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Table of Contents

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 10, 2014

Registration No. 333-193013

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

AMENDMENT NO. 1

to

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

 

Delaware   2834   95-4862842

(State or Other Jurisdiction of

Incorporation or Organization)

 

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

3366 N. Torrey Pines Court, Suite 225

San Diego, California 92037

(858) 558-2400

 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

 

 

Pratik Shah, Ph.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

3366 N. Torrey Pines Court, Suite 225

San Diego, California 92037

(858) 558-2400

(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent for Service)

 

 

Copies to:

 

Frederick T. Muto, Esq.

Kenneth J. Rollins, Esq.

Cooley LLP

4401 Eastgate Mall

San Diego, California 92121

(858) 550-6000

 

Peter N. Handrinos, Esq.

Cheston J. Larson, Esq.

Michael E. Sullivan, Esq.

Latham & Watkins LLP

12636 High Bluff Drive, Suite 400

San Diego, California 92130

(858) 523-5400

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:

As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), check the following box.  ¨

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer   ¨    Accelerated filer   ¨
Non-accelerated filer   x  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)    Smaller reporting company   ¨

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

 

Title of each class of securities to be registered  

Proposed maximum aggregate

offering price(1)

 

Amount of

registration fee(2)

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share

  $69,000,000   $8,888

 

 

(1)

Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the amount of the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act. Includes the offering price of shares that the underwriters have the option to purchase to cover over-allotments, if any.

(2)

Previously paid.

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 


Table of Contents

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JANUARY 10, 2014

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

 

 

 

LOGO

             Shares

Common Stock

$         per share

 

 

This is the initial public offering of Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We are offering              shares of our common stock. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. We estimate that the initial public offering price of our common stock will be between $         and $         per share.

We have applied to list our common stock on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “ASPX.”

We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and, as such, we have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and future filings.

 

 

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10.

 

 

 

     Per Share        Total  

Initial public offering price

   $                      $                            

Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)

   $           $     

Proceeds, before expenses, to us

   $           $     

 

(1)

We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain expenses. See “Underwriting.”

We have granted the underwriters a 30-day over-allotment option to purchase up to a total of              additional shares of common stock on the same terms and conditions set forth above.

Certain of our existing stockholders and directors have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $             million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters could determine to sell more, less or no shares to any of these potential investors and any of these potential investors could determine to purchase more, less or no shares in this offering.

The underwriters expect to deliver shares of common stock to purchasers on                     , 2014.

 

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

 

Stifel   BMO Capital Markets

 

Baird   William Blair   Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc.

The date of this prospectus is                     , 2014


Table of Contents

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

     Page  

Prospectus Summary

     1   

Risk Factors

     10   

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

     41   

Use of Proceeds

     43   

Dividend Policy

     44   

Capitalization

     45   

Dilution

     47   

Selected Financial Data

     50   

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

     52   

Business

     72   

Management

     103   

Executive and Director Compensation

     111   

Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions

     129   

Principal Stockholders

     134   

Description of Capital Stock

     137   

Shares Eligible for Future Sale

     142   

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock

     145   

Underwriting

     149   

Legal Matters

     155   

Experts

     155   

Where You Can Find More Information

     155   

Index to the Financial Statements

     F-1   

 

 

We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus or in any applicable free writing prospectus is current only as of its date, regardless of its time of delivery or any sale of shares of our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

Until                     , 2014 (25 days after the commencement of this offering), all dealers that buy, sell or trade shares of our common stock, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

For investors outside the United States: We have not, and the underwriters have not, done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

 

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained in other parts of this prospectus. Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in shares of our common stock and it is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read the entire prospectus carefully, especially “Risk Factors” and our financial statements and the related notes, before deciding to buy shares of our common stock. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this prospectus to “Auspex,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Overview

Our Company

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel medicines for the treatment of orphan diseases, which are rare diseases that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the United States and that may often present unmet medical needs. Our pipeline includes product candidates to address unmet medical needs in hyperkinetic movement disorders, such as chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, an orphan disease, and tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome, subsets of either of which may be deemed to be orphan diseases, as well as other orphan indications.

Our lead product candidate, SD-809, is in a Phase 3 registration clinical trial for the treatment of chorea (abnormal involuntary movements) associated with Huntington’s disease. Tetrabenazine is the only therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for this indication. Using our know-how in deuterium chemistry, we made chemical modifications at specific positions in the tetrabenazine molecule to create the novel drug candidate SD-809 (dutetrabenazine). Deuterium is a non-toxic, naturally occurring form of hydrogen. The substitution of deuterium (2H) for hydrogen (1H) at specific positions attenuates the breakdown of the drug’s active metabolites resulting in a differentiated pharmacokinetic profile compared to tetrabenazine. This profile should enable less frequent dosing, improved tolerability, reduced interpatient variability in drug metabolism, as well as reduced drug interactions and reduced need for genotyping for drug-metabolizing enzymes. We believe that this profile will allow SD-809 to address unmet needs in a variety of hyperkinetic movement disorders.

We have initiated a Phase 3 registration clinical trial of SD-809, which we refer to as First-HD. First-HD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial of SD-809 in 90 patients with chorea associated with Huntington’s disease and is designed to evaluate, and generate label information for, the safety, tolerability and efficacy of SD-809 for treating chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. In addition, we have initiated an open-label clinical trial, which we refer to as ARC-HD, that will evaluate long-term safety as well as provide guidance on how to switch patients who are currently on tetrabenazine to SD-809. If we meet the primary endpoint of First-HD, we anticipate submitting our Section 505(b)(2) new drug application, or NDA, for SD-809 to the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2014 and, if approved, expect to launch commercial sales in 2015. We are also planning a Phase 2/3 efficacy clinical trial of SD-809 for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. We expect to report data from this clinical trial by mid-2015. In addition, we are in the process of initiating an open-label preliminary efficacy and safety Phase 1b clinical trial of SD-809 in adolescent patients with tics associated with Tourette syndrome. We anticipate data from this clinical trial will be available in 2014. We will decide how to pursue further development and regulatory approval for this indication based on the results of this exploratory study.

Our Market Opportunity

Hyperkinetic movement disorders are characterized by abnormal involuntary movements that can arise from a variety of causes, typically either genetic or drug-induced. Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome are three conditions that prominently feature hyperkinetic movements.

 

 

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In the United States, an estimated 30,000 people have Huntington’s disease. One of the first symptoms of this disease is chorea, which occurs in 90% of patients, and is moderate to severe in approximately 70% of these patients. Since tetrabenazine’s launch in the fourth quarter of 2008, annual sales in the United States have grown to approximately $238 million for the four quarters ended September 30, 2013, which represents an estimated $60,000 to $70,000 annual cost of treatment per patient. While the drug is effective at controlling chorea, its use is associated with high rates of adverse events and its short half-life requires three or more times daily dosing in a majority of patients. The distribution of the drug is also highly restricted and is subject to an FDA-mandated Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, program. We believe the foregoing properties of tetrabenazine have contributed to its limited use.

In the United States, an estimated 500,000 patients have tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that typically manifests as rapid, repetitive, stereotypic movements that can be induced by certain drugs, such as neuroleptics, which are used for treating psychiatric conditions, as well as by certain drugs, such as metoclopramide, which are used for treating various gastrointestinal disorders. These patients are managed largely by psychiatrists and movement disorder neurologists and there are no FDA-approved treatments for tardive dyskinesia.

In the United States, an estimated 100,000 to 350,000 children have tics (abnormal involuntary movements or vocalizations) associated with Tourette syndrome, with an estimated 27% categorized as moderate to severe. Peak severity of the disorder is around 12 years of age, with an estimated 13% to 22% of affected children continuing to take medications for tics as adults. There have been no new drugs introduced for treating tics associated with Tourette syndrome in 30 years and we believe that physicians consider the two approved neuroleptics to be inadequate. These treatments carry, among other adverse events, the risk of causing permanent neurologic deficits, such as tardive dyskinesia.

SD-809, Our Product Candidate for the Treatment of Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

Using our deuterium technology, we made chemical modifications at specific positions in the tetrabenazine molecule to create the novel drug candidate SD-809 (dutetrabenazine). We designed SD-809 to have the same intrinsic potency and target pharmacology of tetrabenazine and to improve its tolerability and safety profile. SD-809 is an oral, small molecule product candidate with potential for once-daily or twice-daily dosing. Modifying the pharmacokinetics of drugs through various mechanisms to reduce blood level fluctuations has resulted in significant benefits to patients in a number of other central nervous system, or CNS, diseases. We believe that SD-809 can achieve similar benefits for patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders with its differentiated pharmacokinetic profile and reduced blood level fluctuations. This profile should enable less frequent dosing, improved tolerability, reduced interpatient variability in drug metabolism, as well as reduced drug interactions and reduced need for genotyping for drug-metabolizing enzymes.

Currently the only FDA-approved treatment for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease is tetrabenazine. We believe tetrabenazine is also used off-label by physicians to treat patients suffering from tardive dyskinesia and tics associated with Tourette syndrome. However, only about 3,500 to 4,000 patients are currently on tetrabenazine therapy in the United States. We believe this limited usage of tetrabenazine is primarily due to its dosing frequency, poor tolerability and side effect profile. In addition, lack of patent protection for tetrabenazine and its uses, may have discouraged investment in developing tetrabenazine for treatment of tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome. We believe that SD-809 can overcome a number of the foregoing limitations of tetrabenazine and has the potential to change the treatment paradigm and expand the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome.

We have initiated a Phase 3 registration clinical trial of SD-809, which we refer to as First-HD. First-HD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial of SD-809 in 90 patients with chorea associated with Huntington’s disease and is designed to evaluate, and generate label information for, the safety, tolerability and efficacy of SD-809 for treating chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. We expect to report data from this clinical trial in the second half of 2014.

 

 

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Based on the results of our ongoing clinical trials, we plan to submit an NDA to the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2014 for SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease and, if approved, expect to launch commercial sales in 2015. This NDA will use a Section 505(b)(2) regulatory path which we expect will allow us to rely, in our NDA filing, on certain prior nonclinical and clinical safety findings made by the FDA in its approval of the tetrabenazine NDA.

We intend to commercialize SD-809 for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, if approved, through a small specialty sales force. There are a limited number of neurologists nationwide who treat movement disorders and we believe that such a sales force could effectively address the U.S. market for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease.

SD-809 was discovered and developed by us and we retain unencumbered worldwide rights for its development and commercialization. We currently own composition of matter patents for SD-809 that are expected to expire in 2031 in the United States, and 2029 in Europe, before any patent term extension or equivalent to which we may be entitled to in the United States or other jurisdictions where we have issued patents. We have additional patent applications for SD-809 that, if issued, will cover composition of matter, methods of treatment, manufacturing, formulations and other applications and aspects of SD-809, which could potentially extend the patent exclusivity period for SD-809.

Additional Product Candidates

Our portfolio includes other deuterium-containing compounds that are at various stages of development, including: SD-254, a deuterium-containing analog of venlafaxine, which has completed two Phase 1 clinical trials; SD-560, a deuterium-containing analog of pirfenidone, which is in the preclinical stage of development; SD-970, a deuterium-containing analog of ticagrelor, which is in the preclinical stage of development; SD-900, a deuterium-containing analog of tofacitinib, which is in the preclinical stage of development; and a deuterium-containing analog of ketamine. These compounds could be advanced or partnered in the future based on strategic considerations and availability of resources. In addition to the issued or allowed patients covering SD-809, we have 35 issued or allowed patents and 47 active patent applications in prosecution covering, among other things, 45 compounds in our portfolio.

Our Team

Our management team has extensive experience in drug delivery and development for orphan and CNS product candidates. Our Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Pratik Shah, has been involved with the company since 2007, including as the executive chairman, setting the strategy for advancing SD-809 for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Dr. David Stamler, our Chief Medical Officer, successfully led the approval of tetrabenazine for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease while at Prestwick Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Samuel Saks, our Chief Development Officer, was a co-founder and chief executive officer of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, a specialty CNS pharmaceutical company, and senior vice president, medical affairs and group vice president for ALZA Corporation, or ALZA, a drug delivery-focused pharmaceutical company, prior to its acquisition by Johnson & Johnson. Our Chief Operating Officer, Dr. Bharatt Chowrira, served as Chief Executive Officer of Addex Therapeutics, where he provided leadership to advance its lead program for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, levodopa-induced dyskinesia and dystonia. Our Chief Financial Officer, John Schmid, was previously Chief Financial Officer and co-founder of Trius Therapeutics, Inc., a late-stage antibiotics company acquired by Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in September 2013. Our Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Andreas Sommer has significant experience in advancing products through late stage development and oversaw the submission of the NDA for Iplex to the FDA, as well as four successful orphan drug NDAs to the FDA and European Medicines Agency.

 

 

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Our Strategy

Our goal is to become a leading biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of new medicines in orphan indications initially targeting hyperkinetic movement disorders. Key elements of our strategy to achieve this goal are to:

 

    Develop and commercialize SD-809 to be a market leader for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, based on its differentiated profile.

 

    Develop SD-809 for the treatment of additional hyperkinetic movement disorders with unmet medical needs, including tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome.

 

    Build targeted sales and marketing capabilities in the United States for SD-809, initially focused on movement disorder neurologists.

 

    Leverage our expertise in deuterium chemistry as well as clinical and regulatory development to derive value from our broad portfolio of proprietary product candidates.

Risks Associated with Our Business

Our business and our ability to implement our business strategy are subject to numerous risks, as more fully described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” immediately following this prospectus summary. You should read these risks before you invest in our common stock. We may be unable, for many reasons, including those that are beyond our control, to implement our business strategy. In particular, risks associated with our business include:

 

    We are highly dependent on the success of SD-809, which is still in clinical development, and we may not be able to successfully obtain regulatory or marketing approval for, or successfully commercialize, this product candidate in any of the indications for which we plan to develop it, which include chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome.

 

    Clinical development is a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome. Because the results of early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, SD-809 may not have favorable results in ongoing or later clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.

 

    If the FDA does not conclude that SD-809 satisfies the requirements for the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory approval pathway, or if the requirements for approval of SD-809 under Section 505(b)(2) are not as we expect, the development and approval of SD-809 will likely take significantly longer, cost significantly more and entail significantly greater complexity and risks than anticipated, and in any case may not be successful.

 

    We anticipate that SD-809 will require a REMS which could delay the approval of SD-809 and increase the cost, burden and liability associated with the commercialization of SD-809.

 

    We may experience delays in the commencement or completion of our clinical trials, which could result in increased costs to us and delay our ability to pursue regulatory approval and generate product revenues.

 

    If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to effectively market and sell our products and generate product revenue.

 

    We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never be profitable.

 

    To complete the development and commercialization, of SD-809, if approved, for all three planned indications, we will require additional capital. Raising additional funds through debt or equity financing may be dilutive or restrict our operations and raising funds through collaborations or licenses may require us to relinquish rights to our product candidates.

 

    If we are unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our market.

 

 

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Corporate and Other Information

We were incorporated in California in February 2001. In June 2007, we reincorporated in Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 3366 N. Torrey Pines Court, Suite 225, San Diego, California, 92037, and our telephone number is (858) 558-2400. Our corporate website address is www.auspexpharma.com. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of this prospectus, and the inclusion of our website address in this prospectus is an inactive textual reference only.

This prospectus contains references to our trademarks and to trademarks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus, including logos, artwork and other visual displays, may appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than $1.0 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act, enacted in April 2012. An “emerging growth company” may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable to public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

 

    being permitted to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in this prospectus;

 

    not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

 

    reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements; and

 

    exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We may use these provisions until the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a “large accelerated filer,” our annual gross revenues exceed $1.0 billion or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period.

We have elected to take advantage of certain of the reduced disclosure obligations in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and may elect to take advantage of other reduced reporting requirements in future filings. As a result, the information that we provide to our stockholders may be different than you might receive from other public reporting companies in which you hold equity interests.

The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

 

 

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THE OFFERING

 

Common stock offered by us

             shares

 

Common stock to be outstanding after this offering

             shares

 

Over-allotment option

The underwriters have a 30-day over-allotment option to purchase up to a total of              additional shares of common stock.

 

Use of proceeds

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for the clinical development and commercialization of SD-809 and for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including making monthly principal and interest payments on our credit facility and for costs and expenses associated with being a public company. See “Use of Proceeds.”

 

Risk factors

You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of certain of the factors to consider carefully before deciding to purchase any shares of our common stock.

 

Proposed NASDAQ Global Market symbol

“ASPX”

 

 

The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 69,869,470 shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2013, after giving effect to the conversion of our outstanding convertible preferred stock into 64,790,302 shares of common stock and excludes:

 

    4,437,561 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2013, at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.16 per share;

 

    3,868,901 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2013, at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.92 per share;

 

                 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2014 equity incentive plan, or the 2014 plan, which will become effective upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement for this offering (including 5,322,975 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our 2010 equity incentive plan, or the 2010 plan, as of December 31, 2013, which shares will be added to the shares reserved under the 2014 plan upon its effectiveness); and

 

                 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2014 employee stock purchase plan, or the ESPP, which will become effective upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement for this offering.

Unless otherwise indicated, all information contained in this prospectus assumes or gives effect to:

 

    the conversion of all our outstanding convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of 64,790,302 shares of common stock in connection with the completion of this offering;

 

    the conversion of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock into warrants to purchase 3,868,901 shares of common stock upon the completion of this offering;

 

 

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    no exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option to purchase up to a total of              additional shares of our common stock;

 

    the filing of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and the adoption of our amended and restated bylaws immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and

 

    a one-for-             reverse stock split of our common stock to be effected prior to the completion of this offering.

Certain of our existing stockholders and directors have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $             million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters could determine to sell more, less or no shares to any of these potential investors and any of these potential investors could determine to purchase more, less or no shares in this offering.

 

 

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Summary Financial Data

The following table summarizes certain of our financial data. We derived the summary statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 from our audited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary statement of operations data for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 and the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) through September 30, 2013 and the summary balance sheet data as of September 30, 2013 were derived from our unaudited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with our audited financial statements included in this prospectus and include, in our opinion, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the financial information in those statements. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future and results of interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for the entire year. The summary financial data should be read together with our financial statements and related notes, “Selected Financial Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

    Year Ended December 31,     Nine Months Ended September 30,     Period from
February 28,
2001
(Inception)
Through
September 30,
2013
 
              2011               2012               2012                         2013              
                (unaudited)     (unaudited)  
    (in thousands, except share and per share data)        

Statement of Operations Data:

         

Operating expenses:

         

Research and development

  $ 4,080      $ 11,741      $ 8,840      $ 6,524      $ 41,269   

General and administrative

    1,893        1,688        1,206        1,760        18,315   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total operating expenses

    5,973        13,429        10,046        8,284        59,584   

Gain on sale of assets

    3,086                             3,091   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating loss

    (2,887     (13,429     (10,046     (8,284     (56,493

Other income (expense)

    73        (1,683     (656     244        (1,398
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss

  $ (2,814   $ (15,112   $ (10,702   $ (8,040   $ (57,891
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted(1)

  $ (4,729   $ (25,398   $ (17,987   $ (13,513  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Weighted-average shares outstanding used to calculate net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted(1)

    595        595        595        595 (3)   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Pro forma net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (unaudited)(2)

    $ (0.56     $ (0.18  
   

 

 

     

 

 

   

Weighted-average shares outstanding used to calculate pro forma net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (unaudited)(2)

      24,139,465          45,257,194 (3)   
   

 

 

     

 

 

   

 

 

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(1)

See Note 2 to our audited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus for an explanation of the method used to calculate the basic and diluted net loss per common share and the number of shares used in the computation of the per share amounts.

(2)

The calculations for the unaudited pro forma net loss per common share, basic and diluted, assume the conversion of all our outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock into shares of our common stock, as if the conversion had occurred at the beginning of the period presented, or the issuance date, if later.

(3)

Excludes 650,000 shares of common stock subject to repurchase as of September 30, 2013.

 

     As of September 30, 2013
     Actual     Pro Forma(1)     Pro Forma as
Adjusted(2)(3)
           (unaudited)      
           (in thousands)      

Balance Sheet Data:

      

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 11,373      $ 41,076     

Working capital

     10,582        40,240     

Total assets .

     11,627        41,513     

Note payable

    
4,931
  
    14,576     

Convertible preferred stock warrant liability

     1,106            

Convertible preferred stock .

     62,124            

Deficit accumulated during the development stage .

     (57,891     (58,003  

Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity

     (57,561     25,765     

 

(1)

Pro forma amounts reflect (i) the receipt of aggregate gross proceeds of $19.5 million from the sale of 11,336,481 shares of Series E convertible preferred stock on December 20, 2013, (ii) the conversion of all our outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock (including the 11,336,481 shares of our Series E convertible preferred stock issued on December 20, 2013) into an aggregate of 64,790,302 shares of our common stock, (iii) the conversion of all our outstanding convertible preferred stock warrants as of September 30, 2013 into warrants to purchase 4,147,319 shares of common stock (including 261,020 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants that were issued to Oxford Finance LLC, or Oxford, on December 27, 2013), (iv) the exercise of outstanding convertible preferred stock warrants into 278,418 shares of convertible preferred stock on November 18, 2013 and (v) the borrowing of $15.0 million under our term loan with Oxford and the repayment of $5.0 million under a term loan with Square 1 Bank.

(2)

Pro forma as adjusted amounts reflect the pro forma conversion adjustments described in footnote (1) above, as well as the sale of              shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

(3)

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price would increase (decrease) each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total stockholders’ equity by $        , assuming the number of shares offered by us as stated on the cover page of this prospectus remain unchanged and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, a one million share increase (decrease) in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total stockholders’ equity by $        , assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) remains the same, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

 

 

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks described below, together with all of the other information included in this prospectus, before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. The risks described below are material risks currently known, expected or reasonably foreseeable by us. If any of these risks actually materialize, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations could be seriously harmed. This could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, resulting in a loss of all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are highly dependent on the success of SD-809, which is still in clinical development, and we may not be able to successfully obtain regulatory or marketing approval for, or successfully commercialize, this product candidate in any of the indications for which we plan to develop it, which include chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome.

Our future success will depend almost entirely on our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and then successfully commercialize SD-809, our lead program, in the United States, which may never occur. We have no significant product candidates in our clinical development pipeline other than SD-809. We currently generate no revenues from sales of any drugs and we may never be able to develop or commercialize a marketable drug.

Before we can market and sell SD-809 in the United States or foreign jurisdictions, we may need to commence and complete additional clinical trials, and will need to manage clinical, preclinical, and manufacturing activities, obtain necessary regulatory approvals from the FDA in the United States and from similar foreign regulatory agencies in other jurisdictions, obtain manufacturing supply, build a commercial organization or enter into a marketing collaboration with a third party, and in some jurisdictions, obtain reimbursement authorization, among other things. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully complete the necessary clinical trials and/or obtain regulatory approvals and develop sufficient commercial capabilities for SD-809. We have not submitted an NDA to the FDA, or similar drug approval filings to comparable foreign authorities, for any product candidate. Further, SD-809 may not receive regulatory approval even if it is successful in clinical trials. If we do not receive regulatory approvals, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected. Even if we obtain regulatory approvals, we may never generate significant revenues from any commercial sales of SD-809. If SD-809 is approved and we fail to successfully commercialize it, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenues to sustain and grow our business and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to obtain FDA approval of SD-809 in any of the indications for which we plan to develop it, which include chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia or Tourette syndrome, or any future product candidates, we will not be able to commercialize them in the United States and our business will be adversely impacted.

If we fail to obtain FDA approval for SD-809 or any future product candidates, we will be unable to market or sell such products in the United States, which will significantly impair our ability to generate any revenues. The clinical development of product candidates is subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the United States and by comparable regulatory authorities in foreign markets. Product development is a very lengthy and expensive process, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. The product development timeline can vary significantly based upon the product candidate’s novelty and complexity.

This regulatory review and approval process, which includes evaluation of preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates as well as the evaluation of our manufacturing processes and our third-party contract manufacturers’ facilities, is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. To receive approval, we must, among other things, demonstrate with substantial evidence from clinical trials that the product candidate is both safe and effective for each indication for which approval is sought, and failure can occur in any stage of development. Satisfaction of the approval requirements typically takes many years and the time needed to satisfy them may vary substantially, based on the type, complexity and novelty of the pharmaceutical product. As part of the U.S. Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, the FDA has a goal to review and act on a

 

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percentage of all submissions in a given time frame. The general review goal for a drug application is ten to twelve months for a Standard Review application and six to eight months for a Priority Review application, depending on whether the drug at issue is a new molecular entity. Priority Review designation is given to drugs that offer major advances in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. The FDA’s review goals are subject to change, and it is unknown whether the review of our NDA for SD-809, or an NDA filing for any of our other product candidates, will be completed within the FDA’s review goals or will be delayed. Moreover, the duration of the FDA’s review may depend on the number and types of other NDAs that are submitted to the FDA around the same time period. We cannot predict if or when we might receive regulatory approvals for SD-809 or any future product candidates. We intend to seek, where appropriate, Priority Review for our drug candidates but cannot be certain that we will obtain Priority Review, and even if we do, there can be no assurance that the approval process will not be lengthy. Moreover, any approvals that we obtain may contain significant limitations in the form of narrow indications, warnings, precautions or contra-indications with respect to conditions of use, or require as a condition of approval a REMS to ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the risks. In such event, our ability to generate revenues from such products could be greatly reduced and our business could be harmed.

The FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to consider our application for substantive review or may form the opinion after review of our data that our application contains deficiencies that prevent approval of a product candidate. If the FDA does not consider or approve our application, it may require that we conduct additional clinical, preclinical or manufacturing validation studies and submit that data before it will reconsider our application. Depending on the extent of these or any other studies, approval of any applications that we submit may be delayed or never approved, or may require us to expend more resources than we have available. It is also possible that additional studies, if performed and completed, may not be successful or considered sufficient by the FDA to support approval. If any of these outcomes occur, we may be forced to abandon one or more of our applications for approval, which might significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities can delay, limit, or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons, including:

 

    such authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials;

 

    we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or other regulatory authorities that a product candidate is safe and effective for any indication;

 

    such authorities may not accept clinical data from trials which are conducted at clinical facilities or in countries where the standard of care is potentially different from the United States;

 

    we may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;

 

    such authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

 

    the results of our clinical trials may not demonstrate the safety or efficacy required by such authorities for approval;

 

    such authorities may find deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; and

 

    the approval policies or regulations of such authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

Even if we do receive regulatory approval to market a product candidate, any such approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which we may market the product. It is possible that SD-809 and any of the product candidates we may seek to develop in the future may never obtain the appropriate regulatory approvals necessary for us to commence product sales. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approvals would prevent us from commercializing our product candidates, generating revenues and achieving and sustaining profitability.

 

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Clinical development is a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome. Because the results of early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, SD-809 may not have favorable results in ongoing or later clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.

Clinical development is expensive, takes many years to complete and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process and SD-809 is subject to the risks of failure inherent in drug development. Success in early clinical trials does not mean that later clinical trials will be successful. Product candidates in later-stage clinical trials may fail to demonstrate sufficient safety or efficacy despite having progressed through initial clinical trials, even at statistically significant levels. Companies frequently suffer significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, even after earlier clinical trials have shown promising results. Our ongoing and future clinical trials may not be successful.

The planned and ongoing clinical trials of SD-809 may not be appropriately designed to support submission of an NDA to the FDA or demonstrate safety or efficacy at the level required by the FDA for product approval.

We are currently conducting a Phase 3 registration clinical trial, or the First-HD trial, which is a placebo-controlled trial of SD-809 in 90 patients with chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. The overall treatment period for the First-HD trial is 12 weeks in duration with a titration period that lasts eight weeks and a maintenance period that lasts four weeks. In addition to the First-HD trial, we are currently evaluating SD-809 in an additional clinical trial, or the ARC-HD trial. In the first component of ARC-HD, which we refer to as ARC-HD Switch, patients with chorea associated with Huntington’s disease adequately controlled by tetrabenazine are switched to SD-809 and monitored for safety and efficacy for eight weeks, with an analysis at four weeks and eight weeks. Patients from First-HD and ARC-HD Switch will be eligible to roll into the second component of ARC-HD, which we refer to as ARC-HD Rollover, which is a long term safety study. In addition to our two ongoing clinical trials, we are currently planning a Phase 2/3 clinical trial for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and a Phase 1b clinical trial for the treatment of tics associated with Tourette syndrome.

Even if we achieve positive results on the endpoints for these clinical trials or any future clinical trials, the FDA may disagree that the clinical trials are adequate to show safety or efficacy in the indication being sought or with our interpretation of the data and deem the results insufficient to demonstrate efficacy at the level required by the FDA for product approval. While we do not have any current plans to do so, it is possible that we may make modifications to the clinical trial protocols or designs of one or both of our ongoing clinical trials that delay enrollment or completion of such clinical trials and could delay regulatory approval of SD-809. Any failure to obtain approval for SD-809 on the timeline that we currently anticipate, or at all, would have a material and adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

If the FDA does not conclude that SD-809 satisfies the requirements for the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory approval pathway, or if the requirements for approval of SD-809 under Section 505(b)(2) are not as we expect, the development and approval of SD-809 will likely take significantly longer, cost significantly more and entail significantly greater complexity and risks than anticipated, and in any case may not be successful.

We intend to seek FDA approval through the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for SD-809. Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA, permits the filing of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies that were not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. In the case of SD-809, we intend to file a Section 505(b)(2) NDA that relies on certain of the FDA’s prior findings of safety for the approved drug, tetrabenazine (marketed as Xenazine in the United States). Our ability to rely on certain of the FDA’s safety findings with regard to tetrabenazine will depend on our ability to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction that the dose range of SD-809 employed in our Phase 3 program exposes patients to similar levels of key active metabolites as the approved dose range of tetrabenazine. In our initial Phase 1 clinical trial, the sum of two key metabolites more than doubled at an equi-milligram dose of SD-809 as tetrabenazine, indicating that SD-809 exposes patients to similar levels of active metabolites at half the dose of tetrabenazine. Even with such a showing, the FDA has indicated that controlled safety data for SD-809 is required. With regard to

 

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efficacy, although our First-HD trial is similar in design to the successful tetrabenazine clinical trial that, along with the confirmatory evidence from a second, failed clinical trial, provided the basis for the finding of efficacy of tetrabenazine, we have not discussed with the FDA whether our First-HD trial alone is adequate to support the efficacy of SD-809 and can provide no assurance that the FDA will not require additional clinical trials of SD-809.

By pursuing the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for SD-809, our reliance on the prior findings of safety for Xenazine may require any approved labeling for SD-809 to include certain safety information that is included in the labeling of Xenazine. For example, although we believe that data observed in a Phase 1 clinical trial of SD-809 show that SD-809 has a better cardiac safety profile than does Xenazine as measured by QT intervals, our reliance on the safety findings used in the approval of Xenazine may preclude us from including any statements about this potential advantage in any approved labeling for SD-809.

If the FDA disagrees with our position that reliance on the safety data for Xenazine is appropriate, or if the data required for approval of our Section 505(b)(2) NDA are different than anticipated, we may need to conduct additional clinical trials, provide additional data and information, and meet additional standards for regulatory approval. If this were to occur, the time and financial resources required to obtain FDA approval for SD-809 would likely substantially increase. Moreover, the inability to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway could result in new competitive products reaching the market faster than SD-809, which could materially adversely impact our competitive position and prospects. Even if the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway is deemed appropriate for a product candidate, we cannot assure you that we will receive the requisite or timely approvals for commercialization of such product candidate.

In addition, we expect that our competitors may file citizens’ petitions with the FDA in an attempt to persuade the FDA that our products, or the clinical studies that support their approval, contain deficiencies. Such actions by our competitors could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving any NDA that we submit under Section 505(b)(2).

SD-809 or our other product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that may delay or prevent their regulatory approval or commercialization or limit their commercial potential.

Undesirable side effects caused by SD-809 or our other product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay, suspend or terminate clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of marketing approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. This, in turn, could limit or prevent us from commercializing SD-809 or our other product candidates and generating revenues from their sale. To date, the most common adverse events observed in patients who received SD-809 in our clinical trials are similar to tetrabenazine and have included sedation/somnolence (excessive daytime sleepiness), fatigue, insomnia, depression, akathisia, anxiety and nausea. The most clinically significant events observed in subjects who received SD-809 in our clinical trials are restlessness, agitation and depressed mood. Results from our ongoing or future clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of these or other side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of SD-809 or our other product candidates for their targeted indications. Further, such side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may have a material and adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, if SD-809 or any of our other product candidates receives marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such product candidate, a number of significant negative consequences could result, including:

 

    the FDA may withdraw its approval of such product candidate;

 

    the FDA may require that we demonstrate a larger clinical benefit by conducting additional clinical trials for approval to offset the risk;

 

    the FDA may require the addition of labeling statements or warnings that could diminish the usage of the product or otherwise limit the commercial success of such product candidate;

 

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    the FDA may make the requirements of any REMS more restrictive;

 

    we may be required to change the way such product candidate is administered;

 

    we may choose to recall, withdraw or discontinue sale of such product candidate;

 

    we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and

 

    our reputation may suffer.

Any one or a combination of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate or could substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing such product candidate, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating any revenues from the sale of the product, which could significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We anticipate that SD-809 will require a REMS which could delay the approval of SD-809 and increase the cost, burden and liability associated with the commercialization of SD-809.

The FDA Amendments Act of 2007 implemented safety-related changes to product labeling and provided the FDA with expanded authority to require the adoption of a REMS, to assure safe use of the product candidates, either as a condition of product candidate approval or on the basis of new safety information. Given that tetrabenazine is subject to a REMS, we anticipate that approval of SD-809, if obtained, will be conditioned on the requirement to implement a REMS, and it is possible that our other product candidates may require a REMS. The REMS may include, among other things, medication guides for patients, special communication plans to health care professionals or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and/or other risk minimization tools. We cannot predict the specific REMS to be required as part of the FDA’s approval of our product candidates. However, we would expect the elements of the REMS for SD-809, if approved, to be similar to the REMS for tetrabenazine, which includes a communication plan to healthcare providers to provide information about the increased risk of drug-associated depression and suicidality, proper titration and dosing, and the risk of drug-drug interactions with strong CYP2D6 inhibitors in patients taking the drug. Any limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of our product candidates, if approved. Depending on the extent of the REMS requirements, these requirements may significantly increase our costs to commercialize these product candidates. Furthermore, risks of our product candidates that are not adequately addressed through proposed REMS for such product candidates may also prevent or delay their approval for commercialization.

We may experience delays in the commencement or completion of our clinical trials, which could result in increased costs to us and delay our ability to pursue regulatory approval and generate product revenues.

Delays in the commencement or completion of clinical trials could significantly impact our product development costs and could result in the need for additional financing. We do not know whether our two ongoing clinical trials or two planned clinical trials of SD-809 will be completed on time, or at all, or whether any clinical trials will need to be redesigned, enroll patients on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. The commencement or completion of clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays in or related to:

 

    raising sufficient capital to fund the clinical trials;

 

    obtaining regulatory feedback on trial design necessary, to commence a clinical trial;

 

    identifying, recruiting and training suitable clinical investigators;

 

    identifying, recruiting and enrolling suitable patients to participate in a clinical trial;

 

    reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and clinical trial sites;

 

    obtaining sufficient quantities of drug product for use in clinical trials;

 

    obtaining institutional review board, or IRB, approval to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective site;

 

    adding new clinical trial sites;

 

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    clinical trial sites deviating from trial protocol or dropping out of a trial;

 

    failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols;

 

    failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions;

 

    unforeseen safety issues or any determination that a clinical trial presents unacceptable health risks;

 

    retaining patients who have initiated a clinical trial but may withdraw due to adverse side effects from the therapy, insufficient efficacy, fatigue with the clinical trial process or personal issues; and

 

    catastrophic loss of drug product due to shipping delays or delays in customs in connection with delivery of drug product to or from foreign countries for use in clinical trials.

In addition, the FDA may also put a clinical trial on clinical hold at any time during product candidate development.

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, competing clinical trials and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential benefits of the product candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new therapies that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. Our two ongoing clinical trials of SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease will seek to enroll significantly more patients than we have enrolled in any single clinical trial of SD-809 to date and we may not be able to do so successfully. Furthermore, we rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and, while we have agreements governing their committed activities, we have limited influence over their actual performance.

We could encounter delays if physicians encounter unresolved ethical issues associated with enrolling patients in clinical trials of our product candidates in lieu of prescribing existing treatments that have established safety and efficacy profiles. Principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and receive cash compensation in connection with such services. If these relationships exceed certain financial thresholds, they must be reported to the FDA at the time of NDA submission. Such payments made to any investigator or the investigator’s institution that exceeds $25,000 during the time the clinical investigator is carrying out the study and for one year following completion of the study must be reported to the FDA at the time of NDA submission. In addition, disclosable financial interests include: (1) any compensation to the investigator by the sponsor in which the value could be affected by study outcome; (2) a proprietary interest in the tested product; and (3) any equity interest in the sponsor of the covered clinical study, including any ownership interest, stock options, or other financial interest whose value cannot be readily determined through reference to public prices. In addition to disclosing the financial interest of an investigator, the NDA applicant must describe any steps taken to minimize the risk of bias, which could include factors such as multiple study sites, the use of appropriate blinding and randomization procedures, and the assessment of objective study points. We expect to disclose a financial arrangement, including a grant to an investigator’s institution, for at least one investigator and submit this information in our NDA. In addition, individuals associated with our CROs or any other entity that manages or is involved with our clinical trials may serve as consultants to us from time to time and receive cash compensation in connection with such services. If these relationships and any related compensation to the clinical investigator carrying out the study, or to any entity that manages or is involved with our clinical trials or to individuals associated with that entity, result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or the FDA concludes that the financial relationship may have affected interpretation of the study, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which could result in the delay or rejection of our NDA by the FDA. Any such delay or rejection could prevent us from commercializing SD-809.

Further, we could encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, the IRBs in the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, the Data Safety Monitoring Board for such trial, or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial

 

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site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using our product candidate, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. If we experience termination of, or delays in the completion of, any clinical trial of our product candidate, the commercial prospects of our product candidate will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations significantly. Furthermore, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Changes in regulatory requirements and guidance also may occur and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for re-examination, which may impact the costs, timing and successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays in the completion of, or if we must terminate, any clinical trial of SD-809, our ability to obtain regulatory approval will be delayed and the commercial prospects, if any, for SD-809 may be harmed. If we ultimately commercialize SD-809 or any of our other product candidates, other therapies for the same indications may have been introduced to the market during the period we have been delayed and such therapies may have established a competitive advantage over our product candidates.

We may not obtain orphan drug designation for SD-809 or any of our other product candidates.

Our business strategy focuses on the development and commercialization of novel medicines for the treatment of orphan diseases. In the United States, under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition. Such diseases and conditions are those that affect fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or, if they affect more than 200,000 individuals in the United States, there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug product available in the United States for these types of diseases or conditions will be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. The applicant will not be required to pay the NDA fee if the orphan designation has been granted, but will be required to pay the NDA fee if the designation is still pending at the time the NDA is submitted. If the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by that agency. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process, but it can lead to financial incentives, such as opportunities for grant funding toward clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers. If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug marketing exclusivity for a period of seven years. Orphan drug marketing exclusivity generally prevents the FDA from approving another application, including a full NDA, to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, including if the FDA concludes that the later drug is safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. The FDA defines “same drug” as a drug that contains the same active chemical entity and is intended for the same use as the drug in question. A designated orphan drug may not receive orphan drug marketing exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation. Orphan drug marketing exclusivity rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

With respect to our application for orphan drug designation for SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, we have received initial feedback from the FDA that it believes that SD-809 is the same drug as tetrabenazine, which is already approved for the treatment of this orphan indication, and that SD-809 therefore cannot be designated as an orphan drug for this indication unless we can provide a plausible hypothesis of the clinical superiority of SD-809 to tetrabenazine. Moreover, if SD-809 is determined to be the same drug as tetrabenazine, marketing approval for SD-809, if any, may not occur until the expiration of Xenazine’s orphan drug exclusivity, which expires in August 2015. The FDA has invited further discussion

 

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with us on this matter. We have responded to the FDA with additional information to support our belief that SD-809 is not the same drug as tetrabenazine for purposes of orphan drug designation because of the substitution of six specific hydrogen atoms in tetrabenazine with deuterium in SD-809. If we are unable to convince the FDA that SD-809 contains a different active moiety from tetrabenazine and, is therefore not the same drug, we intend to demonstrate that SD-809 is clinically superior to tetrabenazine on the basis of existing clinical data and the data from our ongoing clinical trials. To do so, we would need to demonstrate the clinical superiority of SD-809 during the FDA’s review of our NDA in order to obtain orphan drug exclusivity and to prevent the orphan drug exclusivity for Xenazine from delaying the marketing approval of SD-809. As we have set forth elsewhere in this prospectus, our Phase 1 clinical trials conducted to date have provided data supporting that, compared to tetrabenazine, SD-809 has a differentiated pharmacokinetic profile, reduced interpatient variability, reduced fluctuation of plasma concentrations, reduced need for genotyping, reduced drug interactions and reduced frequency of dosing. The data from the prior clinical trials supporting these differences, along with data from our ongoing clinical trials, including the adverse event data and tolerability data, may further differentiate SD-809 from tetrabenazine. We do not plan to conduct other additional clinical trials to support an argument of clinical superiority; rather, we expect to use data from our completed Phase 1 clinical trials and our ongoing clinical trials and compare those data to existing published data pertaining to tetrabenazine. We do not yet have the adverse event or tolerability data from our ongoing clinical trials and cannot assure you that it will show the clinical superiority that would be required in order for the FDA to accept a hypothesis of clinical superiority. Further, we do not know whether the FDA would require other additional clinical trials to agree with a hypothesis of clinical superiority. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain orphan drug designation for this indication or that we will obtain orphan drug exclusivity or that we will be able to obtain approval of SD-809 prior to the expiration of the Xenazine orphan drug exclusivity. If we are unable to obtain orphan drug designation in the United States, we will not receive the seven year market exclusivity resulting from orphan drug status or be afforded the financial incentives and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could suffer. We have not applied, and are currently evaluating whether to apply, for orphan drug designation for the treatment of tics associated with Tourette syndrome or tardive dyskinesia or subsets of patients with those movement disorders.

We face significant competition from other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. We have competitors both in the United States and international markets, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and universities and other research institutions. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff, experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations and well-established sales forces. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing on an exclusive basis, products that are more effective, easier to administer or less costly than SD-809 or our other product candidates.

We anticipate that, if approved, SD-809 will compete primarily against Xenazine and, potentially in the future, generic tetrabenazine, for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. In addition, there are several product candidates in clinical development for the treatment of Huntington’s disease. These include Huntexil (prodipidine), which is being developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; PBT2, which is being developed by Prana Biotechnology Ltd.; SEN0014196 (selisistat), which is being developed by Siena Biotech S.p.A.; Procysbi (cysteamine), which is approved for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and is being developed for Huntington’s disease by Raptor Pharmaceuticals, Inc; OMS824, which is being developed by Omeros Corporation; and PF-2545920, which is being developed by Pfizer Inc.

The availability and price of our competitors’ products could limit the demand, and the price we are able to charge, for SD-809 or our other product candidates. We may not be able to successfully execute on our business objectives if the market acceptance of SD-809 or our other product candidates is inhibited by significant price

 

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competition from Xenazine, or any generic tetrabenazine that may be available in the future, or if physicians are reluctant to switch from existing products to SD-809 or our other product candidates, or if physicians switch to other new products or choose to reserve SD-809 or our other product candidates for use in limited patient populations. Xenazine is expected to lose its market exclusivity related to its orphan drug status for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease in August 2015 and generic versions of tetrabenazine may potentially be introduced into the market after such time. In addition, established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license and develop novel compounds that could make SD-809 or our other product candidates obsolete.

While comparative safety or efficacy are not required for FDA approval, and we do not intend to test SD-809 against Xenazine in our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials, any new product that competes with an approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety in order to overcome price competition and to be commercially successful. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, obtaining FDA approval or discovering, developing and commercializing products before we do, which would have a material adverse impact on our business. The inability to compete with existing products or subsequently introduced products would have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for SD-809 or any future product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates will contain approved indicated uses, and we will be required to market any approved products in accordance with the indicated uses and our approved labeling. In addition, any regulatory approvals may contain conditions for approval or requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. In addition, if the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves any of our product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs, and current good clinical practices, or cGCPs, for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

 

    restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, withdrawal of the product from the market, or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;

 

    fines, warning or untitled letters or holds on clinical trials;

 

    refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed, or suspension or revocation of product approvals;

 

    product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and

 

    injunctions, the imposition of civil penalties or criminal prosecution.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance or if we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, regulatory sanctions may be applied or we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.

We have agreements with third-party CROs to conduct or monitor and manage data for our ongoing clinical programs, including SD-809. We rely heavily on these parties for execution of our clinical trials, and we control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on our CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with federal regulations and cGCPs, which are guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these cGCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of these CROs fail to comply with applicable regulations and cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, such regulatory authorities will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with the applicable regulations and cGCPs. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with drug product produced under applicable regulations and cGMP and will require a large number of trial subjects. Our or our respective CROs’ failure to comply with these regulations or to recruit a sufficient number of patients may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. Moreover, our business may be implicated if any of our CROs violate federal or state fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws.

Our CROs are not our employees and, except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such CROs, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our ongoing preclinical, clinical and nonclinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical studies or other drug development activities, which could harm our competitive position. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to complete development of, obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for SD-809 and other future product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

Switching or adding CROs involves substantial cost and requires extensive management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on third parties to manufacture supplies of SD-809, and we intend to rely on third parties to manufacture commercial supplies of SD-809, if and when it is approved. The development and commercialization of SD-809 could be stopped or delayed if any such third party fails to provide us with sufficient quantities of product or fails to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices or fails to maintain or achieve satisfactory regulatory compliance.

We do not currently have nor do we plan to acquire the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture our clinical drug supplies for use in the conduct of our clinical trials, and we lack the resources and the capability to manufacture SD-809 or our other product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. Instead, we rely on our third-party manufacturing partners for the production of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, and drug formulation of SD-809. The facilities used by our third-party manufacturers to manufacture SD-809 and any other potential product candidates that we may develop in the future must be successfully inspected by the applicable regulatory authorities, including the FDA, after we submit our NDA to the FDA.

 

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We are currently completely dependent on our third-party manufacturers for the production of SD-809 in accordance with cGMPs, which include, among other things, quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation.

Although we have entered into an agreement for the manufacture of clinical supplies and initial commercial supplies of SD-809, our third-party manufacturers may not perform as agreed, may be unable to comply with these cGMP requirements and with FDA, state and foreign regulatory requirements or may terminate its agreement with us. If any of our third-party manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the applicable regulatory authorities’ strict regulatory requirements, or pass regulatory inspection, our NDA will not be approved. In addition, although we are ultimately responsible for ensuring product quality, we have no direct day-to-day control over our third-party manufacturers’ ability to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If our third-party manufacturers are unable to satisfy the regulatory requirements for the manufacture of our products, or if our suppliers or third-party manufacturers decide they no longer want to manufacture our products, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would be time-consuming and significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our products. We might be unable to identify manufacturers for long-term commercial supply on acceptable terms or at all. Manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic announced and unannounced inspection by the FDA and other governmental authorities to ensure compliance with government regulations. Currently, our contract manufacturer for the API for SD-809 is located outside the United States and the FDA has recently increased the number of foreign drug manufacturers that it inspects as well as the frequency of such inspections. As a result, our third-party manufacturers may be subject to increased scrutiny.

If we were to experience an unexpected loss of SD-809 supply for clinical development or commercialization, we could experience delays in our ongoing or planned clinical trials as our third-party manufacturers would need to manufacture additional SD-809 and we may not be able to provide sufficient lead time to enable our third-party manufacturers to schedule a manufacturing slot, or to produce the necessary replacement quantities. This could result in delays in progressing our clinical development activities and achieving regulatory approval for our products, which could materially harm our business.

