value added tax due from the Swedish and Italian governments.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

16. Equity Investments (Continued)

TCC Investment

        In February 2008, the Company entered into an agreement with Tanaka Holdings Co., Ltd. (formerly Tanaka Holdings K.K.), a Japanese company, which, together with its subsidiary Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K., is referred to herein as TKK, to form a new joint venture company, TC Catalyst, Inc. ("TCC"), a Japanese corporation. The joint venture is part of the Catalyst division. The Company entered the joint venture in order to improve its presence in Japan and Asia and strengthen its business flow into the Asian market. Initially, the Company and TKK each owned 50% of TCC, and it ownership.

        In December 2008, the Company sold shares in TCC to TKK reducing its ownership to 30% and also sold to TKK certain intellectual property and associated rights in various countries in Asia (the "Territory") related to heavy duty catalysts used in commercial vehicles and applications. In December 2009, the Company sold to TKK certain intellectual property and associated rights in the Territory related to three-way catalysts, including low-platinum group metal ("PGM") catalysts, for non-commercial light vehicles and zero-PGM three-way catalysts for heavy duty commercial vehicles and applications and non-commercial light vehicles. As part of the transaction, the Company also sold shares in TCC, which reduced its ownership in the joint venture to 5%. The Company remains contractually obligated to fund its portion of the losses of the joint venture based on its ownership percentage, and it has also agreed not to compete in the Territory with TKK or TCC in connection with heavy duty commercial vehicles and applications and light duty vehicles.

        Subsequent to these arrangements, the Company discovered that an exception allowing it to continue to supply catalysts in Japan to its largest customer had been omitted in an amendment to the original transaction documents with TKK. The Company has shipped approximately $5.6 million of catalysts covered by the agreements since such amendment through December 31, 2014. In this regard, the Company has made a good faith payment of $0.3 million to TKK with respect to such prior shipments.

        The Company's investment in TCC is accounted for using the equity method as the Company still has significant influence over TCC as a result of having a seat on TCC's board and due to the technological interdependence between TCC and the Company. The Company's share of income and losses of TCC for the periods presented in this report are not significant.

17. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Commitments

        The Company leases certain equipment and facilities under operating leases that expire through 2020. The Company recognizes its minimum lease payments, including escalation clauses, on a straight-line basis over the minimum lease term of the lease. Rent expense was $0.9 million and $1.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

17. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)

        Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of December 31, 2015 are (in thousands):

California Air Resources Board ("CARB")

        By email dated June 26, 2015, CARB asserted the Company had deficiencies in compliance with the Verification Procedure, Aftermarket Parts Regulations and the Vehicle Code. The initial penalty calculated by CARB for these alleged violations was $1.8 million, with the largest component relating to the use of empty center bodies to allow trucks to be placed back in service while warranty claims are being evaluated. This process is now explicitly permitted by regulation, but was not permitted at the time of the alleged violation. Although the Company disagreed, and continues to disagree, with CARB's findings, the Company has cooperated with CARB's investigation and is discussing with CARB whether and to what extent the payment of monetary penalties would be appropriate. After review and evaluation of CARB's findings and publicly available CARB settlements for similar matters, the Company has accrued an expense of less than $0.1 million as of December 31, 2015 for a proposed settlement provided to CARB to resolve this matter. During 2016, CARB responded to the Company's proposed settlement with a counter-proposal of $0.8 million by cutting certain components of their initial penalty in half and reducing certain penalties. The Company is currently evaluating CARB's recent counter-proposal and other relevant information, and an additional accrual may be recorded upon the completion of the Company's current evaluation later in 2016. In the event that a mutually satisfactory agreement cannot be reached, the Company plans to defend any formal action taken by CARB.

        For information related to commitments and contingencies related to AUS, a former subsidiary of the Company that was sold in 2009, refer to Note 19, "Discontinued Operations".

        In addition to the foregoing, the Company is involved in legal proceedings from time to time in the ordinary course of its business. Management does not believe that any of these claims and proceedings against it is likely to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Accordingly, the Company cannot determine the final amount, if any, of its liability beyond the amount accrued in the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2015, nor is it possible to estimate what litigation-related costs will be in the future.

18. Segment Reporting

        Although the Company is transitioning its business from being a niche manufacturer of emissions control solutions for the automotive and heavy duty diesel markets to becoming an advanced materials

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

18. Segment Reporting (Continued)

technology provider for these markets, this transition has not yet affected the Company's current reportable segments. Currently, the Company has two business division segments based on the products it delivers:

        Catalyst division—The Catalyst division develops and produces catalysts to reduce emissions from gasoline, diesel and natural gas combustion engines. Most catalytic systems require significant amounts of costly PGMs to operate effectively. Using its proprietary mixed-phase catalyst, or MPC®, technology, the Catalyst division has developed a family of unique high-performance catalysts, featuring inexpensive base-metals with low or even no PGM content. It has recently developed a new generation of catalyst technologies, which the Company believes will enable further advances in catalyst performance and further reductions in PGM usage. Since 2001, the Catalyst division has supplied over twelve million catalyst parts to light duty vehicle OEM customers. The Catalyst division is also a supplier of products for the Company's Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division. Intersegment revenues are based on market prices.

        Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division—The Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division designs and manufactures exhaust emissions control solutions for a wide range of heavy duty diesel applications. It offers a full range of DuraFit™ OEM replacement diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), and products for the verified retrofit and non-retrofit OEM markets through its distribution/dealer network and direct sales. The Company believes that its Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division offers one of the industry's most comprehensive portfolios of emissions control systems for use in engine retrofit programs that have been evaluated and verified as compliant with applicable state and federal regulations, as well as regulations imposed by several European countries. The Company has received certification from the Verification of Emission Reduction Technologies Association (VERT) for our Purifilter® exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) diesel particulate filter system, which expands its retrofit market opportunities into South America and other international locations. Sales of emissions control systems by the Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division are driven by the regulation of diesel emissions, particularly in the State of California.

        Corporate—Corporate includes cost for personnel, insurance and public company expenses such as legal, audit and taxes that are not allocated down to the operating divisions.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

18. Segment Reporting (Continued)

        Summarized financial information for the Company's reportable segments is as follows (in thousands):

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

18. Segment Reporting (Continued)

        Net sales by geographic region based on location of sales organization is as follows (in thousands):

        Net fixed assets and total assets by geographic region as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 is as follows (in thousands):

19. Discontinued Operations

The Reno Business

        On October 20, 2014, the Company completed the sale of its Reno Business for $1.3 million in cash. The net assets held for sale of the Reno Business were eliminated from the Company's balance sheet as of the sale date, and the Company recognized a gain of $0.2 million. Historically, the Reno Business was a component of the Company's Heavy Duty Diesel Systems division. In presenting discontinued operations, general corporate overhead expenses that were historically allocated to the Reno Business for segment presentation purposes were not included in discontinued operations.

Applied Utility Systems, Inc.

        The Company is undergoing a sales and use tax audit by the State of California (the "State") on AUS for the period of 2007 through 2009. The audit has identified a project performed by the Company during that time period for which sales tax was not collected and remitted and for which the State asserts that proper documentation of resale may not have been obtained and that the Company owes sales tax of $1.5 million, inclusive of interest. The Company contends and believes that it received sufficient and proper documentation from its customer to support not collecting and remitting sales tax from that customer and is actively disputing the audit report with the State. On August 12, 2013, the Company appeared at an appeals conference with the State Board of Equalization ("BOE"). On July 21, 2014, the Company received a Decision and Recommendation ("D&R") from the BOE. The

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

19. Discontinued Operations (Continued)

D&R's conclusion was that the basis for the calculation of the aforementioned $1.5 million tax due should be reduced from $12.2 million to $9.0 million with a commensurate reduction in the tax owed to the State. Regardless of this finding, the Company continues to believe that it will prevail in this matter, as it believes that the State did not adequately address the legal arguments related to the Company's acceptance of the valid resale certificate from its customer. The Company has not agreed to these findings, and therefore, it will be appealing at a higher level at the BOE. Based on a re-audit, the BOE lowered the tax due to $0.9 million, inclusive of interest. The Company continues to disagree with these findings based on the aforementioned reasons. However, in October 2015, the Company offered to settle this case for $0.1 million, which is based on the expected cost of continuing to contest this audit. Accordingly, an accrual was charged to discontinued operations during the year ended December 31, 2015 for the recent offer to settle this case. Should the Company not prevail with the recent offer to settle this case, it plans to continue with the appeals process. Further, should the Company not prevail in this case, it will pursue reimbursement from the customer for all assessments from the State.

        On November 15, 2013, BP Products North America ("BP") instituted claims against Johnson Matthey ("JM") as the parent company of and purchaser of Applied Utility Systems, Inc. ("AUS"), a former subsidiary of the Company. On May 12, 2010, JM tendered to the Company a claim for indemnification under the Asset Purchase Agreement dated October 1, 2009 (the "Asset Purchase Agreement") among JM, the Company and AUS. On June 11, 2013, BP, JM and the Company entered into a settlement agreement and mutual release pursuant to which they settled all claims. This settlement agreement had no material impact on the Company. Under the indemnification clauses of the Asset Purchase Agreement, the Company may be liable for legal expenses incurred by JM. These legal costs may be offset against funds withheld by JM from the acquisition of AUS.

        In connection with the Asset Purchase Agreement, on October 1, 2009, JM presented the Company with an indemnification claim seeking recovery of the net amount of $0.9 million after offsetting the funds withheld by JM from the acquisition of AUS. These claims were for matters relating to various customer contracts that JM purchased, including the BP contract discussed above. The Company and JM entered into discussions relating to the application of offsets and the validity of the claims presented. On June 3, 2015, JM and the Company entered into a settlement and release agreement pursuant to which they settled all claims for $0.7 million. This settlement was paid with an initial $0.1 million installment upon execution of the settlement and release agreement, and the remaining balance was paid in July 2015.

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

19. Discontinued Operations (Continued)

        The following table presents revenue and expense information for discontinued operations (in thousands):

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