The manufacture of pharmaceutical products is complex and requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. We and our contract manufacturers must comply with cGMP regulations and guidelines. Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products often encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling up and validating initial production. These problems include difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control, including stability of the product, quality assurance testing, operator error, shortages of qualified personnel, as well as compliance with strictly enforced federal, state and foreign regulations. Furthermore, if microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our products or in the manufacturing facilities in which our products are made, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination. We cannot assure you that any stability or other issues relating to the manufacture of any of our products will not occur in the future. Additionally, our manufacturers may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints or as a result of labor disputes or unstable political environments. If our manufacturers were to encounter any of these difficulties, or otherwise fail to comply with their contractual obligations, our ability to provide any product candidates to patients in clinical trials would be jeopardized. Any delay or interruption in the supply of clinical trial supplies could delay the completion of clinical trials, increase the costs associated with maintaining clinical trial programs and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to commence new clinical trials at additional expense or terminate clinical trials completely.

Any adverse developments affecting clinical or commercial manufacturing of our products may result in shipment delays, inventory shortages, lot failures, product withdrawals or recalls, or other interruptions in the supply of our products or product candidates. We may also have to take inventory write-offs and incur other charges and expenses for products or product candidates that fail to meet specifications, undertake costly remediation efforts or seek more costly manufacturing alternatives. Accordingly, failures or difficulties faced at any level of our supply chain could materially adversely affect our business and delay or impede the development and commercialization of any of our products or product candidates and could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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We plan to rely on third-party specialty channels to distribute SD-809 to patients, to successfully commercialize SD-809, if approved. If we are unable to effectively establish and manage this distribution process, the commercial launch and sales of SD-809 may be delayed or compromised.

We plan to contract with and rely on third-party specialty pharmacies to distribute SD-809 to patients. A specialty pharmacy is a pharmacy that specializes in the dispensing of medications for complex or chronic conditions, which require a high level of patient education and ongoing management. This distribution network will require significant attention from our management team. If we are unable to effectively establish and manage this distribution process, the commercial launch and sales of SD-809 will be delayed or compromised and our results of operations may be harmed.

In addition, the use of specialty pharmacies involves certain risks, including, but not limited to, risks that these organizations will:

 

    not provide us with accurate or timely information regarding their inventories, the number of patients who are using our SD-809, or complaints regarding SD-809;

 

    not effectively sell or support SD-809;

 

    reduce or discontinue their efforts to sell or support SD-809;

 

    not devote the resources necessary to sell SD-809 in the volumes and within the time frames that we expect;

 

    be unable to satisfy financial obligations to us or others; or

 

    cease operations.

Any such events may result in decreased sales and lower revenue, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to generate revenues from SD-809 or our other product candidates will be subject to attaining significant market acceptance among physicians, patients and healthcare payors.

Neither SD-809 nor any of our other product candidates, if approved, may attain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors or the medical community. We believe that the degree of market acceptance and our ability to generate revenues from SD-809 and our other product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

 

    timing of market introduction of our products as well as competitive drugs;

 

    efficacy and safety of our product candidates;

 

    the clinical indication(s), if any, for which SD-809 or our other product candidates are approved;

 

    with respect to SD-809, the size of the markets for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome;

 

    acceptance by patients, primary care specialists and key specialists, including neurologists and psychiatrists;

 

    potential or perceived advantages or disadvantages of SD-809 or our other product candidates over other alternative treatments, including cost of treatment and relative convenience and ease of administration and length of sustained benefits from treatment;

 

    strength of sales, marketing and distribution support;

 

    the price of our product candidates, both in absolute terms and relative to alternative treatments;

 

    the effect of current and future healthcare laws;

 

    availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from government and other third-party payors;

 

    product labeling requirements of the FDA or other regulatory authorities; and

 

    the requirements of the REMS likely to be imposed by the FDA.

 

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While we believe that the reduced interpatient variability and lower dosing frequency of SD-809 relative to Xenazine will allow us to differentiate SD-809 from Xenazine in the market, if approved, because we do not intend to conduct a Phase 3 clinical trial comparing SD-809 to Xenazine, we will not be able to make direct comparative claims regarding the safety of SD-809 and Xenazine. If SD-809 or any of our other product candidates is approved but fails to attain market acceptance by physicians, health care payors, or patients, we may not be able to generate significant revenue to achieve or sustain profitability, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Coverage and reimbursement may not be available, or may be available at only limited levels, for SD-809 or our other product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell our product candidates profitably.

Market acceptance and sales of SD-809 or our other product candidates will depend in large part on global reimbursement policies and may be affected by future healthcare reform measures. Successful commercialization of SD-809 or our other product candidates will depend in part on the availability of governmental and third-party payor reimbursement for the cost of our product candidates. Government authorities, private health insurers and other organizations establish coverage and reimbursement policies for new products, including product candidates like SD-809. In particular, in the United States, the Medicare and Medicaid programs increasingly are used as models for how private payors and other governmental payors develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for drugs and other medical products and services, particularly for new and innovative products and therapies, which has resulted in lower average selling prices. Further, the increased emphasis on managed healthcare in the United States will put additional pressure on product pricing, coverage, reimbursement and utilization, which may adversely affect our product sales and results of operations. These pressures can arise from policies and practices of managed care groups, judicial decisions and governmental laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid and healthcare reform, coverage and reimbursement policies and pricing in general.

In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively, PPACA, became law in the United States. PPACA substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers and significantly affects the pharmaceutical industry. Among the provisions of PPACA of greatest importance to the pharmaceutical industry are the following: (1) an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs; (2) an increase in the rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to 23.1% and 13.0% of the average manufacturer price for branded and generic drugs, respectively; (3) extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; (4) expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to additional individuals and by adding new mandatory eligibility categories for certain individuals with income at or below 133% of the Federal Poverty Level beginning in 2014, thereby potentially increasing manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability; (5) expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program; (6) expansion of health care fraud and abuse laws, including the False Claims Act and the Anti-Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers, and enhanced penalties for noncompliance; (7) a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts to negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; and (8) a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the PPACA was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013. We expect that

 

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additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our product candidates or additional pricing pressures. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of SD-809 and our other product candidates, if approved, and any other products that we may develop, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals. If we fail to successfully secure and maintain adequate coverage and reimbursement for our products or are significantly delayed in doing so, we will have difficulty achieving market acceptance of our products and expected revenue and profitability which would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We may also be subject to healthcare laws, regulation and enforcement and our failure to comply with those laws could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial conditions.

Although we currently do not have any products on the market, if SD-809 or any future product candidates are approved, once we begin commercializing our products, we may be subject to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and the states and foreign governments in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

 

    the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

 

    federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent;

 

    the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters;

 

    HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information;

 

    the federal physician sunshine requirements under PPACA, which requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, other healthcare providers, and teaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and other healthcare providers and their immediate family members;

 

    state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws that may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers;

 

    state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the applicable compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources;

 

    state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and

 

    state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of

 

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such laws. In addition, recent health care reform legislation has strengthened these laws. For example, the PPACA, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the federal anti-kickback and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. Moreover, the PPACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal anti-kickback statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of such laws or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs and imprisonment, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to effectively market and sell our products and generate product revenue.

We are developing SD-809 for specific patient populations served by neurologists as well as psychiatrists. We do not currently have an organization for the sale, marketing or distribution of SD-809 or any of our other product candidates and we must build this organization, or enter into a marketing collaboration with a third party, in order to commercialize SD-809 and any future product candidates. We intend to establish an initial internal specialty sales force to sell SD-809, if approved, for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. In addition, we intend to enter into contractual relationships with specialty pharmacies for the distribution of SD-809, if approved. We may partner with third parties to commercialize SD-809 if it is approved for other indications, including tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome.

The establishment and development of our own sales force in the United States to market SD-809 will be expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch, and we cannot be certain that we would be able to successfully develop this capacity. If we are unable to establish our sales and marketing capability or any other non-technical capabilities necessary to commercialize any products we may develop, we will need to contract with third parties to market and sell such products in the United States. We currently possess limited resources and may not be successful in establishing our own internal sales force or in establishing arrangements with third parties, including with specialty pharmacies, on acceptable terms, if at all.

We will need to increase the size of our organization and the scope of our outside vendor relationships, and we may experience difficulties in managing growth.

As of December 31, 2013, we had 13 full-time employees. In addition, we have engaged part-time individual consultants to assist us with a number of activities, including finance, clinical, regulatory and quality. We will need to expand our managerial, operational, financial and other resources in order to manage our operations and clinical trials, continue our research and development activities, commercialize SD-809, if approved, and transition to operating as a public company. Our management and scientific personnel, systems and facilities currently in place may not be adequate to support this expected growth. Our need to effectively manage our operations, growth and various projects requires that we:

 

    manage our clinical trials effectively, including our two ongoing clinical trials of SD-809;

 

    manage our internal development efforts effectively while carrying out our contractual obligations to contractors and other third parties;

 

    continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and reporting systems and procedures; and

 

    attract and retain sufficient numbers of talented employees.

Because we rely on numerous consultants, effectively outsourcing many key functions of our business, we will need to be able to effectively manage these consultants to ensure that they successfully carry out their contractual obligations and meet expected deadlines. However, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by consultants is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain

 

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regulatory approval for our product candidates or otherwise advance our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our existing consultants or find other competent outside contractors and consultants on economically reasonable terms, or at all. If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and expanding our groups of consultants and contractors, we may be unable to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize our product candidates and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.

If we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.

Our ability to compete in the highly competitive biotechnology and pharmaceuticals industries depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. In order to retain valuable employees and consultants at our company, in addition to salary and other cash incentives, we provide incentive stock options and restricted stock grants that vest over time. The value to employees and consultants of stock options and restricted stock grants that vest over time will be significantly affected by movements in our stock price that are beyond our control, and may at any time be insufficient to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies.

Our scientific team in particular has expertise in many different aspects of drug discovery and development, and may be difficult to retain or replace. We conduct our operations at our facilities in San Diego, California and this region is headquarters to many other pharmaceutical companies and many academic and research institutions and therefore we face increased competition for personnel in this location. Competition for skilled personnel in our market is very intense and competition for experienced scientists may limit our ability to hire and retain highly qualified personnel on acceptable terms.

Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management and scientific and development teams may terminate their employment with us on short notice. Although we have written employment arrangements with our employees, these employment arrangements provide for at-will employment, which means that our employees can leave our employment at any time, with or without notice. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees and our inability to find suitable replacements could potentially harm our business, financial condition and prospects. We do not maintain “key man” insurance policies on the lives of these individuals or the lives of any of our other employees.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and management resources, we focus on a limited number of research programs and product candidates and are currently focused principally on SD-809. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial drugs or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable drugs. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through future collaboration, licensing or other arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights.

The terms of our term loan require us to meet certain operating and financial covenants and place restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, the terms of any new debt could further restrict our ability to operate our business.

In December 2013, we entered into a loan and security agreement, or the credit facility, with Oxford to refinance borrowings under a loan and security agreement with Square 1 Bank, or Square 1, and for working capital. The credit facility provides funding for an aggregate principal amount of up to $15.0 million. The credit

 

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facility is secured by substantially all of our tangible personal property other than our intellectual property, and any term loans extended under the credit facility are evidenced by secured promissory notes issued to the lender. We are required to make 12 monthly interest-only payments after the funding date followed by a repayment schedule equal to 36 equal monthly payments of the outstanding principal of the credit facility. However, if we raise at least $40.0 million in net proceeds from an initial public offering of our common stock, the interest only period will be extended by an additional six months to 18 months, followed by a repayment schedule equal to 30 equal monthly payments of the outstanding principal of the outstanding term loan. After the amortization period, the remaining principal balance of the term loan and a final payment equal to 3.00% of the original principal amount of the term loan are payable on the maturity date. We are permitted to make voluntary prepayments of the term loan with a prepayment fee equal to (i) 3% of the term loan prepaid during the first 12 months, (ii) 2% of the term loan prepaid in months 13-24 and (iii) 1% of the term loan prepaid thereafter. The term loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 8.99% per annum and matures in January 2018.

The loan and security agreement governing the credit facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, indemnification provisions and events of default. The affirmative covenants include, among others, covenants requiring us to maintain our legal existence and governmental approvals, deliver certain financial reports and maintain insurance. The negative covenants include, among others, restrictions on dispositions, changes in business, management, ownership or business locations, mergers or acquisitions, indebtedness, encumbrances, distributions, investments, transactions with affiliates and subordinated debt. If we default under the credit facility, Oxford may accelerate all of our repayment obligations and take control of our pledged assets, potentially requiring us to renegotiate our agreement on terms less favorable to us or to immediately cease operations. Further, if we are liquidated, Oxford’s right to repayment would be senior to the rights of the holders of our common stock to receive any proceeds from the liquidation. Oxford could declare a default under the credit facility upon the occurrence of an event of default, which includes any event that Oxford interprets as a material adverse change as defined under the loan and security agreement, thereby requiring us to repay the loan immediately or to attempt to reverse the declaration of default through negotiation or litigation. Any declaration by Oxford of an event of default could significantly harm our business and prospects and could cause the price of our common stock to decline. If we raise any additional debt financing, the terms of such additional debt could further restrict our operating and financial flexibility.

Our limited operating history makes evaluating our business and future prospects difficult, and may increase the risk of any investment in our common stock.

We were formed as a California corporation in February 2001. In June 2007 we reincorporated in Delaware. Our operations to date have been limited to developing SD-809 and our other product candidates. In addition, as an early stage company, we have limited experience and have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the pharmaceutical area. Nor have we demonstrated an ability to obtain regulatory approval for or to commercialize a product candidate. Consequently, any predictions about our future performance may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a history of successfully developing and commercializing a significant number of pharmaceutical products.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future CROs and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such material system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we rely on third parties to manufacture SD-809 and conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data

 

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or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development and commercialization of our product candidate could be delayed.

Business interruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, systems failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions. The occurrence of any of these business interruptions could seriously harm our business and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. Our management operates in our principal executive offices located in San Diego, California. If our offices were affected by a natural or man-made disaster, particularly those that are characteristic of the region, such as wildfires and earthquakes, or other business interruption, our ability to manage our domestic and foreign operations could be impaired, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We currently rely, and intend to rely in the future, on our third-party manufacturers, to produce our supply of SD-809. Our ability to obtain supplies of SD-809 could be disrupted, and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected if the operations of our third-party manufacturers were affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption. The ultimate impact of such events on us, our significant suppliers and our general infrastructure is unknown.

Our business involves the use of hazardous materials, and we and our third-party manufacturers must comply with environmental laws and regulations, which can be expensive and restrict how we do business.

Our third-party manufacturers’ activities involve the controlled storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials owned by us, including the components of SD-809 and other hazardous compounds. We and our manufacturers are subject to federal, state and local as well as foreign laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of an accident, state, federal or foreign authorities may curtail the use of hazardous materials and interrupt our business operations. We do not currently maintain hazardous materials insurance coverage. If we are subject to any liability as a result of our third-party manufacturers’ activities involving hazardous materials, our business and financial condition may be adversely affected. In the future we may seek to establish longer term third-party manufacturing arrangements, pursuant to which we would seek to obtain contractual indemnification protection from such third-party manufacturers potentially limiting this liability exposure.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our products.

We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the clinical trials and, if approved, the commercialization of SD-809 or our other product candidates. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during clinical trials, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state or foreign consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidate. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

 

    decreased demand for SD-809 or other product candidates that we may develop in the future;

 

    injury to our reputation;

 

    withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

 

    initiation of investigations by regulators;

 

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    costs to defend the related litigation;

 

    a diversion of management’s time and our resources;

 

    substantial monetary awards to clinical trial participants or patients;

 

    product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;

 

    loss of revenue;

 

    exhaustion of any available insurance and our capital resources;

 

    the inability to commercialize our products or product candidates; and

 

    a decline in our stock price.

Our inability to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop. We currently carry product liability insurance covering our clinical studies in the amount of $5.0 million in the aggregate. Although we maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. If we determine that it is prudent to increase our product liability coverage due to the commercial launch of SD-809 or any of our other product candidates, we may be unable to obtain such increased coverage on acceptable terms or at all. Our insurance policies also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We will have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.

Our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, CROs, consultants and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of that our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, CROs, consultants and vendors may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: (1) FDA regulations, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to the FDA, (2) manufacturing standards, (3) federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, or (4) laws that require the reporting of financial information or data accurately. Specifically, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

 

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Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never be profitable.

We are a development stage company with limited operating history. To date, we have focused primarily on developing SD-809 and our other product candidates. SD-809 will require substantial additional development time and resources before we will be able to receive regulatory approvals, implement commercialization strategies and begin generating revenue from product sales, as will our other product candidates, and there can be no assurance that any of our product candidates will ever achieve regulatory approval or generate any revenue. We do not anticipate generating any revenue from sales of SD-809 or any of our other product candidates in the near term, if ever. We have incurred significant net losses of $10.7 million and $8.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013, respectively, and $2.8 million and $15.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively. As of September 30, 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of $57.9 million.

We have devoted most of our financial resources to product development. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity and debt securities. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future expenditures and our ability to generate revenue. To date, we do not have any product candidates that have been commercialized, and if SD-809 is not successfully developed or commercialized in either Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia or Tourette syndrome, or if none of our other product candidates are successfully developed or commercialized, or if revenue is insufficient following marketing approval, we may not achieve profitability and our business may fail.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to fully predict the timing or amount of our increased expenses, but we expect to continue to incur substantial expenses, which we expect to increase as we expand our development activities and build a specialty sales force and commercialization infrastructure. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA to perform studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate. As a result of the foregoing, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future, which may increase compared to past periods. Even if we are able to generate revenue from the sale of any approved products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

To complete the development and commercialization of SD-809, if approved, for all three planned indications, we will require additional capital. Raising additional funds through debt or equity financing may be dilutive or restrict our operations and raising funds through collaborations or licenses may require us to relinquish rights to our product candidates.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. From inception to September 30, 2013, we have raised net cash proceeds of approximately $61.4 million from the sale of convertible preferred stock, convertible notes and warrants and $3.3 million of proceeds from the sale and license of certain patent rights and the sale of equipment. In addition, we have borrowed $15.0 million under our credit facility with Oxford, of which we used $5.0 million to repay borrowings under a credit facility with Square 1, and we plan to use the balance for working capital. In December 2013, we issued 11.3 million shares of Series E convertible preferred stock to new and existing investors at a price of $1.724 per share for gross proceeds of $19.5 million.

We expect to continue to spend substantial amounts to continue clinical development of SD-809, including the conduct of our ongoing clinical trials, planned clinical trials and any future required clinical development, seek regulatory approval for SD-809, launch and commercialize SD-809, if approved, and repay our existing debt.

We expect that the net proceeds from this offering and our existing cash, together with interest thereon, will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 18 months, including through the completion of our ongoing clinical trials and the filing of an NDA for SD-809. However, changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. For example, our ongoing clinical trials may encounter technical or other issues that could cause our development costs to increase more than we expected. In any event, we expect that we will require additional capital to complete the development of SD-809 for other indications.

 

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We expect to finance future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, as well as through interest income earned on cash balances. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. Debt financings may be coupled with an equity component, such as warrants to purchase shares, which could also result in dilution of our existing stockholders’ ownership. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. In addition, if we raise additional funds through collaboration or license arrangements, it may be necessary to relinquish potentially valuable rights to our product candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Subject to limited exceptions, the credit facility also prohibits us from incurring indebtedness without the prior written consent of Oxford. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of SD-809. We also could be required to: (1) significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates; (2) relinquish or license on unfavorable terms our rights our product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves; or (3) significantly curtail or cease operations altogether.

Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and stock price.

As widely reported, global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme disruptions in the past several years, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, and uncertainty about economic stability. There can be no assurance that further deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment and continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. If the current equity and credit markets deteriorate further, or do not improve, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance and stock price and could require us to delay or abandon development or commercialization plans. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current service providers or our manufacturers may not survive these difficult economic times, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

At December 31, 2013, we had $36.6 million of cash and cash equivalents. While we are not aware of any downgrades, material losses, or other significant deterioration in the fair value of our cash equivalents since September 30, 2013, no assurance can be given that further deterioration in conditions of the global credit and financial markets would not negatively impact our current portfolio of cash equivalents or our ability to meet our financing objectives. Further dislocations in the credit market may adversely impact the value and/or liquidity of cash equivalents owned by us.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our market.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to SD-809 and our other product candidates. The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications that we own may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover the products in the United States or in other countries. If this were to occur, early generic competition could be expected against product candidates in development. There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing based on a pending patent application, has been found.

 

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Even if patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed or invalidated. Any adverse outcome in these types of matters could result in one or more generic versions of our products being launched before the expiration of our Orange Book listed patents, which could adversely affect our ability to establish market share or successfully execute our business strategy to increase sales of our products and would negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations, including causing a significant decrease in our revenues and cash flows.

Composition of matter patents on the chemical API are generally considered to be the strongest form of intellectual property protection for pharmaceutical products, as such patents provide protection without regard to any method of use. Our SD-809 patent portfolio currently includes one issued composition of matter patent in the United States (US 8,524,733) and one in Europe (EP 2326643B), and several pending patent applications in the United States and other countries that, if issued, will cover compositions of matter, methods of treatment, and formulations. The issued U.S. patent is expected to expire in March 2031 and the European patent is expected to expire in September 2029. We cannot be certain that the claims in our patent applications covering composition of matter will be considered patentable by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or U.S. PTO, and courts in the United States or by the patent offices and courts in foreign countries. Method-of-use patents protect the use of a product for the specified method. This type of patent does not prevent a competitor from making and marketing a product that is identical to our product for an indication that is outside the scope of the patented method. Moreover, even if competitors do not actively promote their product for our targeted indications, physicians may prescribe these products off-label. Although off-label prescriptions may infringe or contribute to the infringement of method-of-use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to prevent or prosecute.

Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our product candidates or prevent others from designing around our claims. If the patent applications we hold with respect to SD-809 or our other product candidates fail to issue or if the breadth or strength of protection of our patents or patent applications is threatened, it could threaten our ability to commercialize our products. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patents will issue or whether any issued patents will be found not invalid and not unenforceable or will go unthreatened by third parties. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could market SD-809 or our other product candidates under patent protection could be reduced. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we were the first to file any patent application related to SD-809 or any of our other product candidates. Furthermore, if third parties have filed such patent applications, an interference proceeding in the United States can be provoked by a third party or instituted by us to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of our applications. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after it is filed. Various extensions may be available; however the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Once the patent life has expired for SD-809 or any of our other product candidates, we may be open to competition from generic medications.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or which we elect not to patent, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our drug discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. Although we expect all of our employees to assign their inventions to us, and all of our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed or that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. If the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for

 

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misappropriating the trade secret. In addition, our competitors may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information. For example, the FDA, as part of its Transparency Initiative, is currently considering whether to make additional information publicly available on a routine basis, including information that we may consider to be trade secrets or other proprietary information, and it is not clear at the present time how the FDA’s disclosure policies may change in the future, if at all.

Our ability to obtain patents is highly uncertain because, to date, some legal principles remain unresolved, there has not been a consistent policy regarding the breadth or interpretation of claims allowed in patents in the United States and the specific content of patents and patent applications that are necessary to support and interpret patent claims is highly uncertain due to the complex nature of the relevant legal, scientific and factual issues. Changes in either patent laws or interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection. For example, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, which was signed into law in September 2011, includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include changes in the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The U.S. PTO has developed new and untested regulations and procedures to govern the full implementation of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, only became effective in March 2013. The Leahy-Smith Act has also introduced procedures making it easier for third parties to challenge issued patents, as well as to intervene in the prosecution of patent applications. Finally, the Leahy-Smith Act contains new statutory provisions that require the U.S. PTO to issue new regulations for their implementation and it may take the courts years to interpret the provisions of the new statute. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the cost of prosecuting our patent applications, our ability to obtain patents based on our patent applications and our ability to enforce or defend our issued patents. An inability to obtain, enforce and defend patents covering our proprietary technologies would materially and adversely affect our business prospects and financial condition.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. For example, if the issuance to us, in a given country, of a patent covering an invention is not followed by the issuance, in other countries, of patents covering the same invention, or if any judicial interpretation of the validity, enforceability, or scope of the claims in, or the written description or enablement in, a patent issued in one country is not similar to the interpretation given to the corresponding patent issued in another country, our ability to protect our intellectual property in those countries may be limited. Changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may materially diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the non-patented intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, and there is no guarantee that we will have any such enforceable trade secret protection, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Further, many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to

 

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biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the U.S. PTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The U.S. PTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering SD-809 or other future product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.

Because we rely on third parties to manufacture SD-809 and intend to rely on third parties for the manufacture of our other product candidates, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These

 

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agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, including our trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. There is no guarantee of success in defending these claims, and if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may also be subject to claims that former employees or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. We may be subject to ownership disputes in the future arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing SD-809 or our other product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

 

    Others may be able to make compounds that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or have exclusively licensed.

 

    We might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patent or pending patent application that we own or have exclusively licensed.

 

    We might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions.

 

    Others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights.

 

    It is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents.

 

    Issued patents that we own may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors.

 

    Our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets.

 

    We may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable.

 

    The patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

 

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Risks Related to this Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock

We do not know whether an active, liquid and orderly trading market will develop for our common stock or what the market price of our common stock will be and as a result it may be difficult for you to sell your shares of our common stock.

Prior to this offering there has been no public market for shares of our common stock. Although we have applied to have our common stock listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, an active trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained following this offering. You may not be able to sell your shares quickly or at the market price if trading in shares of our common stock is not active. The initial public offering price for our common stock will be determined through negotiations with the underwriters, and the negotiated price may not be indicative of the market price of the common stock after the offering. As a result of these and other factors, you may be unable to resell your shares of our common stock at or above the initial public offering price. Further, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of our common stock and may impair our ability to enter into strategic partnerships or acquire companies or products by using our shares of common stock as consideration.

The price of our stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our common stock following this offering is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this prospectus, these factors include:

 

    the commencement, enrollment or results of our ongoing and planned clinical trials of SD-809 or any other future clinical trials we may conduct, or changes in the development status of SD-809 or any future product candidate;

 

    any delay in filing our NDA for SD-809 and any adverse development or perceived adverse development with respect to the FDA’s review of the NDA, including without limitation the FDA’s issuance of a “refusal to file” letter or a request for additional information;

 

    adverse results or delays in our clinical trials;

 

    our decision to initiate a clinical trial, not to initiate a clinical trial or to terminate an existing clinical trial;

 

    adverse regulatory decisions, including failure to receive regulatory approval for SD-809 or any of our other product candidates;

 

    changes in laws or regulations applicable to our product candidates, including but not limited to clinical trial requirements for approvals;

 

    adverse developments concerning our manufacturers;

 

    our inability to obtain adequate product supply for any approved drug product or inability to do so at acceptable prices;

 

    our ability to build a commercial organization or enter into a marketing collaboration with a third party;

 

    our failure to commercialize SD-809, develop additional product candidates and commercialize additional drugs;

 

    additions or departures of our key scientific or management personnel;

 

    unanticipated serious safety concerns related to the use of SD-809 or any future product candidates;

 

    introduction of new products or services offered by us or our competitors;

 

    announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors;

 

    our ability to effectively manage our growth;

 

    the size and growth, if any, of the hyperkinetic movement disorder market;

 

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    our ability to successfully enter new markets or develop additional product candidates;

 

    actual or anticipated variations in quarterly operating results;

 

    our cash position;

 

    our failure to meet the estimates and projections of the investment community or that we may otherwise provide to the public;

 

    publication of research reports about us or our industry or positive or negative recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts;

 

    changes in the market valuations of similar companies;

 

    overall performance of the equity markets;

 

    issuances of our debt or equity securities;

 

    sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders in the future;

 

    trading volume of our common stock;

 

    changes in accounting practices;

 

    ineffectiveness of our internal controls;

 

    disputes or other developments relating to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;

 

    significant lawsuits, including patent or stockholder litigation;

 

    general political and economic conditions; and

 

    other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the Nasdaq Global Market and biotechnology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. If the market price of our common stock after this offering does not exceed the initial public offering price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. This type of litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which would harm our business, operating results or financial condition.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our shares and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

As of December 31, 2013, our executive officers, directors and 5% stockholders, consisting of entities affiliated with Thomas, McNerney & Partners II, L.P., or TMP, CMEA Ventures VII, L.P., or CMEA, Panorama Capital, L.P., or Panorama, and entities affiliated with Deerfield Management Company, L.P., or Deerfield, beneficially owned an aggregate of approximately 92.1% of our outstanding voting shares and, upon completion of this offering, will beneficially own approximately         % of our outstanding voting shares (assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option). Therefore, even after this offering, these stockholders may have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, they may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

 

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Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market by our existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock.

We, along with our directors, executive management team and all of our other stockholders and optionholders have agreed that for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to specified exceptions, we or they will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of our common stock. Subject to certain limitations, approximately              shares of our common stock will become eligible for sale upon expiration of such lock-up period, as calculated and described in more detail in the section entitled “Shares Eligible for Future Sale.” Shares issued or issuable upon exercise of options and warrants vested as of the expiration of the lock-up period will also be eligible for sale at that time. Sales of shares by these stockholders upon expiration of the lock-up period could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

Certain holders of our common stock are entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, subject to the 180-day lock-up arrangement described above. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares held by our affiliates as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Any sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock by us, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to decline.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations, including conducting clinical trials, commercialization efforts, expanded research and development activities and costs associated with operating as a public company. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity or convertible securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders, including stockholders who purchase shares in this offering.

Pursuant to the 2014 plan, our management is authorized to grant stock options to our employees, directors and consultants. The number of shares available for future grant under our 2014 plan will automatically increase on January 1st each year, from January 1, 2015 through January 1, 2024, by an amount equal to              percent of all shares of our capital stock outstanding as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year, subject to the ability of our board of directors to take action to reduce the size of such increase in any given year. In addition, our board of directors may grant or provide for the grant of rights to purchase shares of our common stock pursuant to the terms of the ESPP. The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our ESPP will automatically increase on January 1st each year, from January 1, 2015 through January 1, 2024, by an amount equal to the lesser of              shares or              percent of all shares of our capital stock outstanding as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year, subject to the ability of our board of directors to take action to reduce the size of such increase in any given year. Unless our board of directors elects not to increase the number of shares underlying our 2014 plan and ESPP each year, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to decline.

If you purchase shares of our common stock sold in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution.

The initial public offering price will be substantially higher than the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our outstanding common stock immediately following this offering based on the total value

 

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of our tangible assets less our total liabilities. Therefore, if you purchase our common stock in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution in the amount of $         per share, the difference between the assumed initial public offering price per share of $         (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our outstanding common stock as of September 30, 2013. This dilution is due in large part to the fact that our earlier investors paid substantially less than the initial public offering price when they purchased their shares. In addition, you may also experience additional dilution upon future equity and convertible debt issuances or the exercise of stock options to purchase common stock granted to our employees, consultants and directors under our stock option and equity incentive plans. As of September 30, 2013, options to purchase 2,484,572 shares of common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.20 per share and warrants exercisable for up to 3,886,299 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.86 per share were outstanding. See “Dilution.” As a result of the dilution to investors purchasing shares in this offering, investors may receive significantly less than the purchase price paid in this offering, if anything, in the event of our liquidation.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering, including for any of the purposes described in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds,” and you will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. Our management may not apply the net proceeds from this offering in ways that ultimately increase the value of your investment. We expect to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund the clinical development and commercialization of SD-809, to make monthly principal and interest payments on our credit facility and for working capital and general corporate purposes. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our stockholders. If we do not invest or apply the net proceeds from this offering in ways that enhance stockholder value, we may fail to achieve expected financial results, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Our ability to use our net operating tax loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income may be limited. With our most recent private placement and other transactions that have occurred over the past three years, we may have triggered an “ownership change” limitation. In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our shares.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. The credit facility also contains a negative covenant that prohibits us from paying dividends without the prior written consent of Oxford. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to appreciation, if any, of their stock.

We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to

 

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comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years following the year in which we complete this offering, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 before that time or if we have total annual gross revenue of $1.0 billion or more during any fiscal year before that time, in which cases we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31, or if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during any three year period before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company immediately. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our share price may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result, changes in rules of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or their interpretation, the adoption of new guidance or the application of existing guidance to changes in our business could significantly affect our financial position and results of operations.

We will incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which will require, among other things, that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC, and the Nasdaq Global Market to implement provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Further, in July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas such as “say on pay” and proxy access. Recent legislation permits emerging growth companies to implement many of these requirements over a longer period and up to five years from the pricing of this offering. We intend to take advantage of this new legislation but cannot guarantee that we will not be required to implement these requirements sooner than budgeted or planned and thereby incur unexpected expenses. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate.

We expect the rules and regulations applicable to public companies to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The increased costs will decrease our net income or increase our net loss, and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or

 

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increase the prices of our products or services. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our common stock may be negatively impacted. If we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage and if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our common stock, changes their opinion of our shares or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease and we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price and trading volume to decline.

Anti-takeover provisions under our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change of control which could limit the market price of our common stock and may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, which are to become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our board of directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions include:

 

    a prohibition on stockholder action through written consent, which requires that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

 

    a requirement that special meetings of stockholders be called only by the chairman of the board of directors, the chief executive officer, the president or by a majority of the total number of authorized directors;

 

    advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations for election to our board of directors;

 

    a requirement that no member of our board of directors may be removed from office by our stockholders except for cause and, in addition to any other vote required by law, upon the approval of at least 66 23% of all outstanding shares of our voting stock then entitled to vote in the election of directors;

 

    a requirement of approval of at least 66 23% of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to amend any bylaws by stockholder action or to amend specific provisions of our certificate of incorporation; and

 

    the authority of the board of directors to issue preferred stock on terms determined by the board of directors without stockholder approval and which preferred stock may include rights superior to the rights of the holders of common stock.

In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current board of directors and could also delay or impede a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choosing or cause us to take other corporate actions you desire. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

 

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” These statements relate to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

 

    the success, cost, timing and potential indications of our product development activities and clinical trials, including our ongoing and later trials of SD-809;

 

    our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates, including SD-809, in any of the indications for which we plan to develop them, and any related restrictions, limitations, and/or warnings in the label of an approved product candidate;

 

    the future results in ongoing or later clinical trials, including SD-809, and our ability to obtain orphan drug designation for SD-809 or any of our other product candidates;

 

    our ability to obtain funding for our operations, including funding necessary to complete the clinical trials of any of our product candidates, including SD-809;

 

    our plans to research, develop and commercialize our product candidates, including SD-809;

 

    our ability to attract and retain collaborators with development, regulatory and commercialization expertise;

 

    the size of the markets for our product candidates, and our ability to serve those markets;

 

    our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, including SD-809;

 

    the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, including SD-809;

 

    our ability to develop and maintain sales and marketing capabilities, whether alone or with potential future collaborators;

 

    regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;

 

    the performance of our third-party suppliers and manufacturers;

 

    the success of competing therapies that are or become available;

 

    our ability to attract and retain key scientific or management personnel;

 

    our expectations regarding the period during which we qualify as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act;

 

    our use of the proceeds from this offering;

 

    the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and needs for additional financing; and

 

    our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates and our ability to operate our business without infringing on the intellectual property rights of others.

In some cases, you can identify these statements by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expects,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” or the negative of those terms, and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes. These forward-looking statements reflect our management’s beliefs and views with respect to future events and are based on estimates and assumptions as of the date of this prospectus and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We discuss many of these risks in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in a

 

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very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

You should carefully read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this prospectus by these cautionary statements.

Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of approximately $         million (or approximately $         million if the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised in full) from the sale of the shares of common stock offered by us in this offering, based on an assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $         million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, a one million share increase (decrease) in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us by $        , assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) remains the same, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The principal purposes of this offering are to obtain additional capital to support our operations, to create a public market for our common stock and to facilitate our future access to the public equity markets. We anticipate that we will use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

 

    approximately $11.0 million to fund the clinical development of SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease;

 

    approximately $6.0 million to fund the planned Phase 2/3 clinical trial of SD-809 for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia;

 

    approximately $1.0 million to fund the planned Phase 1b clinical trial of SD-809 for the treatment of tics associated with Tourette syndrome;

 

    approximately $29.0 million to fund future clinical and regulatory expenses related to SD-809 and related to the launch and commercialization of SD-809, if approved; and

 

    the remainder for research and development, working capital and other general corporate purposes, including making monthly principal and interest payments on our credit facility and the additional costs associated with being a public company.

We may also use a portion of the net proceeds from this offering to in-license, acquire, or invest in complementary businesses, technologies, products or assets. However, we have no current plans, commitments or obligations to do so.

We believe that the net proceeds from this offering and our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with interest thereon, will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 18 months, including through the completion of our ongoing and planned clinical trials and the filing of an NDA for SD-809.

Our expected use of net proceeds from this offering represents our current intentions based upon our present plans and business condition. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot predict with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to be received upon the completion of this offering, or the amounts that we will actually spend on the uses set forth above. The amounts and timing of our actual use of the net proceeds will vary depending on numerous factors, including our ability to obtain additional financing, the progress, cost and results of our preclinical and clinical development programs, and whether we are able to enter into future licensing or collaboration arrangements. We may find it necessary or advisable to use the net proceeds for other purposes, and our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and investors will be relying on our judgment regarding the application of the net proceeds from this offering.

Pending their use, we plan to invest the net proceeds from this offering in short- and intermediate-term, interest-bearing obligations, investment-grade instruments, certificates of deposit or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government.

 

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support our operations and finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, unless waived, the terms of our credit facility limit our ability to pay cash dividends.

 

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of September 30, 2013:

 

    on an actual basis;

 

    on a pro forma basis, giving effect to (i) the receipt of aggregate gross proceeds of $19.5 million from the sale of 11,336,481 shares of Series E convertible preferred stock on December 20, 2013, (ii) the conversion of all our outstanding convertible preferred stock (including the 11,336,481 shares of our Series E convertible preferred stock issued on December 20, 2013) into an aggregate of 68,790,302 shares of our common stock upon the completion of this offering, (iii) the conversion of all our outstanding convertible preferred stock warrants as of September 30, 2013 into warrants to purchase 4,147,319 shares of common stock (including 261,020 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants that were issued to Oxford on December 27, 2013), (iv) the exercise of outstanding convertible preferred stock warrants into 278,418 shares of convertible preferred stock on November 18, 2013 and (v) the $15.0 million borrowed under our term loan with Oxford and the repayment of $5.0 million under a term loan with Square 1; and

 

    on a pro forma as adjusted basis, reflecting the pro forma adjustments discussed above and giving further effect to the sale by us of             shares of our common stock at an assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The pro forma information below is illustrative only and our capitalization following the completion of this offering will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this table together with our audited financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, the sections entitled “Selected Financial Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and other financial information contained in this prospectus.

 

     As of September 30, 2013  
     Actual     Pro Forma     Pro Forma as
Adjusted(1)
 
    

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and
per share amounts)

 

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 11,373      $ 41,076      $     
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Capitalization:

      

Note payable

   $ 4,931      $ 14,576      $     

Convertible preferred stock warrant liability

     1,106            

Stockholders’ (deficit) equity:

      

Convertible preferred stock; $0.0001 par value: 57,925,579 shares authorized, 53,175,403 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued or outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted

     62,124            

Common stock; $0.0001 par value:

70,472,233 shares authorized, 650,595 shares issued and 595 outstanding, actual; 86,500,000 shares authorized, 69,869,470 shares issued and 65,738,415 outstanding, pro forma;             shares authorized,             shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted

            6     

Additional paid-in capital

     330        83,762     

Deficit accumulated during the development stage

     (57,891     (58,003     (            
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity

     (57,561     25,765     
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total capitalization

   $ 10,600      $ 40,341      $     
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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(1)

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase or decrease, respectively, the amount of cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital and total capitalization by $         million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering costs payable by us. Similarly, a one million share increase (decrease) in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) each of cash and cash equivalents and total stockholders’ (deficit) equity and total capitalization by $         million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) remains the same, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The number of common shares shown in the table above on an actual basis is based on the number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2013, and excludes:

 

    650,000 shares of common stock subject to repurchase as of September 30, 2013;

 

    2,484,572 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of September 30, 2013 at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.20 per share;

 

    4,147,319 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants as of September 30, 2013, at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.92 per share, which includes 261,020 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants that were issued on December 27, 2013;

 

    278,418 shares of convertible preferred stock issued upon the exercise of warrants on November 18, 2013;

 

    11,336,481 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of shares of our Series E convertible preferred stock issued on December 20, 2013;

 

                shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2014 plan (including 6,904,537 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our 2010 plan as of September 30, 2013, which shares will be added to the shares reserved under the 2014 plan upon its effectiveness), which will become effective upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement for this offering; and

 

                shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP, which will become effective upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement for this offering.

 

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DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share and the pro forma net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering.

Our historical net tangible book deficit as of September 30, 2013 was approximately $(57.6) million, or $(96,741) per share of common stock. Our historical net tangible book deficit is the amount of our total tangible assets less our liabilities and convertible preferred stock which is not included within stockholders’ equity (deficit). Historical net tangible book deficit per share is our historical net tangible book deficit divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2013.

Our pro forma net tangible book value as of September 30, 2013 was $25.5 million, or $0.39 per share of common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value gives effect to (i) the receipt of aggregate gross proceeds of $19.5 million from the sale of 11,336,481 shares of Series E convertible preferred stock on December 20, 2013, (ii) the conversion of all of our outstanding convertible preferred stock (including the 11,336,481 shares of our Series E convertible preferred stock issued on December 20, 2013) into an aggregate of 64,790,302 shares of our common stock, which will occur in connection with the completion of this offering, (iii) the exercise of outstanding convertible preferred stock warrants into 278,418 shares of convertible preferred stock on November 18, 2013 and (iv) the $15.0 million borrowed under our term loan with Oxford and the repayment of $5.0 million under a term loan with Square 1.

Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value is our pro forma net tangible book value (deficit), plus the effect of the sale of             shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. This amount represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $         per share to our existing stockholders, and an immediate dilution of $         per share to new investors participating in this offering.

The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:

 

Assumed initial public offering price per share, the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus

      $                

Historical net tangible book deficit per share as of September 30, 2013

   $ (96,741.00)      

Pro forma increase in net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2013 attributable to the pro forma transactions described in the preceding paragraphs

     96,741.39      
  

 

 

    

Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2013, before giving effect to this offering

     0.39      
  

 

 

    

Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors participating in this offering

     
  

 

 

    

Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering

     
     

 

 

 

Dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering

      $     
     

 

 

 

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value (deficit) per share after this offering by approximately $         per share and the dilution per share to investors participating in this offering by approximately $         per share, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We may also increase or decrease the number of shares we are offering. An increase of one million shares in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value (deficit) per share after this offering by approximately $         and decrease the dilution in pro forma per share to investors participating in this offering by approximately $        ,

 

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assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) remains the same, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, a decrease of one million shares in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would decrease the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by approximately $         per share and increase the dilution per share to investors participating in this offering by approximately $         per share, assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) remains the same, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full to purchase             additional shares of our common stock in this offering, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value would increase to $         per share, representing an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to existing stockholders of $         per share and an immediate decrease in dilution of $         per share to new investors participating in this offering.

The following table summarizes on a pro forma as adjusted basis as of September 30, 2013, the number of shares purchased or to be purchased from us, the total consideration paid or to be paid to us, and the average price per share paid or to be paid to us by existing stockholders and investors participating in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $        per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. As the table below shows, investors participating in this offering will pay an average price per share substantially higher than our existing stockholders paid.

 

     Shares Purchased     Total Consideration     Average Price
Per Share
 
     Number    Percent     Amount      Percent    

Existing stockholders

               $                             $                

Investors participating in this offering

            
  

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

Total

        100        100  
  

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

The foregoing discussion does not reflect any potential purchases by certain of our existing stockholders and directors who have indicated on interest in purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering as described in “Underwriting.”

The foregoing discussion of our historical net tangible book value is based on 53,825,998 shares of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2013, after giving effect to the conversion of our outstanding convertible preferred shares into an aggregate of 53,175,403 shares of common stock, and excludes:

 

    650,000 shares of common stock subject to repurchase as of September 30, 2013;

 

    2,484,572 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.20 per share;

 

    4,147,319 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants as of September 30, 2013, at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.92 per share, which includes 261,020 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants that were issued on December 27, 2013;

 

    11,336,481 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of shares of our Series E convertible preferred stock issued on December 20, 2013;

 

    278,418 shares of convertible preferred stock issued upon the exercise of warrants on November 18, 2013;

 

                shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2014 plan (including 6,904,537 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our 2010 plan as of September 30, 2013, which shares will be added to the shares reserved under the 2014 plan upon its effectiveness), which will become effective upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement for this offering; and

 

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                shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our ESPP, which will become effective upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement for this offering.

Furthermore, we may choose to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent we issue additional shares of common stock or other equity or convertible debt securities in the future, there will be further dilution to investors participating in this offering.

 

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SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected financial data should be read together with our financial statements and related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The selected financial data in this section are not intended to replace our financial statements and the related notes. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future and results of interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for the entire year.

The selected statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 and the selected balance sheet data as of December 31, 2011 and 2012 were derived from our audited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The selected statement of operations data for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 and for the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) through September 30, 2013 and the selected balance sheet data as of September 30, 2013 were derived from our unaudited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with our audited financial statements included in this prospectus and include, in our opinion, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the financial information in those statements.

 

     Year Ended December 31,     Nine Months Ended September 30,     Period from
February 28,
2001
(Inception)
Through
September 30,
2013
 
             2011                     2012                     2012                     2013            
                 (unaudited)     (unaudited)  
     (in thousands, except share and per share data)        

Statement of Operations Data:

    

Operating expenses:

          

Research and development

   $        4,080      $ 11,741      $        8,840      $ 6,524      $      41,269   

General and administrative

     1,893        1,688        1,206        1,760        18,315   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total operating expenses

     5,973        13,429        10,046        8,284        59,584   

Gain on sale of assets

     3,086                             3,091   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating loss

     (2,887     (13,429     (10,046     (8,284     (56,493

Other income (expense)

     73        (1,683     (656     244        (1,398
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss

   $ (2,814   $ (15,112   $ (10,702   $ (8,040   $ (57,891
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted(1)

   $ (4,729   $ (25,398   $ (17,987   $ (13,513  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Weighted-average shares outstanding used to calculate net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted(1)

     595        595        595        595 (3)   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Pro forma net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (unaudited)(2)

     $ (0.56     $ (0.18  
    

 

 

     

 

 

   

Weighted-average shares outstanding used to calculate pro forma net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (unaudited)(2)

       24,139,465          45,257,194 (3)   
    

 

 

     

 

 

   

 

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(1)

See Note 2 to our audited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus for an explanation of the method used to calculate the basic and diluted net loss per common share and the number of shares used in the computation of the per share amounts.

(2)

The calculations for the unaudited pro forma net loss per common share, basic and diluted, assume the conversion of all our outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock into shares of our common stock, as if the conversion had occurred at the beginning of the period presented, or the issuance date, if later.

(3)

Includes 650,000 shares of common stock subject to repurchase as of September 30, 2013.

 

       As of December 31,      As of
September 30,
2013
 
       2011      2012     
                     (unaudited)  
       (in thousands)  

Balance Sheet Data:

          

Cash and cash equivalents

     $ 3,162       $ 4,279       $ 11,373   

Working capital

       81         3,306         10,582   

Total assets

       3,379         4,488         11,627   

Note payable

                       4,931   

Convertible prefered stock warrant liability

       811         1,556         1,106   

Convertible preferred stock

       33,899         49,848         62,124   

Deficit accumulated during the development stage

       (34,739      (49,851      (57,891

Total stockholders’ deficit

       (34,588      (49,618      (57,561

 

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with “Selected Financial Data” and our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this prospectus contain forward-looking statements based upon current beliefs, plans and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, such as statements regarding our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions and projections. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Please also see the section entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel medicines for the treatment of orphan diseases. Our pipeline includes product candidates to address unmet medical needs in hyperkinetic movement disorders, such as chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome, as well as other orphan indications.

Since our inception in 2001, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to the development of small molecule drugs based on the application of deuterium chemistry, including proprietary versions of currently marketed drugs, the clinical and preclinical advancement of our product candidates, the creation and protection of related intellectual property and fundraising and organizational activities. We do not have any approved products and have not generated any revenues from product sales. We have funded our operations primarily through the private placements of convertible preferred stock, convertible notes, bank debt and warrants and the sale and licensing of certain patent rights. From inception to September 30, 2013, we have raised net cash proceeds of approximately $61.4 million from the sale of convertible preferred stock, convertible notes and warrants and $3.3 million of proceeds from the sale and license of certain patent rights and the sale of equipment. In addition, we have borrowed $15.0 million under our credit facility with Oxford, of which we used $5.0 million to repay borrowings under a credit facility with Square 1, and we plan to use the balance for working capital. In December 2013, we issued 11.3 million shares of Series E convertible preferred stock to new and existing investors at a price of $1.724 per share for gross proceeds of $19.5 million.

We have never been profitable and have incurred net losses in each year since our inception. Our net losses were $2.8 million and $15.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively, and $10.7 million and $8.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013, respectively. As of September 30, 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of $57.9 million. We continue to be classified as a development stage company for financial reporting purposes. Substantially all of our net losses resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years as we continue the clinical development of, and seek regulatory approval for, SD-809 and our other product candidates. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year.

We will need to raise capital in addition to the net proceeds of this offering for the further development of our existing product candidates and we may also need to raise additional funds sooner than expected to pursue other development activities related to additional product candidates. As of September 30, 2013, we had cash and cash equivalents of $11.4 million. We may seek to obtain additional financing in the future through the issuance of our common stock, through other equity or debt financings or through collaborations or partnerships with other companies. We may not be able to raise additional capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and any failure to raise capital as and when needed could compromise our ability to execute on our business plan. We believe that the net proceeds from this offering and our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 18 months.

 

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Financial Overview

Revenue

We are a development stage company and have generated no revenue from the sale of products since inception. We do not expect to generate any product revenue unless or until we commercialize or enter into a strategic alliance for SD-809 or our other product candidates. If we fail to achieve clinical success in the development of SD-809 or another product candidate in a timely manner or obtain regulatory approval for these product candidates, our ability to generate future revenues would be materially adversely affected.

Research and Development Expenses

Since our inception, we have focused on the research and development of our lead program and other product candidates. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

 

    salaries and related expenses for personnel, including expenses related to stock options or other stock-based compensation granted to personnel in development functions;

 

    fees paid to clinical trial sites and vendors, including CROs, in connection with our clinical trials, costs of acquiring and evaluating clinical trial data such as investigator grants, patient screening fees, laboratory work and statistical compilation and analysis, and fees paid to clinical consultants;

 

    expenses related to formulation development and the production of clinical trial supplies, including fees paid to contract manufacturers;

 

    expenses related to preclinical studies and chemistry;

 

    other consulting fees paid to third parties;

 

    expenses related to compliance with drug development regulatory requirements; and

 

    travel, facilities, depreciation, insurance and other expenses.

We expense research and development expenses as they are incurred. As of September 30, 2013, we had incurred an aggregate of approximately $22.3 million in research and development expenses related to the development of SD-809. In April 2013, we initiated a Phase 3 pivotal trial of SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. We are also currently conducting an open label, long-term, safety clinical trial for patients from our Phase 3 pivotal trial and an additional set of tetrabenazine-experienced patients switched to SD-809. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase as we plan for and commence our two additional planned clinical studies of SD-809, one for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and one for the treatment of Tourette syndrome, both of which we expect to commence in 2014.

Research and development expenses by major programs or categories were as follows (in thousands):

 

     Year Ended
December 31,
    

 

   Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
     2011      2012     

 

       2012              2013      
                        (unaudited)  

Phase 1 Clinical Studies

   $ 979       $ 5,520          $ 4,359       $ 513   

Phase 3 First-HD Clinical Study

             278            180         1,912   

Phase 3 ARC-HD Clinical Study

                                888   

Preclinical Studies

     465         971            930         121   

Manufacturing

     1,412         3,286            2,220         1,655   

Other research and development expenses

     1,224         1,686            1,151         1,435   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total research and development expenses

   $ 4,080       $ 11,741          $ 8,840       $ 6,524   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Prior to 2011, we did not track research and development expenses by program. We typically use our employees, consultants and infrastructure resources across our programs. Thus, some of our research and development expenses are not attributable to an individual program but are included in other research and

 

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development expenses as shown above. Manufacturing expense includes costs associated with formulation development and clinical drug production.

We cannot determine with certainty the timing of initiation, the duration or the completion costs of current or future preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates. At this time, due to the inherently unpredictable nature of preclinical and clinical development, we are unable to estimate with any certainty the costs we will incur and the timelines we will require in the continued development of our product candidates, including SD-809. Clinical and preclinical development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from expectations. In addition, we cannot forecast which product candidates may be subject to future collaborations, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and capital requirements.

Completion of clinical trials may take several years or more, and the length of time generally varies according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use of a product candidate. The cost of clinical trials may vary significantly over the life of a project as a result of differences arising during clinical development, including, among others:

 

    per patient trial costs;

 

    the number of trials required for approval;

 

    the number of sites included in the trials;

 

    the length of time required to enroll suitable patients;

 

    the number of doses that patients receive;

 

    the number of patients that participate in the trials;

 

    the drop-out or discontinuation rates of patients;

 

    the duration of patient follow-up;

 

    potential additional safety monitoring or other studies requested by regulatory agencies;

 

    the number and complexity of analyses and tests performed during the trial;

 

    the phase of development of the product candidate; and

 

    the efficacy and safety profile of the product candidate.

Our expenses related to clinical trials are based on estimates of patient enrollment and related expenses at clinical investigator sites as well as estimates for the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple research institutions and CROs that may be used to conduct and manage clinical trials on our behalf. We generally accrue expenses related to clinical trials based on contracted amounts applied to the level of patient enrollment and activity. If timelines or contracts are modified based upon changes in the clinical trial protocol or scope of work to be performed, we modify our estimates of accrued expenses accordingly on a prospective basis.

Gain on Sale of Assets

In 2011, we received proceeds of $3.0 million related to the sale of certain patent and licensing rights to a pharmaceutical company and recorded a gain from the sale in our statement of operations. We do not currently anticipate generating any significant revenues associated with the sale of our patents hereafter.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation for employees in executive, finance, business development and support functions. Other significant general and administrative expenses include the costs associated with obtaining and maintaining our patent portfolio, professional fees for accounting, auditing, consulting and legal services, travel and allocated facilities.

We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we expand our operating activities, maintain and expand our patent portfolio, and incur additional costs associated with being a public company.

 

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In addition, if SD-809 receives regulatory approval, we expect to incur increased expenses associated with building a sales and marketing team and commercialization infrastructure, some of which may be incurred prior to receiving regulatory approval of SD-809.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) consists primarily of non-cash interest expense and the amortization of debt issuance and debt discount costs related to our borrowings. We account for the estimated value of our convertible preferred stock warrants at issuance and amortize such amount as debt discount over the borrowing term. The warrants are remeasured at each reporting period and changes in fair value are recognized as increases or reductions to other income (expense) in the statement of operation. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and savings accounts.

Other financing expense consists of the change in fair value of the convertible preferred stock tranche liability. Our Series D convertible preferred stock financing provided stockholders with the right to obligate the company to sell additional shares in a second closing contingent upon certain events. This tranche right was recorded on the date of issuance at its estimated fair value and is remeasured at each reporting period with increases or reductions recorded in other income (expenses) in our statement of operations.

Income Taxes

We have incurred net losses and have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the losses as they have been offset by valuation allowances.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued expenses and stock-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, we believe the following accounting policies are the most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

We accrue and expense clinical trial activities performed by third parties based upon estimates of the proportion of work completed over the life of the individual clinical trial and patient enrollment rates in accordance with agreements established with CROs and clinical trial sites. We determine the estimates by reviewing contracts, vendor agreements and purchase orders, and through discussions with internal clinical personnel and external service providers as to the progress or stage of completion of trials or services and the agreed-upon fee to be paid for such services. However, actual costs and timing of clinical trials are highly uncertain, subject to risks and may change depending upon a number of factors, including our clinical development plan.

We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, we will adjust the accrual accordingly. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services, including fees for process development or manufacturing and distribution of clinical supplies that will be used in future research and development activities, are deferred and recognized as expense in the period that the related goods are consumed or services are performed.

 

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Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation transactions in which we receive employee services in exchange for options to purchase common stock or restricted stock issuances. Stock-based compensation expense for option grants represents the grant date fair value of employee stock option grants recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, usually the vesting period, on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures. We estimate the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock is measured based on the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant and recognized over the requisite service period of the awards (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis.

We account for stock options and restricted stock awards to non-employees using the fair value approach. The fair value of these options and restricted stock is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model reflecting the same assumptions as applied to employee options and restricted stock in each of the reported periods, other than the expected life, which is assumed to be the remaining contractual life of the award. The compensation costs of these arrangements are subject to remeasurement over the vesting terms as earned.

The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including (a) the risk-free interest rate, (b) the expected volatility of our stock, (c) the expected term of the award and (d) the expected dividend yield. Due to the lack of a public market for the trading of our common stock and a lack of company specific historical and implied volatility data, we have based our estimate of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies that are publicly traded. For these analyses, we have selected biopharmaceutical companies with comparable characteristics to ours including the stage of development of their product candidates, risk profiles, position within the industry, and with historical share price information sufficient to meet the expected life of the stock-based awards. We compute the historical volatility data using the daily closing prices for the selected companies’ shares during the equivalent period of the calculated expected term of our stock-based awards. We will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own stock price becomes available. We have estimated the expected life of our employee stock options using the “simplified” method, whereby the expected life equals the average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option. The risk-free interest rates for periods within the expected life of the option are based on the yields of zero-coupon U.S. Treasury securities with maturities similar to those of the expected term of the award being valued.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock option grants were as follows:

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Nine Months Ended September 30,
     2011    2012    2012    2013
               (unaudited)

Risk-free interest rate

   1.89% - 2.41%    0.77% - 1.38%    0.77% - 1.38%    1.01% - 1.71%

Expected dividend yield

   0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%

Expected volatility

   93.19% - 97.15%    94.32%    94.32%    76.7% - 80.5%

Expected term (in years)

   6.02 - 9.83    6.02 - 6.08    6.02 - 6.08    6.08

 

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The following table summarizes by grant date the number of shares of common stock underlying stock options granted from January 1, 2011 through the date of this prospectus and the associated per share exercise price and the estimated fair value per share of our common stock on the grant date:

 

Grant Dates

   Number of
Common
Shares
Underlying
Options
Granted
     Exercise
Price per
Common
Share
     Estimated
Fair Value
per
Common
Share
 

March 11, 2011

     139,207       $ 0.20       $ 0.20   

May 25, 2011

     928,049         0.20         0.20   

November 1, 2011

     5,000         0.20         0.20   

January 31, 2012

     592,804         0.20         0.20   

March 23, 2012

     50,000         0.20         0.20   

July 20, 2012

     30,000         0.20         0.20   

January 29, 2013

     1,235,000         0.19         0.19   

April 2, 2013

     152,561         0.19         0.19   

October 1, 2013

     267,989         0.12         0.12   

October 10, 2013

     1,610,000         0.12         0.12   

October 25, 2013

     200,000         0.12         0.12   

January 10, 2014

     2,875,427         1.46         1.46   

The following table summarizes by date the number of shares of restricted common stock awards from January 1, 2011 through the date of this prospectus and the associated per share price:

 

Award Date

   Number of
Shares
     Price Per
Shares
 

September 30, 2013

     650,000       $ 0.12   

October 1, 2013

     4,026,084       $ 0.12   

October 10, 2013

     277,489       $ 0.12   

Total employee stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock option grants and restricted stock awards not yet recognized as of September 30, 2013 was approximately $205,000 and the weighted-average period over which these grants and awards are expected to vest is 2.83 years. We expect to continue to grant stock options and restricted stock in the future, and to the extent that we do, our actual stock-based compensation expense recognized in future periods will likely increase.

Based on the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), the intrinsic value of stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2013 would be $         million, of which $         million and $         million would have been related to stock options and restricted stock awards that were vested and unvested, respectively, at that date.

Determination of the Fair Value of Common Stock

We are required to estimate the fair value of the common stock underlying our stock-based awards when performing fair value calculations. The fair value of the common stock underlying our stock-based awards was determined on each grant date by our board of directors, taking into account input from management and independent third-party valuation analysis. All options to purchase shares of our common stock are intended to be granted with an exercise price per share no less than the fair value per share of our common stock underlying those options on the date of grant, based on the information known to us on the date of grant. In the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, on each grant date we develop an estimate of the fair value of our common stock in order to determine an exercise price for the option grants. Our determinations of the fair value of our common stock were made using methodologies, approaches and assumptions consistent with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Audit and Accounting Practice Aid Series: Valuation of Privately Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, or the Practice Aid.

 

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Our board of directors considered various objective and subjective factors, along with input from management, to determine the fair value of our common stock, including:

 

    contemporaneous valuations prepared by an independent third-party valuation specialist effective as of August 31, 2010, November 30, 2012, July 31, 2013, September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2013;

 

    the prices of our convertible preferred stock sold to investors in arm’s length transactions and the rights, preferences and privileges of our convertible preferred stock as compared to those of our common stock, including the liquidation preferences of our convertible preferred stock;

 

    our results of operations, financial position and the status of research and development efforts and achievement of enterprise milestones;

 

    the composition of, and changes to, our management team and board of directors;

 

    the lack of liquidity of our common stock as a private company;

 

    our stage of development, business strategy and the material risks related to our business and industry;

 

    the valuation of publicly-traded companies in the life sciences and biotechnology sectors, as well as recently completed mergers and acquisitions of peer companies;

 

    external market conditions affecting the life sciences and biotechnology industry sectors;

 

    the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event for the holders of our common stock, such as an initial public offering, or IPO, or a sale of our company, given prevailing market conditions; and

 

    the state of the IPO market for similarly situated privately held biotechnology companies.

Our assessment analyses were based on a methodology that first estimated the fair value of our business as a whole, or enterprise value. Once we determined the expected enterprise value we then adjusted for expected cash and debt balances, allocated value to the various stockholders, adjusted to present value and discounted for lack of marketability.

There are significant judgments and estimates inherent in the determination of the fair value of our common stock. These judgments and estimates include assumptions regarding our future operating performance, the time to completing an IPO or other liquidity event and the determination of the appropriate valuation methods. If we had made different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense, net loss and net loss per common share could have been significantly different.

Common Stock Valuation Methodologies

Our valuations were prepared in accordance with the guidelines in the Practice Aid, which prescribes several valuation approaches for setting the value of an enterprise, such as the cost, income and market approaches, and various methodologies for allocating the value of an enterprise to its common stock. The cost approach establishes the value of an enterprise based on the cost of reproducing or replacing the property less depreciation and functional or economic obsolescence, if present. The income approach establishes the value of an enterprise based on the present value of future cash flows that are reasonably reflective of a company’s future operations, discounting to the present value with an appropriate risk adjusted discount rate or capitalization rate. The market approach is based on the assumption that the value of an asset is equal to the value of a substitute asset with the same characteristics.

In valuing our common stock, our board of directors determined the equity value of our company by utilizing the replacement cost, income and market approaches.

The following market approaches were utilized in our various valuations:

 

    Guideline public company method. The guideline public company market approach estimates the value of a business by comparing a company to similar publicly-traded companies.

 

    Precedent transaction method. The precedent transaction market approach estimates the value of a business based on the utilization of a company’s own relevant stock transactions.

 

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Methods Used to Allocate Our Enterprise Value to Classes of Securities

In accordance with the Practice Aid, we considered the various methods for allocating the enterprise value across our classes and series of capital stock to determine the fair value of our common stock at each valuation date.

The methods we considered consisted of the following:

 

    Current value method. Under the current value method, once the fair value of the enterprise is established, the value is allocated to the various series of preferred and common stock based on their respective seniority, liquidation preferences or conversion values, whichever is greatest. This method was considered but not utilized in any of the valuations discussed below.

 

    Option pricing method. Under the option pricing method, shares are valued by creating a series of call options with exercise prices based on the liquidation preferences and conversion terms of each equity class. The values of the preferred and common stock are inferred by analyzing these options. After considering the reliability of each of these methods, as discussed below, this was the method that we utilized to determine the fair value of our common stock at each valuation date.

 

    Probability-weighted expected return method, or PWERM. The PWERM is a scenario-based analysis that estimates the value per share based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns, considering each of the possible outcomes available to us, as well as the economic and control rights of each share class. This method was considered but not utilized in any of the valuations discussed below.

At each valuation date, we used our then current budget or forecast as approved by our board of directors, to determine our estimated financing needs and forecasted cash balances for each exit scenario and exit date. We then estimated the probability and timing of each potential liquidity event based on management’s best estimate taking into consideration all available information as of the valuation date, including the stage of clinical development of our lead product candidate, industry clinical success rates, our expected near-term and long-term funding requirements, and an assessment of the current financing and biopharmaceutical industry environments at the time of the valuation.

Discussion of Specific Valuation Inputs

Over time, a combination of factors caused changes in the fair value of our common stock. The following summarizes the changes in value from August 2010 to October 25, 2013 and the major factors that caused each change.

August 2010 valuation. The common stock fair value in August 2010 was estimated to be $0.20 per share by our board of directors, with input from both management and an independent third-party valuation specialist. During 2010, we focused our research and development expense on our product portfolio based on the use of deuterium in medicinal chemistry including Phase 1 studies of SD-254 or durenafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and discovery and preclinical development of other deuterium-containing drug targets. In July 2010, we issued an aggregate of 5,220,415 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock at $0.86 per share to existing investors. The Series C convertible preferred stock financing included the conversion of outstanding 2009 and 2010 convertible notes in the principal amount of $7.5 million that were converted into 8,700,693 shares Series C convertible preferred stock at $0.86 per share. All accrued and unpaid interest as of the conversion date was waived.

We utilized an equal weighting of the guideline company market and replacement cost approaches to determine the fair value of our common stock. The fair value of our equity on a company market basis was determined by choosing pharmaceutical companies in various stages of clinical development with similar lines of research or product candidates and extrapolating the adjusted market value of invested capital and applying the low end of the range. The derived equity value was adjusted using a probability ratio of clinical success rate of 66.7% in consideration of our risk relatives to peer companies with more extensive product pipelines or product revenue. In addition, we utilized the replacement cost approach as our assets primarily consisted of cash and progress in the research and development of our product pipeline and SD-254, our compound with two completed Phase 1 clinical trials. The option pricing method was utilized to allocate the enterprise value to our

 

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common stock. It was determined that the option pricing method was the most reliable given the expectation of various potential liquidity outcomes and the difficulty of selecting and supporting appropriate exit values given our stage of development and financial position. We applied a discount for lack of marketability, or DLOM, of 40% in determining the value of our common stock based on several empirical restricted stock studies and mathematical models for calculating illiquidity discounts.

March 2011 through July 2012 grants. On each of March 11, 2011, May 25, 2011, November 1, 2011, January 31, 2012, March 23, 2012, and July 20, 2012, our board of directors determined that the fair value of our common stock was $0.20 per share in connection with the grant of stock options. During this time period, we continued development of our product portfolio of deuterium-containing product candidates. However, we prioritized the development of SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease over development of SD-254 and our other product candidates. This shift in development focus necessitated the submission of a new IND and additional formulation development and resulted in the delay of our ability to achieve an exit event. The difficulty associated with finalizing our strategy and re-introducing our clinical development towards SD-809 coupled with minimal funding provided for a challenging financing environment. Our board of directors considered the factors described above at each grant date and concluded that no events or other factors during such period would change the fair value of our common stock from the August 2010 valuation.

In December 2011 and April 2012 we issued convertible promissory notes, or the 2011 Notes, in two bridge financings of $3.0 million each for aggregate proceeds of $6.0 million, in order to further development of SD-809. The 2011 Notes were to mature six months after issuance. In July 2012 and August 2012, we issued additional convertible promissory notes, or the 2012 Notes, in additional bridge financings for $1.5 million each for aggregate proceeds of $3.0 million. The 2012 Notes held terms that were consistent with the 2011 Notes except that we were obligated to pay the holders of the July 2012 Notes an amount equal to the sum of two times the entire outstanding principal and interest at maturity date if the notes were not converted when due. Additionally, concurrent with the August 2012 bridge financing, we extended the maturity date of the 2011 Notes. Further, the holders of the 2011 and 2012 Notes were entitled to receive warrants for the purchase of Series D convertible preferred stock equal to 20% of the principal amount of the outstanding notes divided by the per share issuance price of the Series D convertible preferred stock of $0.86. In October 2012, the principal and interest outstanding for the 2011 and 2012 Notes were cancelled in exchange for shares of our Series D convertible preferred stock at $0.86 per share, a price that remained unchanged from the Series C convertible preferred stock per share purchase price. Our board of directors considered the factors described above at each grant date and concluded that no events or other factors during such period had changed the fair value of our common stock from the August 2010 valuation.

November 2012 valuation and January and April 2013 grants. The fair value of our common stock was estimated to be $0.19 per share in November 2012, with input from both management and an independent third-party valuation specialist. The fair value per share of $0.19 represented a decrease of $0.01 per share from the August 2010 valuation. During this time period, we continued development of SD-809. Although our enterprise value increased as a result of the progress we made, the fair value of our common stock decreased primarily due to the dilutive effect of the number of shares issued in the Series D convertible preferred stock financing.

We utilized the precedent transaction method to value our common stock as we issued 9,280,745 shares of our Series D convertible preferred stock at $0.86 in an arm’s-length transaction led by a new outside investor in October 2012. We effected a 1-for-10 reverse split of our outstanding preferred and common stock at the close of this financing. These funds were intended to be used to advance our product candidates and advance Phase 3 development of SD-809 in early 2013. As part of the financing, we cancelled approximately $9.5 million of principal and accrued interest expense from the 2011 and 2012 convertible notes in exchange for 11,012,456 shares of Series D convertible preferred stock at $0.86 per share. The terms of the Series D convertible stock purchase agreement granted the Series D investors in the initial closing a redeemable right to purchase an additional 9,280,745 shares at $0.86 per share contingent upon the enrollment of the first patient in the First-HD trial or an outside investor triggering the second closing. The option pricing method was utilized to allocate the enterprise value to our common stock. We continued to apply the option pricing allocation method due to the

 

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difficulty of forecasting potential liquidity outcomes and the difficulty of selecting and supporting appropriate exit values given our stage of development and financial position. We applied a DLOM of 30% based on several empirical restricted stock studies and mathematical models for calculating illiquidity discounts. Because the enterprise value was established relative to the sale price of an illiquid security, the DLOM reflected only an incremental DLOM attributed to the illiquidity of the common stock relative to that of the Series D convertible preferred stock. Our board of directors considered the factors described above at each grant date and concluded that no events or other factors during such period would change the fair value of our common stock from the November 2012 valuation in connection with the January and April 2013 grants.

July 2013 valuation. The fair value of our common stock was estimated to be $0.12 per share in July 2013, with input from both management and an independent third-party valuation specialist. The fair value per share of $0.12 represented a decrease of $0.07 per share from the November 2012 valuation of $0.19 per share. There were several internal and external events between April 2013 and July 2013 that directly impacted our estimated enterprise value. During this time period, we continued development of SD-809 including advancing the program into Phase 3 clinical trials. However, subsequent to the first closing of the Series D convertible preferred stock financing, we discovered that the cost of the SD-809 clinical trial would be significantly higher and the length of time to complete the trial would be longer than planned at the time of our prior financing. We also obtained a bank loan of $5.0 million to extend our operating funds and support these additional costs. In addition, we deferred the start of a clinical trial for a second indication of SD-809 until future financing could be obtained. Further, our former Chief Executive Officer departed in February 2013. In May 2013, we issued 2,320,188 shares of Series D convertible preferred stock to existing investors at $0.86 per share. In July 2013, we enrolled our first patient in the First-HD trial triggering the second tranche of the convertible Series D convertible preferred stock financing with the sale of 9,860,790 shares at $0.86 to new and existing investors. Although we made significant progress with clinical and manufacturing activities, we anticipated the need to raise additional financing prior to the filing of an NDA as a result of the delay and higher costs associated with the First-HD trial. Our valuation for this time period took into account the need to obtain future financing, the raise of additional debt, the related dilution impact to our stockholders and additional risks in the business.

We utilized the precedent transaction method to value our common stock given the proximity of the Series D convertible stock financing in July 2013 and adjusted the enterprise value to reflect the delay in the start of the First-HD trial. The option pricing method was utilized to allocate the enterprise value to our common stock. It was determined that the option pricing method was the most reliable given the expectation of various potential liquidity outcomes and the difficulty of selecting and supporting appropriate exit values given our stage of development and financial position. We applied a DLOM of 30% in determining the value of our common stock based on several empirical restricted stock studies and mathematical models for calculating illiquidity discounts.

September 2013 valuation and September and October 2013 restricted stock awards and stock option grants. The fair value of our common stock was estimated to be $0.12 per share in September 2013, with input from both management and an independent third-party valuation specialist. This fair value was unchanged from the July 2013 fair value. On each of September 30, 2013, October 1, 2013, October 10, 2013 and October 25, 2013, our board of directors determined that the fair value of our common stock was $0.12 per share in connection with restricted stock awards and stock option grants. As part of this determination, our board of directors concluded that although we expanded our management team with the hiring of our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Executive Officer on September 30, 2013 and October 1, 2013, respectively, there were no other significant internal or external value-generating events that had taken place between the July 2013 valuation and the dates of these restricted stock awards and stock option grants.

We utilized the precedent transaction method to value our common stock given the proximity of the Series D convertible stock financing in July 2013. The option pricing method was utilized to allocate the enterprise value to our common stock. It was determined that the option pricing method was the most reliable given the expectation of various potential liquidity outcomes and the difficulty of selecting and supporting appropriate exit values given our stage of development and financial position. We applied a DLOM of 30% in determining the value of our common stock based on several empirical restricted stock studies and mathematical models for calculating illiquidity discounts.

 

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December 2013 Valuation and January 2014 stock option grants.

The fair value of our common stock was estimated to be $1.46 per share at December 2013, an increase of $1.34 per share from the September 2013 valuation, with input from management and an independent third-party valuation specialist. The significant internal and external events between September 2013 and December 2013 that impacted our estimated enterprise value or contributed to our updated conclusions regarding the timing and nature of future liquidity events were as follows:

 

    Following the hiring of our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer on September 30, 2013 and October 1, 2013, and October 7, 2013, respectively, we had extensive discussions with several investment bankers who advised management that we would be a potential candidate for an IPO. Following those discussions, we selected an underwriting syndicate and conducted an organizational meeting on October 28, 2013;

 

    On November 21, 2013, we confidentially submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission a draft registration statement on Form S-1 for an IPO;

 

    On December 20, 2013, we issued 11,336,481 shares of Series E convertible preferred stock to new and existing investors at $1.724 per share raising gross cash proceeds of $19.5 million;

 

    On December 27, 2013, we entered into a term loan facility with Oxford for an aggregate amount of $15.0 million for operating funds and issued warrants for the purchase of 261,020 of Series E convertible preferred stock. We used $5.0 million of the Oxford loan to repay in full the outstanding balance of our term loan with Square 1.

 

    We significantly expanded the number of clinical sites for the continued enrollment of our Phase 3 First-HD and ARC-HD clinical studies.

 

    We received FDA clearance to begin our Phase 1b clinical trial of SD-809 in adolescent patients with tics associated with Tourette syndrome.

To value our common stock, we utilized an income approach based on a discounted cash flow method, a market approach based on several methods including a guideline public company market approach, and a precedent transaction market approach due to the proximity of the Series E financing. In consideration of the potential liquidity events that might have become available to us, including a potential IPO, during this period, we utilized the PWERM to determine the per share common stock value using the following probability-weighted liquidity event scenarios:

 

     Probability  

Scenarios

   Weighting  

High IPO using Guideline Public Company Market Approach

     30

Low IPO using Guideline Public Company Market Approach

     30

Delayed IPO using Guideline Public Company Market Approach

     10

Private Financing using Precedent Transaction Approach

     15

Merger or Sale using Guideline Transaction Market Approach

     10

Dissolution

     5
  

 

 

 

Total

     100
  

 

 

 

The increase in the fair value of our common stock from September 2013 to December 2013 was attributable to the developments in our business activities and applying the valuation methods described above, which took into account the higher likelihood of a liquidity event, including the introduction of an IPO as a potential liquidity event. We applied a DLOM of 5% for the high IPO and low IPO scenarios, 15% for the delayed IPO scenario and 20% for the stay-private, merger or sale, and dissolution scenarios in determining the value of our commons stock.

 

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Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant Liability

We have issued freestanding warrants for the purchase of our Series C and Series D convertible preferred stock in connection with convertible note issuances. The fair value of these warrants is recorded as a liability on our balance sheet at issuance and remeasured at each reporting period. Changes to the fair value are recognized as increases or reductions to other income (expense). We will continue to remeasure and adjust the fair value of these warrants until the earlier of the exercise of the warrants or the time at which the underlying securities are no longer classified as temporary equity, including upon the completion of an IPO. We estimate the fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on inputs as of the valuation measurement dates for: the estimated fair value of the underlying convertible preferred stock; the remaining contractual terms of the warrants; the risk-free interest rates; the expected dividend yield; and the estimated volatility of the price of the convertible preferred stock.

The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability:

 

     As of December 31,     As of
September 30,

2013
(unaudited)
 
     2011     2012    

Assumed risk-free interest rate

     0.21-0.86     0.21     0.10%-2.46

Assumed volatility

     94.32%-98.72     94.32     59%-78

Remaining contractual term (in years)

     1.68-3.00        1.68-4.29        0.9-9.2   

Expected dividend yield

     0.0     0.0     0.0

Series C convertible preferred stock purchase price

   $ 0.86      $ 0.86      $ 0.86   

Series D convertible preferred stock purchase price

   $ 0.86      $ 0.86      $ 0.86   

Our convertible preferred stock will automatically convert into common stock if (1) we raise gross proceeds of at least $40 million in this offering and the price per share of our common stock in this offering is greater than $2.59 per share or (2) the majority of the holders of our convertible preferred stock elect to convert their preferred stock into common stock upon the completion of this offering. Upon such conversion, the convertible preferred stock warrants will be classified as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) and will no longer be subject to remeasurement. Based on the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and assuming that all other inputs in our valuation model remain unchanged from those as of September 30, 2013, we expect to record a charge to adjust the warrant liability to its then-current fair value upon the closing of our initial public offering. Upon the completion of this offering our warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock will convert into warrants to purchase common stock.

Convertible Preferred Stock Tranche Liability

In October 2012, we entered into a purchase agreement for the sale of up to an aggregate of $25.0 million of Series D convertible preferred stock in one or more closings and completed a first closing for aggregate net cash proceeds of $7.8 million. Concurrent with the first closing, we cancelled $9.5 million of principal and accrued interest from convertible promissory notes in exchange for approximately 11.0 million shares of Series D convertible preferred stock. The Series D convertible preferred stock financing agreement provided certain rights, or tranche rights, to the investors who participated in the first closing, which obligated us to issue additional shares of Series D convertible preferred stock to such investors at a specific price upon the achievement of a milestone or at the option of a third party investor. The tranche rights were classified as a liability because the terms for redemption of the underlying security are outside our control. The tranche rights were recorded at fair value as of the first closing in October 2012 and remeasured at each financial reporting date to reflect any changes in fair value as other financing income (expense), a component of other income (expense), in the accompanying statements of operations. The estimated fair value was determined using an option valuation model that considered the probability of achieving a milestone, our cost of capital, the estimated time period during which the tranche rights would be outstanding, the consideration received for the Series D convertible preferred stock and the per share price and the number of shares to be issued to satisfy the tranche rights. In May and July 2013, we issued additional shares of Series D convertible preferred stock in two closings for aggregate cash proceeds of $10.5 million.

 

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2011 and 2012

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 (in thousands):

 

     Year Ended December 31,     Period-
to-
Period
Change
 
         2011              2012        

Research and development

   $ 4,080       $ 11,741      $ 7,661   

General and administrative

     1,893         1,688        (205

Gain from sale of asset

     3,086                (3,086

Other income (expense)

     73         (1,683     (1,756

Research and Development Expenses. Our research and development expenses were $4.1 million and $11.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The increase in research and development expense during 2012 compared to 2011 was primarily due to $505,000 spent for pre-clinical development, and $4.8 million spent for Phase 1 clinical studies of SD-809 in 2012. Additionally, manufacturing costs increased from $1.4 million in 2011 to $3.3 million during 2012 as a result of formulation development, clinical supply manufacturing and the production of registration batches required for an NDA filing. Research and development-related payroll expense was $923,000 in 2011 compared to $1.4 million in 2012.

General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expenses decreased from $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $1.7 million in 2012. The change in general and administrative expense resulted from an increase to payroll related expense of $278,000 offset by decreases in professional fees, consulting fees and depreciation of $202,000, $195,000 and $118,000, respectively.

Gain on the Sale of Assets. In 2011, we recorded a gain of $3.0 million related to the sale of certain patent and licensing rights and a gain of $86,000 related to the sale of equipment to a pharmaceutical company in our statement of operations.

Changes in components of Other income (expense) were as follows:

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense increased from $35,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. During December 2011, we incurred $13,000 of interest expense and $24,000 of amortization of debt discount in connection with the 2011 Notes issued in December 2011. The interest expense incurred in 2012 consisted of interest expense of $480,000 relating to outstanding 2011 Notes and an additional $6.0 million of 2012 Notes issued in April and July 2012. In addition, we recorded $813,000 for amortization of debt discount in connection with the 2011 and 2012 Notes.

Other Financing Expense. Other financing expense was $0 and $196,000 for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The 2012 other financing expense consisted of the remeasurement of our preferred stock tranche rights in connection with the first closing of our Series D convertible preferred stock financing in October 2012.

Change in Fair Value of Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant Liability. The change in the fair value of our convertible preferred stock warrant liability for the year ended December 31, 2011 was a decrease of $108,000 compared to an increase of $195,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase in the fair value of convertible preferred stock warrant liability in 2012 resulted from a decrease of $182,000 in the fair value of the Series C warrants due to a shorter time to maturity, offset by an increase in the fair value of the Series D warrants issued in 2012 totaling $377,000.

 

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Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2012 and 2013

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 (in thousands):

 

     Nine Months Ended September 30,      Period-to-
Period
Change
 
         2012             2013         
     (unaudited)         

Research and development

   $ 8,840      $ 6,524       $ (2,316

General and administrative

     1,206        1,760         554   

Other (expense) income

     (656     244         900   

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses were $8.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2012, as compared to $6.5 million for the same period in 2013. The decrease was primarily due a change in preclinical and clinical activities between 2012 and 2013. Expenditure for preclinical studies in 2012 totaled $930,000 compared to $121,000 in 2013. We conducted four phase 1 clinical studies totaling $4.4 million and spent $180,000 for the planning of our SD-809 Phase 3 clinical trials during the nine months ended September 30, 2012. In contrast, during the nine months ended September 30, 2013, we incurred $513,000 for Phase 1 clinical studies and $2.8 million for the start of our Phase 3 clinical trials of SD-809. In addition, we incurred $2.2 million of formulation development and clinical supply manufacturing expenses for SD-809 during the nine months ended September 30, 2012 compared to $1.7 million for 2013. Research and development related payroll expenses were $958,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and $1.2 million for the same period in 2013. Other research and development expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 included allocated overhead and travel expenses of $194,000 and $282,000, respectively. Research and development expenses are expected to increase in future periods as patient enrollment expands for our Phase 3 clinical studies.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses were $1.2 million and $1.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013, respectively. The increase in general and administrative expenses from 2012 to 2013 was primarily due to an increase in payroll related expense of $161,000, and increases in patent and professional fees of $301,000 and consulting fees of $84,000.

Changes in components of Other income (expense) were as follows:

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense was $927,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 compared to $74,000 in 2013. Interest expense for the nine months ended 2012 consisted of non-cash interest expense of $403,000 and the amortization of debt discount of $524,000 related to the 2011 and 2012 Notes that converted into Series D convertible preferred stock in October 2012. Interest expense for 2013 consisted of the amortization of debt issuance costs related to our credit facility signed in January 2013.

Other Financing Expense. Other financing expense was $0 for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 compared to $258,000 for the same period in 2013. Other financing expense recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 consisted of the remeasurement of the tranche rights in connection with our Series D convertible preferred stock financing, which first closed in October 2012.

Change in Fair Value of Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant Liability. The change in fair value of convertible preferred stock warrant liability for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 was $271,000 compared to $576,000 for the same period in 2013. The decrease in the fair value of convertible preferred stock warrant liability resulted from the remeasurement of our Series C and Series D convertible preferred stock warrants.

Income Taxes

We have incurred net losses and have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the losses as they have been offset by valuation allowances.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred losses since inception and negative cash flows from operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 and the nine months ended September 30, 2013. As of September 30, 2013, we

 

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had an accumulated deficit of $57.9 million. We anticipate that we will continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development and potential commercialization of SD-809 and our other product candidates and incur additional costs associated with being a public company.

We have funded our operations primarily through the sale of convertible preferred stock, convertible notes and warrants and the sale and license of certain patent rights. From inception to September 30, 2013, we have raised net cash proceeds of $61.4 million from the sale of convertible preferred stock, convertible notes, warrants, and $3.3 million of proceeds from the sale and license of certain patent rights and the sale of equipment. In addition, we have borrowed $5.0 million under our credit facility for working capital. As of September 30, 2013, we had cash and cash equivalents of $11.4 million. In December 2013, we raised gross cash proceeds of $19.5 million from the sale of Series E convertible preferred stock to new and existing investors. To fund further operations, we will need to raise additional capital. We may seek to obtain additional financing in the future through equity or debt financings or through collaborations or partnerships with other companies. If we are unable to obtain additional financing on commercially reasonable terms, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.

In January 2013, we entered into the credit facility with Square 1 for supplemental working capital. The credit facility was amended in June 2013 adjusting certain covenants, payment terms and the interest rate. The credit facility provided funding for an aggregate principal amount of up to $5.0 million. The credit facility was secured by substantially all of our personal property other than our intellectual property, and the term loans extended under the credit facility were evidenced by secured promissory notes issued to the lender. In September 2013, we borrowed $5.0 million under this credit facility, which bore interest at a variable rate of prime plus 2% per annum and matured in April 2016.

In December 2013, we entered into a term loan facility with Oxford and its assignees, collectively referred to as the lenders, for an aggregate amount of $15.0 million, all of which was immediately made available. The term loan matures on January 1, 2018. Our obligations under the term loan facility are secured, subject to customary permitted liens and other agreed upon exceptions, by perfected first priority interest in substantially all of our tangible personal property, excluding our intellectual property. Our intellectual property is subject to a negative pledge. $5.0 million of the proceeds were used to repay our Square 1 credit facility.

The term loan bears interest at a fixed rate equal 8.99% per annum. We were also required to pay a facility fee of $100,000. We are required to make 12 monthly interest only payments beginning on February 1, 2014 followed by 36 equal monthly payments of the outstanding principal and interest. However, if we raise at least $40.0 million in net proceeds from an initial public offering of our common stock, the interest only period will be extended by an additional 6 months to 18 months, followed by 30 equal monthly payments of the outstanding principal and interest. Upon repayment of the term loan, we are required to make a final payment to the lender equal to 3% of the original amount of the term loan.

We are permitted to make voluntary prepayments of the term loan with a prepayment fee equal to (1) 3% of the term loan prepaid during the first 12 months, (2) 2% of the term loan prepaid in months 13-24 and (3) 1% of the term loan prepaid thereafter. We are required to make mandatory prepayments of the outstanding term loan upon the acceleration by the lenders of such term loan following the occurrence of an event of default, along with a payment of the final payment, the prepayment fee and any all other obligations that are due and payable at the time of the prepayment.

The term loan facility contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants applicable to us. The affirmative covenants include, among others, covenants to maintain our legal existence and governmental approvals, deliver certain financial reports and maintain insurance. The negative covenants include, among others, restrictions on dispositions, changes in business, management, ownership or business locations, mergers or acquisitions, indebtedness, encumbrances, distributions, investments, transactions with affiliates and subordinated debt.

The term loan facility also includes customary events of default, including but not limited to the nonpayment of principal or interest, violations of covenants, material adverse change, attachment, levy, restraint on business, cross-defaults on our or any our subsidiary’s material indebtedness, bankruptcy, material judgments and

 

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misrepresentations. Upon an event of default, the lenders may, among other things, accelerate the term loan and foreclose on the collateral.

The following table provides a summary of the net cash flow activity for each of the periods set forth below (in thousands):

 

     Year Ended December 31,     Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(unaudited)
 
             2011                     2012                     2012                     2013          

Net cash used in operating activities

   $ (5,723   $ (12,673   $ (8,551   $ (8,347

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

     3,223        (33     (58     (14

Net cash provided by financing activities

     3,000        13,823        5,972        15,455   

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

     500        1,117        (2,637     7,094   

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2011 and 2012

Cash used in operating activities was $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 compared to $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. Cash used in operating activities during 2011 primarily consisted of $2.8 million of net losses incurred for the development of SD-809, adjusted for the gain of $3.1 million from the sale of patent and licensing rights and equipment. Cash used in operating activities was further adjusted for non-cash items such as the remeasurement of our convertible preferred stock warrant liability of $108,000, interest expense of $13,000 and amortization of debt discount of $24,000 related to our convertible debt, stock based compensation of $50,000 and net cash inflows from a change in our operating assets and liabilities of $198,000. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2012 primarily related to our net losses of $15.1 million incurred for the development of SD-809, adjusted for non-cash items such as $813,000 of amortization of debt discount, $480,000 of interest expense related to our convertible debt, remeasurement of our warrant liability of $195,000, remeasurement of our convertible preferred stock tranche liability of $196,000, stock-based compensation expense of $82,000 and net cash inflows from a change in our operating assets and liabilities of $673,000.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. This was primarily attributed to $3.0 million of proceeds from the sale of certain patent and licensing rights to a pharmaceutical company and $200,000 of cash received from the sale of equipment. Cash used for investing activities in 2012 totaled $33,000 and consisted of funds used for the purchase of fixed assets.

Net cash provided from financing activities for 2011 resulted from net proceeds of $3.0 million from our convertible debt financing completed in December 2011. Net cash provided from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2012 consisted of net proceeds from our convertible debt financing of $3.0 million in April 2012 and $1.5 million each in July and August 2012. In addition, we raised net cash proceeds of $7.8 million from the sale of Series D convertible preferred stock in October 2012.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2012 and 2013

Net cash used in operating activities was $8.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 compared to $8.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013. Cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 consisted primarily of our net loss of $10.7 million incurred for the development of SD-809, adjusted for non-cash items such as amortization of debt discount of $524,000, non-cash interest expense of $403,000 related to convertible notes, remeasurement of our warrant liability of $271,000, stock-based compensation of $61,000, and a change in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.4 million. Cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 was consisted primarily of net losses incurred from operations of $8.0 million from the development of SD-809, adjusted by non-cash items such as the remeasurement of our warrant liability of $576,000, interest expense of $17,000, the amortization of debt discount of $57,000, remeasurement of our preferred stock tranche liability of $258,000, stock-based compensation of $97,000 and a change in our operating assets and liabilities of $160,000.

 

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Net cash used by investing activities was $58,000 and $14,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Net cash used by investing activities during these periods consisted of cash used for the purchase of fixed assets.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $6.0 million and $15.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Cash from financing activities during the nine months ended 2012 primarily consisted of net proceeds from convertible debt financings of $3.0 million in April 2012 and $1.5 million in each of July and August 2012. Net cash provided by financing activities during 2013 consisted of net proceeds of $2.0 million and $8.5 million from the completion of our Series D convertible preferred stock financing in May and July 2013, respectively. In addition, we borrowed $5.0 million under our credit facility in September 2013.

Operating Capital Requirements

To date, we have not generated any revenues from product sales, and we do not have any approved products. We do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue from product sales. We do not expect to generate significant revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize one of our current or future product candidates. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, and begin to commercialize any approved products. We are subject to all of the risks incident in the development of new therapeutic products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. Upon the completion of this offering, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.

We believe that the net proceeds from this offering and our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 18 months. However, we will require additional capital to complete the development and commercialization of SD-809, if approved, for all three planned indications and may also need to raise additional funds sooner to pursue other development activities related to additional product candidates.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of stock offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic partnerships and licensing arrangements. In any event, we do not expect to achieve revenue from product sales prior to the use of the net proceeds from this offering. We do not have any committed external source of funds. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of stock or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include increased fixed payment obligations and covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, declaring dividends, selling or licensing intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic partnerships or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to SD-809 or our other product candidates, including our other technologies, future revenue streams or research programs, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through stock offerings or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and commercialize SD-809 or our other product candidates even if we would otherwise prefer to develop and commercialize such product candidates ourselves.

Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we

 

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could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. The amount and timing of future funding requirements, both near- and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

 

    the design, initiation, progress, size, timing, costs and results of the First-HD trial and the ARC-HD trial and any other preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates;

 

    the outcome, timing and cost of regulatory approvals by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including the potential for the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to require that we perform more studies than, or evaluate clinical endpoints other than, those that we currently expect;

 

    the timing and costs associated with manufacturing our product candidates for clinical trials, preclinical studies and, if approved, for commercial sale;

 

    the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue;

 

    the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

 

    our need to expand our research and development activities, including our need and ability to hire additional employees;

 

    our need to implement additional infrastructure and internal systems and hire additional employees to operate as a public company;

 

    the effect of competing technological and market developments; and

 

    the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for SD-809 and any other products candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval.

If we cannot expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities because we lack sufficient capital, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of September 30, 2013 that will affect our future liquidity (in thousands):

 

     Total      Less than
1 Year
     1-3
Years
     3-5
Years
     More
than 5
Years
 

Long-term debt

   $ 5,000       $       $ 5,000       $       $   

Interest on long-term debt

     484         68         416                   

Operating lease obligations(1)

     446         117         245         84           
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 5,930       $ 185       $ 5,661       $ 84           
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

In June 2011 we entered into a multi-year non-cancelable building lease for our facility in San Diego, California. In November 2012, we amended this lease to add expansion space. The lease expires in May 2016.

Our commitment for operating leases relates to our lease of office space in San Diego, California.

Our commitment for long-term debt relates to the $5.0 million term loan under our credit facility that was drawn in September 2013. The term loan matures in April 2016, subject to acceleration upon specified events of default. The interest rate on the loan varies at prime plus 2% (currently 5.25%). The loan provides for the payment of interest only until November 2014 and 18 months of principal and interest thereafter.

In December 2013, we borrowed $15.0 million under the Oxford credit facility and used $5.0 million of this loan to repay the outstanding balance on the Square 1 credit facility. The loan provides for interest payments totaling $3.5 million. The term loan matures in January 2018, subject to acceleration upon certain specified events of default. Upon repayment of the term loan, we are required to make a final payment to the lenders equal to 3% of the original principal balance of the loan.

In September 2011, we entered into a patent assignment agreement with Concert Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Concert, pursuant to which we received a U.S. patent application relating to deuterated pirfenidone. Under this agreement, we will be required to make royalty payments, or Royalty Payments, in the low single digits for net

 

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sales in the United States invoiced by us or any of our affiliates of pharmaceutical products containing deuterated pirfenidone. If we sell to another party all of our U.S. rights to certain deuterated pirfenidone products or if we grant to another party a license to sell certain deuterated pirfenidone products in the United States, Concert will receive an amount, or Sublicense/Sale Payments, equal to a percentage in the teens of any proceeds we receive therefrom that are attributable to the rights to such deuterated pirfenidone products in the United States. If we are acquired in a change in control transaction at any time that we or any of our affiliates own certain patents or patent applications related to deuterated pirfenidone, Concert will receive 1.44% of any proceeds we receive in such transaction. Such payment is applied as a credit to any future Royalty Payments and Sublicense/Sale Payments that may be due to Concert under the agreement. The agreement expires upon the earlier to occur of (1) receipt by Concert of the final Sublicense/Sale Payment arising from (a) the sale of our U.S. rights to certain deuterated pirfenidone products or (b) our grant of an exclusive license to sell certain deuterated pirfenidone products in the United States in all indications and fields, or (2) the expiration of the last claim owned by us or any of our affiliates in certain patents or patent applications related to deuterated pirfenidone.

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with clinical sites for the conduct of clinical trials, CROs for preclinical research studies, professional consultants for expert advice and other vendors for clinical supply manufacturing or other services. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice, and therefore are cancelable contracts and not included in the table of contractual obligations and commitments.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements (as defined by applicable regulations of the SEC) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Other Information

Net Operating Loss and Research and Development Tax Credit Carryforwards

As of December 31, 2012, we had federal and California tax net operating loss carryforwards of $33.8 million and $33.6 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2021 and 2013, respectively, unless previously utilized. As of December 31, 2012, we also had federal and California research and development tax credit carryforwards of $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The federal research and development tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2021. The California research and development tax credit carryforwards are available indefinitely.

Utilization of the net operating losses and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of our net operating losses and credits before we can use them. We have recorded a valuation allowance on all of our deferred tax assets, including our deferred tax assets related to our net operating loss and research and development tax credit carryforwards.

JOBS Act

On April 5, 2012, the JOBS Act was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.

We are in the process of evaluating the benefits of relying on other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, as an “emerging growth company,” we intend to rely on certain of these exemptions, including without limitation with respect to, (1) providing an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and (2) complying with any requirement that

 

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may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, known as the auditor discussion and analysis. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest of (a) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1 billion or more, (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of this offering, (c) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the previous three years or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

See “Notes to Financial Statements—Note 2—Recent Accounting Pronouncements” of our annual financial statements.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

Our cash balances as of September 30, 2013 consisted of cash held in an operating account that earns nominal interest income. We are exposed to market risk related to fluctuations in interest rates and market prices. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. However, because of the nature of our cash holdings, a sudden change in market interest rates would not be expected to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operation. Our long term debt bears interest at a rate that varies with the prime interest rate and a change in market interest rate would impact our financial condition and results of operations. A 1% change in interest rate would result in a $92,000 change in total interest payable.

Effects of Inflation

We do not believe that inflation and changing prices had a significant impact on our results of operations for any periods presented herein.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Pursuant to Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, commencing the year following our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC, our management will be required to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. To comply with the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act, we may need to upgrade our systems, including information technology, implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and hire additional accounting and finance staff.

 

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BUSINESS

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel medicines for the treatment of orphan diseases, which are rare diseases that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the United States and that may often present unmet medical needs. Our pipeline includes product candidates to address unmet medical needs in hyperkinetic movement disorders, such as chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, an orphan disease, and tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome, subsets of either of which may be deemed to be orphan diseases, as well as other orphan indications.

Our lead product candidate, SD-809, is in a Phase 3 registration clinical trial for the treatment of chorea (abnormal involuntary movements) associated with Huntington’s disease. Tetrabenazine (marketed as Xenazine in the United States) is the only therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for this indication. Using our know-how in deuterium chemistry, we made chemical modifications at specific positions in the tetrabenazine molecule to create the novel drug candidate SD-809 (dutetrabenazine). Deuterium is a non-toxic, naturally occurring form of hydrogen. The substitution of deuterium (2H) for hydrogen (1H) at specific positions attenuates the breakdown of the drug’s active metabolites resulting in a differentiated pharmacokinetic profile compared to tetrabenazine. This profile should enable less frequent dosing, improved tolerability, reduced interpatient variability in drug metabolism, as well as reduced drug interactions and reduced need for genotyping for drug-metabolizing enzymes. We believe that this profile will allow SD-809 to address unmet needs in a variety of hyperkinetic movement disorders.

Movement disorders are poorly-addressed and debilitating medical conditions. In the United States, a majority of the 30,000 Huntington’s disease patients manifest chorea, an estimated 500,000 people suffer from tardive dyskinesia and several hundred thousand have tics (abnormal involuntary movements or vocalizations) associated with Tourette syndrome. Tetrabenazine is the only FDA-approved product for use in treating chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. There are no FDA-approved treatments for tardive dyskinesia and there are limited treatment options for tics associated with Tourette syndrome. A 2007 retrospective chart review conducted by physicians at the Baylor College of Medicine reported that over 75% of patients treated with tetrabenazine had moderate to marked improvement for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and tics associated with Tourette syndrome.

Only about 3,500 to 4,000 patients are on tetrabenazine therapy in the United States. We believe this limited usage of tetrabenazine is primarily due to its dosing frequency, poor tolerability and side effect profile. In addition, lack of patent protection for tetrabenazine and its uses may have discouraged investment in developing tetrabenazine for treatment of tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome. We believe that SD-809 can overcome a number of the foregoing limitations of tetrabenazine and has the potential to change the treatment paradigm and expand the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome. Since its launch in the fourth quarter of 2008, annual tetrabenazine sales in the United States have grown to approximately $238 million for the four quarters ended September 30, 2013, which represents an estimated $60,000 to $70,000 annual cost of treatment per patient.

We have completed several Phase 1 clinical trials for SD-809 which demonstrate that, compared to tetrabenazine, it has a differentiated pharmacokinetic profile. Our ongoing development program for SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease is in Phase 3 development. Our Phase 3 registration clinical trial in this indication, which we refer to as First-HD, is designed to evaluate, and generate label information for, the safety, tolerability and efficacy of SD-809 for treating chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. We expect that data from First-HD will be available in the second half of 2014. We have also initiated an open-label clinical trial, which we refer to as ARC-HD, that will evaluate long-term safety as well as provide guidance on how to switch patients who are currently on tetrabenazine to SD-809. We are also planning a Phase 2/3 efficacy clinical trial of SD-809 for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and a Phase 1b clinical trial of SD-809 for the treatment of tics associated with Tourette syndrome.

Based on the results of our ongoing clinical trials, we plan to submit a new drug application, or NDA, to the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2014 for SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease and, if approved, expect to launch commercial sales in 2015. This NDA will use a Section 505(b)(2) regulatory path which

 

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we expect will allow us to rely, in our NDA filing, on certain prior nonclinical and clinical safety findings made by the FDA in its approval of the tetrabenazine NDA. We expect the FDA to review data from our own clinical trials as well, including data from ARC-HD, as part of its review of our NDA submission.

We intend to commercialize SD-809 for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, if approved, through a small specialty sales force. There are a limited number of neurologists nationwide who treat movement disorders and we believe that such a sales force could effectively address the U.S. market for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. SD-809 was discovered and developed by us and we retain unencumbered worldwide rights for its development and commercialization. We currently own composition of matter patents for SD-809 that are expected to expire in 2031 in the United States and 2029 in Europe, before any patent term extension or equivalent to which we may be entitled to in the United States or other jurisdictions where we have issued patents. We have additional patent applications for SD-809 that, if issued, will cover composition of matter, methods of treatment, manufacturing, formulations and other applications and aspects of SD-809, which could potentially extend to patent exclusivity period for SD-809. In addition to the issued or allowed patents covering SD-809, we have 35 issued or allowed patents and 47 active patent applications in prosecution covering, among other things, 45 compounds in our portfolio.

Our portfolio includes other deuterium-containing compounds that are at various stages of development, including: SD-254, a deuterium-containing analog of venlafaxine, which has completed two Phase 1 clinical trials; SD-560, a deuterium-containing analog of pirfenidone, which is in the preclinical stage of development; SD-970, a deuterium-containing analog of ticagrelor, which is in the preclinical stage of development; SD-900, a deuterium-containing analog of tofacitinib, which is in the preclinical stage of development; and a deuterium-containing analog of ketamine. We may selectively and opportunistically sell or partner rights for any of these compounds or develop and commercialize them ourselves based on strategic considerations and availability of resources.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to be a leading biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of new medicines in orphan indications initially targeting hyperkinetic movement disorders. Key elements of our strategy to achieve this goal are to:

 

    Develop and commercialize SD-809 to be a market leader for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, based on its differentiated profile. Our ongoing Phase 3 registration clinical trial for SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease is anticipated to serve as the basis for our NDA submission and commercialization. Because the only FDA-approved treatment for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease has limitations, we believe SD-809, if approved, would be an attractive treatment alternative for these patients.

 

    Develop SD-809 for the treatment of additional hyperkinetic movement disorders with unmet medical needs, including tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome. We plan to initiate a Phase 2/3 clinical trial of SD-809 in patients with tardive dyskinesia, where there are no approved therapies. We also plan to initiate a Phase 1b clinical trial in adolescent patients with tics associated with Tourette syndrome, where we believe that physicians consider existing therapies to be inadequate. We expect the results from these trials will form the basis for the remaining development activities, including Phase 3 clinical trials, required for regulatory approval of SD-809 in these additional indications.

 

    Build targeted sales and marketing capabilities in the United States for SD-809, initially focused on movement disorder neurologists. Subject to obtaining approval for SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, we anticipate building a commercial infrastructure, initially including a small specialty sales force.

 

    Leverage our expertise in deuterium chemistry as well as clinical and regulatory development to derive value from our broad portfolio of proprietary product candidates. We have over 50 additional deuterium-containing product candidates in our portfolio at various stages of development. These compounds could be advanced or partnered in the future based on strategic considerations and availability of resources.

 

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Overview of Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder

Hyperkinetic movement disorders are characterized by abnormal, involuntary muscle contractions and can arise from a variety of causes, typically either genetic or drug-induced. Many hyperkinetic movement disorders, including chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia, Tourette syndrome and others, benefit from treatment with drugs that reduce dopamine nerve transmission, such as inhibitors of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, or VMAT2. Increased involuntary motor output is often driven by improper dopamine regulation in the brain.

Huntington’s disease. Huntington’s disease is a hereditary neurodegenerative orphan disease that results in motor, cognitive and psychiatric disability, primarily due to the destruction of neurons in the brain. The National Institutes of Health estimates that 30,000 people in the United States have Huntington’s disease. One of the first symptoms of this disease is chorea, which occurs in 90% of patients. In approximately 70% of these patients, chorea is moderate to severe and can result in difficulty walking, speaking, swallowing or performing simple everyday tasks. The only FDA-approved treatment for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease is tetrabenazine, an inhibitor of VMAT2, which decreases presynaptic dopamine levels. While the drug is effective at controlling chorea, its use is associated with high rates of adverse events and its short half-life requires three or more times daily dosing in a majority of patients. The most common adverse events listed in the tetrabenazine label include sedation/somnolence, fatigue, insomnia, depression, akathisia (restlessness), anxiety and nausea. In addition, the FDA-approved label for tetrabenazine states that patients requiring greater than 50 mg/day should be genotyped for the drug-metabolizing enzyme, CYP2D6. The distribution of the drug is also highly restricted and is subject to an FDA-mandated Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, program. We believe the foregoing properties of tetrabenazine have contributed to its limited use. Since its launch in the fourth quarter of 2008, annual tetrabenazine sales in the United States have grown to approximately $238 million for the four quarters ended September 30, 2013, which represents between 3,500 and 4,000 patients on therapy at an estimated $60,000 to $70,000 annual cost of treatment per patient.

Tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that is induced by dopamine receptor blocking agents, such as neuroleptics, which are used for treating psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia and bipolar disease, as well as by certain drugs, such as metoclopramide, which are used for treating various gastrointestinal disorders. Neuroleptics are estimated to be used by approximately four million Americans according to federal government data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Tardive dyskinesia typically manifests as rapid, repetitive, stereotypic movements involving the tongue, lips and jaw that may involve puffing of cheeks, protruding of the tongue, lip smacking, puckering, pursing and chewing. In the United States, an estimated 500,000 patients have tardive dyskinesia. These patients are managed largely by psychiatrists and movement disorder neurologists and there are no FDA-approved treatments for the condition. We believe that the opportunity to treat tardive dyskinesia with SD-809 could generate peak sales of several hundred million dollars annually in the United States.

Tourette syndrome. Tourette syndrome is a hyperkinetic movement disorder manifested by motor and phonic tics, which are often accompanied by neurobehavioral disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD. Tics can be simple such as blinking, eye rolling, nose twitching, head nodding and mouth pouting, or more complex such as touching, squatting, jumping or hopping. Tics can result in significant long-term social, legal and developmental consequences for patients, as well as physical disability including pain and secondary neurological deficits. In the United States, an estimated 100,000 to 350,000 children have tics associated with Tourette syndrome. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 27% of these children have moderate to severe forms of Tourette syndrome. The mean age of onset is at four to six years, with peak severity around 12 years of age, with 13% to 22% of affected children continuing to take medications for tics as adults. The FDA Office of Orphan Products Development has designated several product candidates as orphan drugs for the treatment of Tourette syndrome, most recently in certain subsets of the patient population. There have been no new drugs introduced for treating tics associated with Tourette syndrome in 30 years and we believe that physicians consider the two approved neuroleptics to be inadequate. These treatments carry, among other adverse events, the risk of causing permanent neurologic deficits, such as tardive dyskinesia. We believe that the opportunity to treat tics associated with Tourette syndrome with SD-809 could generate peak sales of several hundred million dollars annually in the United States.

 

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The SD-809 Opportunity

Using our know-how in deuterium chemistry, we made chemical modifications at specific positions in the tetrabenazine molecule to create the novel drug candidate SD-809 (dutetrabenazine). We designed SD-809 to have the same shape, size, charge, intrinsic potency and target pharmacology of tetrabenazine and to improve its tolerability and safety profile. Deuterium is a non-toxic, naturally occurring form of hydrogen. SD-809 is an oral small molecule with potential for once-daily or twice-daily dosing. We are currently conducting a Phase 3 registration clinical trial of SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease and plan to develop it for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome.

The structural difference between SD-809 and tetrabenazine is six substitutions of deuterium atoms (D; 2H) for hydrogen atoms (H; 1H), as depicted below.

 

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The carbon-deuterium covalent bond requires about eight times more energy to break than the carbon-hydrogen bond. The substitution of deuterium for hydrogen at specific positions attenuates the breakdown of active metabolites (as depicted below) resulting in a differentiated pharmacokinetic profile compared to tetrabenazine. This profile should enable less frequent dosing, improved tolerability, reduced interpatient variability in drug metabolism, as well as reduced drug interactions and reduced need for CYP2D6 genotyping. We believe that this profile will allow SD-809 to address unmet needs in a variety of hyperkinetic movement disorders.

SD-809 metabolism

 

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The FDA-approved label for Xenazine label reports high rates of treatment-emergent adverse events including, among others, somnolence/sedation, insomnia, fatigue, depression, akathisia and anxiety. Although our reliance on the FDA’s prior findings of safety for tetrabenazine may require any approved labeling for SD-809 to include certain safety information from the tetrabenazine label, we also intend to submit safety data from our First-HD and ARC-HD clinical trials to the FDA. These data should allow for SD-809 labeling to include certain safety information that is different than the tetrabenazine label. However, since our First-HD Phase 3 registration clinical trial does not include a tetrabenazine arm, we will not be able to make direct comparative claims regarding the safety of SD-809 and tetrabenazine.

Five most prevalent treatment-emergent adverse reactions in patients treated with Xenazine and with greater frequency than placebo

 

Adverse Event

   Xenazine
N = 54
    Placebo
N = 30
 

Sedation/somnolence

     31     3

Insomnia

     22       

Fatigue

     22     13

Depression

     19       

Akathisia

     19       

Source: Xenazine FDA-approved label

We believe that many of the side effects are driven by tetrabenazine’s Cmax (the maximum concentration that a drug achieves in the tested area of the body after administration) and widely-fluctuating levels of its active metabolites. We believe, as a result of the short half-life of the active metabolites of tetrabenazine, the majority of patients treated with tetrabenazine are dosed three or more times daily. Determining the appropriate dose and dosing regimen for individuals, referred to as the titration process, can require several weeks in order to limit dose dependent side effects. The FDA-approved label for tetrabenazine states that patients requiring greater than 50 mg/day should be genotyped for the drug-metabolizing enzyme, CYP2D6. CYP2D6 is a member of the cytochrome p450 super-family of enzymes that are involved in drug metabolism and determine what level of drug exposure patients may experience.

Modifying the pharmacokinetics of drugs through various mechanisms to reduce blood level fluctuations has resulted in significant benefits to patients in a number of other central nervous system diseases and indications. These include extended-release Ampyra (dalfampridine), Effexor XR (venlafaxine HCL) and Gralise (gabapentin), each of which shows numerically lower CNS-related side effects on a placebo-adjusted basis on its label than those reported on immediate-release formulation labels or in published literature. We believe that SD-809 may achieve similar benefits for patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders with its differentiated pharmacokinetic profile and reduced blood level fluctuations.

In April 2011, we commissioned a survey of 60 neurologists and 29 psychiatrists, who were asked to evaluate two hypothetical product profiles of SD-809, which included reduced interpatient variability, less frequent dosing and a reduction in adverse events of either 15% or 33%, compared to tetrabenazine. Neurologists or psychiatrists who were qualified were asked to complete the survey for up to two of (1) chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, (2) tardive dyskinesia and (3) tics associated with Tourette syndrome, with only neurologists having the option to respond for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. The responses to the survey suggest that tetrabenazine is prescribed by the physicians surveyed to treat mild to severe symptoms of Huntington’s disease in 17% to 37% of patients. The survey further suggests that if the two hypothetical product profiles of SD-809 described above were available for prescription, tetrabenazine and hypothetical SD-809 would be used for the treatment of mild to severe symptoms of Huntington’s disease in 29% to 59% of patients, with 18% to 37% of patients being treated with hypothetical SD-809. For the treatment of mild to severe tardive dyskinesia, the survey suggests that tetrabenazine and hypothetical SD-809 would be used in 13% to 41% of patients, compared to 1% to 18% if tetrabenazine was the only treatment option. Similarly, for the treatment of mild to severe tics associated with Tourette syndrome, the survey suggests that tetrabenazine and hypothetical SD-809 would be used in 19% to 50% of patients, compared to 1% to 13% if

 

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tetrabenazine was the only treatment option. In addition, there was not a significant difference in the preference between the two hypothetical profiles of SD-809 surveyed, which may suggest that physicians are looking for a product with even a modest improvement in safety over the current standard of care. The survey suggests that SD-809 could have a target profile that is valued by physicians for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders as most of the physicians surveyed indicated that they would prescribe SD-809, if approved, with either of the two hypothetical profiles described above, for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and tics associated with Tourette syndrome.

Rationale for SD-809 Development in Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

Currently the only FDA-approved treatment for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease is tetrabenazine. We believe tetrabenazine is also used off-label by physicians to treat patients suffering from tardive dyskinesia and tics associated with Tourette syndrome. As depicted below, a 2007 retrospective chart review, conducted by physicians at the Baylor College of Medicine, reported that over 75% of patients treated with tetrabenazine had moderate to marked improvement for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and tics associated with Tourette syndrome.

Efficacy response to tetrabenazine by last visit

 

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Source: Kenney et al. Long-term tolerability of tetrabenazine in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Mov. Disorders 22(2), 193-197(2007)

Only about 3,500 to 4,000 patients are currently on tetrabenazine therapy. We believe this limited usage of tetrabenazine is primarily due to its dosing frequency, poor tolerability and side effect profile. In addition, lack of patent protection for tetrabenazine and its uses, may have discouraged investment in developing tetrabenazine for treatment of tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome.

We believe that SD-809 can overcome a number of the foregoing limitations of tetrabenazine and has the potential to change the treatment paradigm and expand the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome.

Our research and results from others in the field show that deuterium-containing compounds have target and receptor binding that is indistinguishable from their corresponding non-deuterium-containing compounds. Consistent with these observations, our research comparing binding of the active metabolites of SD-809 and tetrabenazine to VMAT2 also demonstrates indistinguishable binding of these compounds to the target. Since target binding is well-established in pharmacology as the fundamental basis of a compound’s efficacy, we believe that the historical clinical literature for tetrabenazine’s efficacy is also supportive of SD-809’s potential efficacy.

SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. Tetrabenazine was approved by the FDA in the United States for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease in 2008. It was approved on the basis of an 84-patient, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 12-week Phase 3

 

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clinical trial, as well as confirmatory evidence from a second Phase 3 clinical trial. In the first clinical trial, patients were randomized 2:1 to tetrabenazine and placebo, respectively, and dosing was adjusted for patients to their optimal dose over a seven-week treatment period followed by a five-week maintenance period. The primary endpoint was a change in the total maximal chorea, or TMC, score on the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale. This trial was designed to detect a 2.7 point difference in the TMC score between tetrabenazine and placebo score, with a greater than 80% power. On a scale of 0 to 28 points, Tetrabenazine showed a 5.0 (+/- 0.7) point reduction in TMC score compared to a 1.5 point reduction for placebo from a baseline TMC score of 14.7 and 15.2 in each group, respectively, at a p value less than 0.0001 (See the figure below). In addition, 69% of patients treated with tetrabenazine experienced at least a 3 point reduction in TMC score, compared to only 23% of patients on placebo. A reduction of 3 points or greater was pre-specified in the clinical trial protocol to be a clinically meaningful response.

Clinical trial results used for the NDA submission of tetrabenazine

 

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Source: Xenazine FDA-approved label

First-HD is also a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group, 12-week clinical trial with the same primary endpoint and a similar patient population as the registration trial for tetrabenazine. However, First-HD will enroll approximately 90 patients with a 1:1 randomization scheme instead of the 84 patient, 2:1 randomization scheme used in the tetrabenazine trial.

SD-809 for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome. Tetrabenazine has been evaluated by physicians for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in more than 400 patients across multiple published studies. A review of 11 case reports, retrospective chart reviews and open-label studies from 1961-2007, in study populations of two to 149 patients with tardive dyskinesia, shows that, of the more than 400 patients included in the review, approximately 85% responded to treatment with tetrabenazine. One open-label, single-arm, randomized, investigator-sponsored study showed a 9.7 point reduction from a baseline of 17.9 in the commonly accepted endpoint of Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale, or AIMS, score. On the basis of this clinical experience, several treatment algorithms published between 2009 and 2012 have reported that tetrabenazine is effective for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Tetrabenazine has also been evaluated by physicians for the treatment of tics associated with Tourette syndrome in more than 300 patients across multiple published studies. A review of ten publications from 1974-2008 in study populations of five to 120 patients with tics associated with Tourette syndrome shows that, of the more than 300 patients included in the review, approximately 75% responded to treatment with tetrabenazine.

Based on our market research, we believe that physicians would favor a drug candidate profile with improvements relative to tetrabenazine, including less frequent dosing, improved tolerability, reduced interpatient variability in drug metabolism, as well as reduced drug interactions and reduced need for CYP2D6 genotyping, for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. We have designed SD-809 to have this differentiated profile.

 

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Clinical Development of SD-809

We have completed several clinical trials in the support of the development of SD-809. We submitted an investigational new drug application, or IND, for SD-809 to the FDA in 2011 to begin U.S. clinical development. The following key attributes of SD-809, when compared to tetrabenazine, have been demonstrated by our completed Phase 1 clinical trials:

 

Attribute

  

Clinical Trial

Differentiated pharmacokinetic profile

  

Two-period crossover clinical trial

Formulation selection clinical trial

Reduced interpatient variability

   Two-period crossover clinical trial

Reduced fluctuation of plasma concentrations

   Single and multiple ascending dose clinical trial

Reduced need for genotyping

   Drug interaction clinical trial*

Reduced drug interaction

   Drug interaction clinical trial*

 

*

Not a head-to-head comparison trial of SD-809 with tetrabenazine, but produced data that, when compared to available data on tetrabenazine, revealed the indicated attributes of SD-809

In addition to these completed Phase 1 clinical trials, we are currently conducting two clinical trials of SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease:

 

    First-HD, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group Phase 3 registration clinical trial in tetrabenazine-naïve patients, which we expect will serve as the basis for our NDA submission and commercialization in this indication; and

 

    ARC-HD, an open-label, long-term, safety clinical trial for patients from First-HD and an additional set of tetrabenazine-experienced patients switched to SD-809.

We also have two planned clinical trials to support the further development of SD-809 for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome:

 

    Phase 2/3 efficacy clinical trial in patients with drug-induced tardive dyskinesia; and

 

    Phase 1b open-label efficacy and safety clinical trial in patients with Tourette syndrome.

Completed Phase 1 Clinical Trials of SD-809

Differentiated pharmacokinetic profile

In our Phase 1 single-center, double-blind, randomized, two-period crossover clinical trial, 21 healthy subjects received a single dose of 25 mg of SD-809 or tetrabenazine, and following washout, crossed over to receive the other treatment. The objective of the clinical trial was to compare the pharmacokinetics of SD-809 and tetrabenazine and their respective metabolites and to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a single dose of SD-809.

This clinical trial showed that a 25 mg single dose of SD-809 nearly doubled the half-life of the active metabolites (alpha + beta) compared to a 25 mg single dose of tetrabenazine, resulting in more than doubling of the systemic exposure as measured by AUC (area under the drug plasma concentration vs. time curve, a measure of drug exposure). Alpha refers to all stereoisomers and isotopologs of alpha-dihydroxytetrabenazine and beta refers to all stereoisomers and isotopologs of beta-dihydroxytetrabenazine. The Cmax was only slightly higher for SD-809 compared to tetrabenazine, despite the doubling of the systemic exposure.

 

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Pharmacokinetic parameters of total alpha + beta (N=19) comparing 25 mg SD-809 and 25 mg of tetrabenazine

 

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These data suggest that similar exposure can be achieved with SD-809 at approximately half the dose of tetrabenazine and, at the same time, allow Cmax to be reduced by approximately half. Despite doubling the exposure to active metabolites compared to tetrabenazine, SD-809 had a similar rate of adverse events as tetrabenazine.

We also conducted a Phase 1 single-center, open-label, five-period, crossover formulation selection clinical trial. Each of the 24 healthy subjects received single doses of 25 mg (fasted; per the FDA approval label, it can be administered without regard to meals) of tetrabenazine and 15 mg (fasted or fed) of two clinical formulations of SD-809. Eligible subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence with five periods. The objective of the clinical trial was to evaluate and compare the safety and pharmacokinetics of two candidate formulations of SD-809 relative to tetrabenazine and to evaluate the effect of food (high-fat meal) on the bioavailability of candidate formulations of SD-809. In this trial, 15 mg of SD-809 provided similar systemic exposure to active metabolites as 25 mg of tetrabenazine, while substantially reducing Cmax. When SD-809 was given in the fasted state, comparable AUC was achieved as in the fed state (within 15%). The results of this clinical trial comparing the formulation of SD-809 advanced in the clinic and tetrabenazine (fasted) are shown in the graph below.

 

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These data suggest a reduced Cmax and a reduced rate of rise for an AUC-matched dose of SD-809.

 

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Reduced interpatient variability

In the same two-period crossover clinical trial described previously, subjects administered 25 mg of SD-809 demonstrated reduced interpatient variability in drug exposure compared to the same subjects administered 25 mg of tetrabenazine. Specifically, the variability between subjects of the ratio of the ODM to total alpha + beta, a measure of drug metabolism, was reduced significantly for SD-809 compared to tetrabenazine in the same subjects. Each point in the graph below represents an individual subject. All of the subjects in this group were intermediate or extensive metabolizers.

Ratio of ODM to total alpha + beta after 25 mg of SD-809 or tetrabenazine (N=14)

 

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In contrast to the widely distributed values for the ratio of ODM to total alpha + beta in subjects administered tetrabenazine, the same subjects administered SD-809 displayed more uniform drug metabolism with little variability in such ratio. The ratios for SD-809 are less then 1, indicating that in each individual, total alpha + beta exceeds the downstream metabolites, where as with tetrabenazine, total ODM exposures are all generally greater than the total alpha + beta.

Reduced fluctuation of plasma concentrations

SD-809 demonstrated a reduction in fluctuation of plasma concentrations in a Phase 1 single-center, open-label, non-randomized, single and multiple ascending dose clinical trial. The objectives of this clinical trial included evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of SD-809 following repeated doses, as well as the safety of these treatments. The 24 healthy subjects were divided into two groups of 12 subjects. SD-809 was administered in a fed state following a standard meal, while tetrabenazine was administered in a fasted state. Each subject initially received a single dose of study drug on Day 1 and Day 4 (in Group 1, SD-809 7.5 then 15 mg; in Group 2, tetrabenazine 25 mg, then SD-809 22.5 mg) followed by periodic pharmacokinetic sampling over 72 hours. Upon completion of the single dose pharmacokinetic sampling, subjects began a twice-daily, four- to five-day regimen starting on Day 7 or Day 13 (in Group 1, SD-809 15 then 30 mg/day; in Group 2, tetrabenazine 50 mg/day, then SD-809 45 mg /day) followed by periodic pharmacokinetic sampling over 72 hours.

The results of this clinical trial showed that peak-to-trough plasma fluctuations for active metabolites (total alpha + beta) were substantially lower (3- to 4-fold versus 11-fold) for SD-809 relative to tetrabenazine. In addition, the active metabolites of SD-809 increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner after single doses and at steady state. From this clinical trial, we determined that a 12 mg dose of SD-809 will provide exposure to active metabolites comparable to that of a 25 mg dose of tetrabenazine.

Although we have never tested a 9 mg dose of SD-809 in any clinical trial, based on our intention to have less frequent dosing for SD-809 than tetrabenazine, we used a population pharmacokinetic model to simulate the blood levels of tetrabenazine 12.5 mg three times daily, or TID, and SD-809 9 mg twice daily, or BID, using steady-state data of SD-809 and tetrabenazine from this clinical trial as well as other pharmacokinetic data for SD-809 and tetrabenazine from other clinical trials.

 

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The model below suggests that there is a potential for reduced dosing frequency, Cmax, rate of rise and plasma fluctuation between SD-809 and tetrabenazine regimens that provide the same exposure (AUC).

Steady-state pharmacokinetic model of AUC-equivalent dosing regimens of SD-809 9 mg twice-daily and tetrabenazine 12.5 mg three times-daily

 

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While the same single and multiple ascending dose clinical trial was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of SD-809, the trial also allowed a comparison of the adverse events observed with SD-809 and tetrabenazine regimens with comparable AUCs. In this clinical trial, somnolence was the most commonly reported adverse event. In particular, the rate of somnolence was 25% for SD-809 30 mg/day compared to 50% for tetrabenazine 50 mg/day. SD-809 was generally observed to be well-tolerated, with the most commonly reported adverse events being somnolence and headache.

Reduced drug interaction

By analyzing exposure and pharmacokinetic data from our clinical trials conducted with SD-809 and tetrabenazine, we were able to establish a dose conversion algorithm to allow us to determine the starting dose of SD-809 appropriate for patients switched from tetrabenazine to SD-809. We determined that the AUC-equivalent dose of SD-809 is approximately half of the daily dose of tetrabenazine (48 mg/day of SD-809 is AUC-equivalent to 100 mg/day of tetrabenazine).

 

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The FDA-approved label for Xenazine states that the daily dose should not exceed 50 mg/day (50% of its maximal dose) in patients taking strong CYP2D6 inhibitors. In contrast, for patients enrolled in our ongoing First-HD clinical trial, the FDA agreed that the total daily dose of SD-809 should not exceed 36 mg/day (75% of its maximal dose) in patients taking strong CYP2D6 inhibitors.

Comparison of maximal dose without restrictions

 

LOGO

SD-809 demonstrated the potential for reduced drug interactions and metabolic variability in a Phase 1, single-center, open-label, sequential drug interaction clinical trial. As is typical in drug interaction studies, the objective of the clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of potent CYP2D6 inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of the study drug (in this case a single dose of SD-809). We also evaluated the safety of a single dose of SD-809 in this clinical trial. Twenty-four healthy subjects received a single 22.5 mg dose of SD-809 on Day 1, followed by 20 mg of paroxetine, a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor, on days 4 through 12. On Day 11, 22.5 mg of SD-809 was administered on top of the 20 mg of paroxetine. Pharmacokinetic sampling occurred over 72 hours after each SD-809 treatment.

SD-809 metabolism was less influenced by CYP2D6 inhibition compared to tetrabenazine, as described on the Xenazine label. The impact on exposure, measured by AUC of total alpha + beta was 3-fold for SD-809 versus 5-fold for tetrabenazine, according to the NDA submission materials for tetrabenazine.

SD-809 was well-tolerated with only three subjects reporting one or more treatment-emergent adverse events for both SD-809 alone and SD-809 in combination with paroxetine. Subjects administered SD-809 with paroxetine did not experience any new adverse events that were not observed with SD-809 or paroxetine dosing alone and the rate of adverse events did not increase compared to the SD-809-only or paroxetine-only arms.

Reduced need for genotyping

The clinical relevance of this reduced potential for drug interaction extends to the need for CYP2D6 genotyping, where the label for Xenazine states that patients requiring greater than 50% of its maximal dose (50 mg/day) should be genotyped for the drug-metabolizing enzyme, CYP2D6. In contrast, we believe that SD-809 can be dosed to at least 75% of its maximal dose (36 mg/day) without the need for CYP2D6 genotyping. We believe that the reduced requirements for genotyping will make the drug easier to use for treating physicians and patients and will allow titration of the drug to higher doses with the potential for better control of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease.

Linear dose proportionality

We also conducted a Phase 1 single-center, randomized, open-label, five-way crossover bioavailability clinical trial to evaluate the statistical bioequivalence of various dose levels of SD-809 when administered with a standard meal and evaluate the effect of a high-fat meal on the relative bioavailability of the highest dose strength. Thirty-two subjects received a single dose of 6, 12, 18 or 24 mg of SD-809 after a standard meal, as

 

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well as a single dose of 18 mg of SD-809 after a high-fat, high-calorie meal. Pharmacokinetic samples were taken over a 72-hour period following each dose. Statistical bioequivalence for exposure to total alpha + beta over the dose range of 6 to 24 mg of SD-809 was achieved. The pharmacokinetic parameters after a single 18 mg dose of SD-809 after a standard or a high-fat meal were also bioequivalent.

All dosing levels up to 24 mg of SD-809 were generally well-tolerated with similar rates of adverse events (15% at 6 mg to 19% at 24 mg) and there were no dose-dependent increases in adverse events.

Safety observations and metabolic profiling in completed Phase 1 clinical trials

In aggregate, across all Phase 1 clinical trials, 132 subjects have received single doses of SD-809, ranging from 7.5 to 22.5 mg, and 24 subjects have received repeated doses of our clinical formulations of SD-809 for up to 5 days at 22.5 mg BID. In these studies, no serious adverse events were reported with SD-809 treatment and all reported adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity. Commonly reported adverse events included headache, somnolence, nausea and dizziness. Multiple dose administration of the drug was associated with a greater incidence of adverse events than with single dose administration. Following exposure to nine days of repeated doses of tetrabenazine and SD-809, adverse events of restlessness, agitation and depressed mood were reported. No significant changes in laboratory parameters, vital signs or ECGs were noted. In addition, triplicate ECG assessments following single doses of SD-809 up to 22.5 mg revealed small changes in the corrected QT interval.

QT prolongation (the lengthening of time in the heart’s electrical cycle) can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, with the risk increasing as the degree of prolongation increases. QT prolongation is a known effect of tetrabenazine according to its FDA product label. We have not conducted, and do not plan to conduct, a thorough QT study of SD-809. However, in the QT data we collected in the single and multiple ascending dose clinical trial described previously, a 15 mg dose of SD-809 led to a maximal increase in the corrected QT interval that was negligible (mean of 0.36 msec with a standard deviation of 7.68 msec) whereas a 25 mg dose of tetrabenazine led to a maximal increase in the corrected QT interval of a mean of 7.26 msec with a standard deviation of 6.12 msec. A 15 mg dose of SD-809 provided systemic exposure measured by AUC to total alpha + beta active metabolites that was similar to a 25 mg of tetrabenazine, but with a substantially lower Cmax. Although this clinical trial was not intended to support product labeling, it shows that SD-809 produced a reduced QT interval prolongation compared to tetrabenazine at comparable levels of systemic exposure.

As one of the Phase 1 clinical trials required by the FDA to enable a Section 505(b)(2) NDA, we completed a single-center, open-label, two-period mass balance and metabolic profiling clinical trial. The objective of the clinical trial was to compare mass balance recoveries and the routes and rates of excretion of the metabolites following administration of single radio-labeled doses of SD-809 and tetrabenazine. The 12 healthy volunteers were divided into two groups, with one group receiving single doses of 25 mg of radio-labeled SD-809 and the other group receiving single doses of 25 mg of radio-labeled tetrabenazine. Pharmacokinetic sampling was taken periodically over 216 hours and urine was also collected through the same time period.

The mass balance recovery of radioactivity after equal doses of SD-809 and tetrabenazine was extensive and similar (92% vs. 91%). The metabolite profile of SD-809 and tetrabenazine reflected the expected effects of deuterium substitution, with subjects treated with SD-809 exhibiting increased exposure to active metabolites (alpha + beta) and no novel major metabolites of SD-809 detected. Each major metabolite of SD-809 was present as a metabolite of tetrabenazine and has been described or referenced in the tetrabenazine NDA.

Ongoing Clinical Development of SD-809

Phase 3 placebo-controlled registration trial

We have initiated a Phase 3 registration clinical trial of SD-809, which we refer to as First-HD. First-HD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial of SD-809 in 90 patients with chorea associated with Huntington’s disease and is designed to evaluate, and generate label information for, the safety, tolerability and efficacy of SD-809 for treating chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. Patients will be randomized 1:1 to receive SD-809 twice daily or placebo. They will be individually titrated to their optimal dosage of study drug during the course of the trial, followed by maintenance therapy at that dose. The overall treatment period is 12 weeks in duration with a titration period that lasts eight weeks and a maintenance period

 

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that lasts four weeks. The primary endpoint for this trial is change in TMC score from baseline to maintenance therapy, where final score is defined as the average of values from Week 9 and Week 12 visits. This is the same endpoint that was accepted by the FDA when it considered and approved the NDA for tetrabenazine in 2008. First-HD is designed to detect a 2.7 point difference in TMC score between SD-809 and placebo with 90% power. We expect to report data from this trial in the second half of 2014. Patients from First-HD are also eligible to enroll in ARC-HD Rollover, a long-term safety clinical trial described below.

Open-label switch and long-term safety clinical trial

In parallel with First-HD, we have initiated an additional clinical trial of SD-809, which we refer to as ARC-HD. One component of ARC-HD, referred to as ARC-HD Switch, is a four-week, open-label “switch” trial in 36 patients with chorea associated with Huntington’s disease adequately controlled with tetrabenazine. The objectives of ARC-HD Switch are to evaluate the safety of switching subjects from tetrabenazine to SD-809 and to provide guidance to physicians on how to switch such patients to SD-809. The primary endpoints of ARC-HD Switch are the incidence of adverse events, the duration of time to achieve stable dosing and changes in observed TMC values for patients when treated with tetrabenazine (baseline) as compared to treatment with SD-809. We expect to report data from ARC-HD Switch in the second half of 2014.

 

We plan to rollover patients from First-HD and ARC-HD Switch into a 52-week open-label, long-term,

safety clinical trial, which is the second component of ARC-HD, referred to as ARC-HD Rollover. In ARC-HD Rollover, subjects will return to the clinic at scheduled intervals for evaluation of safety and chorea control.

Further adjustments of SD-809 dosing will be made, if necessary, but not more than weekly, and in 6 mg daily

increments. Four weeks after the last dose of the study drug, patients will be followed up with by phone to

evaluate adverse events and concomitant medication usage. We expect that ARC-HD Rollover will be completed in the first half of 2015.

Activation of all clinical trial sites planned for the First-HD and ARC-HD clinical trials was substantially completed by the end of 2013. The enrollment in both clinical trials is expected to be completed in the first half of 2014.

Planned Clinical Development of SD-809 in Additional Indications

Phase 2/3 clinical trial for treatment of tardive dyskinesia

We are currently planning a Phase 2/3 clinical trial of SD-809 for the treatment of drug-induced tardive dyskinesia for which we anticipate scheduling a pre-IND meeting with the FDA in early 2014. This clinical trial will involve approximately 90 subjects, who will be randomized 1:1 to SD-809 or placebo. Patients will titrate to their optimal dosage and be treated for a total of 12 weeks with a titration period that lasts eight weeks and a maintenance period that lasts for four weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint will be change in AIMS from baseline to end therapy, which will be assessed by centralized video rating. The safety endpoints include adverse events, vital signs, physical/neurological/laboratory examinations and ECGs during dose escalation. We expect to report data from this clinical trial by mid-2015.

 

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Phase 1b clinical trial in Tourette syndrome

We are in the process of initiating an open-label preliminary efficacy and safety clinical trial of SD-809 in 12 adolescent patients with tics associated with Tourette syndrome. This clinical trial will be conducted under our current IND. In this clinical trial, subjects will receive treatment for a total of eight weeks. The drug will be titrated to each subject’s optimal dosage over the first six weeks, followed by a two-week maintenance period. The primary efficacy endpoint of this clinical trial will be change in Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. We anticipate data from this clinical trial to be available in 2014. We will decide how to pursue further development and regulatory approval for this indication, based on the results of this exploratory study.

Regulatory Strategy for SD-809

We are pursuing a Section 505(b)(2) NDA regulatory strategy, which we expect will allow us to rely in our NDA filing on certain nonclinical and clinical safety findings made by FDA in its approval of the tetrabenazine NDA. Based on our interactions with the FDA, we believe that with the successful completion of First-HD, we will have completed the preclinical studies and clinical trials necessary to submit an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) for SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. In addition to the results of First-HD, we anticipate that the NDA submission will include the results of ARC-HD Switch, which, if successful, would allow us to provide guidance in our labeling on how to switch patients who are currently on tetrabenazine to SD-809. We also anticipate submitting the results of ARC-HD Rollover, while the FDA is reviewing the NDA. By pursuing the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for SD-809, our reliance on the FDA’s prior findings of safety from tetrabenazine may require any approved labeling for SD-809 to include, in addition to safety information from our clinical trials, certain safety information that is included in the tetrabenazine label, including warnings and other safety information. Moreover, since neither of our ongoing clinical trials is studying SD-809 in a head-to-head comparison with tetrabenazine, if SD-809 is approved by the FDA, we will not be able to make direct comparative claims regarding the safety and efficacy of SD-809 and tetrabenazine. If we meet the primary endpoint of First-HD, we anticipate submitting our Section 505(b)(2) NDA for SD-809 in the fourth quarter of 2014 and, if approved, expect to launch commercial sales in 2015.

We are seeking orphan drug designation from the FDA for SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. Due to our patent protection, our strategy to pursue development of SD-809 in hyperkinetic movement disorders is not dependent on obtaining orphan drug designation and the related marketing exclusivity. We have received initial feedback from the FDA that it believes that SD-809 is the same drug as tetrabenazine, which is already approved for the treatment of this orphan indication, and that SD-809 therefore cannot be designated as an orphan drug for this indication unless we can provide a plausible hypothesis of the clinical superiority of SD-809 to tetrabenazine. We have responded to the FDA’s request for additional information to support our belief that SD-809 is not the same drug as tetrabenazine for purposes of orphan drug designation because of the substitution of six specific hydrogen atoms in tetrabenazine with deuterium in SD-809. We are still evaluating whether to pursue orphan designation for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and/or Tourette syndrome, or certain subsets of those disorders.

Sales and Marketing

If we are successful in obtaining regulatory approval for the commercialization of SD-809 for treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, we expect SD-809 would be the only product other than tetrabenazine on the market in the United States approved for this indication. We believe that SD-809 could, over time, capture a significant share of the existing tetrabenazine prescription market and expand the market by treating patients who cannot tolerate or are at greater risk of side effects from tetrabenazine. We believe that it will be possible for us to commercialize SD-809 for this indication with an initial commercial infrastructure including a small number of sales representatives that call on a focused group of movement disorder neurologists.

Due to the specialized nature of managing the symptoms of Huntington’s disease, there are a limited number of treating physicians, which we believe will enable us to target potential SD-809 prescribers with a small sales force. In the United States, approximately 250 movement disorder neurologists are responsible for prescribing the majority of tetrabenazine. The Huntington Study Group is a network of hundreds of clinical investigators, coordinators and scientists who provide comprehensive care to Huntington’s disease patients and families and

 

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carry out multi-center clinical research. We have partnered with the Huntington Study Group for our ongoing clinical trials of SD-809 in Huntington’s disease. Key opinion leaders from academic movement disorder centers drive the standard of care in this indication and many of these have or will have experience with SD-809 through participation in our clinical trials.

While we plan to focus our initial commercialization efforts on physicians who are responsible for Huntington’s disease patients, this sales and marketing infrastructure would serve as the foundation for an expanded focus on physicians who are responsible for tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome patients, subject to marketing approval in these patient populations. Having multiple indications for the same product that can be promoted to an overlapping physician audience would allow us to leverage our commercial infrastructure with these prescribers. In the event SD-809 is approved for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia or Tourette syndrome, we anticipate adding additional sales representatives who will market to psychiatrists and neurologists.

In the United States, tetrabenazine is currently distributed through only three specialty pharmacies. Physicians must fill out a treatment form provided by the manufacturer in order to prescribe the drug and the drug is shipped directly to patients from one of these three specialty pharmacies. In addition, there is a REMS program and other support services associated with the distribution of tetrabenazine, which are administered through this specialty distribution system. Xenazine is expected to lose market exclusivity related to its orphan drug status for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease in August 2015. While a generic version of Xenazine may become available in the future as a result of this loss of market exclusivity, we believe that Xenazine’s restricted distribution through these three specialty pharmacies, along with the associated support services and the REMS, provide a barrier to the entry of generic drugs. For example, there are over 200 branded drugs that are distributed through specialty pharmacies. Of these, about 20-30 drugs have a generic alternative to the branded drug. Based on available pricing data on 21 such branded drugs sold exclusively through specialty pharmacies, we found that introduction of generic drugs resulted in an average price reduction of approximately 20%. There was a median of three generic drugs available with respect to each of these branded drugs. We believe that pricing for SD-809 will ultimately be determined by a variety of factors, including the nature of the drug label approved by the FDA, safety, tolerability and efficacy profile, distribution system and a host of other factors.

Other Programs

We have additional deuterium-containing product candidates in various stages of development that cover a range of disease areas. These programs include SD-254, a deuterium-containing analog of venlafaxine, which has completed two Phase 1 clinical trials, SD-560, a deuterium-containing analog of pirfenidone, which is in the preclinical stage of development; SD-970, a deuterium-containing analog of ticagrelor, which is in the preclinical stage of development; SD-900, a deuterium-containing analog of tofacitinib, which is in the preclinical stage of development; and a deuterium-containing analog of ketamine. These compounds demonstrate prolonged half-lives in human liver microsomes relative to the corresponding non-deuterium-containing compounds, which may enable greater efficacy, reduced dosing frequency and interpatient variability and improved tolerability.

We plan to conduct a single-center, double-blind, randomized, two-period crossover clinical trial in healthy volunteers with equal doses of SD-560 or pirfenidone. The objective of the clinical trial would be to compare the pharmacokinetics of SD-560 and pirfenidone and their respective metabolites and to evaluate the safety and tolerability of SD-560 and inform further development activities.

These compounds could be advanced or partnered in the future based on strategic considerations and availability of resources.

Manufacturing

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of SD-809 or any of our other product candidates, nor do we have plans to develop our own manufacturing operations for clinical materials or commercial products in the foreseeable future. We currently depend on third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, for all of our required raw materials, drug substance and drug product for our preclinical research and clinical trials.

 

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We currently rely on single suppliers for raw materials including drug substance and single manufacturers for our product candidates and expect to rely on third-party suppliers and manufacturers for the commercial supply of any approved products. We currently employ internal resources and third-party consultants as needed to manage our CMOs. These CMOs offer a comprehensive range of contract manufacturing and packaging services and have successfully handled the scale up of SD-809 in preparation for commercialization.

Competition

Our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid technological changes. Our potential competitors include large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies, academic institutions, government agencies and research institutions. Many of our potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, commercial and human resources than we do and significantly more experience in the discovery, development and regulatory approval of product candidates and the commercialization of those products. We believe that the key competitive factors that will affect the development and commercial success of SD-809 and the other product candidates that we may develop are their efficacy, safety and tolerability profile, convenience in dosing, product labeling, value and price, in addition to whether there are alternative therapies approved for other indications and prescribed for off-label use and the availability of reimbursement from the government and other third parties. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced if our competitors have products which are better in one or more of these categories.

We expect that, if approved, SD-809 would compete with a number of existing products and other product candidates that target hyperkinetic movement disorders, including certain products that are or may become generic products. Additionally, the development of new treatment methods for the diseases we are targeting could render our product candidates non-competitive or obsolete.

Huntington’s disease. We anticipate that, if approved, SD-809 will compete primarily against Xenazine and, potentially in the future, generic tetrabenazine, for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. There are several product candidates in clinical development for the treatment of Huntington’s disease. These include Huntexil (prodipidine), which is being developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; PBT2, which is being developed by Prana Biotechnology Ltd.; SEN0014196 (selisistat), which is being developed by Siena Biotech S.p.A.; Procysbi (cysteamine), which is approved for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and is being developed for Huntington’s disease by Raptor Pharmaceuticals, Inc; OMS824, which is being developed by Omeros Corporation; and PF-2545920, which is being developed by Pfizer Inc. Valeant Pharmaceuticals International owns a modified-release tetrabenazine formulation but to our knowledge, is not currently developing it and withdrew a planned clinical trial prior to initiating enrollment. We are not aware of any other company that has a modified-release tetrabenazine product candidate in clinical development in the United States.

Tardive dyskinesia. There are currently no approved drugs for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, but we believe that tetrabenazine is prescribed off-label for this indication. We are aware of several product candidates in clinical development for treatment of tardive dyskinesia including: NBI-98854 (valine ester substituted analog of a single stereoisomer of alpha), which is being developed by Neurocrine Biosciences Inc.; and Tardoxal (pyridoxine hydrochloride), which is being developed by Medicure Inc.

Tourette syndrome. There are currently two FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of Tourette syndrome, haloperidol and pimozide, which are neuroleptics sold by generic manufacturers. These drugs were approved for this indication by the FDA in 1967 and 1983, respectively. We believe that tetrabenazine and guanfacine are prescribed off-label for this indication as well. We are aware of several product candidates in clinical development for the treatment of Tourette syndrome including: ABILIFY (aripiprazole), which is being developed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Group; NBI-98854 (a valine ester-substituted analog of alpha), which is being developed by Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc.; ecopipam (a synthetic benzazepine derivative), which is being developed by Psyadon Pharmaceuticals Inc.; AZD5213, which is being developed by AstraZeneca plc; CPP-109, which is being developed by Catalyst Pharmaceutical Partners; and EPI-754, which is being developed by Edison Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Competitors developing deuterium-containing compounds include Concert Pharmaceuticals Inc. However, we are not aware of any company developing a deuterium-substituted tetrabenazine.

 

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Intellectual Property and Exclusivity

We have been building and continue to expand our intellectual property portfolio relating to our product candidates, including SD-809. We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business and seek patent protection, where appropriate, in the United States and internationally for our product candidates, their methods of use and any other inventions that are important to the development of our business. Our policy is to actively seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other things, filing patent applications in the United States and abroad (including Europe and certain other countries when appropriate) relating to proprietary technologies that are important to the development of our business. However, patent protection may not afford us with complete protection against competitors who seek to circumvent our patents. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and in-licensing opportunities to develop, strengthen and maintain our proprietary position. We cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents that may be granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our technology.

Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for the technologies, inventions, know-how and products we consider important to our business, defend our patents, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate our business without infringing the patents and proprietary rights of third parties.

Our SD-809 patent portfolio currently includes an issued composition of matter patent in the United States (US 8,524,733) and a European counterpart (EP 2326643). The issued U.S. composition of matter patent is expected to expire in March 2031, while the European patent is expected to expire in September 2029, before any patent term extension, or PTE, or equivalent to which we may be entitled under the Hatch-Waxman Act or equivalent laws in other jurisdictions where we have issued patents. In addition we have several pending patent applications in the United States and other countries that, if issued, will cover composition of matter, as well as methods of treatment, manufacture, formulations and other applications and aspects of SD-809, and have the potential to extend the patent coverage beyond 2031. We solely own all the issued patents and the pending patent applications in our SD-809 patent portfolio.

Our SD-254 patent portfolio currently includes issued composition of matter (US 7,456,316) and method of treatment (US 8,138,226) patents in the United States. The issued U.S. composition of matter patent is expected to expire in November 2026 and the method of treatment patent is expected to expire in September 2028, before any patent term extension or equivalent to which we may be entitled under the Hatch-Waxman Act. Our SD-560 patent portfolio currently includes an issued composition of matter patent in the United States (US 8,383,823) and an issued composition of matter and method of treatment patent in Europe (EP 2170828). The issued U.S. patent is expected to expire in June 2028, while the European patent is expected to expire in June 2028, before any patent term extension or equivalent to which we may be entitled under the Hatch-Waxman Act or equivalent laws in other jurisdictions where we have issued patents. Our SD-900 patent portfolio currently includes an issued composition of matter patent in the United States (US 8,299,084), which is expected to expire in September 2030, before any patent term extension or equivalent to which we may be entitled under the Hatch-Waxman Act. Our deuterium-containing form of ketamine patent portfolio currently includes an issued composition of matter and method of treatment patent in the United States (US 7,638,651), which is expected to expire in April 2028, before any patent term extension or equivalent to which we may be entitled under the Hatch-Waxman Act. For our SD-970 patent portfolio, we have patent applications that are pending. In addition, we have several pending patent applications in the United States and other countries that cover SD-254, SD-560, SD-900 and SD-970. In addition to our patents covering SD-809, SD-254, SD-560, SD-900, SD-970 and deuterium-containing form of ketamine, we have an additional 35 issued or allowed patents and 47 active patent applications in prosecution in our broader patent portfolio covering 45 compounds.

The U.S. patent system permits the filing of provisional and non-provisional patent applications. A non-provisional patent application is examined by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or U.S. PTO, and can mature into a patent once the U.S. PTO determines that the claimed invention meets the standards for patentability. A provisional patent application is not examined for patentability, and automatically expires

 

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12 months after its filing date. As a result, a provisional patent application cannot mature into a patent. The requirements for filing a provisional patent application are not as strict as those for filing a non-provisional patent application. Provisional applications are often used, among other things, to establish an early filing date for a subsequent non-provisional patent application. The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. PTO in granting a patent. Alternatively, a patent’s term may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent.

The filing date of a non-provisional patent application is used by the U.S. PTO to determine what information is prior art when it considers the patentability of a claimed invention. If certain requirements are satisfied, a non-provisional patent application can claim the benefit of the filing date of an earlier filed provisional patent application. As a result, the filing date accorded by the provisional patent application may supersede information that otherwise could preclude the patentability of an invention.

The term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug may also be eligible for PTE, which permits patent term restoration as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, permits a PTE of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the PTE is related to the length of time the drug is under regulatory review. Patent extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. Similar provisions are available in Europe and certain other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. In the future, if and when our pharmaceutical product candidates receive FDA or other regulatory approval, we may be able to apply for PTEs on patents covering those products. Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA approval, if any, of SD-809 or our other product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited PTE.

Government Regulation

FDA Approval Process

In the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA. The FDCA and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable FDA or other requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending applications, clinical holds, warning or untitled letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, withdrawal of product from the market, injunctions, fines, civil penalties and criminal prosecution.

FDA approval is required before any new unapproved drug or dosage form, including a new use of a previously approved drug, can be marketed in the United States. The process required by the FDA before a new drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves:

 

    completion of pre-clinical laboratory and animal testing and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA’s current good laboratory practice, or cGLP, regulations;

 

    submission to the FDA of an IND for human clinical testing which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin in the United States;

 

    approval of clinical protocols and informed consent documents by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at each clinical trial site before each clinical trial may be initiated;

 

   

performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug product for each intended use in accordance with federal regulations and current good

 

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clinical practices, or cGCPs, which are international standards meant to protect the rights and health of patients and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators and monitors;

 

    development of a manufacturing process, formulation and packaging process and analytical testing plan which will provide investigational drug product of appropriate quality and quantity for the intended use;

 

    satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the facility or facilities at which the product is manufactured to assess compliance with the FDA’s current good manufacturing practice, or cGMP, regulations to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity;

 

    submission to the FDA of an NDA;

 

    potential review by an FDA advisory committee, if applicable; and

 

    FDA review and approval of the NDA.

The preclinical and clinical testing and approval process takes many years and the actual time required to obtain approval, if any, may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product or disease.

Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation and toxicity, as well as animal studies to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal and other regulations and requirements, including cGLPs. The results of preclinical testing are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND along with other information, including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature to support the use of the investigational drug in humans and a proposed clinical trial protocol. The IND may rely in part on information contained in already approved drug applications, where a 505(b)(2) NDA is planned. The IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational drug product to humans. Long-term preclinical tests, such as animal tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.

An IND must become effective before clinical trials may begin. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions relating to one or more proposed clinical trials, including concerns that insufficient information is provided to determine whether the potential risks to which human research subjects may be exposed are unreasonable. In such a case, the IND may be placed on clinical hold and the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before clinical trials can begin. Accordingly, submission of an IND may or may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

A separate submission to an existing IND must also be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development. Further, an independent IRB, covering each site proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial and informed consent information for subjects before the trial commences at that site and it must monitor the clinical trial until completed. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualified investigator in accordance with cGCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated. Sponsors of clinical trials generally must register and report, at the NIH-maintained website ClinicalTrials.gov, key parameters of certain clinical trials.

For purposes of an NDA submission and approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in the following sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined:

 

    Phase 1: In Phase 1, through the initial introduction of the drug into healthy human subjects or patients, the drug is tested to assess metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, early evidence on effectiveness.

 

    Phase 2: Phase 2 usually involves trials in a limited patient population to determine the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication, dosage tolerance and optimum dosage and to identify common adverse effects and safety risks.

 

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    Phase 3: Phase 3 trials are undertaken to obtain the additional information about clinical efficacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the drug. In most cases, the FDA requires two adequate and well controlled clinical trials to confirm the safety and efficacy of the drug. A single Phase 3 trial with other confirmatory evidence may be sufficient in rare instances where the clinical trial is a large multicenter trial demonstrating internal consistency and a statistically persuasive finding of a clinically meaningful effect on mortality, irreversible morbidity or prevention of a disease with a potentially serious outcome and confirmation of the result in a second trial would be practically or ethically impossible.

The FDA, the IRB, or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable risk or for failure to comply with the FDA’s or IRB’s requirements. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether or not a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the clinical trial. The trial sponsor may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives and/or competitive climate.

After completion of the required clinical testing, an NDA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the United States. The NDA must include, among other things, the results of all preclinical, clinical and other testing, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture and controls, as well as proposed labeling. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is subject to a substantial application user fee, currently exceeding $2,169,000, and the manufacturer and/or sponsor under an approved NDA are also subject to annual product and establishment user fees, currently exceeding $104,000 per product and $554,000 per establishment. These fees are typically increased annually. However, NDA user fees may be exempted for the first NDA submission by a sponsor who is defined as a small business.

The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the NDA must be resubmitted with the additional information and is subject to payment of additional user fees. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, the FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of NDAs through a two-tiered classification system, Standard Review and Priority Review. Priority Review designation is given to drugs that offer major advances in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. The FDA endeavors to review applications subject to Standard Review within ten to twelve months from the date of receipt of the NDA by the FDA and applications subject to Priority Review within six to eight months from the date of receipt of the NDA by the FDA. In both cases, the longer review time applies if a drug is a new molecular entity.

The FDA may refer applications for novel drug products or drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to a public advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. Information presented and discussed at an FDA advisory committee meeting is open to the public except for commercial confidential information. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it typically follows such recommendations.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA may inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with cGCP requirements. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing process and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and are adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must also be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and effectiveness of the investigational drug product to the satisfaction of the FDA.

After the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing

 

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information for specific indications. A complete response letter indicates that the review cycle for an application is complete and that the application is not ready for approval. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA may ultimately decide that an application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If, or when, the deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA may issue an approval letter.

As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require a REMS to ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks. If the FDA determines a REMS is necessary during review of the application, the drug sponsor must agree to the REMS plan at the time of approval. A REMS may be required to include various elements, such as a medication guide or patient package insert, a communication plan to educate healthcare providers of the drug’s risks, limitations on who may prescribe or dispense the drug, or other elements to assure safe use, such as special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. In addition, the REMS must include a timetable to periodically assess the strategy. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of a drug.

Moreover, product approval may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug’s safety or efficacy and the FDA has the authority to prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label and, even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product or impose other conditions, including labeling or distribution restrictions or other risk-management mechanisms.

Future changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, typically require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be implemented, which may require us to develop additional data or conduct additional pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application and the FDA uses the similar procedures in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs.

Post-Approval Requirements

Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to drug listing and registration, recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, adverse event reporting and advertising, marketing and promotion, including standards and regulations for direct to consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the internet. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. While physicians may prescribe for off-label uses, manufacturers are restricted from promoting their approved products for uses outside of the approved indications on the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability.

The FDA may require post-approval studies or clinical trials, known as Phase 4 clinical trials, if the FDA finds that scientific data, including information regarding related drugs, suggest that they would be appropriate. The purpose of such studies would be to assess a known serious risk or signals of serious risk related to the drug or to identify an unexpected serious risk when available data indicate the potential for a serious risk. The FDA may also require a labeling change if it becomes aware of new safety information that it believes should be included in the labeling of a drug. The FDA also may require REMS to monitor the effects of an approved product or to ensure that the drug’s benefits outweigh its risks, or the FDA may place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product.

In addition, after approval, quality-control, drug manufacture, packaging and labeling procedures must continue to conform to cGMPs, which impose extensive procedural, substantive and record-keeping requirements. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their

 

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establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced and announced inspections by the FDA, during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality-control to maintain compliance with cGMPs. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered. In addition, regulatory authorities may take other enforcement action, including, among other things, untitled or warning letters, the seizure of products, injunctions, consent decrees placing significant restrictions on or suspending manufacturing operations, refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, civil penalties and criminal prosecution.

In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, which regulates the distribution of drugs and drug samples at the federal level, and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of drug distributors by the states. A growing majority of states also impose certain drug pedigree requirements on the sale and distribution of prescription drugs.

The Hatch-Waxman Amendments

Section 505(b)(2) NDAs

As an alternative path to FDA approval for modifications to formulations or uses of products previously approved by the FDA, an applicant may submit an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA. Section 505(b)(2) was enacted as part of the Hatch-Waxman Amendments to the FDCA and enables the applicant to rely, in part, on the FDA’s previous approval of a similar product, or published literature, in support of its application. Section 505(b)(2) permits the filing of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by, or for, the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. If the Section 505(b)(2) applicant can establish that reliance on FDA’s previous findings of safety and effectiveness is scientifically appropriate, it may eliminate the need to conduct certain preclinical studies or clinical trials of the new product. The FDA may also require companies to perform additional studies or measurements, including clinical trials, to support the change from the approved reference drug. The FDA may then approve the new product candidate for all, or some, of the label indications for which the reference drug has been approved or for any new indication sought by the Section 505(b)(2) applicant.

ANDA Approval Process

The Hatch-Waxman Amendments also established an abbreviated FDA approval process for drugs that are shown to be bioequivalent to drugs previously approved by the FDA through the NDA process. Approval to market and distribute these drugs is obtained by filing an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, with the FDA. An ANDA provides for marketing of a drug product that has the same active ingredients in the same strengths and dosage form as the listed drug and has been shown to be bioequivalent to the listed drug. An ANDA is a comprehensive submission that contains, among other things, data and information pertaining to the active pharmaceutical ingredient, drug product formulation, specifications and stability of the generic drug, as well as analytical methods, manufacturing process validation data and quality control procedures. ANDAs are termed abbreviated because they generally do not include preclinical and clinical data to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Instead, a generic applicant must demonstrate that its product is bioequivalent to the innovator drug. Drugs approved in this way are commonly referred to as “generic equivalents” to the listed drug and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the original listed drug.

Orange Book Listing

In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, including a 505(b)(2) NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA certain patents whose claims cover the applicant’s product. Upon approval, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book. Any applicant who files an ANDA seeking approval of a generic equivalent version of a drug listed in the Orange Book or a Section 505(b)(2) NDA referencing a drug listed in the Orange Book must certify to the FDA that (1) no patent information on the drug

 

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product that is the subject of the application has been submitted to the FDA; (2) such patent has expired; (3) the date on which such patent expires; or (4) such patent is invalid or will not be infringed upon by the manufacture, use or sale of the drug product for which the application is submitted. This last certification is known as a paragraph IV certification. A notice of the paragraph IV certification must be provided to each owner of the patent that is the subject of the certification and to the holder of the approved NDA to which the ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) application refers. The applicant may also elect to submit a “section viii” statement certifying that its proposed label does not contain (or carves out) any language regarding the patented method-of-use rather than certify to a listed method-of-use patent.

If the NDA holder for the reference drug and/or patent owners assert a patent challenge directed to one of the Orange Book listed patents within 45 days of the receipt of the paragraph IV certification notice, the FDA is prohibited from approving the application until the earlier of 30 months from the receipt of the paragraph IV certification, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit, or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the applicant.

The ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) application also will not be approved until any applicable non-patent exclusivity listed in the Orange Book for the reference drug has expired as described in further detail below.

Non-Patent Exclusivity

In addition to patent exclusivity, the holder of the NDA for the listed drug may be entitled to a period of non-patent exclusivity, during which the FDA cannot approve an ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) application that relies on the listed drug. For example, a pharmaceutical manufacturer may obtain five years of non-patent exclusivity upon NDA approval of a new chemical entity, or NCE, which is a drug that contains an active moiety that has not been approved by the FDA in any other NDA. An “active moiety” is defined as the molecule or ion responsible for the drug substance’s physiological or pharmacologic action. During the five year exclusivity period, the FDA cannot accept for filing any ANDA seeking approval of a generic version of that drug or any Section 505(b)(2) NDA for the same active moiety and that relies on the FDA’s findings regarding that drug, except that the FDA may accept an application for filing after four years if the follow-on applicant makes a paragraph IV certification.

A drug, including one approved under Section 505(b)(2), may obtain a three-year period of exclusivity for a particular condition of approval, or change to a marketed product, such as a new formulation for a previously approved product, if one or more new clinical trials (other than bioavailability studies) was essential to the approval of the application and was conducted/sponsored by the applicant. Should this occur, the FDA would be precluded from approving any ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) application for the protected modification until after that three-year exclusivity period has run. However, unlike NCE exclusivity, the FDA can accept an application and begin the review process during the exclusivity period.

Patent Term Extension

After NDA approval, owners of relevant drug patents may apply for up to a five year patent extension. The allowable PTE is calculated as half of the drug’s testing phase—the time between IND application and NDA submission—and all of the review phase—the time between NDA submission and approval up to a maximum of five years. The time can be shortened if the FDA determines that the applicant did not pursue approval with due diligence. The total patent term after the extension may not exceed 14 years.

For patents that might expire during the application phase, the patent owner may request an interim patent extension. An interim patent extension increases the patent term by one year and may be renewed up to four times. For each interim patent extension granted, the post-approval patent extension is reduced by one year. The director of the U.S. PTO must determine that approval of the drug covered by the patent for which a patent extension is being sought is likely. Interim patent extensions are not available for a drug for which an NDA has not been submitted.

Orphan Drug Designation and Exclusivity

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rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. If a sponsor demonstrates that a drug is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, the FDA will grant orphan designation for that product for the orphan disease indication, assuming that the same drug has not already been approved for the indication for which the sponsor is seeking orphan designation. If the same drug has already been approved for the indication for which the sponsor is seeking orphan designation, the sponsor must present a plausible hypothesis of clinical superiority in order to obtain orphan designation. Orphan designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants orphan designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan designation, however, does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

Orphan designation may provide manufacturers with benefits such as research grants, tax credits, PDUFA application fee waivers, and eligibility for orphan drug exclusivity. If a product that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval of the active moiety for that disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which for seven years prohibits the FDA from approving another product with the same active ingredient for the same indication, except in limited circumstances. Orphan drug exclusivity will not bar approval of another product under certain circumstances, including if a subsequent product with the same active ingredient for the same indication is shown to be clinically superior to the approved product on the basis of greater efficacy or safety, or providing a major contribution to patient care, or if the company with orphan drug exclusivity is not able to meet market demand. Further, the FDA may approve more than one product for the same orphan indication or disease as long as the products contain different active ingredients. Moreover, competitors may receive approval of different products for the indication for which the orphan drug has exclusivity or obtain approval for the same product but for a different indication for which the orphan drug has exclusivity.

Expedited Review and Accelerated Approval Programs

A sponsor may seek approval of its product candidate under programs designed to accelerate the FDA’s review and approval of NDAs. For example, fast track designation may be granted to a drug intended for treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition that has potential to address unmet medical needs for the disease or condition. Under the fast track program, the sponsor of a new drug candidate may request that the FDA designate the drug candidate for a specific indication as a fast track drug concurrent with, or after, the filing of the IND for the drug candidate. The FDA must determine if the drug candidate qualifies for fast track designation within 60 days of receipt of the sponsor’s request. The fast track designation may be withdrawn by the FDA if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the clinical trial process. The key benefits of fast track designation are the eligibility for Priority Review, rolling review (submission of portions of an application before the complete marketing application is submitted) and accelerated approval, if relevant criteria are met.

Based on results of the Phase 3 clinical trial(s) submitted in an NDA, upon the request of an applicant, the FDA may grant the NDA a Priority Review designation, which sets the target date for FDA action on the application at six or eight months after receipt of the NDA by the FDA, depending on whether the drug is a new molecular entity. Priority Review is granted where there is evidence that the proposed product would be a significant improvement in the safety or effectiveness of the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of a serious condition. If criteria are not met for Priority Review, the application is subject to the standard FDA review period of ten to twelve months after receipt of the NDA by the FDA, depending on whether the drug is a new molecular entity. Priority Review designation does not change the scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of evidence necessary to support approval.

Under the accelerated approval regulations, the FDA may approve an NDA on the basis of either a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the

 

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availability or lack of alternative treatments. In clinical trials, a surrogate endpoint is a measurement of laboratory or clinical signs of a disease or condition that substitutes for a direct measurement of how a patient feels, functions, or survives. Surrogate endpoints can often be measured more easily or more rapidly than clinical endpoints. A drug candidate approved on this basis is subject to rigorous post-marketing compliance requirements, including the completion of Phase 4 or post-approval clinical trials to confirm the effect on the clinical endpoint. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit during post-marketing studies, will allow the FDA to withdraw the drug from the market on an expedited basis. All promotional materials for drug candidates approved under accelerated regulations are subject to prior review by the FDA.

In addition, the FDA Safety and Innovation Act, which was enacted and signed into law in 2012, established a new breakthrough therapy designation. A sponsor may seek FDA designation of its product candidate as a breakthrough therapy if the drug candidate is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. Under the breakthrough therapy program, the sponsor of a new drug candidate may request that the FDA designate the drug candidate for a specific indication as a breakthrough therapy concurrent with, or after, the filing of the IND for the drug candidate. The FDA must determine if the drug candidate qualifies for breakthrough therapy designation within 60 days of receipt of the sponsor’s request.

Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements

In the United States, the research, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, sale and promotion of drug products are subject to numerous regulations by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA including, but not limited to, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and its various enforcement divisions, such as the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, the Office of Inspector General, the Office for Human Research Protections, and the Office of Research Integrity, state Attorneys General, state Medicaid Fraud Control Units, and other state and local government agencies. If we obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our operations may be directly, or indirectly through our customers, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal False Claims Act, and physician sunshine laws and regulations. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, any person or entity, including a prescription drug manufacturer, or a party acting on its behalf, from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind in return for the purchase, recommendation, leasing, ordering or furnishing of an item or service, for which payment may be made in whole or in part under a federal healthcare program such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This statute has been interpreted broadly to apply to, among other things, arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers, on one hand, and prescribers, purchasers, and formulary managers, on the other. The term “remuneration” expressly includes kickbacks, bribes, or rebates and also has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including for example, gifts, discounts, the furnishing of supplies or equipment, credit arrangements, payments of cash, waivers of payments, ownership interests and providing anything at less than its fair market value. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain business arrangements from prosecution. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all of its facts and circumstances. Our practices may not meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from federal Anti-Kickback Statute liability in all cases. Further, many states have adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and some of these state laws may be broader in scope in that some of these state laws extend to all payors and may not contain safe harbors.

 

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The federal civil False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval by a federal healthcare program. The “qui tam” provisions of the False Claims Act allow a private individual to bring civil actions on behalf of the federal government alleging that the defendant has submitted a false claim to the federal government, and potentially to share in any monetary recovery. In recent years, the number of suits brought by private individuals has increased dramatically. In addition, various states have enacted false claims laws analogous to the False Claims Act. Many of these state laws are broader in scope and apply to all payors and, therefore, are not limited to only those claims submitted to the federal government. There are many potential bases for liability under the False Claims Act. Liability arises, primarily, when an entity knowingly submits, or causes another to submit, a false claim for reimbursement to the federal government. The False Claims Act has been used to assert liability on the basis of kickbacks and other improper referrals, improperly reported government pricing metrics such as Best Price or Average Manufacturer Price, and improper promotion of off-label uses not expressly approved by the FDA in a drug’s label. Our future activities relating to the reporting of discount and rebate information and other information affecting federal, state and third party reimbursement of our products and the sales and marketing of our products and our service arrangements or data purchases, among other activities, may be subject to scrutiny under these laws. Additionally, the civil monetary penalties statute, among other things, imposes fines against any person who is determined to have presented or caused to be presented claims to a federal healthcare program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.

Also, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, created several new federal crimes, including healthcare fraud and false statements relating to healthcare matters. The healthcare fraud statute prohibits knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors. The false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our future business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, recent health care reform legislation has further strengthened these laws. For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA, among other things, amended the intent standard under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes to a stricter standard such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. The PPACA also provided that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.

In addition, we may be subject to, or our marketing activities may be limited by, data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA and its implementing regulations established uniform standards for certain “covered entities,” which are healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses, as well as their business associates, governing the conduct of specified electronic healthcare transactions and protecting the security and privacy of protected health information. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, commonly referred to as the economic stimulus package, included an expansion of HIPAA’s privacy and security standards called the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s security standards and certain privacy standards directly applicable to business associates. HITECH also created four new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.

Additionally, the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act created under Section 6002 of the PPACA and its implementing regulations requires that manufacturers of drugs for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) report annually to the CMS information related to payments or other “transfers of value” made or distributed to physicians (defined to

 

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include doctors of medicine, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), generally, with some exceptions, and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, the physicians and teaching hospitals. Additionally, applicable manufacturers and applicable group purchasing organizations are required to report annually to the CMS certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians (as defined above) and their immediate family members, and payments or other “transfers of value” to such physician owners and their immediate family members. Manufacturers were required to begin data collection beginning August 1, 2013, with reporting to the CMS required by March 31, 2014 (and by the 90th day of each subsequent calendar year). Disclosure of such information is to be made on a publicly available website beginning in September 2014.

There are also an increasing number of analogous state laws that require manufacturers to file reports with states on pricing and marketing information, such as tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration and items of value provided to health care professionals and health care entities. Many of these laws contain ambiguities as to what is required to comply with the laws. For example, several states have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical companies to, among other things, establish and implement commercial compliance programs, file periodic reports with the state, make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials and other activities and/or register their sales representatives. Certain state laws also regulate manufacturers’ use of prescriber-identifiable data. These laws may affect our future sales, marketing and other promotional activities by imposing administrative and compliance burdens. In addition, given the lack of clarity with respect to these laws and their implementation, our reporting actions could be subject to the penalty provisions of the pertinent state and federal authorities.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the health regulatory laws described above or any other laws that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including criminal and significant civil monetary penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. To the extent that any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Anti-Bribery Act, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti-fraud and abuse laws and implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals. We are unable to predict whether we would be subject to actions under these laws or the impact of such actions. However, the cost of defending such claims, as well as any sanctions imposed, could adversely affect our financial performance.

In the United States, most individual states have pharmaceutical distribution laws that require application and registration with State boards of pharmacy. States may also conduct cGMP inspections of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities operating within their state.

Third-Party Payor Coverage and Reimbursement

The commercial success of our products, if and when approved, will depend, in part, upon the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors at the federal, state and private levels. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Sales of our products will therefore depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our products will be paid by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit and similar healthcare management organizations, or are reimbursed by government payors, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health coverage insurers and other third-party payors. The market for our products will depend significantly on access to third-party payors’ formularies, or lists of treatments for which third-party payors provide coverage and reimbursement.

In addition, third-party payors are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs and coverage and reimbursement for therapeutic products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that adequate coverage and reimbursement will be obtained. The cost of pharmaceuticals and medical devices continues to generate substantial scrutiny from

 

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government and other third-party payors. We expect that the pharmaceutical industry will experience continued pricing pressures due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of managed care organizations and additional legislative proposals. Our results of operations and business could be adversely affected by current and future third-party payor policies as well as healthcare legislative reforms.

Some third-party payors also require pre-approval of coverage for new or innovative devices or drug therapies before they will reimburse healthcare providers who use such therapies. While we cannot predict whether any proposed cost-containment measures will be adopted or otherwise implemented in the future, these requirements or any announcement or adoption of such proposals could have a material adverse effect on our ability to obtain adequate prices for our product candidates and to operate profitably.

In international markets, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country and many countries have instituted price ceilings on specific products and therapies. There can be no assurance that our products will be considered medically reasonable and necessary for a specific indication, that our products will be considered cost-effective by third-party payors, that an adequate level of reimbursement will be available or that the third-party payors’ reimbursement policies will not adversely affect our ability to sell our product candidates profitably.

Healthcare Reform

In the United States and foreign jurisdictions, the legislative landscape continues to evolve. There have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system that could affect our future results of operations. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the United States federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs. In March 2010, the PPACA was enacted, which includes measures that have the potential to significantly change health care financing by both governmental and private insurers. The provisions of the PPACA of importance to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry are, among others, the following:

 

    an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs, that began in 2011;

 

    an increase in the rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to 23.1% and 13% of the average manufacturer price for branded and generic drugs, respectively;

 

    a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts to negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;

 

    extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, unless the drug is subject to discounts under the 340B drug discount program;

 

    expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to additional individuals and by adding new mandatory eligibility categories for certain individuals with income at or below 133% of the Federal Poverty Level beginning in 2014, thereby potentially increasing manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability;

 

    expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program;

 

    expansion of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the False Claims Act and the Anti-Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers and enhanced penalties for noncompliance;

 

    a licensure framework for follow-on biologic products;

 

    new requirements under the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act for drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value made to physicians and teaching hospitals as well as ownership or investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and

 

    a new requirement to annually report certain drug samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to licensed practitioners, or to pharmacies of hospitals or other healthcare entities, that began in 2012.

 

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In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. In August 2011, the President signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend proposals in spending reductions to Congress. The Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction did not achieve its targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reductions to several government programs. These reductions include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These new laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on our customers and accordingly, our financial operations. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our products or additional pricing pressures.

Europe / Rest of World Government Regulation

In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing, among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales, marketing and distribution of our products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in foreign countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The requirements and process governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In addition, we and our collaborators may be subject to foreign laws and regulations and other compliance requirements, including, without limitation, anti-kickback laws, false claims laws, and other fraud and abuse laws, as well as laws and regulations requiring transparency of pricing and marketing information and governing the privacy and security of health information, such as the European Union’s Directive 95/46 on the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data. If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

Other Regulatory Requirements

We are also subject to various laws and regulations regarding laboratory practices, the experimental use of animals and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances in connection with our research. In each of these areas, as above, the FDA and other government agencies have broad regulatory and enforcement powers, including, among other things, the ability to levy fines and civil penalties, suspend or delay issuance of approvals, seize or recall products, and withdraw approvals, any one or more of which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Material Commercial Agreements

Our Collaboration with Concert

In September 2011, we entered into a patent assignment agreement with Concert Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Concert, pursuant to which Concert assigned to us a U.S. patent application relating to deuterated pirfenidone. Under the terms of the agreement, Concert receives certain royalty payments, or Royalty Payments, equal to a percentage in the low single digits of net sales in the United States invoiced by us or any of our affiliates with respect to certain pharmaceutical products containing deuterated pirfenidone. If we sell to another party all of our U.S. rights to certain deuterated pirfenidone products or if we grant to another party a license to sell certain deuterated pirfenidone products in the United States, Concert will receive an amount, or Sublicense/Sale Payments, equal to a percentage in the teens of any proceeds we receive therefrom that are attributable to the rights to such deuterated pirfenidone products in the United States. If we are acquired in a change in control transaction at any time that we or any of our affiliates own certain patents or patent applications related to deuterated pirfenidone, Concert will receive 1.44% of any proceeds we receive in such transaction. Such payment is applied as a credit to any future Royalty Payments and Sublicense/Sale Payments that may be due to

 

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Concert under the agreement. The agreement expires upon the earlier to occur of (1) receipt by Concert of the final Sublicense/Sale Payment arising from (a) the sale of our U.S. rights to certain deuterated pirfenidone products or (b) our grant of an exclusive license to sell certain deuterated pirfenidone products in the United States in all indications and fields, or (2) the expiration of the last claim owned by us or any of our affiliates in certain patents or patent applications related to deuterated pirfenidone.

Employees

As of December 31, 2013, we had 13 full-time employees, six of whom hold Ph.D. or M.D. degrees, eight of whom were engaged in research and development activities and five of whom were engaged in business development, finance, information systems, facilities, human resources or administrative support. None of our employees are represented by any collective bargaining unit. We believe that we maintain good relations with our employees.

Facilities

Our principal laboratory and administrative facilities are located in San Diego, California. We currently lease approximately 2,800 square feet of laboratory and office space under a lease that expires August 2016. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current needs, and that suitable additional alternative spaces will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms.

Legal Proceedings

We are currently not a party to any material legal proceedings.

 

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MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth information about our executive officers and directors as of December 31, 2013.

 

Name

  

Age

    

Position(s)

Pratik Shah, Ph.D. 

     44       President and Chief Executive Officer, Director

John Schmid

     50       Chief Financial Officer

Bharatt Chowrira, Ph.D., J.D. 

     48       Chief Operating Officer

Samuel Saks, M.D. (    )

     58       Chief Development Officer, Director

Andreas Sommer, Ph.D. 

     72       Chief Scientific Officer

David Stamler, M.D. 

     52       Chief Medical Officer

Non-Employee Directors

     

Rod Ferguson, Ph.D. (    )

     57       Director

Gerald Proehl (    )

     54       Director

Sepehr Sarshar, Ph.D. (    )

     46       Director

Alex Zisson (    )

     44       Director

 

(1)

Member of the audit committee.

(2)

Member of the compensation committee.

(3)

Member of the nominating and corporate governance committee.

Executive Officers

Pratik Shah, Ph.D. has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer since October 2013 and as a member of our board of directors since June 2007. Dr. Shah served as Chairman of our board of directors from September 2008 to October 2013. Dr. Shah has been a partner in the venture capital firm Thomas, McNerney & Partners since 2004. Prior to joining Thomas, McNerney & Partners, he co-founded Kalypsys, Inc., a private clinical-stage pharmaceutical company, where he served as the Chief Business Officer from 2001 to 2004 and was responsible for the overall strategy, business development and operations of the company. Before co-founding Kalypsys, Inc., Dr. Shah was at McKinsey & Company, a consulting firm, from 1999 to 2001 where he focused on biotechnology and venture capital projects. Prior to McKinsey & Company, Dr. Shah co-founded NephRx Corporation, a start-up company focused on the discovery of therapeutic proteins for renal disease, where he served as the Vice President of Operations from 1997 to 1999. In addition to serving on our board of directors, Dr. Shah currently serves on the board of directors of Ocera Therapeutics, Inc., a publicly-traded clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, and the following private company board of directors: Cebix Incorporated and SGB, Inc. He holds a B.S. in Biological Sciences from the University of California, Irvine and both a Ph.D. in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and an M.B.A. in Finance from the University of Chicago. We believe that Dr. Shah’s experience in managing, financing and consulting with biotechnology companies and having played a key role in founding and building several life sciences companies qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.

John Schmid joined us as Chief Financial Officer in September 2013. Before joining us, Mr. Schmid co-founded Trius Therapeutics, Inc., a publicly-traded biopharmaceutical company, where he served as the Chief Financial Officer from June 2004 until its merger with Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in September 2013. Prior to Trius Therapeutics, Inc., Mr. Schmid served as the Chief Financial Officer at GeneFormatics, Inc., a private biotechnology company, from 1998 to 2003 and Endonetics, Inc., a private medical device company, from 1995 to 1998. Mr. Schmid also currently serves as the chairman of the board of directors of Speak, Inc., a speakers bureau, which he helped found in 1989. Mr. Schmid holds a B.A. in Economics from Wesleyan University and an M.B.A. from the University of San Diego.

Bharatt Chowrira, Ph.D. joined us as Chief Operating Officer in October 2013. Prior to joining us, Dr. Chowrira served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Addex Therapeutics, Inc., a biotechnology company publicly-traded on the SIX Swiss Exchange, from August 2011 to July 2013. Prior to Addex

 

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Therapeutics, Inc., he served as Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer at Nektar Therapeutics, or Nektar, a publicly-traded clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, from May 2008 to January 2011, during which time he also served as the chairman of the board of directors of Nektar India PTY Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Nektar. Prior to Nektar, Dr. Chowrira served as the Vice President, Legal and Chief Patent Counsel at Sirna Therapeutics, Inc., a publicly-traded biotechnology company, from June 2003 until its acquisition by Merck & Co., Inc., or Merck, a publicly-traded global health care company, in December 2006, after which he stayed at Merck until May 2008 as Vice President, Sirna and Executive Director, Worldwide Licensing. From 1993 to 2003, Dr. Chowrira held various leadership positions at Sirna Therapeutics, Inc.’s predecessor, Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-traded biotechnology company. Dr. Chowrira received a J.D. from the University of Denver—Sturm College of Law, a Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the University of Vermont College of Medicine, an M.S. in Molecular Biology from Illinois State University and a B.S. in Microbiology from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Samuel Saks, M.D. joined us as our Chief Development Officer in November 2013 and has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2009. Dr. Saks was a co-founder of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc, a publicly-traded biopharmaceutical company, where he served as Chief Executive Officer from 2003 until his retirement in 2009. From 2001 to 2003, Dr. Saks served as Company Group Chairman of ALZA, a then publicly-traded pharmaceutical and medical systems company and served as a member of the Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Group Operating Committee. From 1992 to 2001, Dr. Saks held various positions with ALZA, most recently as its Group Vice President. Prior to ALZA, Dr. Saks held clinical research and development management positions with Schering-Plough Corporation, a publicly-traded pharmaceutical company that merged with Merck in 2009, Xoma Corp., a publicly-traded biotechnology company, and Genentech, Inc., a then publicly-traded biotechnology company. Dr. Saks currently serves on the boards of directors of TONIX Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Depomed, Inc., both of which are publicly-traded pharmaceutical companies, as well as Bullet Biotechnology, Inc., a private biotechnology company, NuMedii, Inc., a private biotechnology company, and Velocity Pharmaceutical Development, LLC, a private drug development firm. Dr. Saks holds a B.S. in Biology and an M.D. from the University of Illinois. He completed his residency in Internal Medicine at Texas Southwestern and his fellowship in Oncology at the University of California, San Francisco. We believe that Dr. Saks’ more than 35 years of experience in managing biotechnology companies qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.

Andreas Sommer, Ph.D. joined us as Chief Operating Officer in 2009 and became our Chief Scientific Officer in October 2013. Prior to joining us, Dr. Sommer served as Senior Vice President—Research and then President and Chief Executive Officer of Celtrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-traded biopharmaceutical company, from 1995 until it was acquired by Insmed, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, in 2000. From 2000 to 2007, Dr. Sommer served as Chief Scientific Officer of Insmed. Prior to Celtrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., he began his career as Vice President, Research and Development at BioGrowth, Inc., a private biotechnology company, in 1989. Dr. Sommer received his Ph.D. in Microbiology from the University of California, Davis and an M.S./B.S. in Technical Microbiology from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.

David Stamler, M.D. has served as our Chief Medical Officer since January 2011. Prior to joining us, Dr. Stamler served as Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer at XenoPort, Inc., a publicly-traded biopharmaceutical company, from 2008 to 2010 and Chief Scientific Officer and Head of Drug Development at Prestwick Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a private pharmaceutical company, from 2005 to 2008. Prior to Prestwick Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Dr. Stamler worked at Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. and its subsidiaries from 1997 to 2005, in various leadership roles, including Vice President, Research and Development, Medical Sciences at Fujisawa Healthcare, Inc. from 2003 to 2005 and as Vice President, Clinical Research Center at Fujisawa Research Institute of America from 2000 to 2003. Dr. Stamler began his career at Abbott Laboratories, a publicly-traded global pharmaceuticals and healthcare products company, where he served in various positions from 1993 to 1997, including Director of Clinical Research, Pharmaceutical Products for the International Division. Dr. Stamler received an M.D. from the University of Chicago—The Pritzker School of Medicine and a B.A. in Biology from the University of Chicago.

 

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Non-Employee Directors

Rod Ferguson, Ph.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2013. Dr. Ferguson is currently a Managing Director at Panorama Capital, a technology and life sciences investment firm, which he co-founded in 2006. Prior to co-founding Panorama Capital, Dr. Ferguson served as a Managing Director at JPMorgan Partners, a private equity firm, from 2001 to 2006. From 1999 to 2001, he was a Partner at InterWest Partners, a venture capital firm. Prior to InterWest Partners, he held a variety of positions at Genentech, Inc., a then publicly-traded biotechnology company, from 1988 to 1999, including Senior Director of Business and Corporate Development. Prior to Genentech, Inc., Dr. Ferguson was an Associate at the law firm of McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen LLP. Dr. Ferguson received a B.S. with honors in Biochemistry from the University of Illinois, a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the State University of New York at Buffalo and a J.D., cum laude, from Northwestern University. We believe that Dr. Ferguson’s experience in investment banking and in financing pharmaceutical companies qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.

Gerald T. Proehl has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2014. Mr. Proehl was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Santarus, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, from January 2002 until its sale to Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, in January 2014. Prior to becoming Santarus’ President and CEO, Mr. Proehl served as Santarus’ President and Chief Operating Officer from March 2000 through December 2001 and Vice President, Marketing and Business Development from April 1999 to March 2000. Prior to joining Santarus, Mr. Proehl spent 14 years at Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc., a global pharmaceutical company, where he served in various capacities in multiple therapeutic areas including gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, wound care and central nervous system. Mr. Proehl holds a B.S. in education from the State University of New York at Cortland, an M.A. in exercise physiology from Wake Forest University and an M.B.A. from Rockhurst College. We believe that Mr. Proehl’s management, operational and marketing experience in the pharmaceutical sector qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.

Sepehr Sarshar, Ph.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2009 and is one of our founders. Dr. Sarshar is a Partner at Sloan Biotech Fund, a venture capital firm, where he has been a Member since 2001. Since January 2011, Dr. Sarshar has been the Manager at Costa Verde Capital, LLC and Costa Verde Capital II, LLC, both venture capital firms. Prior to our founding, Dr. Sarshar worked for Pfizer Inc. a publicly-traded multinational pharmaceutical company, from 1997 to 2000 and for Ontogen Corporation, a private biotechnology company, from 1994 to 1997. Dr. Sarshar received a B.S. in Chemistry and Mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles and a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Harvard University. We believe that Dr. Sarshar’s experience managing pharmaceutical companies and as one of our founders qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.

Alex Zisson has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2013. Mr. Zisson is currently a Partner in the venture capital firm Thomas, McNerney & Partners and is also currently a board member of Clarus Therapeutics, Inc., a private pharmaceutical company, and InnoPharma, Inc., a private pharmaceutical research and development company. Prior to Thomas, McNerney & Partners, Mr. Zisson spent 11 years in the research department at Hambrecht & Quist, an investment bank (and its successor firms Chase H&Q and JPMorgan H&Q), from 1991 to 2002, including serving as Managing Director from 1997 to 2002 and as the firm’s Health Care Strategist following the merger of Chase H&Q and JPMorgan. Mr. Zisson is a Member of the Industry Advisory Board of the Children’s Tumor Foundation, a private foundation, and a member of the board of directors of Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada Development Corporation, a private company focused on economic development in northern Ontario. Mr. Zisson received a B.A. in History from Brown University, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and graduated magna cum laude. We believe that Mr. Zisson’s experience in investment banking and in financing pharmaceutical companies qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.

Board Composition

Our business and affairs are organized under the direction of our board of directors, which currently consists of six members. The primary responsibilities of our board of directors are to provide oversight, strategic guidance, counseling and direction to our management. Our board of directors meets on a regular basis and on an ad hoc basis as required.

 

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Our board of directors has determined that all of our directors other than Drs. Shah and Saks are independent directors, as defined by Rule 5605(a)(2) of the NASDAQ Listing Rules.

In accordance with the terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, our board of directors will be elected annually to a one year term.

The authorized size of our board of directors is currently eight members. The authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of our board of directors. Our directors may be removed for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 23% of our voting stock.

Board Leadership Structure

The board of directors does not currently have a Chairman of the Board. We have a separate chair for each committee of our board of directors. The chairs of each committee are expected to report annually to our board of directors on the activities of their committee in fulfilling their responsibilities as detailed in their respective charters or specify any shortcomings should that be the case.

Role of the Board in Risk Oversight

The audit committee of our board of directors is primarily responsible for overseeing our risk management processes on behalf of our board of directors. Going forward, we expect that the audit committee will receive reports from management at least quarterly regarding our assessment of risks. In addition, the audit committee reports regularly to our board of directors, which also considers our risk profile. The audit committee and our board of directors focus on the most significant risks we face and our general risk management strategies. While our board of directors oversees our risk management, management is responsible for day-to-day risk management processes. Our board of directors expects management to consider risk and risk management in each business decision, to proactively develop and monitor risk management strategies and processes for day-to-day activities and to effectively implement risk management strategies adopted by the audit committee and our board of directors. We believe this division of responsibilities is the most effective approach for addressing the risks we face and that our board of directors leadership structure, which also emphasizes the independence of our board of directors in its oversight of its business and affairs, supports this approach.

Board Committees

Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of         ,          and         . Our board of directors has determined that each of the members of our audit committee satisfies the NASDAQ Stock Market and SEC independence requirements.              serves as the chair of our audit committee. The functions of this committee include, among other things:

 

    evaluating the performance, independence and qualifications of our independent auditors and determining whether to retain our existing independent auditors or engage new independent auditors;

 

    reviewing and approving the engagement of our independent auditors to perform audit services and any permissible non-audit services;

 

    monitoring the rotation of partners of our independent auditors on our engagement team as required by law;

 

    prior to engagement of any independent auditor, and at least annually thereafter, reviewing relationships that may reasonably be thought to bear on their independence, and assessing and otherwise taking the appropriate action to oversee the independence of our independent auditor;

 

    reviewing our annual and quarterly financial statements and reports, including the disclosures contained under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and discussing the statements and reports with our independent auditors and management;

 

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    reviewing with our independent auditors and management significant issues that arise regarding accounting principles and financial statement presentation and matters concerning the scope, adequacy and effectiveness of our financial controls;

 

    reviewing with management and our auditors any earnings announcements and other public announcements regarding material developments;

 

    establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by us regarding financial controls, accounting or auditing matters and other matters;

 

    preparing the report that the SEC requires in our annual proxy statement;

 

    reviewing and providing oversight of any related-person transactions in accordance with our related person transaction policy and reviewing and monitoring compliance with legal and regulatory responsibilities, including our code of business conduct and ethics;

 

    reviewing our major financial risk exposures, including the guidelines and policies to govern the process by which risk assessment and risk management is implemented;

 

    reviewing on a periodic basis our investment policy; and

 

    reviewing and evaluating on an annual basis its own performance, including its compliance with its charter.

Our board of directors has determined that              qualifies as an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of SEC regulations and meets the financial sophistication requirements of the NASDAQ Listing Rules. In making this determination, our board has considered             . Both our independent registered public accounting firm and management periodically meet privately with our audit committee.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of         ,          and         .          serves as the chair of our compensation committee. Our board of directors has determined that each of the members of our compensation committee is a non-employee director, as defined in Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act, is an outside director, as defined pursuant to Section 162(m) of the Code, and satisfies the NASDAQ Stock Market independence requirements. The functions of this committee include, among other things:

 

    reviewing, modifying and approving (or if it deems appropriate, making recommendations to the full board of directors regarding) our overall compensation strategy and policies;

 

    reviewing and approving the compensation and other terms of employment of our executive officers;

 

    reviewing and approving performance goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our executive officers and assessing their performance against these goals and objectives;

 

    reviewing and approving (or if it deems it appropriate, making recommendations to the full board of directors regarding) the equity incentive plans, compensation plans and similar programs advisable for us, as well as modifying, amending or terminating existing plans and programs;

 

    evaluating risks associated with our compensation policies and practices and assessing whether risks arising from our compensation policies and practices for our employees are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us;

 

    reviewing and approving (or if it deems it appropriate, making recommendations to the full board of directors regarding) the type and amount of compensation to be paid or awarded to our non-employee board members;

 

    establishing policies with respect to votes by our stockholders to approve executive compensation as required by Section 14A of the Exchange Act and determining our recommendations regarding the frequency of advisory votes on executive compensation, to the extent required by law;

 

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    reviewing and assessing the independence of compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisors as required by Section 10C of the Exchange Act;

 

    administering our equity incentive plans;

 

    establishing policies with respect to equity compensation arrangements;

 

    reviewing the competitiveness of our executive compensation programs and evaluating the effectiveness of our compensation policy and strategy in achieving expected benefits to us;

 

    reviewing, approving and, if appropriate, making recommendations to the full board of directors regarding the terms of any employment agreements, severance arrangements, change in control protections and any other compensatory arrangements for our executive officers;

 

    reviewing the adequacy of its charter on a periodic basis;

 

    reviewing with management and approving our disclosures, if any, under the caption “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” and related tables in our periodic reports or proxy statements to be filed with the SEC;

 

    preparing the report that the SEC requires in our annual proxy statement; and

 

    reviewing and assessing on an annual basis its own performance.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of         ,          and         . Our board of directors has determined that each of the members of this committee satisfies the NASDAQ Stock Market independence requirements.              serves as the chair of our nominating and corporate governance committee. The functions of this committee include, among other things:

 

    identifying, reviewing and evaluating candidates to serve on our board of directors consistent with criteria approved by our board of directors;

 

    determining the minimum qualifications for service on our board of directors;

 

    evaluating director performance on the board and applicable committees of the board and determining whether continued service on our board is appropriate;

 

    evaluating, nominating and recommending individuals for membership on our board of directors;

 

    evaluating nominations by stockholders of candidates for election to our board of directors;

 

    considering and assessing the independence of members of our board of directors;

 

    developing a set of corporate governance policies and principles, including a code of business conduct and ethics, periodically reviewing and assessing these policies and principles and their application and recommending to our board of directors any changes to such policies and principles;

 

    considering questions of possible conflicts of interest of directors as such questions arise;

 

    reviewing the adequacy of its charter on an annual basis; and

 

    annually evaluating the performance of the nominating and corporate governance committee.

We believe that the composition and functioning of our nominating and corporate governance committee complies with all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and all applicable SEC and NASDAQ rules and regulations. We intend to comply with future requirements to the extent they become applicable to us.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

None of our current or former executive officers serves as a member of the compensation committee. None of our officers serves, or has served during the last completed fiscal year on the board of directors or

 

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compensation committee, or other committee serving an equivalent function, of any other entity that has one or more of its executive officers serving as a member of our board of directors or our compensation committee. Prior to establishing the compensation committee, our full board of directors made decisions relating to compensation of our officers. For a description of transactions between us and members of our compensation committee and affiliates of such members, please see “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.”

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or person performing similar functions. Following this offering, a current copy of the code will be available on the Corporate Governance section of our website, www.auspexpharma.com.

Limitation of Liability and Indemnification

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, limits the liability of directors to the maximum extent permitted by Delaware law. Delaware law allows a corporation to eliminate the personal liability of directors of a corporation to the corporation and its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of their fiduciary duties as directors, except for liability for any:

 

    breach of his or her duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders;

 

    act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;

 

    unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions as provided in Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law; or

 

    transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, does not eliminate a director’s duty of care and, in appropriate circumstances, equitable remedies, such as injunctive or other forms of non-monetary relief, will remain available under Delaware law. These limitations also do not affect a director’s responsibilities under any other laws, such as the federal securities laws or other state or federal laws. Our amended and restated bylaws, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, provide that we will indemnify our directors and executive officers and may indemnify other officers, employees and other agents, to the fullest extent permitted by law. Our amended and restated bylaws, which will become effective upon the completion of this offering, also provide that we are obligated to advance expenses incurred by a director or officer in advance of the final disposition of any action or proceeding and also permit us to secure insurance on behalf of any officer, director, employee or other agent for any liability arising out of his or her actions in connection with their services to us, regardless of whether our amended and restated bylaws permit such indemnification. We have obtained a policy of directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.

We intend to enter into separate indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers, in addition to the indemnification provided for in our amended and restated bylaws. These agreements, among other things, will require us to indemnify our directors and executive officers for certain expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by a director or executive officer in any action or proceeding arising out of their services as one of our directors or executive officers or any other company or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request. We believe that these bylaw provisions and indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our stockholders. A

 

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stockholder’s investment may be harmed to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.

We believe that these provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended bylaws and these indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.

There is no pending litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors or executive officers as to which indemnification is required or permitted, and we are not aware of any threatened litigation or proceeding that may result in a claim for indemnification.

 

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EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

Our named executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2013, which consist of our principal executive officers and our two other most highly compensated executive officers, are:

 

    Pratik Shah, Ph.D., our President and Chief Executive Officer;

 

    Lawrence C. Fritz, our former President and Chief Executive Officer;

 

    Andreas Sommer, Ph.D., our Chief Scientific Officer; and

 

    David Stamler, M.D., our Chief Medical Officer.

Summary Compensation Table

 

Name and principal position

   Year      Salary
($)
    Bonus
($)(2)
     Stock
Awards
($)(3)
     Option
Awards
($)(3)
     All other
compensation
($)(4)
    Total
($)
 

Pratik Shah, Ph.D.

     2013         102,500        490,000         483,130                 9,606 (6)      1,085,236   

President and Chief Executive Officer(1)

                  

Lawrence C. Fritz

     2013         52,794 (5)                              391,262 (5)      444,056   

Former President and Chief Executive Officer(5)

     2012         350,000                                1,158        351,158   

Andreas Sommer, Ph.D.

     2013         287,500                        43,566         1,247        332,313   

Chief Scientific Officer

     2012         266,827        12,500                 42,963         1,314        323,604   
                  

David Stamler, M.D.

     2013         291,200                        49,418         1,683        342,301   

Chief Medical Officer

     2012         275,833        14,000                 13,291         1,374        304,498   

 

(1)

Dr. Shah served as our President and Chief Executive Officer commencing in October 2013.

(2)

This column reflects discretionary cash bonuses earned for the respective fiscal year and, with respect to Dr. Shah, in accordance with his offer letter agreement, a $150,000 cash signing bonus, $250,000 retention bonus and $90,000 guaranteed annual bonus for 2013. As of the date of this prospectus, the amount of discretionary cash bonuses earned by our named executive officers for 2013 has not yet been determined. We expect to determine and pay such bonuses on or before March 31, 2014. For more information, see below under “—Bonus Compensation.”

(3)

In accordance with SEC rules, this column reflects the aggregate fair value of the stock awards and option awards granted during the respective fiscal year computed as of their respective grant dates in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 for stock-based compensation transactions (ASC 718). Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 8 to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. These amounts do not reflect the actual economic value that will be realized by the named executive officer upon the vesting of the stock awards or option awards, the exercise of the option awards, or the sale of the common stock underlying such stock awards and option awards.

(4)

This column reflects term life and disability insurance premiums paid by us on behalf of the named executive officers. All of these benefits are provided to the named executive officers on the same terms as provided to all of our regular full-time employees. For more information regarding these benefits, see below under “—Perquisites, Health, Welfare and Retirement Benefits.”

(5)

Mr. Fritz terminated employment with us on February 4, 2013. Mr. Fritz’s salary for 2013 includes a $20,067 cash payment representing accrued vacation time. The amount of compensation in the “All other compensation” column for Mr. Fritz for 2013 includes $316 for term life and disability premiums paid by us on behalf of Mr. Fritz and severance benefits provided to Mr. Fritz pursuant to his offer letter agreement in the form of $360,000 for twelve months of continued base salary, $30,946 for twelve months of COBRA premiums.

 

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(6)

The amount in this column represents $504 in life and disability premiums and $9,103 in legal fees and expenses that we paid on behalf of Dr. Shah in connection with the negotiation of his offer letter agreement and commencement of employment with us in October 2013.

Annual Base Salary

The compensation of our named executive officers is generally determined and approved at the beginning of each year or, if later, in connection with the commencement of employment of the executive, by our board of directors or the compensation committee. The following represent the 2013 annual base salaries for our named executive officers. The 2013 base salary for Dr. Shah became effective in connection with his commencement of employment with us on October 1, 2013. The 2013 base salary for Mr. Fritz remained unchanged from 2012 and the 2013 base salaries for Dr. Sommer and Dr. Stamler became effective January 1, 2013.

 

Name

   2013 Base Salary ($)  

Pratik Shah, Ph.D.

     410,000   

Lawrence C. Fritz

     360,000   

Andreas Sommer, Ph.D.

     287,500   

David Stamler, M.D.

     291,200   

Bonus Compensation

From time to time our board of directors or compensation committee may approve bonuses for our named executive officers based on individual performance, company performance or as otherwise determined appropriate. In 2013, our named executive officers other than Dr. Shah were not entitled to any target or minimum bonus and no specific performance goals or bonus program were established for our named executive officers.

Pursuant to Dr. Shah’s offer letter agreement, he is entitled to an annual bonus of up to 45% of his annual base salary based on achievement of corporate goals determined by the board of directors; however, Dr. Shah is entitled to a guaranteed annual cash bonus of $90,000 for 2013, which we expect to pay on or before March 31, 2014. In addition, we paid Dr. Shah a $150,000 cash signing bonus in November 2013 pursuant to his offer letter agreement. In connection with this offering and pursuant to Dr. Shah’s offer letter agreement, Dr. Shah earned a cash retention bonus of $250,000 in December 2013, which we expect to pay to Dr. Shah on or before March 31, 2014. For additional information regarding the terms of Dr. Shah’s bonuses under his offer letter agreement, see below under “—Agreements with our Named Executive Officers.”

As of this date of this prospectus, the amount of bonuses (other than with respect to Dr. Shah’s bonuses described above) earned by our named executive officers for 2013 has not yet been determined. We expect to determine and pay these bonuses on or before March 31, 2014. Due to his termination of employment in February 2013, Mr. Fritz was not eligible to earn any bonus for 2013. However, Mr. Fritz received severance compensation pursuant to his offer letter agreement as described below under “—Potential Payments upon Termination or Change of Control.”

Equity-Based Incentive Awards

Our equity-based incentive awards are designed to align our interests and the interests of our stockholders with those of our employees and consultants, including our named executive officers. The board of directors is responsible for approving equity grants.

We have historically used stock options as the primary incentive for long-term compensation to our named executive officers because they are able to profit from stock options only if our stock price increases relative to the stock option’s exercise price, which exercise price is set at the fair market value of our common stock at the date of grant. We have also granted restricted stock awards from time to time. We may grant equity awards at such times as our board of directors determines appropriate. Our executives generally are awarded an initial grant in the form of a stock option or restricted stock award in connection with their commencement of employment. Additional grants may occur periodically in order to specifically incentivize executives with respect to achieving certain corporate goals or to reward executives for exceptional performance.

 

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Prior to this offering, we have granted all stock options and restricted stock awards pursuant to our 2010 plan and our 2001 Stock Option Plan, or the 2001 plan. We may no longer grant stock options under our 2001 plan and there are no stock options outstanding under this plan. Following this offering, we will grant equity incentive awards under the terms of our 2014 plan. The terms of our equity plans are described below under “—Equity Benefit Plans.”

All options are granted with an exercise price per share that is no less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant of each award. Our stock option awards and restricted stock awards generally vest over a four-year period and may be subject to acceleration of vesting and exercisability under certain termination and change of control events.

On January 29, 2013, the board of directors granted an option to purchase 300,000 shares of common stock to Dr. Sommer and an option to purchase 300,000 shares of common stock to Dr. Stamler, each with an exercise price of $0.19 per share and vesting over four years, subject to Dr. Sommer’s and Dr. Stamler’s continued service with us. On October 1, 2013, the board of directors granted additional options to purchase 50,000 and 117,989 shares of common stock to Dr. Sommer and Dr. Stamler, respectively, each with an exercise price of $0.12 per share and vesting over four years, subject to Dr. Sommer’s and Dr. Stamler’s continued service with us.

In connection with Dr. Shah’s commencement of employment with us as our President and Chief Executive Officer and pursuant to his offer letter agreement, the board of directors granted him a restricted stock award on October 1, 2013 for 4,026,084 shares of our common stock of which 712,952 shares were fully vested on the date of grant, 293,569 shares vest in January 2014 and the remaining 3,019,563 shares vest in equal monthly installments over the following three years, subject to Dr. Shah’s continued service with us.

We did not grant any equity awards to Mr. Fritz in 2013 and all of his equity awards expired in 2013 in connection with his termination.

On January 10, 2014, we granted options to purchase 968,190 shares and 30,000 shares to Dr. Shah and Dr. Sommer, respectively. Each of these options was granted with an exercise price of $1.46 per share and vests over a four year and one year period, respectively, subject to Dr. Shah’s and Dr. Sommer’s continued service with us.

Agreements with our Named Executive Officers

Below are written descriptions of our offer letter agreements with certain of our executive officers, including each of our named executive officers. Each of our named executive officers’ employment is “at will” and may be terminated at any time.

Dr. Shah. We entered into an offer letter agreement with Dr. Shah in October 2013 setting forth the terms of his employment as our President and Chief Executive Officer. Pursuant to the agreement, Dr. Shah is entitled to an initial annual base salary of $410,000 and an annual bonus of up to 45% of his annual base salary based on achievement of corporate goals determined by the board of directors and payable in a mix of cash and equity, as determined by the board of directors. Dr. Shah’s agreement provides for a guaranteed $90,000 annual cash bonus for each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014, provided that he is serving as our Chief Executive Officer at the time of payment of each such bonus. In addition, Dr. Shah was paid a signing bonus of $150,000 in November 2013 and he is eligible to receive a $50,000 cash retention bonus on September 30 of each year, beginning on September 30, 2014 and ending on and including September 30, 2018 if Dr. Shah continues in our employment through each such payment date. However, upon the earlier of (1) the completion of a change of control, (2) the filing of the registration statement for the first registered offering of our securities under the Securities Act, and (3) the date on which we become subject to the reporting requirements under Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act and provided that Dr. Shah continues in our employment through such event, any remaining retention bonuses to which Dr. Shah has not yet been paid according to the schedule above will be paid to him.

Pursuant to his offer letter agreement, Dr. Shah was granted a restricted stock award in October 2013 covering 4,026,084 shares of our common stock of which 712,952 shares were fully vested on the date of grant, 293,569 shares vest in January 2014 and the remaining 3,019,563 shares vest in equal monthly installments over the following three years, subject to Dr. Shah’s continued service with us. Dr. Shah is entitled to certain severance and

 

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change of control benefits pursuant to his agreement, the terms of which are described below under “—Potential Payments upon Termination or Change of Control.”

Mr. Fritz. We entered into an offer letter agreement with Mr. Fritz in May 2011 setting forth the terms of his employment. Pursuant to the agreement, Mr. Fritz was entitled to an annual base salary of $240,000 upon his commencement of full-time service with us in September 2011, which was increased on February 1, 2012 to $360,000. Pursuant to the agreement, Mr. Fritz was granted an option to purchase 928,049 shares of our common stock in May 2011 with a four-year vesting schedule subject to Mr. Fritz’s continued service with us. Mr. Fritz’s offer letter agreement also provided for certain severance and change of control benefits, the terms of which are described below under “—Potential Payments upon Termination or Change of Control.”

Dr. Sommer. We entered into an offer letter agreement with Dr. Sommer in January 2009 setting forth the terms of his employment. Pursuant to the agreement, Dr. Sommer was entitled to an initial annual base salary of $200,000, which has been subsequently increased most recently as of January 2013. Pursuant to the agreement, Dr. Sommer was granted an option to purchase 300,000 shares of our common stock in June 2009 that vested over a four-year period subject to Dr. Sommer’s continued service with us which was cancelled in 2010 in connection with our reverse stock split.

Dr. Stamler. We entered into an offer letter agreement with Dr. Stamler in February 2011, as amended in August 2011, setting forth the terms of his part-time employment. Pursuant to the agreement, Dr. Stamler was entitled to an initial annual base salary of $168,000. Prior to February 2012, Dr. Stamler provided services to us on an 80% of full-time basis. In February 2012, we amended Dr. Stamler’s offer letter agreement to provide for his full-time employment and an annual base salary of $280,000 which has been subsequently increased most recently as of January 2013. Pursuant to the agreement, Dr. Stamler was granted an option to purchase 139,207 shares of our common stock in March 2011 and an option to purchase 92,804 shares of our common stock in January 2012, each of which vested over a four-year period subject to Dr. Stamler’s continued service with us.

Potential Payments upon Termination or Change of Control

Regardless of the manner in which a named executive officer’s service terminates, the named executive officer is entitled to receive amounts earned during his or her term of service, including salary and unused vacation pay.

Dr. Shah. Pursuant to his offer letter agreement, if we terminate Dr. Shah’s employment without cause or if Dr. Shah terminates his employment as a result of a constructive termination, in each case prior to the 30 days prior to a change of control or more than 12 months following a change of control, subject his execution of an effective release and waiver of claims in favor of us, Dr. Shah will receive (1) continued payment of his base salary for 12 months, (2) a pro rated portion of any annual bonus that Dr. Shah would have earned based on achievement of milestones during the 12-month period following his termination, as determined by the board of directors, (3) payment for continued health benefits under COBRA for up to 12 months and (4) accelerated vesting of all of his outstanding stock awards as if he had completed an additional 12 months of employment with us. If we terminate Dr. Shah’s employment without cause or if Dr. Shah terminates his employment as a result of a constructive termination, in each case within the 30 days prior to a change of control or the 12 months following a change of control, subject his execution of an effective release and waiver of claims in favor of us, Dr. Shah will receive (1) continued payment of his base salary for 12 months, (2) any committed annual bonus under his employment agreement for the year of such termination, if applicable, (3) any annual bonus that Dr. Shah would have earned based on achievement of milestones during the 12-month period following this termination, as determined by the board of directors, (4) payment for continued health benefits under COBRA for up to 12 months and (5) accelerated vesting of all of his outstanding stock awards in full.

Mr. Fritz. Pursuant to his offer letter agreement, if we terminated Mr. Fritz’s employment without cause or if Mr. Fritz terminated his employment as a result of a constructive termination subject to his execution of an effective release and waiver of claims in favor of us, he was entitled to continued payment of his base salary for 12 months following his termination, payment for continued health benefits under COBRA for up to 12 months and accelerated vesting of his stock options as if he had completed an additional 12 months of employment with us; provided, however that if Mr. Fritz’s termination without cause or constructive termination occurred in connection with or within 12 months after a change of control, he would have received accelerated vesting of

 

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his stock options in full. In connection with Mr. Fritz’s termination of employment with us in February 2013, he received 12 months of continued payment of base salary and 12 months of COBRA premiums both of which were paid in full in 2013. In addition, in February 2013, Mr. Fritz received 12 months of accelerated vesting of his stock options which thereafter terminated in May 2013.

Dr. Sommer and Dr. Stamler are not entitled to any termination or change of control compensation pursuant to their offer letter agreements with us.

For purposes of the agreements described above:

 

    “cause” generally means with respect to each of Mr. Fritz and Dr. Shah, (1) willful failure to substantially perform assigned duties or responsibilities that is not cured within 30 days following written notice; (2) engaging in any act of fraud, embezzlement or other illegal conduct detrimental to us; (3) willful violation of any federal or state law or regulation applicable to our business; (4) material breach of any confidentiality agreement or invention assignment agreement with us, if not cured to our satisfaction within 30 days of written notice; or (5) conviction of or entering a plea of nolo contendere to a felony involving an act of moral turpitude.

 

    “change of control” generally means (1) our acquisition by another entity by means of any transaction or series of related transactions (including any reorganization, merger or consolidation or stock transfer, but excluding such transaction effected primarily for the purpose of changing our domicile), unless our stockholders immediately prior to such transaction hold more than 50% of the voting power of the surviving or acquiring entity immediately after such transaction and excluding our sale of securities for the primary purpose of raising additional funds; or (2) a sale, lease or exclusive license or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, other than to an entity, more than 50% of the combined voting power of which is owned by our stockholders in substantially the same proportions as their ownership in us immediately prior to such sale, lease, exclusive license or other disposition.

 

    “constructive termination” generally means with respect to each of Mr. Fritz and Dr. Shah, his termination of employment due to any of the following event after giving us written notice and an opportunity to cure (1) a material breach of the offer letter agreement with us; (2) a material reduction in duties, authority or responsibilities; (3) a reduction in base salary, other than a reduction of less than 15% applicable to all of our senior management, and with respect to Dr. Shah, which reduction must be material; or (4) with respect to Mr. Fritz, a request by us or our successor to relocate the principal place of duties with us to outside San Diego County, California and with respect to Dr. Shah, our relocation of the principal place for performance of Dr. Shah’s duties to a location outside of San Diego County, California, that requires a one-way increase in his commuting distance of more than 50 miles.

Each of our named executive officers holds stock options or stock awards under our 2010 plan. A description of the termination and change of control provisions in our 2010 plan is provided below under “—Equity Benefit Plans.”

In December 2013, our board of directors approved an executive severance benefit plan, or the severance plan, that provides each of our executive officers, including Dr. Sommer and Dr. Stamler but not including Dr. Shah, potential severance benefits. Under the severance plan, if we terminate the executive’s employment without cause or if the executive terminates employment for good reason, subject to the executive’s execution of an effective release and waiver of claims in favor of us, the executive is entitled to continued payment of base salary for six months following termination and accelerated vesting of stock awards subject to time-based vesting as if the executive had completed an additional six months of employment with us. These severance payments are subject to reduction or elimination in the event that the executive receives compensation during such six month period from full time services with another entity. In addition, if the executive’s termination without cause or resignation for good reason occurs within 30 days before or 12 months following a change of control, subject to the executive’s execution of an effective release and waiver of claims in favor of us, the executive is entitled to continued payment of base salary for 12 months following termination and accelerated vesting of stock awards in full. The severance plan supersedes any severance benefits the executive is entitled to under his offer letter or employment agreement with us. For purposes of the severance plan, the definition of “cause” and “change of control” have the same general meaning as in the offer letter agreements described

 

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above except that the severance plan also defines “cause” as a participant’s material breach of an employment, consulting or other agreement with us, if such breach is not cured within 30 days of written notice, and a participant’s indictment for a felony involving an act of moral turpitude. “Good reason” for purposes of the severance plan generally means the following events, conditions or actions taken by us with respect to the executive without cause and without the executive’s express written consent (1) a material reduction in annual base salary other than in connection with a comparable reduction affecting all officers at such executive’s level; (2) a material reduction in the executive’s authority, duties or responsibilities; (3) a relocation of the executive’s principal place of employment to a location outside of San Diego County that increases the executive’s one-way commute by more than 50 miles; or (4) a material breach by us of such executive’s offer letter, employment agreement or similar agreement with us.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

The following table sets forth certain information regarding equity awards granted to our named executive officers that remain outstanding as of December 31, 2013.

 

     Option Awards(1)      Stock Awards(1)  
     Grant Date      Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options
Exercisable
(#)
    Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options
Unexercisable
(#)
    Option
Exercise
Price
($)(2)
     Option
Expiration
Date
     Number of
Shares or
Units of
Stock that
Have Not
Vested (#)
    Market Value of
Shares or Units
of Stock that
Have Not Vested
($)
 

Pratik Shah, Ph.D.

                                           3,313,132 (3)      4,837,173 (11) 

Andreas Sommer, Ph.D.

     12/15/2010         300,000 (4)      (4)    $ 0.20         12/14/2020                  
     1/31/2012         300,000 (5)      (5)    $ 0.20         1/30/2022                  
     1/29/2013         300,000 (6)      (6)    $ 0.19         1/28/2023                  
     10/1/2013         50,000 (7)      (7)    $ 0.12         9/30/2023                  

David Stamler, M.D.

     3/11/2011         139,207 (8)      (8)    $ 0.20         3/10/2021                  
     1/31/2012         92,804 (9)      (9)    $ 0.20         1/30/2022                  
     1/29/2013         300,000 (6)      (6)    $ 0.19         1/28/2023                  
     10/1/2013         117,989 (10)      (10)    $ 0.12         9/30/2023                  
(1)

All of the outstanding option awards and stock awards were granted under and subject to the terms of the 2010 plan, described below under “—Equity Benefit Plans.” As of December 31, 2013, each option award listed in the table above may be exercised at any time prior to vesting and any unvested shares acquired upon such “early exercise” are subject to our right to repurchase that lapses according to the vesting schedule of the option. In addition, all vesting of option awards and stock awards is subject to the executive’s continuous service with us through the vesting dates and the potential vesting acceleration described above under “—Potential Payments upon Termination or Change of Control.” See “—Narrative Disclosure to Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End Table” below for a discussion related to amendments in 2013 to certain outstanding stock options.

(2)

All of the option awards were granted with a per share exercise price equal to the fair market value of one share of our common stock on the date of grant, as determined in good faith by our board of directors.

(3)

712,952 shares vested on October 1, 2013, 293,569 shares vest on January 15, 2014 and 83,876 shares vest on the 15th day of each month commencing on February 15, 2014 and ending on January 15, 2017.

(4)

30,000 shares vested on the date of grant and 5,625 shares vest on the 11th day of each month commencing on November 11, 2010 and ending on October 11, 2014.

(5)

6,250 shares vest on the 1st day of each moth commencing on March 1, 2012 and ending on February 1, 2016.

(6)

75,000 shares vest on January 29, 2014 and 6,250 shares vest on the 29th day of each month commencing on February 29, 2014 and ending on January 29, 2017.

(7)

12,500 shares vest on October 1, 2014 and 1,041 shares vest on the 1st day of each month commencing on November 1, 2014 and ending on October 1, 2017.

(8)

2,900 shares vest on the 15th day of each month commencing on February 15, 2011 and ending on January 15, 2015.

 

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(9)

1,933 shares vest on the 15th day of each month commencing on February 15, 2012 and ending on January 15, 2016.

(10)

29,497 shares vest on October 1, 2014 and 2,458 shares vest on the 1st day of each month commencing on November 1, 2014 and ending on October 1, 2017.

(11)

Because Auspex’s common stock was not traded on a public market on December 31, 2013, the market value has been determined based on a per-share common stock value of $1.46, which was the per share value of our common stock as determined by an independent valuation firm as of December 31, 2013.

Narrative Disclosure to Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End Table

Our named executive officers did not exercise any stock option awards during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. In 2013, in connection with Mr. Fritz’s termination, pursuant to his offer letter agreement, his options accelerated vesting and terminated in May 2013 without Mr. Fritz exercising any options. In October 2013, we amended all of Dr. Sommer’s and Dr. Stamler’s outstanding options to provide that they could be exercised at any time prior to vesting and any unvested shares acquired upon such “early exercise” would be subject to our right to repurchase that would lapse according to the vesting schedule of the option.

Perquisites, Health, Welfare and Retirement Benefits

Our named executive officers are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans, including our medical, dental, vision, group life, disability and accidental death and dismemberment insurance plans, in each case on the same basis as all of our other employees. In addition, we provide a medical cash subsidy to any employee, including a named executive officer, who chooses not to participate in our benefit plans described above. We provide a 401(k) plan to our employees, including our current named executive officers, as discussed in the section below entitled “—401(k) Plan.”

We generally do not provide perquisites or personal benefits to our named executive officers, except in limited circumstances. We do, however, pay the premiums for term life insurance and disability insurance for all of our employees, including our current named executive officers. Our board of directors may elect to adopt qualified or non-qualified benefit plans in the future if it determines that doing so is in our best interests.

401(k) Plan

We maintain a defined contribution employee retirement plan, or 401(k) plan, for our employees. Our named executive officers are eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan on the same basis as our other employees. The 401(k) plan is intended to qualify as a tax-qualified plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The 401(k) plan provides that each participant may contribute up to the lesser of 90% of his or her compensation or the statutory limit, which is $17,500 for calendar year 2013. Participants that are 50 years or older can also make “catch-up” contributions, which in calendar year 2013 may be up to an additional $5,500 above the statutory limit. We currently do not make matching contributions into the 401(k) plan on behalf of participants. Participant contributions are held and invested, pursuant to the participant’s instructions, by the plan’s trustee.

Nonqualified Deferred Compensation

We do not maintain nonqualified defined contribution plans or other nonqualified deferred compensation plans. Our board of directors may elect to provide our officers and other employees with non-qualified defined contribution or other nonqualified deferred compensation benefits in the future if it determines that doing so is in our best interests.

Equity Benefit Plans

2014 Equity Incentive Plan

Our board of directors adopted the 2014 plan in                      2013, and we expect our stockholders will approve the 2014 plan prior to this offering and that the 2014 plan will become effective upon the date of the underwriting agreement for this offering. Once the 2014 plan is effective, no further grants will be made under the 2010 plan.

Stock Awards. The 2014 plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, or ISOs, nonstatutory stock options, or NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance-based stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation, which we refer to collectively as stock awards, all of

 

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which may be granted to employees, including officers, non-employee directors and consultants of us and our affiliates. Additionally, the 2014 plan provides for the grant of performance cash awards. ISOs may be granted only to employees. All other awards may be granted to employees, including officers, and to non-employee directors and consultants.

Share Reserve. Initially, the aggregate number of shares of our common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the 2014 plan after the 2014 plan becomes effective is              shares, which is the sum of (1)              new shares, plus (2) the number of shares reserved for issuance under our 2010 plan at the time our 2014 plan becomes effective, plus (3) any shares subject to outstanding stock options or other stock awards that would have otherwise returned to our 2010 plan (such as upon the expiration or termination of a stock award prior to vesting). Additionally, the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2014 plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2015 (assuming the 2014 plan becomes effective before such date) and continuing through and including January 1, 2024, by     % of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors. The maximum number of shares that may be issued upon the exercise of ISOs under our 2014 plan is              shares.

No person may be granted stock awards covering more than              shares of our common stock under our 2014 plan during any calendar year pursuant to stock options, stock appreciation rights and other stock awards whose value is determined by reference to an increase over an exercise or strike price of at least 100% of the fair market value on the date the stock award is granted. Additionally, no person may be granted in a calendar year a performance stock award covering more than              shares or a performance cash award having a maximum value in excess of $        . Such limitations are designed to help assure that any deductions to which we would otherwise be entitled with respect to such awards will not be subject to the $1,000,000 limitation on the income tax deductibility of compensation paid to any covered executive officer imposed by Section 162(m) of the Code. In addition, a maximum of the greater of              shares of our common stock or such number of shares of common stock that has a fair market value on the grant date equal to $             may be granted to any non-employee director during any calendar year pursuant to stock awards.

If a stock award granted under the 2014 plan expires or otherwise terminates without being exercised in full, or is settled in cash, the shares of our common stock not acquired pursuant to the stock award again will become available for subsequent issuance under the 2014 plan. In addition, the following types of shares under the 2014 plan may become available for the grant of new stock awards under the 2014 plan: (1) shares that are forfeited to or repurchased by us prior to becoming fully vested; (2) shares withheld to satisfy income or employment withholding taxes; or (3) shares used to pay the exercise or purchase price of a stock award. Shares issued under the 2014 plan may be previously unissued shares or reacquired shares bought by us on the open market. As of the date hereof, no awards have been granted and no shares of our common stock have been issued under the 2014 plan.

Administration. Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee thereof, has the authority to administer the 2014 plan. Our board of directors may also delegate to one or more of our officers the authority to (1) designate employees (other than other officers) to be recipients of certain stock awards, and (2) determine the number of shares of common stock to be subject to such stock awards. Subject to the terms of the 2014 plan, our board of directors or the authorized committee, referred to herein as the plan administrator, determines recipients, dates of grant, the numbers and types of stock awards to be granted and the terms and conditions of the stock awards, including the period of their exercisability and vesting schedule applicable to a stock award. Subject to the limitations set forth below, the plan administrator will also determine the exercise price, strike price or purchase price of awards granted and the types of consideration to be paid for the award.

The plan administrator has the authority to modify outstanding awards under our 2014 plan. Subject to the terms of our 2014 plan, the plan administrator has the authority to reduce the exercise, purchase or strike price of any outstanding stock award, cancel any outstanding stock award in exchange for new stock awards, cash or other consideration, or take any other action that is treated as a repricing under generally accepted accounting principles, with the consent of any adversely affected participant.

 

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Stock Options. ISOs and NSOs are granted pursuant to stock option agreements adopted by the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines the exercise price for a stock option, within the terms and conditions of the 2014 plan, provided that the exercise price of a stock option generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2014 plan vest at the rate specified by the plan administrator.

The plan administrator determines the term of stock options granted under the 2014 plan, up to a maximum of 10 years. Unless the terms of an option holder’s stock option agreement provide otherwise, if an option holder’s service relationship with us, or any of our affiliates, ceases for any reason other than disability, death or cause, the option holder may generally exercise any vested options for a period of three months following the cessation of service. The option term may be extended in the event that exercise of the option following such a termination of service is prohibited by applicable securities laws or our insider trading policy. If an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases due to disability or death, or an optionholder dies within a certain period following cessation of service, the optionholder or a beneficiary may generally exercise any vested options for a period of 12 months in the event of disability and 18 months in the event of death. In the event of a termination for cause, options generally terminate immediately upon the termination of the individual for cause. In no event may an option be exercised beyond the expiration of its term.

Acceptable consideration for the purchase of common stock issued upon the exercise of a stock option will be determined by the plan administrator and may include (1) cash, check, bank draft or money order, (2) a broker-assisted cashless exercise, (3) the tender of shares of our common stock previously owned by the optionholder, (4) a net exercise of the option if it is an NSO, and (5) other legal consideration approved by the plan administrator.

Unless the plan administrator provides otherwise, options generally are not transferable except by will, the laws of descent and distribution, or pursuant to a domestic relations order. An optionholder may designate a beneficiary, however, who may exercise the option following the optionholder’s death.

Tax Limitations On Incentive Stock Options. The aggregate fair market value, determined at the time of grant, of our common stock with respect to ISOs that are exercisable for the first time by an optionholder during any calendar year under all of our stock plans and the stock plans of any of our affiliates may not exceed $100,000. Options or portions thereof that exceed such limit will generally be treated as NSOs. No ISO may be granted to any person who, at the time of the grant, owns or is deemed to own stock possessing more than 10% of our total combined voting power or that of any of our affiliates unless (1) the option exercise price is at least 110% of the fair market value of the stock subject to the option on the date of grant, and (2) the term of the ISO does not exceed five years from the date of grant.

Restricted Stock Awards. Restricted stock awards are granted pursuant to restricted stock award agreements adopted by the plan administrator. Restricted stock awards may be granted in consideration for (1) cash, check, bank draft or money order, (2) services rendered to us or our affiliates, or (3) any other form of legal consideration. Common stock acquired under a restricted stock award may, but need not, be subject to a share repurchase option in our favor in accordance with a vesting schedule to be determined by the plan administrator. A restricted stock award may be transferred only upon such terms and conditions as set by the plan administrator. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, restricted stock that has not vested will be forfeited or repurchased by us upon the participant’s cessation of continuous service for any reason.

Restricted Stock Unit Awards. Restricted stock unit awards are granted pursuant to restricted stock unit award agreements adopted by the plan administrator. Restricted stock unit awards may be granted in consideration for any form of legal consideration. A restricted stock unit award may be settled by cash, delivery of stock, a combination of cash and stock as deemed appropriate by the plan administrator, or in any other form of consideration set forth in the restricted stock unit award agreement. Additionally, dividend equivalents may be credited in respect of shares covered by a restricted stock unit award. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, restricted stock units that have not vested will be forfeited upon the participant’s cessation of continuous service for any reason.

Stock Appreciation Rights. Stock appreciation rights are granted pursuant to stock appreciation grant agreements adopted by the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines the strike price for a stock

 

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appreciation right, which generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Upon the exercise of a stock appreciation right, we will pay the participant an amount equal to the product of (1) the excess of the per share fair market value of our common stock on the date of exercise over the strike price, multiplied by (2) the number of shares of common stock with respect to which the stock appreciation right is exercised. A stock appreciation right granted under the 2014 plan vests at the rate specified in the stock appreciation right agreement as determined by the plan administrator.

The plan administrator determines the term of stock appreciation rights granted under the 2014 plan, up to a maximum of ten years. Unless the terms of a participant’s stock appreciation right agreement provides otherwise, if a participant’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases for any reason other than cause, disability or death, the participant may generally exercise any vested stock appreciation right for a period of three months following the cessation of service. The stock appreciation right term may be further extended in the event that exercise of the stock appreciation right following such a termination of service is prohibited by applicable securities laws. If a participant’s service relationship with us, or any of our affiliates, ceases due to disability or death, or a participant dies within a certain period following cessation of service, the participant or a beneficiary may generally exercise any vested stock appreciation right for a period of 12 months in the event of disability and 18 months in the event of death. In the event of a termination for cause, stock appreciation rights generally terminate immediately upon the occurrence of the event giving rise to the termination of the individual for cause. In no event may a stock appreciation right be exercised beyond the expiration of its term.

Performance Awards. The 2014 plan permits the grant of performance-based stock and cash awards that may qualify as performance-based compensation that is not subject to the $1,000,000 limitation on the income tax deductibility of compensation paid to a covered executive officer imposed by Section 162(m) of the Code. To help assure that the compensation attributable to performance-based awards will so qualify, our compensation committee can structure such awards so that stock or cash will be issued or paid pursuant to such award only after the achievement of certain pre-established performance goals during a designated performance period.

The performance goals that may be selected include one or more of the following: (1) earnings (including earnings per share and net earnings); (2) earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation; (3) earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization; (4) earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and legal settlements; (5) earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, legal settlements and other income (expense); (6) earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, legal settlements, other income (expense) and stock-based compensation; (7) earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, legal settlements, other income (expense), stock-based compensation and changes in deferred revenue; (8) total stockholder return; (9) return on equity or average stockholders’ equity; (10) return on assets, investment, or capital employed; (11) stock price; (12) margin (including gross margin); (13) income (before or after taxes); (14) operating income; (15) operating income after taxes; (16) pre-tax profit; (17) operating cash flow; (18) sales or revenue targets; (19) increases in revenue or product revenue; (20) expenses and cost reduction goals; (21) improvement in or attainment of working capital levels; (22) economic value added (or an equivalent metric); (23) market share; (24) cash flow; (25) cash flow per share; (26) share price performance; (27) debt reduction; (28) stockholders’ equity; (29) capital expenditures; (30) debt levels; (31) operating profit or net operating profit; (32) workforce diversity; (33) growth of net income or operating income; (34) billings; (35) bookings; (36) employee retention; (37) initiation of phases of clinical trials and/or studies by specific dates; (38) patient enrollment rates; (39) budget management; (40) submission to, or approval by, a regulatory body (including, but not limited to the FDA) of an applicable filing or a product candidate; (41) implementation or completion of projects or processes (including, without limitation, clinical trial initiation, clinical trial enrollment, clinical trial results, new and supplemental indications for existing products, regulatory filing submissions, regulatory filing acceptances, regulatory or advisory committee interactions, regulatory approvals, and product supply); (42) regulatory milestones; (43) progress of internal research or clinical programs; (44) progress of partnered programs; (45) partner satisfaction; (46) timely completion of clinical trials; (47) submission of INDs and NDAs and other regulatory achievements; (48) research progress, including the development of programs; (49) strategic partnerships or transactions (including in-licensing and out-licensing of intellectual property; and (50) to the extent that an award is not intended to comply with Section 162(m) of the Code, other measures of performance selected by our board of directors.

 

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The performance goals may be based on a company-wide basis, with respect to one or more business units, divisions, affiliates, or business segments, and in either absolute terms or relative to the performance of one or more comparable companies or the performance of one or more relevant indices. Unless specified otherwise (1) in the award agreement at the time the award is granted or (2) in such other document setting forth the performance goals at the time the goals are established, we will appropriately make adjustments in the method of calculating the attainment of performance goals as follows: (a) to exclude restructuring and/or other nonrecurring charges; (b) to exclude exchange rate effects; (c) to exclude the effects of changes to generally accepted accounting principles; (d) to exclude the effects of any statutory adjustments to corporate tax rates; (e) to exclude the effects of any “extraordinary items” as determined under generally accepted accounting principles; (f) to exclude the dilutive effects of acquisitions or joint ventures; (g) to assume that any business divested by us achieved performance objectives at targeted levels during the balance of a performance period following such divestiture; (h) to exclude the effect of any change in the outstanding shares of our common stock by reason of any stock dividend or split, stock repurchase, reorganization, recapitalization, merger, consolidation, spin-off, combination or exchange of shares or other similar corporate change, or any distributions to common stockholders other than regular cash dividends; (i) to exclude the effects of stock based compensation and the award of bonuses under our bonus plans; (j) to exclude costs incurred in connection with potential acquisitions or divestitures that are required to be expensed under generally accepted accounting principles; (k) to exclude the goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges that are required to be recorded under generally accepted accounting principles; (l) to exclude the effect of any other unusual, non-recurring gain or loss or other extraordinary item; and (m) to exclude the effects of the timing of acceptance for review and/or approval of submissions to the FDA or any other regulatory body. In addition, we retain the discretion to reduce or eliminate the compensation or economic benefit due upon attainment of the goals. The performance goals may differ from participant to participant and from award to award.

Other Stock Awards. The plan administrator may grant other awards based in whole or in part by reference to our common stock. The plan administrator will set the number of shares under the stock award and all other terms and conditions of such awards.

Changes to Capital Structure. In the event that there is a specified type of change in our capital structure, such as a stock split or recapitalization, appropriate adjustments will be made to (1) the class and maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2014 plan, (2) the class and maximum number of shares by which the share reserve may increase automatically each year, (3) the class and maximum number of shares that may be issued upon the exercise of ISOs, (4) the class and maximum number of shares subject to stock awards that can be granted in a calendar year (as established under the 2014 plan pursuant to Section 162(m) of the Code), (5) the class and maximum number of shares that may be awarded to any non-employees director and (6) the class and number of shares and exercise price, strike price, or purchase price, if applicable, of all outstanding stock awards.

Corporate Transactions. In the event of certain specified significant corporate transactions, the plan administrator has the discretion to take any of the following actions with respect to stock awards:

 

    arrange for the assumption, continuation or substitution of a stock award by a surviving or acquiring entity or parent company;

 

    arrange for the assignment of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by us to the surviving or acquiring entity or parent company;

 

    accelerate the vesting of the stock award and provide for its termination prior to the effective time of the corporate transaction;

 

    arrange for the lapse of any reacquisition or repurchase right held by us;

 

    cancel or arrange for the cancellation of the stock award in exchange for such cash consideration, if any, as our board of directors may deem appropriate; or

 

    make a payment equal to the excess of (a) the value of the property the participant would have received upon exercise of the stock award over (b) the exercise price otherwise payable in connection with the stock award.

 

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Our plan administrator is not obligated to treat all stock awards, even those that are of the same type, in the same manner.

Under the 2014 plan, a corporate transaction is generally the consummation of (1) a sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, (2) a sale or other disposition of at least 90% of our outstanding securities, (3) a merger, consolidation or similar transaction following which we are not the surviving corporation, or (4) a merger, consolidation or similar transaction following which we are the surviving corporation but the shares of our common stock outstanding immediately prior to such transaction are converted or exchanged into other property by virtue of the transaction.

Change of Control. The plan administrator may provide, in an individual award agreement or in any other written agreement between a participant and us that the stock award will be subject to additional acceleration of vesting and exercisability in the event of a change of control. Under the 2014 plan, a change of control is generally (1) the acquisition by a person or entity of more than 50% of our combined voting power other than by merger, consolidation or similar transaction; (2) a consummated merger, consolidation or similar transaction immediately after which our stockholders cease to own more than 50% of the combined voting power of the surviving entity; (3) a consummated sale, lease or exclusive license or other disposition of all or substantially of our assets; (4) a complete dissolution or liquidation of the Company, except for a liquidation into a parent corporation, or (5) when a majority of our board of directors becomes comprised of individuals who were not serving on our board of directors on the date of adoption of the 2014 plan, or the incumbent board, or whose nomination, appointment, or election was not approved by a majority of the incumbent board still in office.

Amendment and Termination. Our board of directors has the authority to amend, suspend, or terminate our 2014 plan, provided that such action does not materially impair the existing rights of any participant without such participant’s written consent. No ISOs may be granted after the tenth anniversary of the date our board of directors adopted our 2014 plan.

2010 Equity Incentive Plan

Our board of directors and our stockholders approved our 2010 plan and it became effective in June 2010 and was subsequently amended by our board of directors and stockholders most recently in December 2013. Our 2010 plan is a continuation of and successor to our 2001 plan and after our 2010 plan became effective, no further stock awards may be granted under our 2001 plan. As of December 31, 2013, there were 5,322,975 shares remaining available for the grant of stock awards under our 2010 plan and there were outstanding stock options covering a total of 4,437,561 shares and outstanding restricted stock awards covering 4,199,996 shares that were granted under our 2010 plan. There were no outstanding stock awards under our 2001 plan at any time during 2013.

After the effective date of the 2014 plan, no additional awards will be granted under the 2010 plan, and all awards granted under the 2010 plan that are repurchased, forfeited, expire or are cancelled will become available for grant under the 2014 plan in accordance with its terms.

Stock awards. The 2010 plan provides for the grant of ISO, NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and restricted stock unit awards, which we refer to collectively as stock awards, all of which may be granted to employees, including officers, non-employee directors and consultants of us and our affiliates. ISOs may be granted only to employees. All other awards may be granted to employees, including officers, and to non-employee directors and consultants. We have only granted stock options and restricted stock awards under the 2010 plan.

Share Reserve. The aggregate number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance pursuant to stock awards under the 2010 plan is 14,839,704. The maximum number of shares that may be issued upon the exercise of ISOs under our 2010 plan is 20,000,000 shares.

If a stock award granted under the 2010 plan is forfeited back to us because of the failure to meet a contingency or condition required to vest, such shares will become available for subsequent issuance under the 2010 plan. In addition, shares withheld to satisfy income or employment withholding taxes and shares used to pay the exercise price of a stock option will become available for the grant of new stock awards under the 2010 plan. Shares issued under the 2010 plan may be authorized but unissued or reacquired common stock, including shares repurchased by us on the open market.

 

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Administration. Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee thereof, has the authority to administer the 2010 plan. Subject to the terms of the 2010 plan, our board of directors or the authorized committee, referred to herein as the plan administrator, determines recipients, dates of grant, the numbers and types of stock awards to be granted and the terms and conditions of the stock awards, including the period of their exercisability and vesting schedule applicable to a stock award. Subject to the limitations set forth below, the plan administrator will also determine the exercise price, strike price or purchase price of awards granted and the types of consideration to be paid for the award.

The plan administrator has the authority to modify outstanding awards under our 2010 plan. Subject to the terms of our 2010 plan, the plan administrator has the authority to reduce the exercise or strike price of any outstanding stock award, cancel any outstanding stock award in exchange for new stock awards, cash or other consideration, or take any other action that is treated as a repricing under generally accepted accounting principles, with the consent of any adversely affected participant.

Stock Options. Incentive and nonstatutory stock options are granted pursuant to stock option agreements adopted by the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines the exercise price for a stock option, within the terms and conditions of the 2010 plan, provided that the exercise price of a stock option generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2010 plan vest at the rate specified by the plan administrator.

The plan administrator determines the term of stock options granted under the 2010 plan, up to a maximum of 10 years. Unless the terms of an option holder’s stock option agreement provide otherwise, if an option holder’s service relationship with us, or any of our affiliates, ceases for any reason other than disability, death or cause, the option holder may generally exercise any vested options for a period of three months following the cessation of service, with respect to employee option holders, or twelve months following the cessation of service, with respect to consultants or Board of Director member option holders. The option term may be extended in the event that exercise of the option following such a termination of service is prohibited by applicable securities laws or our insider trading policy. If an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases due to disability or death, or an optionholder dies within a certain period following cessation of service, the optionholder or a beneficiary may generally exercise any vested options for a period of six months following the cessation of service or death, as applicable. In the event of a termination for cause, options generally terminate 30 days following the employee’s termination. In no event may an option be exercised beyond the expiration of its term.

Acceptable consideration for the purchase of common stock issued upon the exercise of a stock option will be determined by the plan administrator and may include (1) cash, check, bank draft or money order, (2) a broker-assisted cashless exercise, (3) the tender of shares of our common stock previously owned by the optionholder, (4) a net exercise of the option if it is an NSO, and (5) other legal consideration approved by the plan administrator.

Unless the plan administrator provides otherwise, options generally are not transferable except by will, the laws of descent and distribution, or pursuant to a domestic relations order. An optionholder may designate a beneficiary, however, who may exercise the option following the optionholder’s death.

Tax Limitations On Incentive Stock Options. The aggregate fair market value, determined at the time of grant, of our common stock with respect to ISOs that are exercisable for the first time by an optionholder during any calendar year under all of our stock plans may not exceed $100,000. Options or portions thereof that exceed such limit will generally be treated as NSOs. No ISO may be granted to any person who, at the time of the grant, owns or is deemed to own stock possessing more than 10% of our total combined voting power or that of any of our affiliates unless (1) the option exercise price is at least 110% of the fair market value of the stock subject to the option on the date of grant, and (2) the option is not exercisable after the expiration of five years from the date of grant.

Restricted Stock Awards. Restricted stock awards are granted pursuant to restricted stock award agreements adopted by the plan administrator. Restricted stock awards may be granted in consideration for (1) cash or cash equivalents, (2) past services rendered to us or our affiliates, or (3) any other form of legal consideration acceptable to the plan administrator and permissible under applicable law. Common stock acquired under a

 

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restricted stock award may, but need not, be subject to a forfeiture condition in our favor in accordance with a vesting schedule to be determined by the plan administrator. Restricted stock awards may be transferred only upon such terms and conditions as set by the plan administrator. Upon the participant’s cessation of continuous service for any reason, we generally may receive any restricted stock that has not vested as of such cessation of service through a forfeiture condition or a repurchase right. Any right we have to repurchase unvested shares will generally be at a price equal to the lower of the fair market value of the shares on the date of repurchase or the original purchase price for the shares.

Changes to Capital Structure. In the event that there is a specified type of change in our capital structure, such as a stock split or recapitalization, appropriate adjustments will be made to (a) the class and maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2010 plan, (b) the class and maximum number of shares that may be issued upon the exercise of ISOs, and (c) the class and number of shares and price per share of stock subject to all outstanding stock awards.

Corporate Transactions. In the event of certain specified significant corporate transactions, unless otherwise provided in a stock award or other written agreement between us and the holder of a stock award, the plan administrator has the discretion to take any of the following actions with respect to stock awards:

 

    arrange for the assumption, continuation or substitution of a stock award by a surviving or acquiring entity or its parent company;

 

    arrange for the assignment of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by us with respect to the shares covered by the stock award to the surviving or acquiring entity or its parent company;

 

    accelerate the vesting and exercisability, if applicable, of the stock award and provide for its termination at or prior to the effective time of the corporate transaction;

 

    arrange for the lapse of any reacquisition or repurchase right held by us with respect to the shares covered by the stock award;

 

    cancel or arrange for the cancellation of the stock award, to the extent not vested or not exercised prior to the effective time of the corporate transaction, in exchange for such cash consideration, if any, as our board of directors may deem appropriate; or

 

    make a payment in such form determined by our board of directors equal to the excess of (a) the value of the property the holder of the stock award would have received upon exercise of the stock award over (b) any exercise price otherwise payable by such holder in connection with the stock award.

Our plan administrator is not obligated to treat all stock awards or portions thereof or all holders of stock awards, even those that are of the same type, in the same manner.

Under the 2010 plan, a corporate transaction is generally the consummation of (1) a sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, (2) a sale or other disposition of at least 90% of our outstanding securities, (3) a merger, consolidation or similar transaction following which we are not the surviving corporation, or (4) a merger, consolidation or similar transaction following which we are the surviving corporation but the shares of our common stock outstanding immediately prior to such transaction are converted or exchanged into other property by virtue of the transaction.

Change of Control. The plan administrator may provide, in an individual award agreement or in any other written agreement between a participant and us that the stock award will be subject to additional acceleration of vesting and exercisability in the event of a change of control. Under the 2010 plan, a change of control is generally (1) the acquisition by a person or entity of more than 50% of our combined voting power other than by merger, consolidation or similar transaction; (2) a consummated merger, consolidation or similar transaction involving us immediately after which our stockholders cease to own more than 50% of the combined voting power of the surviving entity or of its parent entity; (3) our complete dissolution or liquidation or approval by our stockholders or our board of directors of a plan of complete dissolution or liquidation of us; (4) a consummated sale, lease or exclusive license or other disposition of all or substantially of our assets; or (5) when a majority of our board of directors becomes comprised of individuals who were not serving on our

 

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board of directors on the date of adoption of the 2010 plan, or the incumbent board, or whose nomination, appointment, or election was not approved by a majority of the incumbent board then still in office.

Amendment and Termination. The 2010 plan will terminate on June 29, 2020. However, our board of directors has the authority to amend, suspend, or terminate our 2010 plan, provided that such action does not materially impair the existing rights of any participant without such participant’s written consent.

2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Our board of directors adopted the ESPP in                      2013 and we expect our stockholders will approve the ESPP prior to the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement for this offering. The ESPP will become effective upon the date of the underwriting agreement for this offering. The purpose of the ESPP is to retain the services of new employees and secure the services of new and existing employees while providing incentives for such individuals to exert maximum efforts toward our success and that of our affiliates.

Share Reserve. Following this offering, the ESPP authorizes the issuance of              shares of our common stock pursuant to purchase rights granted to our employees or to employees of any of our designated affiliates. The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, from January 1, 2015 (assuming the ESPP becomes effective before such date) through January 1, 2024 by the least of (a)     % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, (b)              shares, or (c) a number determined by our board of directors that is less than (a) and (b). The ESPP is intended to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code. As of the date hereof, no shares of our common stock have been purchased under the ESPP.

Administration. Our board of directors has delegated its authority to administer the ESPP to our compensation committee. The ESPP is implemented through a series of offerings of purchase rights to eligible employees. Under the ESPP, we may specify offerings with durations of not more than 27 months, and may specify shorter purchase periods within each offering. Each offering will have one or more purchase dates on which shares of our common stock will be purchased for employees participating in the offering. An offering may be terminated under certain circumstances.

Payroll Deductions. Generally, all regular employees, including executive officers, employed by us or by any of our designated affiliates, may participate in the ESPP and may contribute, normally through payroll deductions, up to 15% of their earnings for the purchase of our common stock under the ESPP. Unless otherwise determined by our board of directors, common stock will be purchased for accounts of employees participating in the ESPP at a price per share equal to the lower of (a) 85% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the first date of an offering or (b) 85% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of purchase.

Limitations. Employees may have to satisfy one or more of the following service requirements before participating in the ESPP, as determined by our board of directors: (a) customarily employed for more than 20 hours per week, (b) customarily employed for more than five months per calendar year or (c) continuous employment with us or one of our affiliates for a period of time (not to exceed two years). No employee may purchase shares under the ESPP at a rate in excess of $25,000 worth of our common stock based on the fair market value per share of our common stock at the beginning of an offering for each year such a purchase right is outstanding. Finally, no employee will be eligible for the grant of any purchase rights under the ESPP if immediately after such rights are granted, such employee has voting power over 5% or more of our outstanding capital stock measured by vote or value pursuant to Section 424(d) of the Code.

Changes to Capital Structure. In the event that there occurs a change in our capital structure through such actions as a stock split, merger, consolidation, reorganization, recapitalization, reincorporation, stock dividend, dividend in property other than cash, large nonrecurring cash dividend, liquidating dividend, combination of shares, exchange of shares, change in corporate structure or similar transaction, the board of directors will make appropriate adjustments to (a) the class(es) and number of shares reserved under the ESPP, (b) the class(es) and maximum number of shares by which the share reserve may increase automatically each year, (c) the class(es)

 

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and number of shares and purchase price of all outstanding purchase rights and (d) the class(es) and number of shares that are the subject of the purchase limits under each ongoing offering.

Corporate Transactions. In the event of certain significant corporate transactions, including: (1) a sale of all our assets, (2) the sale or disposition of 90% of our outstanding securities, (3) the consummation of a merger or consolidation where we do not survive the transaction, and (4) the consummation of a merger or consolidation where we do survive the transaction but the shares of our common stock outstanding immediately prior to such transaction are converted or exchanged into other property by virtue of the transaction, any then-outstanding rights to purchase our stock under the ESPP may be assumed, continued or substituted for by any surviving or acquiring entity (or its parent company). If the surviving or acquiring entity (or its parent company) elects not to assume, continue or substitute for such purchase rights, then the participants’ accumulated payroll contributions will be used to purchase shares of our common stock within 10 business days prior to such corporate transaction, and such purchase rights will terminate immediately.

Plan Amendments, Termination. Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate our ESPP, provided that except in certain circumstances any such amendment or termination may not materially impair any outstanding purchase rights without the holder’s consent. We will obtain stockholder approval of any amendment to our ESPP as required by applicable law or listing requirements.

Director Compensation

Historically, we have not paid cash compensation to directors for their service on our board of directors nor have we paid equity compensation to our non-employee directors who are nominated by our principal stockholders for service on our board of directors. We have provided equity compensation to our non-employee directors who are not nominated by our principal stockholders from time to time when we determined appropriate.

We granted Dr. Saks an option to purchase 215,000 shares on January 29, 2013 and an option to purchase 122,561 shares and on April 2, 2013, each of which has an exercise price of $0.19 per share and vests over a period of four years, subject to Dr. Saks’ continued service with us. On October 1, 2013, we granted Dr. Saks a restricted stock award for 277,489 shares of our common stock and we granted Dr. Sarshar an option to purchase 100,000 shares at an exercise price of $0.12 per share. Each of these October 1, 2013 grants vests over a four year period, subject to Dr. Saks’ and Dr. Sarshar’s continued services with us.

In November 2013 we entered into an offer letter agreement with Dr. Saks for his employment services as our Chief Development Officer. Pursuant to this agreement, Dr. Saks is entitled to an annual base salary of $50,000 for his employment services and pursuant to a letter agreement with Dr. Saks in December 2013, Dr. Saks is entitled to full equity acceleration of all of the shares subject to Dr. Saks’ equity awards upon a change of control where Dr. Saks does not continue to provide services following the change of control as a member of the board of the surviving entity.

The stock options granted to Dr. Saks and Dr. Sarshar prior to October 2013 were amended in October 2013 to provide that they could be exercised prior to vesting. In October 2013, Dr. Sarshar exercised outstanding options to purchase 100,000 shares and 25,000 shares.

On January 10, 2014, in connection with his appointment to the board of directors, Mr. Proehl was granted an option to purchase 60,000 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $1.46 per share that vests in full on the one year anniversary of the date of grant, subject to Mr. Proehl’s continued service with us.

We have reimbursed and will continue to reimburse all of our non-employee directors for their travel, lodging and other reasonable expenses incurred in attending meetings of our board of directors and committees of our board of directors.

 

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The following table sets forth in summary form information concerning the compensation that we paid or awarded during the year ended December 31, 2013 to each of our non-employee directors:

 

Name(1)

  

Fees Earned or

Paid in Cash
($)

  

Stock Awards

($)(2)

  

Option Awards

($)(2)

  Total
($)

David Collier, M.D.(3).

          

Rod Ferguson, Ph.D.

          

Samuel Saks, M.D.(4)

      33,299    43,815(5)   77,114

Sepehr Sarshar, Ph.D.

         8,606   8,606

Alex Zisson

          

 

  (1)

Dr. Shah was also a director during 2013; as a named executive officer, his compensation is fully reflected in the “—Summary Compensation Table” above. Dr. Shah did not receive any compensation in 2013 for services he provided as a member of our board of directors.

  (2)

In accordance with SEC rules, this column reflects the aggregate fair value of the stock awards and option awards granted in 2013 computed as of their respective grant dates in accordance with ASC 718. Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 8 to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. These amounts do not reflect the actual economic value that will be realized by the non-employee director upon the vesting of the stock awards or option awards, the exercise of the option awards or the sale of the common stock underlying such stock awards or option awards.

The aggregate number of shares subject to each director’s outstanding and unexercised option awards and outstanding stock awards as of December 31, 2013 was as follows: Dr. Saks: 372,561 shares underlying outstanding option awards and 277,489 shares underlying outstanding unvested restricted stock awards; Dr. Sarshar: 100,000 unvested shares acquired through early exercise of his stock option that are subject to our right of repurchase. None of our other non-employee directors held outstanding option or stock awards as of December 31, 2013.

 

  (3)

Dr. Collier resigned from the board of directors effective January 7, 2014.

  (4)

Dr. Saks became an executive officer in November 2013. Pursuant to his offer letter agreement with us, he was paid a total of $7,197 in annual base salary in 2013 for his employment services.

  (5)

The amount in this column consists of a grant date fair value under ASC 718 of $28,139 and $15,676 for the options granted to Dr. Saks in January 2013 and April 2013, respectively.

Effective in connection with this offering, our board of directors adopted a new compensation policy that will be applicable to all of our non-employee directors. This compensation policy provides that each such non-employee director will receive the following compensation for service on our board of directors:

 

    an annual cash retainer of $30,000;

 

    an additional cash retainer of $20,000 to the chairman of the board of directors;

 

    an additional annual cash retainer of $7,500, $5,000 and $3,000 for service as a member of the audit committee, compensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee, respectively;

 

    an additional annual cash retainer of $7,500, $5,000 and $3,000 for service as chairman of the audit committee, compensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee, respectively; and

 

    an annual option grant to purchase              shares of our common stock for each non-employee director serving on the board of directors on the date of our annual stockholder meeting, vesting one year following the grant date.

 

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Each of the option grants described above will vest and become exercisable subject to the director’s continuous service to us, provided that each option will vest in full upon a change of control (as defined under our 2014 plan). The term of each option will be 10 years, subject to earlier termination as provided in the 2014 plan, except that the post-termination exercise period will be for 12 months from the date of termination, if such termination is other than for cause or due to death. The options will be granted under our 2014 plan, the terms of which are described in more detail above under “—Equity Benefit Plans—2014 Equity Incentive Plan.”

 

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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The following includes a summary of transactions since January 1, 2011 to which we have been a party, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeded $120,000, and in which any of our directors, executive officers or, to our knowledge, beneficial owners of more than 5% of our capital stock or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than equity and other compensation, termination, change in control and other arrangements, which are described under “Executive And Director Compensation.”

Loan Arrangements

Since January 1, 2011, we have entered into various loan arrangements with beneficial owners of more than 5% of our capital stock or entities affiliated with certain of our directors, pursuant to which we have issued convertible promissory notes and warrants. The participants in these loan arrangements included the following holders of more than 5% of our capital stock, or entities affiliated with them, or entities affiliated with certain of our directors. The following table presents the aggregate principal amount of convertible promissory notes issued to these related parties in these loan arrangements:

 

Participants(1)

   Aggregate Principal
Amount of Notes
 

Thomas, McNerney & Partners(2)

   $ 5,039,999   

CMEA Capital(3)

   $ 3,600,001   

Sloan Biotech Fund(4)

   $ 360,000   

 

(1)

Additional detail regarding these stockholders and their equity holdings is provided in “Principal Stockholders.”

(2)

Consisted of $4,969,439 aggregate principal amount of notes issued to TMP, $51,912 aggregate principal amount of notes issued to TMP Nominee II, LLC and $18,648 aggregate principal amount of notes issued to TMP Associates II, L.P.

(3)

Consisted of $3,510,001 aggregate principal amount of notes issued to CMEA and $89,999 aggregate principal amount of notes issued to CMEA Ventures VII (Parallel), L.P.

(4)

Consisted of $180,000 aggregate principal amount of notes issued to Sloan Biotech Fund and $180,000 aggregate principal amount of notes issued to Sloan Biotech Fund II.

In October 2012, the holders of our outstanding convertible promissory notes agreed to the cancellation of their notes in exchange for an aggregate of 11,012,456 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock.

In addition to convertible promissory notes, each lender received warrants to purchase shares of our preferred stock in each debt financing. The following table presents the aggregate number of shares of preferred stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants issued to each lender:

 

Participants(1)

   Warrants to Purchase
Shares of Series D
Preferred Stock(2)
 

Thomas, McNerney & Partners(3)

     1,169,372   

CMEA Capital(4)

     835,265   

Sloan Biotech Fund(5)

     83,526   

 

(1)

Additional detail regarding these stockholders and their equity holdings is provided in “Principal Stockholders.”

(2)

The warrants were originally exercisable for Series C Preferred Stock but became exercisable for Series D Preferred Stock upon the closing of the Series D Preferred Stock financing.

(3)

Consists of (a) 1,153,002 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued to TMP, (b) 12,044 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued to TMP Nominee II, LLC and (c) 4,326 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued to TMP Associates II, L.P.

 

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(4)

Consists of (a) 814,384 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued to CMEA and (b) 20,881 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued to CMEA Ventures VII (Parallel), L.P.

(5)

Consists of (a) 41,763 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued to Sloan Biotech Fund and (b) 41,763 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of a warrant issued to Sloan Biotech Fund II.

Series D Preferred Stock Financing

In October 2012, we entered into a Series D Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, or the Series D Purchase Agreement, and held the closing of the first tranche of the Series D Preferred Stock financing, pursuant to which we issued and sold an aggregate of 20,293,201 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock, which includes the 11,012,456 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to noteholders in exchange for the cancellation of then-outstanding convertible promissory notes, at a purchase price of $0.86 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $17,492,739. The following table sets forth the number of shares of Series D Preferred Stock purchased by holders of more than 5% of our common stock, or entities affiliated with them, or entities affiliated with certain of our directors at the initial closing of the preferred stock financing, including shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to certain holders of more than 5% of our common stock or entities affiliated with certain of our directors in exchange for the cancellation of then-outstanding convertible promissory notes:

 

Name(1)

   Shares of Series D
Preferred Stock
     Purchase Price  

Thomas, McNerney & Partners(2)

     9,039,190       $ 7,791,782   

CMEA Capital(3)

     6,456,566       $ 5,565,560   

Panorama Capital, L.P.

     4,350,349       $ 3,750,001   

Sloan Biotech Fund(4)

     447,096       $ 385,397   

 

(1)

Additional detail regarding these stockholders and their equity holdings is provided in “Principal Stockholders.”

(2)

Consists of (a) 8,912,642 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to TMP for an aggregate purchase price of $7,682,697, (b) 93,104 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to TMP Nominee II, LLC for an aggregate purchase price of $80,256 and (c) 33,444 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to TMP Associates II, L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $28,829.

(3)

Consists of (a) 6,295,153 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to CMEA for an aggregate purchase price of $5,426,422 and (b) 161,413 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to CMEA Ventures VII (Parallel), L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $139,138.

(4)

Consists of (a) 223,548 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to Sloan Biotech Fund for an aggregate purchase price of $192,698 and (c) 223,548 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to Sloan Biotech Fund II for an aggregate purchase price of $192,698.

In May 2013, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Series D Purchase Agreement and held an additional closing of the Series D Preferred Stock financing, pursuant to which we issued and sold an aggregate of 2,320,188 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $0.86 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $2,000,002. The following table sets forth the number of shares of Series D Preferred Stock purchased by holders of more than 5% of our common stock or entities affiliated with them at such closing:

 

Name(1)

   Shares of Series D
Preferred Stock
     Purchase Price  

Thomas, McNerney & Partners(2)

     719,017       $ 619,793   

CMEA Capital(3)

     513,584       $ 442,709   

Panorama Capital, L.P.

     1,087,587       $ 937,500   

 

(1)

Additional detail regarding these stockholders and their equity holdings is provided in “Principal Stockholders.”

(2)

Consists of (a) 708,950 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to TMP for an aggregate purchase price of $611,115, (b) 7,406 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to TMP Nominee II, LLC for an

 

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aggregate purchase price of $6,384 and (c) 2,661 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to TMP Associates II, L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $2,294.

(3)

Consists of (a) 500,744 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to CMEA for an aggregate purchase price of $431,641 and (b) 12,840 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to CMEA Ventures VII (Parallel), L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $11,068.

In July 2013, we entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Series D Purchase Agreement and held the final closing of the Series D Preferred Stock financing pursuant to which we issued and sold an aggregate of 9,860,790 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $0.86 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $8,500,001. The following table sets forth the number of shares of Series D Preferred Stock purchased by holders of more than 5% of our common stock or entities affiliated with them at such second mandatory closing:

 

Name(1)

   Shares of Series D
Preferred Stock
     Purchase Price  

Thomas, McNerney & Partners(2)

     2,157,047       $ 1,859,375   

CMEA Capital(3)

     1,540,748       $ 1,328,125   

Panorama Capital, L.P.

     3,262,762       $ 2,812,501   

 

(1)

Additional detail regarding these stockholders and their equity holdings is provided in “Principal Stockholders.”

(2)

Consists of (a) 2,126,849 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to TMP for an aggregate purchase price of $1,833,344, (b) 22,218 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to TMP Nominee II, LLC for an aggregate purchase price of $19,152 and (c) 7,980 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to TMP Associates II, L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $6,879.

(3)

Consists of (a) 1,502,230 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to CMEA for an aggregate purchase price of $1,294,922 and (b) 38,518 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to CMEA Ventures VII (Parallel), L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $33,203.

Series E Preferred Stock Financing

In December 2013, we entered into a Series E Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, or the Series E Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which we issued and sold an aggregate of 11,336,481 shares of our Series E Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $1.724 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $19,544,093. The following table sets forth the number of shares of Series E Preferred Stock purchased by holders of more than 5% of our common stock or entities affiliated with them at the initial closing of the preferred stock financing:

 

Name(1)

   Shares of
Series E
Preferred
Stock
     Purchase
Price
 

Panorama Capital, L.P.

     2,266,952       $ 3,908,225   

CMEA Capital(2)

     1,397,873       $ 2,409,933   

Thomas, McNerney & Partners(3)

     1,118,298       $ 1,927,946   

 

(1)

Additional detail regarding these stockholders and their equity holdings is provided in “Principal Stockholders.”

(2)

Consists of (a) 1,362,926 shares of Series E Preferred Stock issued to CMEA Ventures VII, L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $2,349,684 and (b) 34,947 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued to CMEA Ventures VII (Parallel), L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $60,249.

(3)

Consists of (a) 1,102,642 shares of Series E Preferred Stock issued to Thomas, McNerney & Partners II, L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $1,900,955, (b) 11,518 shares of Series E Preferred Stock issued to TMP Nominee II, LLC for an aggregate purchase price of $19,857 and (c) 4,138 shares of Series E Preferred Stock issued to TMP Associates II, L.P. for an aggregate purchase price of $7,134.

 

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Certain of our directors have affiliations with the investors that participated in the loan arrangements and preferred stock financings described above, as indicated in the table below:

 

Director

  

Investor

Rod Ferguson, Ph.D.

   Panorama Capital, L.P.

Sepehr Sarshar, Ph.D.

   Sloan Biotech Fund

Pratik Shah, Ph.D.

   Thomas, McNerney & Partners

Alex Zisson

   Thomas, McNerney & Partners

Participation in this Offering

Certain of our existing stockholders and directors have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $                 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters could determine to sell more, less or no shares to any of these potential investors and any of these potential investors could determine to purchase more, less or no shares in this offering.

Investor Agreements

In connection with our preferred stock financings, we entered into amended and restated investors’ rights, voting and right of first refusal and co-sale agreements containing voting rights, information rights, rights of first refusal and registration rights, among other things, with certain holders of our preferred stock and certain holders of our common stock, including all of the holders of more than 5% of our capital stock. These stockholder agreements will terminate upon the completion of this offering, except for the amended and restated investor rights agreement, which terminates after the completion of this offering at such time that Rule 144 or another similar exemption under the Securities Act is available for the sale of all of a holder’s shares without registration in any three-month period, and contains certain registration rights as more fully described below in “Description of Capital Stock—Registration Rights.”

Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment arrangements with our executive officers, as more fully described in “Executive and Director Compensation—Agreements with our Named Executive Officers” and “—Potential Payments upon Termination or Change of Control.”

Stock Options Granted to Executive Officers and Directors

We have granted stock options to our executive officers and directors, as more fully described in the section titled “Executive and Director Compensation.”

Indemnification Agreements

We have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into separate indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers, as described in “Management—Limitation of Liability and Indemnification.”

Policies and Procedures for Transactions with Related Persons

We have adopted a written related-person transactions policy that sets forth our policies and procedures regarding the identification, review, consideration and oversight of “related-person transactions.” For purposes of our policy only, a “related-person transaction” is a transaction, arrangement or relationship (or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships) in which we and any “related person” are participants involving an amount that exceeds $120,000.

Transactions involving compensation for services provided to us as an employee, consultant or director are not considered related-person transactions under this policy. A related person is any executive officer, director or a holder of more than five percent of our common stock, including any of their immediate family members and any entity owned or controlled by such persons.

Under the policy, where a transaction has been identified as a related-person transaction, management must present information regarding the proposed related-person transaction to our audit committee (or, where review

 

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by our audit committee would be inappropriate, to another independent body of our board of directors) for review. The presentation must include a description of, among other things, the material facts, the direct and indirect interests of the related persons, the benefits of the transaction to us and whether any alternative transactions are available. To identify related-person transactions in advance, we rely on information supplied by our executive officers, directors and certain significant stockholders. In considering related-person transactions, our audit committee or other independent body of our board of directors takes into account the relevant available facts and circumstances including, but not limited to:

 

    the risks, costs and benefits to us;

 

    the impact on a director’s independence in the event the related person is a director, immediate family member of a director or an entity with which a director is affiliated;

 

    the terms of the transaction;

 

    the availability of other sources for comparable services or products; and

 

    the terms available to or from, as the case may be, unrelated third parties or to or from our employees generally.

In the event a director has an interest in the proposed transaction, the director must recuse himself or herself from the deliberations and approval.

 

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PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS

The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership of our capital stock by:

 

    each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock;

 

    each of our directors;

 

    each of our named executive officers; and

 

    all of our current executive officers and directors as a group.

The percentage ownership information under the column entitled “Before offering” is based on 69,869,470 shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2013, assuming conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock into 64,790,302 shares of common stock, which will occur in connection with the completion of this offering. The percentage ownership information under the column entitled “After Offering” is based on the sale of              shares of common stock in this offering.

Certain of our existing stockholders and directors have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $                 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters could determine to sell more, less or no shares to any of these potential investors and any of these potential investors could determine to purchase more, less or no shares in this offering. The information set forth below does not reflect any potential purchases by these potential investors.

Information with respect to beneficial ownership has been furnished by each director, officer or beneficial owner of more than 5% of our common stock. We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities. In addition, the rules include shares of common stock issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options or warrants that are either immediately exercisable or exercisable on or before March 1, 2014, which is 60 days after December 31, 2013. These shares are deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned by the person holding those options or warrants for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but they are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated, the persons or entities identified in this table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws.

Except as otherwise noted below, the address for each person or entity listed in the table is c/o Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3366 N. Torrey Pines Court, Suite 225, San Diego, California 92037.

 

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Name and Address of Beneficial Owner

   Number of Shares
Beneficially
Owned
     Percentage of Shares
Beneficially Owned
      Before Offering     After Offering

5% or Greater Stockholders

       

Thomas, McNerney & Partners II, L.P. and affiliates(1)

     24,878,620         34.6  

3366 N. Torrey Pines Court, Suite 220

San Diego, California 92037

       

CMEA Ventures VII, L.P. and affiliates(2)

     18,369,536         25.8  

One Letterman Drive

Building C, Suite CM500

San Francisco, California 94129

       

Panorama Capital, L.P.(3)

     10,967,650         15.7  

1999 South Bascom Avenue, Suite 700

Campbell, California 95008

       

Deerfield Management Company, L.P.(4)

     5,800,464         8.3  

780 Third Avenue, 37th Floor

       

New York, NY 10017

       

Directors and Named Executive Officers

       

Pratik Shah, Ph.D.(5)

     4,026,084         5.8  

Lawrence C. Fritz(6)

                

Andreas Sommer, Ph.D.(7)

     950,000         1.3  

David Stamler, M.D.(8)

     650,000           *    

Rod Ferguson, Ph.D.(9)

     10,967,650         15.7  

Gerald Proehl(10)

               *    

Sepehr Sarshar, Ph.D.(11)

     2,394,848         3.4  

Samuel Saks, M.D.(12)

     650,050           *    

Alex Zisson(13)

     24,878,620         34.6  

All current executive officers and directors as a group (10 persons)(14)

     46,507,252         61.9  

 

*

Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%.

(1)

Includes (a) 22,555,278 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock and 1,975,050 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of convertible preferred stock warrants, assuming the conversion of all outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock into warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, held by TMP, (b) 235,616 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock and 20,630 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of convertible preferred stock warrants, assuming the conversion of all outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock into warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, held by TMP Nominee II, LLC, or TMPN II, and (c) 84,636 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock and 7,410 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of convertible preferred stock warrants, assuming the conversion of all outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock into warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, held by TMP Associates II, L.P., or TMPA II. Thomas, McNerney & Partners II, LLC, or TMP II LLC, the general partner of TMP and TMPA II, has voting and dispositive power over the shares held by TMP and TMPA II. In addition, TMPN II has entered into an agreement with TMP II LLC that directs TMPN II to vote and dispose of securities held by TMPN II in the same manner as directed by TMP II LLC with respect to TMP and TMPA II.

(2)

Includes (a) 16,515,293 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock and 1,395,010 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of convertible preferred stock warrants, assuming the conversion of all outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock into warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, held by CMEA, and (b) 423,466 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock and 35,767 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of convertible preferred stock warrants, assuming the conversion of all outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock into warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, held by CMEA Ventures VII (Parallel), L.P., or CMEA (Parallel).

(3)

Includes 10,967,650 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock held by Panorama. Dr. Ferguson, Chris Albinson and Shahan Soghikian, as Managing Directors of Panorama Capital, LLC, share voting and investment authority over the shares held by Panorama.

(4)

Includes (i) 796,114 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock held by Deerfield Special Situations Fund, L.P., (ii) 654,002 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock held by Deerfield Special Situations International Master Fund, L.P., (iii) 2,027,262 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock held by Deerfield Private Design Fund II, L.P. and (iv) 2,323,086 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock held by Deerfield Private Design International II, L.P. Deerfield Management Company, L.P. is the investment manager of each of

 

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Deerfield Special Situations Fund, L.P., Deerfield Special Situations International Master Fund, L.P., Deerfield Private Design Fund II, L.P. and Deerfield Private Design International II, L.P. (collectively, the “Deerfield Funds”). Deerfield Mgmt, L.P. is the general partner of each of the Deerfield Funds. Mr. James E. Flynn is the sole member of the general partner of each of Deerfield Mgmt, L.P. and Deerfield Management Company, L.P. Each of Deerfield Mgmt, L.P., Deerfield Management Company, L.P. and Mr. Flynn may be deemed to beneficially own the shares held by the Deerfield Funds.

(5)

Includes 4,026,084 shares of restricted common stock owned by Dr. Shah, 2,935,687 shares of which are subject to a right of repurchase by us as of March 1, 2014, and excludes 968,190 shares of common stock that Dr. Shah has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of December 31, 2013 pursuant to stock options granted on January 10, 2014, all of which are subject to a right of repurchase by us as of March 1, 2014..

(6)

In February 2013, Mr. Fritz resigned as our President and Chief Executive Officer.

(7)

Includes 950,000 shares of common stock that Dr. Sommer has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of December 31, 2013 pursuant to the exercise of stock options, 457,500 of which will be unvested but exercisable as of March 1, 2014, and excludes 30,000 shares of common stock that Dr. Sommer has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of December 31, 2013 pursuant to stock options granted on January 10, 2014, all of which are subject to a right of repurchase by us as of March 1, 2014..

(8)

Includes 650,000 shares of common stock that Dr. Stamler has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of December 31, 2013 pursuant to the exercise of stock options, 413,110 of which will be unvested but exercisable as of March 1, 2014.

(9)

Includes the shares of capital stock referred to in footnote (3) above. Dr. Ferguson is a managing director at Panorama and shares the voting and investment control over the shares owned by Panorama; however, Dr. Ferguson disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares, except to the extent of his pecuniary interests therein.

(10)

Excludes 60,000 shares of common stock that Mr. Proehl has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of December 31, 2013 pursuant to stock options granted on January 10, 2014, all of which are subject to a right of repurchase by us as of March 1, 2014.

(11)

Includes (a) 125,000 shares of common stock held by Dr. Sarshar, (b) 893,419 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock held by Dr. Sarshar, (c) 1,082,840 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock held by Costa Verde Capital, LLC and (d) 293,589 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock held by Costa Verde Capital II, LLC. Dr. Sarshar is the manager of Costa Verde Capital, LLC and Costa Verde Capital II, LLC and has voting and investment control over the shares owned by Costa Verde Capital, LLC and Costa Verde Capital II, LLC; however, Dr. Sarshar disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares, except to the extent of his pecuniary interests therein.

(12)

Includes (a) 372,561 shares of common stock that Dr. Saks has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of December 31, 2013 pursuant to the exercise of stock options, 279,332 of which will be unvested but unexercisable as of March 1, 2014, and (b) 277,489 shares of restricted common stock owned by Dr. Saks, all of which are subject to a right of repurchase by us as of March 1, 2014. In addition to serving on our board of directors, Dr. Saks was appointed as our Chief Development Officer in October 2013.

(13)

Includes the shares of capital stock referred to in footnote (1) above. TMP II LLC is the general partner of TMP and TMPA II and has entered into an agreement with TMPN II that directs TMPN II to vote and dispose of securities held by TMPN II in the same manner as directed by TMP II LLC with respect to TMP and TMPA II. Mr. Zisson is a manager of TMP II LLC and thus shares voting and investment control, directly or indirectly, over the shares owned by TMP, TMPA II and TMPN II; however, Mr. Zisson disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares, except to the extent of his pecuniary interests therein.

(14)

Includes (a) 41,191,601 shares of common stock held by all current executive officers and directors as a group, including 650,000 shares of restricted common stock owned by John Schmid, our Chief Financial Officer who joined us in September 2013, of which 582,292 shares are subject to a right of repurchase by us as of March 1, 2014, and (b) 5,315,651 shares that all current executive officers and directors as a group have the right to acquire from us within 60 days of December 31, 2013 pursuant to the exercise of stock options (including 1,340,000 shares of common stock that Dr. Bharatt Chowrira, our Chief Operating Officer who joined us in October 2013, has a right to acquire from us within 60 days of December 31, 2013, but excluding 265,617 shares of common stock that Mr. Schmid has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of December 31, 2013 pursuant to stock options granted on January 10, 2014, all of which are subject to a right of repurchase by us as of March 1, 2014), 3,402,635 of which will be unvested but exercisable as of March 1, 2014 (including all of the shares that Dr. Chowrira has a right to acquire).

 

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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

Upon filing of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and the completion of this offering, our authorized capital stock will consist of              shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share and              shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. All of our authorized preferred stock upon the completion of this offering will be undesignated. The following is a summary of the rights of our common and preferred stockholders and some of the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, and of the Delaware General Corporation Law. This summary is not complete. For more detailed information, please see our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, as well as the relevant provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law.

Common Stock

Outstanding Shares

On December 31, 2013, there were 5,079,168 shares of common stock issued and outstanding held of record by five stockholders. This amount excludes our outstanding shares of preferred stock, which will convert into 64,790,302 shares of common stock, in connection with the completion of this offering. Based on the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2013, and assuming (1) the conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock and (2) the issuance by us of              shares of common stock in this offering, there will be              shares of common stock outstanding upon the completion of this offering.

As of December 31, 2013, there were 4,437,561 shares of common stock subject to outstanding options under our equity incentive plans. In addition, as discussed below, as of December 31, 2013, there were warrants to purchase 3,868,901 shares of our preferred stock outstanding. In connection with the completion of this offering, these warrants will convert into warrants to purchase 3,868,901 shares of our common stock.

Voting

Our common stock is entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the election of directors, and does not have cumulative voting rights. Accordingly, the holders of a majority of the shares of our common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election.

Dividends

Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any then-outstanding preferred stock, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors out of legally available funds.

Liquidation

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, holders of our common stock will be entitled to share ratably in the net assets legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities, subject to the satisfaction of any liquidation preference granted to the holders of any outstanding shares of preferred stock.

Rights and Preferences

Holders of our common stock have no preemptive, conversion or subscription rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of our preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.

Fully Paid and Nonassessable

All of our outstanding shares of common stock are, and the shares of common stock to be issued in this offering will be, fully paid and nonassessable.

 

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Preferred Stock

On December 31, 2013, there were 64,790,302 shares of preferred stock outstanding, held of record by 20 stockholders. In connection with the completion of this offering, all outstanding shares of preferred stock will be converted into 64,790,302 shares of our common stock. Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, our certificate of incorporation will be amended and restated to delete all references to such shares of preferred stock. Under the amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our board of directors will have the authority, without further action by the stockholders, to issue up to              shares of preferred stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, to fix the rights, preferences and privileges of the shares of each wholly unissued series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon and to increase or decrease the number of shares of any such series, but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding.

Our board of directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of the common stock. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could, among other things, have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in our control that may otherwise benefit holders of our common stock and may adversely affect the market price of the common stock and the voting and other rights of the holders of common stock. We have no current plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.

Warrants

As of December 31, 2013, there were outstanding warrants to purchase the following shares of our capital stock:

 

Description

   # of Shares of
Common Stock After
this Offering
     Weighted-Average
Exercise Price After
this Offering
 

Series C Preferred Stock

     1,429,230       $ 0.86   

Series D Preferred Stock

     2,178,651       $ 0.86   

Series E Preferred Stock

     261,020       $ 1.72   

All of the Series C Preferred Stock warrants were issued in connection with an equity financing agreement with certain investors for the sale of Series B Preferred Stock. The warrants issued in connection with the Series B Preferred Stock financing automatically converted into warrants to purchase Series C Preferred Stock upon the closing of the Series C Preferred Stock financing in January 2010. The warrants are exercisable for five years after the issuance date of each respective warrant, unless terminated earlier as a result of certain reorganizations or changes in control as set forth in the warrant. These warrants provide for cashless exercise at the option of the holder, and also contain provisions for the adjustment of the exercise price and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrants in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations and reclassifications and consolidations.

Warrants to purchase 2,088,163 shares of Series D Preferred Stock were issued in connection with the Series C Preferred Stock financing. The warrants issued in connection with the Series C Preferred Stock financing automatically converted into warrants to purchase Series D Preferred Stock upon the closing of the Series D Preferred Stock financing. Such warrants are exercisable for five years after the issuance date of each respective warrant, unless terminated earlier as a result of certain reorganizations or changes in control as set forth in the warrant. These warrants provide for cashless exercise at the option of the holder, and also contain provisions for the adjustment of the exercise price and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrants in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations and reclassifications and consolidations.

A warrant to purchase 174,014 shares of Series D Preferred Stock, or the Square 1 Warrant, was issued to Square 1 in connection with the execution of a credit facility with Square 1 in January 2013. The Square 1 Warrant is exercisable for 10 years from the issuance date. The Square 1 Warrant provides for cashless exercise at the option of Square 1, and also contains provisions for the adjustment of the exercise price and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the Square 1 Warrant in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations and reclassifications and consolidations.

 

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Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 261,060 shares of Series E Preferred Stock, or the Oxford Warrants, were issued to Oxford in connection with the execution of the credit facility with Oxford in December 2013. The Oxford Warrants are exercisable for 10 years from the issuance date. The Oxford Warrants provide for cashless exercise at the option of the warrantholder, and also contains provisions for the adjustment of the exercise price and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the Oxford Warrants in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations and reclassifications and consolidations.

Upon completion of this offering, all outstanding warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock will automatically convert to warrants to purchase common stock.

For more information, see “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Loan Arrangements.”

Registration Rights

Subject to limited exceptions, holders of our preferred stock have the right to require us to register with the SEC the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of such preferred stock so that those shares of common stock may be publicly resold, or to include those shares in any registration statement we file. The shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the outstanding shares of preferred stock are hereinafter referred to as the “Underlying Securities.” Such holders have waived their registration rights with respect to this offering.

Demand registration rights. At any time beginning 180 days after the effective date of this registration statement, the holders of a majority of the Underlying Securities having registration rights have the right to demand that we file a registration statement under the Securities Act to register the Underlying Securities requested to be registered by the holders of Underlying Securities. These registration rights are subject to specified conditions and limitations, including a limitation on the number of such registration statements that can be demanded by the holders of Underlying Securities, restrictions on the exercise of such demand registration rights during periods of time that may be detrimental to the Company and its stockholders, and the right of the underwriters to limit the number of shares of Underlying Securities included in any such registration under certain circumstances.

Form S-3 registration rights. If we are eligible to file a registration statement on Form S-3, each holder of shares of Underlying Securities having registration rights has the right to demand that we file no more than one registration statement for the holders on Form S-3 in any 12-month period so long as the aggregate offering price of securities to be sold under the registration statement on Form S-3 is at least $1,000,000, subject to specified exceptions, conditions and limitations.

“Piggyback” registration rights. If we register any securities for public sale, stockholders with registration rights will have the right to include their Underlying Securities in the registration statement, provided that the underwriters of any such underwritten offering will have the right to limit the number of Underlying Securities rights to be included in the registration statement.

Expenses of registration. We will pay all expenses, including for the reasonable fees and costs of one counsel to the holders of Underlying Securities, relating to all demand registrations, Form S-3 registrations and piggyback registrations.

Expiration of registration rights. The registration rights described above will terminate, as to a given holder of Underlying Securities, at any time following this offering when such holder can sell all of such holder’s Underlying Securities pursuant to Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act during any three-month period.

Anti-Takeover Effects of Provisions of Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, Our Bylaws and Delaware Law

Delaware Anti-Takeover Law

We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or Section 203. Section 203 generally prohibits a public Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an

 

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“interested stockholder” for a period of three years following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless:

 

    prior to such time the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

 

    upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) those shares owned (1) by persons who are directors and also officers and (2) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or

 

    at or subsequent to such time, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 23% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.

Section 203 defines a business combination to include:

 

    any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;

 

    any sale, transfer, pledge or other disposition involving the interested stockholder of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation;

 

    subject to exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;

 

    subject to exceptions, any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock of any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; and

 

    the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation.

In general, Section 203 defines an interested stockholder as any entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation and any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by the entity or person.

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws

Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in our control or change in our management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. Therefore, these provisions could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws:

 

    permit our board of directors to issue up to              shares of preferred stock, with any rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate (including the right to approve an acquisition or other change in our control);

 

    provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the board of directors;

 

    provide that the board of directors or any individual director may only be removed with cause and the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 23% of the voting power of all of our then outstanding common stock;

 

    provide that all vacancies, including newly created directorships, may, except as otherwise required by law, be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum;

 

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    require that any action to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and not be taken by written consent;

 

    provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide notice in writing in a timely manner and also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice;

 

    do not provide for cumulative voting rights (therefore allowing the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors to elect all of the directors standing for election, if they should so choose); and

 

    provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the chairman of the board, our Chief Executive Officer or by the board of directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of authorized directors.

The amendment of any of these provisions, with the exception of the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and designate any rights, preferences and privileges thereto, would require approval by the holders of at least 66 23% of our then-outstanding common stock.

NASDAQ Global Market Listing

We have applied for listing of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “ASPX.”

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC. The transfer agent and registrar’s address is 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219.

 

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SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

Immediately prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. Future sales of substantial amounts of common stock in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices. Furthermore, since only a limited number of shares will be available for sale shortly after this offering because of contractual and legal restrictions on resale described below, sales of substantial amounts of common stock in the public market after the restrictions lapse could adversely affect the prevailing market price for our common stock as well as our ability to raise equity capital in the future.

Based on the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2013, upon the completion of this offering and assuming (1) the 1-for-     reverse stock split of all outstanding shares of our capital stock, (2) the conversion of all of our outstanding preferred stock into an aggregate of 64,790,302 shares of common stock, (3) no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option to purchase additional shares of common stock and (4) no exercise of outstanding options or warrants, an aggregate of,              shares of common stock will be outstanding. All of the shares sold in this offering will be freely tradable in the public market without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, unless held by an affiliate of ours. Except as set forth below, the remaining              shares of common stock outstanding after this offering will be restricted as a result of securities laws or lock-up agreements. In addition, any shares sold in this offering to entities affiliated with our existing stockholders and directors will be subject to lock-up agreements. These remaining shares will generally become available for sale in the public market as follows:

 

    no restricted shares will be eligible for immediate sale upon the completion of this offering;

 

    up to              restricted shares will be eligible for sale under Rule 144 or Rule 701 upon expiration of lock-up agreements 180 days after the date of this offering; and

 

    the remainder of the restricted shares will be eligible for sale from time to time thereafter upon expiration of their respective holding periods under Rule 144, as described below, but could be sold earlier if the holders exercise any available registration rights.

Rule 144

In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, any person who is not an affiliate of ours and has held their shares for at least six months, including the holding period of any prior owner other than one of our affiliates, may sell shares without restriction, provided current public information about us is available. In addition, under Rule 144, any person who is not an affiliate of ours and has held their shares for at least one year, including the holding period of any prior owner other than one of our affiliates, would be entitled to sell an unlimited number of shares immediately upon the completion of this offering without regard to whether current public information about us is available. Beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, a person who is an affiliate of ours and who has beneficially owned restricted securities for at least six months, including the holding period of any prior owner other than one of our affiliates, is entitled to sell a number of restricted shares within any three-month period that does not exceed the greater of:

 

    1% of the number of shares of our common stock then outstanding, which will equal approximately              shares immediately after this offering; or

 

    the average weekly trading volume of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to the sale.

Sales of restricted shares under Rule 144 held by our affiliates are also subject to requirements regarding the manner of sale, notice and the availability of current public information about us. Rule 144 also provides that affiliates relying on Rule 144 to sell shares of our common stock that are not restricted shares must nonetheless comply with the same restrictions applicable to restricted shares, other than the holding period requirement.

Notwithstanding the availability of Rule 144, the holders of substantially all of our restricted shares have entered into lock-up agreements as described below and their restricted shares will become eligible for sale at the expiration of the restrictions set forth in those agreements.

 

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Rule 701

Under Rule 701, shares of our common stock acquired upon the exercise of currently outstanding options or pursuant to other rights granted under our stock plans may be resold by:

 

    persons other than affiliates, beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, subject only to the manner-of-sale provisions of Rule 144; and

 

    our affiliates, beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, subject to the manner-of-sale and volume limitations, current public information and filing requirements of Rule 144, in each case, without compliance with the six-month holding period requirement of Rule 144.

As of December 31, 2013, options to purchase a total of 4,437,561 shares of common stock were outstanding, of which 821,183 were vested. Of the total number of shares of our common stock issuable under these options, substantially all are subject to contractual lock-up agreements with us or the underwriters described below under “Underwriting” and will become eligible for sale at the expiration of those agreements unless held by an affiliate of ours.

Lock-Up Agreements

We, along with our directors, executive officers and substantially all of our other stockholders, optionholders and warrantholders, have agreed with the underwriters that for a period of 180 days, after the date of this prospectus, except with the prior written consent of Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and BMO Capital Markets Corp. and subject to specified exceptions, we or they will not offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of common stock, or enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the common stock. Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and BMO Capital Markets Corp. have advised us that they have no current intent or arrangement to release any of the shares subject to the lock-up agreements prior to the expiration of the lock-up agreements. Upon expiration of the lock-up agreements, certain of our stockholders and warrantholders will have the right to require us to register their shares under the Securities Act. See “—Registration Rights” below and “Description of Capital Stock—Registration Rights.”

Certain of our existing stockholders and directors have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $         million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Any shares of our common stock acquired in the offering by our existing stockholders and directors, other than Deerfield, shall be subject to the transfer restrictions set forth in these lock-up agreements. Any shares acquired in the offering by Deerfield shall not be subject to such transfer restrictions.

After this offering, certain of our employees, including our executive officers and/or directors, may enter into written trading plans that are intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act. Sales under these trading plans would not be permitted until the expiration of the lock-up agreements relating to the offering described above.

Registration Rights

Upon the completion of this offering, the holders of 64,790,302 shares of our common stock will be entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act, subject to the lock-up agreements described above. Registration of such shares under the Securities Act would result in those shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares purchased by affiliates, immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration statement with respect to such shares. Any sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock. See “Description of Capital Stock—Registration Rights.”

 

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Equity Incentive Plans

We intend to file with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act covering the shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2014 plan, the 2010 plan and the ESPP. The registration statement is expected to be filed and become effective as soon as practicable after the completion of this offering. Accordingly, shares registered under the registration statement will be available for sale in the open market following its effective date, subject to Rule 144 volume limitations and the lock-up agreements described above, if applicable.

 

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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES TO NON-U.S. HOLDERS OF OUR COMMON STOCK

The following summary describes the material U.S. federal income consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common stock acquired in this offering by Non-U.S. Holders (as defined below). This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxes that may be relevant to Non-U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances, does not deal with foreign, state and local tax consequences and does not address U.S. federal tax consequences other than income taxes, including the effects of any applicable gift or estate tax or the Medicare contribution tax. Special rules different from those described below may apply to certain Non-U.S. Holders that are subject to special treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, such as financial institutions, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations, tax-qualified retirement plans, broker-dealers and traders in securities, commodities or currencies, U.S. expatriates, “controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies,” corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, persons that hold our common stock as part of a “straddle,” “hedge,” “conversion transaction,” “synthetic security,” integrated investment or other risk reduction strategy, holders deemed to sell our common stock under the constructive sale provisions of the Code, holders who hold or receive our common stock pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation, holders who are subject to the alternative minimum tax, partnerships and other pass-through entities, including hybrid entities and partners and investors in such entities or an entity that is treated as a disregarded entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes (regardless of its place of organization or formation). Such Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors to determine the U.S. federal, state, local and other tax consequences that may be relevant to them. Furthermore, the discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Code, and Treasury regulations, rulings and judicial decisions thereunder as of the date hereof, and such authorities may be repealed, revoked or modified, perhaps retroactively, so as to result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. We have not requested a ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, with respect to the statements made and the conclusions reached in the following summary, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will agree with such statements and conclusions. This discussion assumes that the Non-U.S. Holder holds our common stock as a “capital asset” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment).

The following discussion is for general information only and is not tax advice. Persons considering the purchase of our common stock pursuant to this offering should consult their own tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of our common stock in light of their particular situations as well as any consequences arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction, including any state, local or foreign tax consequences and any U.S. federal non-income tax consequences.

For the purposes of this discussion, a “Non-U.S. Holder” is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a beneficial owner of common stock that has not been excluded from this discussion and is not a U.S. Holder. A “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of our common stock that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes (a) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (b) a corporation or other entity treated as a corporation created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (c) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source or (d) a trust if it (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

Distributions on Our Common Stock

Subject to the discussion below regarding back-up withholding and foreign accounts, distributions, if any, made on our common stock to a Non-U.S. Holder of our common stock to the extent made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles) generally will constitute dividends for U.S. tax purposes and will be subject to withholding tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty. To obtain a reduced rate of withholding under a treaty, a Non-U.S. Holder generally will be required to provide us or our paying agent with a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN, or other appropriate form, certifying the Non-U.S. Holder’s entitlement to benefits under

 

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that treaty. If a Non-U.S. Holder holds stock through a financial institution or other agent acting on the holder’s behalf, the holder will be required to provide appropriate documentation to such agent. The holder’s agent will then be required to provide certification to the applicable withholding agent, either directly or through other intermediaries. These certifications must be provided to us or our paying agent prior to the payment of dividends and must be updated periodically. If you do not timely provide us or our paying agent the required certification but are eligible for a reduced rate of U.S. federal withholding tax under an income tax treaty, you should consult with your own tax advisor to determine if you are able to obtain a refund or credit of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS.

We generally are not required to withhold tax on dividends paid to a Non-U.S. Holder that are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment that such holder maintains in the United States) if a properly executed IRS Form W-8ECI, stating that the dividends are so connected, is furnished to us or our paying agent (or, if stock is held through a financial institution or other agent, to such agent). In general, such effectively connected dividends will be subject to U.S. federal income tax, on a net income basis at the regular graduated U.S. federal income tax rates, unless a specific treaty exemption applies. A corporate Non- U.S. Holder receiving effectively connected dividends may also be subject to an additional “branch profits tax,” which is imposed, under certain circumstances, at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable treaty) on the corporate Non-U.S. Holder’s effectively connected earnings and profits, subject to certain adjustments.

To the extent distributions on our common stock, if any, exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, they will constitute a non-taxable return of capital and will first reduce your basis in our common stock, but not below zero, and then will be treated as capital gain and taxed in the same manner as gain realized from a sale or other disposition of common stock as described in the next section.

Gain on Disposition of Our Common Stock

Subject to the discussion below regarding backup withholding and foreign accounts, a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax with respect to gain realized on a sale or other disposition of our common stock unless (a) the gain is effectively connected with a trade or business of such holder in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment that such holder maintains in the United States), (b) the Non-U.S. Holder is a non-resident alien individual and is present in the United States for 183 or more days in the taxable year of the disposition and certain other conditions are met, or (c) we are or have been a “United States real property holding corporation” within the meaning of Code Section 897(c)(2) at any time within the shorter of the five-year period preceding such disposition or such holder’s holding period.

If you are a Non-U.S. Holder described in (a) above, you will be required to pay tax on the net gain derived from the sale at regular graduated U.S. federal income tax rates, unless a specific treaty exemption applies, and corporate Non-U.S. Holders described in (a) above may be subject to the additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty. If you are an individual Non-U.S. Holder described in (b) above, you will be required to pay a flat 30% tax on the gain derived from the sale, which gain may be offset by U.S. source capital losses (even though you are not considered a resident of the United States). For purposes of (c) above, in general, we would be a United States real property holding corporation if the fair market value of our U.S. real property interests was equal to or exceeded 50% of the sum of the fair market value of our worldwide real property interests plus other assets used or held for use by us in a trade or business. We believe that we are not, and do not anticipate becoming, a United States real property holding corporation. However, because the determination of whether we are a United States real property holding corporation depends on the fair market value of our U.S. real property interests relative to the fair market value of our other business assets, there can be no assurance that we will not become a United States real property holding corporation in the future. Even if we are treated as a United States real property holding corporation, gain realized by a Non-U.S. Holder on a disposition of our common stock will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax so long as (1) the Non-U.S. Holder owned, directly, indirectly and constructively, no more than 5% of our common stock at all times within the shorter of (i) the five-year period preceding the

 

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disposition or (ii) the holder’s holding period and (2) our common stock is “regularly traded,” as defined by applicable Treasury regulations, on an established securities market. We expect our common stock to be “regularly traded” on an established securities market, but there can be no assurance that our common stock will be so traded. If gain on the sale or other taxable disposition of our common stock were subject to taxation under (c) above, the Non-U.S. Holder would be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax with respect to such gain in generally the same manner as a U.S. person.

Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding

Generally, we or certain financial middlemen must report information to the IRS with respect to any dividends we pay on our common stock including the amount of any such dividends, the name and address of the recipient, and the amount, if any, of tax withheld. A similar report is sent to the holder to whom any such dividends are paid. Pursuant to tax treaties or certain other agreements, the IRS may make its reports available to tax authorities in the recipient’s country of residence.

Dividends paid by us (or our paying agents) to a Non-U.S. Holder may also be subject to U.S. backup withholding. U.S. backup withholding generally will not apply to a Non-U.S. Holder who provides a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8ECI or otherwise establishes an exemption, provided we do not have actual knowledge or reason to know such non-U.S. holder is a U.S. person, as defined in the Code. The current backup withholding rate is 28%.

Under current U.S. federal income tax law, U.S. information reporting and backup withholding requirements generally will apply to the proceeds from a disposition of our common stock effected by or through a U.S. office of any broker, U.S. or foreign, except that information reporting and such requirements may be avoided if the holder provides a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or otherwise meets documentary evidence requirements for establishing Non-U.S. Holder status or otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally, U.S. information reporting and backup withholding requirements will not apply to a payment of disposition proceeds to a Non-U.S. Holder where the transaction is effected outside the United States through a non-U.S. office of a non-U.S. broker. For information reporting purposes, certain brokers with substantial U.S. ownership or operations will generally be treated in a manner similar to U.S. brokers. Information reporting and backup withholding requirements may apply to a payment of disposition proceeds if the broker has actual knowledge, or reason to know, that the holder is a U.S. person, as defined in the Code.

If backup withholding is applied to you, you should consult with your own tax advisor to determine if you are able to obtain a tax benefit or credit with respect to such backup withholding.

Foreign Accounts

A U.S. federal withholding tax of 30% may apply to dividends paid after June 30, 2014 and the gross proceeds from a disposition of our common stock paid after December 31, 2016 to a foreign financial institution (as specifically defined for this purpose), including when the foreign financial institution holds our common stock on behalf of a non-U.S. Holder, unless such institution enters into an agreement with the U.S. government to withhold on certain payments and to collect and provide to the U.S. tax authorities substantial information regarding U.S. account holders of such institution (which may include certain equity and debt holders of such institution, as well as certain account holders that are foreign entities with U.S. owners). Foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing these withholding and reporting requirements may be subject to different rules. This U.S. federal withholding tax of 30% will also apply to dividends paid after June 30, 2014 and the gross proceeds from a disposition of our common stock paid after December 31, 2016 to a non-financial foreign entity (as specifically defined for this purpose) unless such entity provides the withholding agent with either a certification that it does not have any substantial direct or indirect U.S. owners or provides information regarding direct and indirect U.S. owners of the entity. The withholding tax described above will not apply if the foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity otherwise qualifies for an exemption from the rules. Under certain circumstances, a Non-U.S. Holder might be eligible for refunds or credits of such taxes. Holders are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the possible implications of the legislation on their investment in our common stock.

 

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THE PRECEDING DISCUSSION OF U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY. IT IS NOT TAX ADVICE. EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR SHOULD CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE TAX CONSEQUENCES OF PURCHASING, HOLDING AND DISPOSING OF OUR COMMON STOCK, INCLUDING THE CONSEQUENCES OF ANY PROPOSED CHANGE IN APPLICABLE LAW.

 

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UNDERWRITING

Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in an underwriting agreement, each of the underwriters named below has severally agreed to purchase from us the aggregate number of shares of common stock set forth opposite their respective names below:

 

Underwriters

   Number of Shares

Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated

  

BMO Capital Markets Corp.

  

Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated

  

William Blair & Company, L.L.C.

  

Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc.

  
  

 

Total

  
  

 

The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the several underwriters are subject to various conditions, including approval of legal matters by counsel. The nature of the underwriters’ obligations commits them to purchase and pay for all of the shares of common stock listed above if any are purchased. The underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part.

Certain of our existing stockholders and directors have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $                 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters could determine to sell more, less or no shares to any of these potential investors and any of these potential investors could determine to purchase more, less or no shares in this offering.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of common stock to purchasers on                     , 2014.

Over-Allotment Option

We have granted a 30-day over-allotment option to the underwriters to purchase up to a total of              additional shares of our common stock from us, at the initial public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. If the underwriters exercise this option in whole or in part, then each of the underwriters will be separately committed, subject to the conditions described in the underwriting agreement, to purchase the additional shares of our common stock in proportion to their respective commitments set forth in the table above. We will pay the expenses associated with the exercise of the over-allotment option.

Determination of Offering Price

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. The initial public offering price will be determined through negotiations between us and Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and BMO Capital Markets Corp., as the representatives of the several underwriters. In addition to prevailing market conditions, the factors to be considered in determining the initial public offering price will include:

 

    the information set forth in this prospectus and otherwise available to the representatives;

 

    our history and prospects, including our past and present financial performance and our prospects for future earnings;

 

    the history and prospects of companies in our industry;

 

    prior offerings of those companies;

 

    our capital structure;

 

    an assessment of our management and their experience;

 

    general conditions of the securities markets at the time of the offering; and

 

    other factors as we deem relevant.

 

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We cannot assure you that an active or orderly trading market will develop for our common stock or that our common stock will trade in the public markets subsequent to this offering at or above the initial public offering price.

Commissions and Discounts

The underwriters propose to offer the shares of common stock directly to the public at the initial public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and at this price less a concession not in excess of $         per share of common stock to other dealers specified in a master agreement among underwriters who are members of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. The underwriters may allow, and the other dealers specified may reallow, concessions not in excess of $         per share of common stock to these other dealers. After this offering, the offering price, concessions, and other selling terms may be changed by the underwriters. Our common stock is offered subject to receipt and acceptance by the underwriters and to certain other conditions, including the right to reject orders in whole or in part.

The following table summarizes the compensation to be paid to the underwriters by us and the proceeds, before expenses, payable to us:

 

     Per
Share
     Total  
      Without
Over-

Allotment
     With
Over-

Allotment
 

Public offering price

   $                    $                    $                

Underwriting discounts and commissions

   $         $         $     

Proceeds, before expenses, to us

   $         $         $     

Pursuant to the terms of the underwriting agreement, we have also agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain expenses, including reasonable fees and expenses of counsel, relating to certain aspects of this offering that will not exceed $        .

We estimate that the total expenses of the offering payable by us, including registration, filing and listing fees, printing fees and legal and accounting expenses, but excluding underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately $        .

Indemnification of Underwriters

We will indemnify the underwriters against some civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. If we are unable to provide this indemnification, we will contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.

No Sale of Similar Securities

We and each of our directors and executive officers and holders of substantially all of our outstanding capital stock, options and warrants prior to this offering have agreed, subject to specified exceptions, that we and they will not, without the prior written consent of each of Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and BMO Capital Markets Corp., directly or indirectly:

 

    offer, sell, contract to sell (including any short sale), pledge, hypothecate transfer, establish an open “put equivalent position” within the meaning of Rule 16a-1(h) under the Exchange Act, grant any option, right or warrant for the sale of, purchase any option or contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase;

 

    otherwise encumber, dispose of or transfer, or grant any rights with respect to, directly or indirectly, any shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our common stock, enter into a transaction which would have the same effect, or enter into any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our common stock, whether any such aforementioned transaction is to be settled by delivery of our common stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise; or

 

    publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing,

for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus.

 

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Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and BMO Capital Markets Corp. may, in their sole discretion and at any time or from time to time before the termination of the 180-day period, release all or any portion of the securities subject to lock-up agreements. There are no existing agreements between the underwriters and any of our stockholders who will execute a lock-up agreement providing consent to the sale of shares prior to the expiration of the restricted period.

NASDAQ Market Listing

We have applied to list our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “ASPX.”

Short Sales, Stabilizing Transactions, and Penalty Bids

In order to facilitate this offering, persons participating in this offering may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain, or otherwise affect the price of our common stock during and after this offering. Specifically, the underwriters may engage in the following activities in accordance with the rules of the SEC.

Short sales. Short sales involve the sales by the underwriters of a greater number of shares than they are required to purchase in the offering. Covered short sales are short sales made in an amount not greater than the underwriters’ over-allotment option to purchase additional shares from us in this offering. The underwriters may close out any covered short position by either exercising their over-allotment option to purchase shares or purchasing shares in the open market. In determining the source of shares to close out the covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase shares through the over-allotment option. Naked short sales are any short sales in excess of such over-allotment option. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the common stock in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in this offering.

Stabilizing transactions. The underwriters may make bids for or purchases of the shares for the purpose of pegging, fixing, or maintaining the price of the shares, so long as stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum.

Penalty bids. If the underwriters purchase shares in the open market in a stabilizing transaction or syndicate covering transaction, they may reclaim a selling concession from the underwriters and selling group members who sold those shares as part of this offering. Stabilization and syndicate covering transactions may cause the price of the shares to be higher than it would be in the absence of these transactions. The imposition of a penalty bid might also have an effect on the price of the shares if it discourages resales of the shares.

The transactions above may occur on the NASDAQ Global Market or otherwise. Neither we nor the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of the shares. If these transactions are commenced, they may be discontinued without notice at any time.

Discretionary Sales

The underwriters have informed us that they do not expect to confirm sales of common stock offered by this prospectus to accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority without obtaining the specific approval of the account holder.

Electronic Distribution

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the internet sites or through other online services maintained by one or more of the underwriters participating in this offering, or by their affiliates. Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on any underwriter’s web site and any information contained in any other web site maintained by an underwriter is not part of the prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or any underwriter in its capacity as underwriter and should not be relied upon by investors.

 

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Relationships

The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. Certain of the underwriters and their affiliates may in the future from time to time provide, investment banking and other financing and banking services to us, for which they may receive, customary fees and reimbursement for their expenses. In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers and may at any time hold long and short positions in such securities and instruments. Such investment and securities activities may involve our securities and instruments.

European Economic Area

In relation to each member state of the European Economic Area that has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a relevant member state), with effect from and including the date on which the Prospectus Directive is implemented in that relevant member state (the relevant implementation date), an offer of securities described in this prospectus may not be made to the public in that relevant member state other than:

 

    to any legal entity that is authorized or regulated to operate in the financial markets or, if not so authorized or regulated, whose corporate purpose is solely to invest in securities;

 

    to any legal entity that has two or more of (1) an average of at least 250 employees during the last financial year; (2) a total balance sheet of more than €43,000,000 and (3) an annual net turnover of more than €50,000,000, as shown in its last annual or consolidated accounts;

 

    to fewer than 100 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive) subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives; or

 

    in any other circumstances that do not require the publication of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive,

provided that no such offer of securities shall require us or any underwriter to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive. For purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer of securities to the public” in any relevant member state means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the securities to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe the securities, as the expression may be varied in that member state by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that member state, and the expression “Prospectus Directive” means Directive 2003/71/EC and includes any relevant implementing measure in each relevant member state.

We have not authorized and do not authorize the making of any offer of securities through any financial intermediary on their behalf, other than offers made by the underwriters with a view to the final placement of the securities as contemplated in this prospectus. Accordingly, no purchaser of the securities, other than the underwriters, is authorized to make any further offer of the securities on behalf of us or the underwriters.

United Kingdom

This prospectus is only being distributed to, and is only directed at, persons in the United Kingdom that are qualified investors within the meaning of Article 2(1)(e) of the Prospectus Directive (Qualified Investors) that are also (1) investment professionals falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the Order) or (2) high net worth entities, and other persons to whom it may lawfully be communicated, falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as relevant persons). This prospectus and its contents are confidential and should not be distributed, published or reproduced (in whole or in part) or disclosed by recipients to any other persons in the United Kingdom. Any person in the United Kingdom that is not a relevant person should not act or rely on this document or any of its contents.

 

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France

This prospectus has not been prepared in the context of a public offering of financial securities in France within the meaning of Article L.411-1 of the French Code Monétaire et Financier and Title I of Book II of the Reglement Général of the Autorité des marchés financiers, or the AMF, and therefore has not been and will not be filed with the AMF for prior approval or submitted for clearance to the AMF. Consequently, the shares of our common stock may not be, directly or indirectly, offered or sold to the public in France and offers and sales of the shares of our common stock may only be made in France to qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) acting for their own, as defined in and in accordance with Articles L.411-2 and D.411-1 to D.411-4, D.734-1, D.744-1, D.754-1 and D.764-1 of the French Code Monétaire et Financier. Neither this prospectus nor any other offering material may be released, issued or distributed to the public in France or used in connection with any offer for subscription on sale of the shares of our common stock to the public in France. The subsequent direct or indirect retransfer of the shares of our common stock to the public in France may only be made in compliance with Articles L.411-1, L.411-2, L.412-1 and L.621-8 through L.621-8-3 of the French Code Monétaire et Financier.

Notice to Residents of Germany

Each person who is in possession of this prospectus is aware of the fact that no German securities prospectus (wertpapierprospekt) within the meaning of the securities prospectus act (wertpapier-prospektgesetz, the “act”) of the federal republic of Germany has been or will be published with respect to the shares of our common stock. In particular, each underwriter has represented that it has not engaged and has agreed that it will not engage in a public offering in the federal republic of Germany (ôffertliches angebot) within the meaning of the act with respect to any of the shares of our common stock otherwise than in accordance with the act and all other applicable legal and regulatory requirements.

Notice to Residents of Switzerland

The securities which are the subject of the offering contemplated by this prospectus may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange, or SIX, or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This prospectus has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. None of this prospectus or any other offering or marketing material relating to the securities or the offering may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.

None of this prospectus or any other offering or marketing material relating to the offering, us or the securities have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this prospectus will not be filed with, and the offer of securities will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA and the offer of securities has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes, or CISA. The investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective investment schemes under the CISA does not extend to acquirers of the securities.

Notice to Residents of the Netherlands

The offering of the shares of our common stock is not a public offering in The Netherlands. The shares of our common stock may not be offered or sold to individuals or legal entities in The Netherlands unless (1) a prospectus relating to the offer is available to the public, which has been approved by the Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets (Autoriteit Financiële Markten) or by the competent supervisory authority of another state that is a member of the European Union or party to the Agreement on the European Economic Area, as amended or (2) an exception or exemption applies to the offer pursuant to Article 5:3 of The Netherlands Financial Supervision Act (Wet op het financieel toezicht) or Article 53 paragraph 2 or 3 of the Exemption Regulation of the Financial Supervision Act, for instance due to the offer targeting exclusively “qualified investors” (gekwalificeerde beleggers) within the meaning of Article 1:1 of The Netherlands Financial Supervision Act.

 

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Notice to Residents of Japan

The underwriters will not offer or sell any of the shares of our common stock directly or indirectly in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any Japanese person or to others, for re-offering or re-sale directly or indirectly in Japan or to any Japanese person, except in each case pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan and any other applicable laws and regulations of Japan. For purposes of this paragraph, “Japanese person” means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan.

Notice to Residents of Hong Kong

The underwriters and each of their affiliates have not (1) offered or sold, and will not offer or sell, in Hong Kong, by means of any document, any shares of our common stock other than (a) to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong and any rules made under that Ordinance or (b) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” as defined in the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of that Ordinance; and (2) issued or had in its possession for the purposes of issue, and will not issue or have in its possession for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere any advertisement, invitation or document relating to the shares of our common stock which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to the shares of our common stock which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance and any rules made under that Ordinance. The contents of this document have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in Hong Kong. You are advised to exercise caution in relation to the offer. If you are in any doubt about any of the contents of this document, you should obtain independent professional advice.

Notice to Residents of Singapore

This document has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this document and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of shares of our common stock may not be circulated or distributed, nor may shares of our common stock be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (1) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, or the Securities and Futures Act, (2) to a relevant person, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions, specified in Section 275 of the Securities and Futures Act or (3) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the Securities and Futures Act.

Where shares of our common stock are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 by a relevant person which is:

 

(a)

a corporation (which is not an accredited investor) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or

 

(b)

a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary is an accredited investor, shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest in that trust shall not be transferable for six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the shares of our common stock under Section 275 except:

 

  (1)

to an institutional investor or to a relevant person, or to any person pursuant to an offer that is made on terms that such rights or interest are acquired at a consideration of not less than $200,000 (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) for each transaction, whether such amount is to be paid for in cash or by exchange of securities or other assets;

 

  (2)

where no consideration is given for the transfer; or

 

  (3)

by operation of law.

 

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LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the shares of common stock being offered by this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Cooley LLP, San Diego, California. The underwriters are being represented by Latham  & Watkins LLP, San Diego, California.

EXPERTS

Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our financial statements at December 31, 2011 and 2012 and for the years then ended and for the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) through December 31, 2012, as set forth in their report. We have included our financial statements in the prospectus and elsewhere in the registration statement in reliance on Ernst & Young LLP’s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act, with respect to the shares of common stock being offered by this prospectus. This prospectus does not contain all of the information in the registration statement and its exhibits. For further information with respect to us and the common stock offered by this prospectus, we refer you to the registration statement and its exhibits. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or any other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these statements is qualified in all respects by this reference.

You can read our SEC filings, including the registration statement, over the Internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You may also read and copy any document we file with the SEC at its public reference facilities at 100 F Street NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of these documents at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference facilities. You may also request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing us at 3366 North Torrey Pines Court, Suite 225, San Diego, California 92037 or telephoning us at (858) 558-2401.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will be subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and we will file reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. These reports, proxy statements and other information will be available for inspection and copying at the public reference room and website of the SEC referred to above. We also maintain a website at www.auspexpharma.com, at which, following the completion of this offering, you may access these materials free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference in, and is not part of, this prospectus.

 

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INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

     Page  

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

     F-2   

Balance Sheets

     F-3   

Statements of Operations

     F-4   

Statements of Cash Flows

     F-5   

Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Deficit

     F-6   

Notes to Financial Statements

     F-8   

 

F-1


Table of Contents

 

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a development stage company, or the Company) as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, and the related statements of operations, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit and cash flows for the years then ended and for the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) to December 31, 2012. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the Standards of the Public Company Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at December 31, 2011 and 2012, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended and for the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) to December 31, 2012, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

San Diego, California

November 21, 2013

 

F-2


Table of Contents

 

AUSPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(A Development Stage Company)

Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 

                      Pro Forma
Stockholders’

Equity
September 30, 2013
 
    December 31,     September 30,    
    2011     2012     2013    
                (unaudited)     (unaudited)  

Assets

       

Current assets:

       

Cash and cash equivalents

  $ 3,162      $ 4,279      $ 11,373     

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

    165        153        162     
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total current assets

    3,327        4,432        11,535     

Property and equipment, net

    20        23        28     

Other assets

    32        33        64     
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total assets

  $ 3,379      $ 4,488      $ 11,627     
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Liabilities, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ (deficit) equity

       

Current liabilities:

       

Accounts payable

  $ 394      $ 853      $ 470     

Accrued liabilities

    114        273        483     

Convertible notes payable, net-related parties

    2,738                   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total current liabilities

    3,246        1,126        953     

Note payable

                  4,931     

Preferred stock warrant liability

    811        1,556        1,106     

Preferred stock tranche liability

           1,562            

Other long-term liabilities

    11        14        74     
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total liabilities

    4,068        4,258        7,064     

Commitments (See Note 10)

       

Convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001; 25,035,346, 55,025,346, and 57,925,579 shares authorized at December 31, 2011 and 2012 and September 30, 2013 (unaudited), respectively; 20,701,224, 40,994,425 and 53,175,403 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2011 and 2012, and at September 30, 2013 (unaudited), respectively; $51,670 and $62,170 liquidation preference at December 31, 2012 and September 30, 2013 (unaudited), respectively; no shares authorized, issued or outstanding pro forma at September 30, 2013 (unaudited)

 

 

33,899

  

 

 

49,848

  

 

 

62,124

  

 

 

  

Stockholders’ (deficit) equity:

       

Common stock, par value $0.0001; 39,100,000, 62,500,000 and 70,472,233 authorized at December 31, 2011 and 2012 and September 30, 2013 (unaudited), respectively; 595 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2011 and 2012 and 650,595 shares issued and 595 outstanding, excluding 650,000 shares subject to repurchase at September 30, 2013; 86,500,000 shares authorized, 69,869,470 shares issued and 65,738,415 shares outstanding, excluding 4,131,033 shares subject to repurchase at September 30, 2013, pro forma (unaudited)

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

$

6

  

Additional paid-in capital

    151        233        330        83,762   

Deficit accumulated during the development stage

    (34,739     (49,851     (57,891     58,003   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity

    (34,588     (49,618     (57,561   $ 25,765   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total liabilities, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ (deficit) equity

  $ 3,379      $ 4,488      $ 11,627     
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

F-3


Table of Contents

 

AUSPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(A Development Stage Company)

Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 

                                                                                                                 
   

 

Year Ended December 31,

    Period from
February 28,
2001

(Inception)
Through

December 31,
2012
    Nine Months Ended
September 30,
    Period from
February 28,
2001

(Inception)
Through

September 30,
2013
 
    2011     2012       2012     2013    
                      (unaudited)     (unaudited)  

Operating expenses:

           

Research and development

  $ 4,080      $ 11,741      $ 34,745      $ 8,840      $ 6,524      $ 41,269   

General and administrative

    1,893        1,688        16,555        1,206        1,760        18,315   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total operating expenses

    5,973        13,429        51,300        10,046        8,284        59,584   

Gain on sale of assets

    3,086               3,091                      3,091   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating loss

    (2,887     (13,429     (48,209     (10,046     (8,284     (56,493

Other income (expense)

           

Grant income

                  244                      244   

Interest expense, net

    (35     (1,292     (2,524     (927     (74     (2,598

Gain from troubled debt restructuring

                  569                      569   

Other financing expense

           (196     (196            (258     (454

Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liability

    108        (195     265        271        576        841   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total other income (expense)

    73        (1,683     (1,642     (656     244        (1,398
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss

  $ (2,814   $ (15,112   $ (49,851   $ (10,702   $ (8,040   $ (57,891
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss per share, basic and diluted

  $ (4,729   $ (25,398     $ (17,987   $ (13,513  
 

 

 

   

 

 

     

 

 

   

 

 

   

Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted

    595        595          595        595     
 

 

 

   

 

 

     

 

 

   

 

 

   

Pro-forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)

    $ (0.56       $ (0.18  
   

 

 

       

 

 

   

Pro-forma weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (unaudited)

      24,139,465            45,257,194     
   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

F-4


Table of Contents

 

AUSPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(A Development Stage Company)

Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

 

    Year Ended December 31,     Period From
February 28,
2001

(Inception)
Through
December 31,
2012
    Nine Months
Ended September 30,
    Period From
February 28,
2001

(Inception)
Through
September 30,
2013
 
         
         
         
         
    2011     2012       2012     2013    
                      (unaudited)     (unaudited)  

Operating activities

         

Net loss

  $ (2,814   $ (15,112   $ (49,851   $ (10,702   $ (8,040   $ (57,891

Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

           

Depreciation

    161        30        1,455        20        9        1,464   

Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liability

    (108     195        (265     (271     (576     (841

Amortization of debt discount on convertible notes payable

    24        813        1,821        524        57        1,878   

Other financing expense

           196        196               258        454   

Stock-based compensation

    50        82        248        61        97        345   

Forgiveness of notes receivable

                  10                      10   

Gain on sale of assets

    (3,086            (3,091                   (3,091

Noncash interest expense on convertible notes payable

    13        480        1,062        403        17        1,079   

Gain on troubled debt restructuring

                  (569                   (569

Change in operating assets and liabilities:

           

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

    (111     12        (155     97        (9     (164

Other assets

    (13     (2     (32     (2     (47     (79

Accounts payable and accrued expenses

    161        633        1,139        1,319        (113     1,026   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash used in operating activities

    (5,723     (12,673     (48,032     (8,551     (8,347     (56,379

Investing activities

           

Purchases of property and equipment

    (18     (33     (1,678     (58     (14     (1,692

Proceeds from sale of assets

    3,241               3,291                      3,291   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

    3,223        (33     1,613        (58     (14     1,599   

Financing activities

           

Drawdown of bank line

                                5,000        5,000   

Proceeds from the issuance of related-party note payable

                  200                      200   

Proceeds from the issuance of convertible debt, net

    3,000        6,000        17,341        6,000               17,341   

Proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock warrants

                  984                      984   

Proceeds from the issuance of convertible preferred stock, net of issuance cost

           7,823        32,398        (28     10,455        42,853   

Proceeds from the issuance of common stock

                  7                      7   

Repurchase of common stock for cash

                  (32                   (32

Repayment on related-party debt principal

                  (200                   (200
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash provided by financing activities

    3,000        13,823        50,698        5,972        15,455        66,153   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Increase in cash and cash equivalents

    500        1,117        4,279        (2,637     7,094        11,373   

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

    2,662        3,162               3,162        4,279          
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

  $ 3,162      $ 4,279      $ 4,279      $ 525      $ 11,373      $ 11,373   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Supplemental schedule of noncash financing activities

           

Conversion of notes and accrued interest to preferred stock

  $      $ 9,493      $ 18,818      $      $      $ 18,818   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Issuance of common stock for notes

  $      $      $ 28      $      $      $ 28   
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Repurchase of common stock issued for notes

  $      $      $ (19   $      $      $ (19
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes.

 

F-5


Table of Contents

 

AUSPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(A Development Stage Company)

Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Deficit

(In thousands, except share amounts)

 

                                       Notes
Receivable
from Issuance
of Common
Stock
    Deficit
Accumulated
During the
Development
Stage
    Total
Stockholders’
Deficit
 
    Convertible Preferred Stock          Common Stock     Additional
Paid-in
Capital
       
    Shares     Amount          Shares     Amount          

Balance at February 28, 2001 (inception)

         $                 $      $      $      $      $   

Issuance of common stock

                                    1                      1   

Issuance of Series A-1 convertible preferred stock

    513,500        514                                                 

Net loss

                                —                  —                  —                  —        (110     (110
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2001

    513,500        514                          1               (110     (109

Issuance of Series A-1 convertible preferred stock

    50,000        50                                                 

Issuance of Series A-2 convertible preferred stock

    610,294        1,038                                                 

Net loss

                                                  (598     (598
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2002

    1,173,794        1,602                          1               (708     (707

Net loss

                                                  (792     (792
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2003

    1,173,794        1,602                          1               (1,500     (1,499

Issuance of common stock

                                    1                      1   

Issuance of Series A-1 convertible preferred stock

    50,000        50                                                 

Issuance of Series A-3 convertible preferred stock

    291,666        700                                                 

Net loss

                                                  (729     (729
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2004

    1,515,460        2,352                          2               (2,229     (2,227

Issuance of common stock

                                    1                      1   

Issuance of Series A-4 convertible preferred stock

    258,084        800                                                 

Net loss

                                                  (561     (561
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2005

    1,773,544        3,152                          3               (2,790     (2,787

Issuance of Series A-5 convertible preferred stock

    52,630        200                                                 

Net loss

                                                  (1,086     (1,086
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2006

    1,826,174        3,352                          3               (3,876     (3,873

Issuance of common stock for cash

                                    2                      2   

Issuance of common stock for notes

                                    29        (29              

Issuance of Series B convertible preferred stock, net of $150 offering costs

    3,638,156        13,674                                                 

Stock-based compensation

                                    9                      9   

Net loss

                                                  (2,683     (2,683
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2007

    5,464,330        17,026                          43        (29     (6,559     (6,545

Issuance of Series B convertible preferred stock, net of $10 offering costs

    1,315,786        4,989                                                 

Stock-based compensation

                                    26                      26   

Net loss

                                                  (11,521     (11,521
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2008

    6,780,116        22,015                          69        (29     (18,080     (18,040

 

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AUSPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(A Development Stage Company)

Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Deficit

(In thousands, except share amounts) (Continued)

 

                                 Additional
Paid-in
Capital
    Notes
Receivable
from Issuance
of Common
Stock
    Deficit
Accumulated
During the
Development

Stage
    Total
Stockholders’
Deficit
 
    Convertible Preferred Stock          Common Stock          
    Shares     Amount          Shares     Amount          

Balance at December 31, 2008

    6,780,116      $ 22,015                 $      $ 69      $ (29   $ (18,080   $ (18,040

Issuance of common stock for cash

                                    2                      2   

Repurchase of common stock for cash

                                    (32                   (32

Repurchase of common stock issued for notes

                                    (19     19                 

Forgiveness of debt on common stock issued for notes

                                           2               2   

Stock-based compensation

                                    46                      46   

Beneficial conversion feature value associated with bridge notes

                                    712                      712   

Net loss

                      —                  —                  —                  —        (10,473     (10,473
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2009

    6,780,116        22,015                          778        (8     (28,553     (27,783

Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock, net of $116 offering costs

    5,220,415        4,384                                                 

Conversion of note payables to Series C convertible preferred stock

    8,700,693        7,500                                                 

Restricted common stock bonus granted for non cash

                      595                                      

Forgiveness of debt on common stock issued for notes payable

                                           8               8   

Stock-based compensation

                                    35                      35   

Reversal of the beneficial conversion feature value associated with notes payable

                                    (712                   (712

Net loss

                                        (3,372     (3,372
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2010

    20,701,224        33,899            595               101               (31,925     (31,824

Stock-based compensation

                          50                      50   

Net loss

                                                  (2,814     (2,814
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2011

    20,701,224        33,899            595               151               (34,739     (34,588

Issuance of Series D convertible preferred stock, net of $177 offering costs and tranche liability of $1,367

    9,280,745        6,456                                            

Conversion of notes payable and accrued interest to Series D convertible preferred stock

    11,012,456        9,493                                                 

Stock-based compensation

                               82                      82   

Net loss

                                             (15,112     (15,112
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2012

    40,994,425        49,848            595               233               (49,851     (49,618

Issuance of Series D convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs of $45 (unaudited)

    12,180,978        10,456                                                 

Reclassification of tranche right upon issuance of Series D preferred stock (unaudited)

           1,820                                                 

Stock-based compensation unaudited

                                    97                      97   

Net loss (unaudited)

                                                  (8,040     (8,040
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at September 30, 2013 (unaudited)

    53,175,403      $ 62,124            595      $      $ 330      $      $ (57,891   $ (57,561
 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes.

 

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AUSPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(A Development Stage Company)

Notes to Financial Statements

(Information as of September 30, 2013, for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 and for the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) to September 30, 2013 is unaudited)

1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the Company) was founded on February 28, 2001 (inception), and incorporated in California (and subsequently reincorporated in Delaware in June 2007). The Company is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel medicines for the treatment of orphan diseases. The Company’s pipeline includes product candidates to address unmet medical needs in hyperkinetic movement disorders, such as chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia and Tourette syndrome, as well as other orphan indications.

From inception through September 30, 2013, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to research, product development, raising capital, and building infrastructure. The Company has not generated any revenues from its planned principal operations. Accordingly, the Company is considered to be in the development stage.

The Company has a limited operating history and the sales and income potential of the Company’s business and market are unproven. The Company has experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since its inception, and, as of December 31, 2012 and September 30, 2013, had a deficit accumulated during the development stage of $49.9 million and $57.9 million, respectively.

The Company expects to continue to incur net losses into the foreseeable future. Successful transition to attaining profitable operations is dependent upon achieving a level of revenues adequate to support the Company’s cost structure. The Company plans to continue to fund its losses from operations and capital funding needs through future debt and equity financing or through collaborations or partnerships with other companies. If the Company is not able to secure adequate additional funding, the Company may be forced to make reductions in spending, extend payment terms with suppliers, liquidate assets where possible, or suspend or curtail planned programs. Any of these actions could materially harm the Company’s business, results of operations and future prospects.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The Company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The preparation of the Company’s financial statements requires it to make estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Company’s financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements relate to the valuation of convertible preferred stock warrants, equity awards and clinical trial accruals. Although these estimates are based on the Company’s knowledge of current events and actions it may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately materially differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying interim balance sheet as of September 30, 2013, the statements of operations and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 and the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) to September 30, 2013, the statements of convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and the related footnote disclosures are unaudited. These unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. In management’s opinion, the unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and include all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the

 

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Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2013 and its results of operations and comprehensive loss and its cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 and the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) to September 30, 2013. The results for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or any other interim period.

Unaudited Pro Forma Balance Sheet Information

The unaudited pro forma balance sheet information as of September 30, 2013 assumes (1) the conversion of all outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock (including the conversion of the Series E Preferred Stock issued in December 2013) into 64,790,302 shares of the Company’s common stock upon completion of the Company’s initial public offering (the IPO) and (2) the reclassification of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon completion of the IPO, as the warrants become common stock warrants that are not subject to remeasurement. The pro forma balance sheet was prepared as though the completion of the IPO contemplated by this prospectus had occurred on September 30, 2013. Shares of common stock issued in the IPO and any related net proceeds are excluded from the pro forma information.

Segment Reporting

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment.

2012 Reverse Split

On October 31, 2012, the Company effected a 1-for-10 reverse split of the Company’s outstanding common stock, preferred stock, preferred stock warrants and common stock. Accordingly, all shares and per share amounts were retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse split.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. The carrying amounts of the convertible preferred stock tranche liability and the convertible preferred stock warrant liability represent their estimated fair values. See Note 6—Notes Payable, regarding the fair value of the Company’s notes payable.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents primarily represent funds invested in readily available checking and saving accounts. At times, the Company has cash and cash equivalents deposited at financial institutions in excess of federally insured deposit limits. However, cash is held on deposit in major financial institutions and is considered subject to minimal credit risk.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets which are three to seven years depending on asset class.

Long-Lived Assets

The Company regularly reviews the carrying value and estimated lives of all of its long-lived assets, including property and equipment, to determine whether indicators of impairment may exist which warrant adjustments to carrying values or estimated useful lives. The determinants used for this evaluation include management’s estimate of the asset’s ability to generate positive income from operations and positive cash flow

 

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in future periods as well as the strategic significance of the assets to the Company’s business objective. Should an impairment exist, the impairment loss would be measured based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset’s fair value. The Company has not recognized any impairment losses through September 30, 2013.

Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant and Tranche Liability

The Company accounts for its warrants and other derivative financial instruments as either equity or liabilities based upon the characteristics and provisions of each instrument. Warrants classified as derivative liabilities and other derivative financial instruments that require separate accounting as liabilities are recorded on the Company’s balance sheet at their fair value on the date of issuance and are revalued at each subsequent balance sheet date, with fair value changes recognized as increases or reductions to other income (expense), net in the statements of operations. The Company estimates the fair value of these liabilities using option pricing models and assumptions that are based on the individual characteristics of the warrants or instruments on the valuation date, as well as assumptions for expected volatility, expected life, yield, and risk-free interest rate.

Preclinical and Clinical Trial Accruals

The Company accrues and expenses clinical trial activities performed by third parties based upon estimates of the proportion of work completed over the life of the individual study and patient enrollment rates in accordance with agreements established with clinical research organizations and clinical trial sites. The Company determines the estimates by reviewing contracts, vendor agreements and purchase orders, and through discussions with internal clinical personnel and external service providers as to the progress or stage of completion of trials or services and the agreed-upon fee to be paid for such services. However, actual costs and timing of clinical trials are highly uncertain, subject to risks and may change depending upon a number of factors, including the Company’s clinical development plan.

The Company makes estimates of the Company’s accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in the Company’s financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to the Company at that time. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, the Company will adjust the accrual accordingly. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services, including fees for process development or manufacturing and distribution of clinical supplies that will be used in future research and development activities, are deferred and recognized as expense in the period that the related goods are consumed or services are performed.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Patent Costs

The Company expenses all costs as incurred in connection with patent applications (including direct application fees, and the legal and consulting expenses related to making such applications) and such costs are included in general and administrative expenses in the statement of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense represents the cost of the grant date fair value of employee stock option grants and restricted stock awards recognized over the requisite service period of the awards on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures. The Company accounts for stock options to non-employees using the fair value approach. Stock options and restricted stock awards to non-employees are subject to periodic revaluation over their vesting terms.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in

 

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effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes net deferred tax assets to the extent that the Company believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If management determines that the Company would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, management would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

The Company uses a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by assessing whether they are more likely than not sustainable, based solely on their technical merits, upon examination and including resolution of any related appeals or litigation process. The second step is to measure the associated tax benefit of each position as the largest amount that the Company believes is more likely than not realizable. Differences between the amount of tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in the Company’s income tax returns and the amount of tax benefits recognized in its financial statements, represent its unrecognized income tax benefits, which the Company either records as a liability or as a reduction of deferred tax assets.

Comprehensive Loss

Net loss and comprehensive loss were the same for all periods presented; therefore, a separate statement of comprehensive loss is not included in the accompanying financial statements.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, convertible preferred stock, convertible notes payable, unvested restricted common stock subject to repurchase, stock options and convertible preferred stock warrants are considered to be potentially dilutive securities but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive and therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share were the same for all periods presented.

The following table sets forth the outstanding potentially dilutive securities that have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would be anti-dilutive (in common stock equivalent shares):

 

     As of December 31,      As of September 30,  
     2011      2012      2012      2013  
                   (unaudited)  

Convertible preferred stock

     20,701,224         40,994,425         20,701,224         53,175,403   

Warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock

     2,320,175         3,712,285         3,712,285         3,886,299   

Common stock options

     1,632,256         2,305,060         2,305,060         2,484,572   

Common stock subject to repurchase

                             650,000   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

     24,653,655         47,011,770         26,718,569         60,196,274   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

 

Unaudited Pro Forma Net Loss Per Share

The following table summarizes our unaudited pro forma net loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except share and per share data):

 

     December 31,
2012
    September 30,
2013
 

Net loss attributable to common stockholders

   $ (15,112   $ (8,040

Add:

    

Interest expense on convertible notes payable

     1,292          

Change in fair value of preferred stock warrants

     195        (576

Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability

     196        258   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Pro forma net loss

   $ (13,429   $ (8,358
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted

     595        595   

Add:

    

Pro forma adjustments to reflect assumed conversion of preferred stock (unaudited)

     24,138,870        45,256,599   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Shares used to compute pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted

     24,139,465        45,257,194   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders

   $ (0.56   $ (0.18
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB) issued guidance on the presentation of comprehensive income. This guidance eliminates the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in stockholders’ equity. The Company was required to adopt this guidance beginning on January 1, 2012, and it did not have any impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In May 2011, the FASB issued authoritative guidance regarding common fair value measurements and disclosure requirements in GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. This newly issued accounting standard clarifies the application of certain existing fair value measurement guidance and expands the disclosures for fair value measurements that are estimated using significant unobservable inputs. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011. The Company adopted this guidance beginning on January 1, 2012. The adoption of this guidance did not affect the Company’s financial statements.

In July 2013, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2013-11, Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists. ASU 2013-11 provides explicit guidance on the financial statement presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists. The guidance is effective prospectively for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013, with an option for early adoption. The Company intends to adopt this guidance at the beginning of our first quarter of fiscal year 2014, and do not believe the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or related financial statement disclosures.

Severance Payment

Included in general and administrative expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 was severance expense of $401,000 payable to the Company’s former CEO.

3. Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows ASC 820-10, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, which among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

 

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As a basis for considering such assumptions, a three-tier fair value hierarchy has been established, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

At December 31, 2012 and 2011 and September 30, 2013, the Company did not have financial assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, including accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. The Company believes the fair value of its note payable approximates its carrying value. Its convertible preferred stock warrant liability represents its estimated fair value. None of the Company’s non-financial assets or liabilities are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis. No transfers between levels have occurred during the periods presented.

The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability:

 

     December 31,    September 30,
2013
     2011    2012   
               (Unaudited)

Assumptions:

        

Risk-free interest rate

   0.21% – 0.86%    0.21%    0.1% – 2.46%

Expected dividend yield

   0%    0%    0%

Expected volatility

   94.32% – 98.72%    94.32%    59% – 78%

Expected term (in years)

   1.68 – 3.0    1.68 – 4.29    0.9 – 9.2

The following fair values per share of the Company’s underlying convertible preferred stock were used to determine the fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability:

 

     December 31,      September 30,
2013
 
     2011      2012     
                   (Unaudited)  

Series C convertible preferred stock

   $ 0.60       $ 0.74       $ 0.565   

Series D convertible preferred stock

   $ 0.60       $ 0.74       $ 0.862   

Liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2011 and 2012 and September 30, 2013, are as follows (in thousands):

 

            Fair Value Measurements Using  
     Balance as of
December 31,
2011
     Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets

(Level 1)
     Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs

(Level 2)
     Significant
Unobservable
Inputs

(Level 3)
 

Liabilities

           

Series C preferred stock warrants

   $ 526       $       $       $ 526   

Series D preferred stock warrants

     285                         285   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $    811       $      —       $      —       $    811   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

 

            Fair Value Measurements Using  
     Balance as of
December 31,
2012
     Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
     Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
     Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 

Liabilities

           

Series C preferred stock warrants

   $ 344       $       $       $ 344   

Series D preferred stock warrants

     1,212                         1,212   

Convertible preferred stock tranche

     1,562                         1,562   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 3,118       $      —       $      —       $ 3,118   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

            Fair Value Measurements Using  
     Balance as of
September 30,
2013
     Quoted Prices 
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
     Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
     Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
     (unaudited)                       

Liabilities

           

Series C preferred stock warrants

   $ 84       $     —       $     —       $ 84   

Series D preferred stock warrants

     1,022                         1,022   

Convertible preferred stock tranche

                               
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 1,106       $       $       $ 1,106   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

The Company estimates the fair value of convertible preferred stock warrants at the time of issuance and subsequent remeasurement using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model at each reporting date, using the following inputs: the risk-free interest rates; the expected dividend rates; the remaining expected life of the warrants; and the expected volatility of the price of the underlying common stock. The Company estimates the fair value of the convertible preferred stock tranche liability at the time of issuance and subsequent remeasurement using the option-pricing model that considers the probability of achieving a milestone, the cost of capital, and the estimated time period the tranche right would be outstanding. The estimates are based, in part, on subjective assumptions and could differ materially in the future. Changes to these assumptions as well as the Company’s stock price on the reporting date can have a significant impact on the fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability and the convertible preferred stock tranche liability.

The following table provides a reconciliation of all liabilities measured at fair value using Level 3 significant unobservable inputs (in thousands) :

 

     Warrant
Liability(1)
    Preferred
Stock
Tranche
Liability(2)
 

Balance at December 31, 2011

   $ 811      $   

Issuance of warrant liability

     550          

Issuance of preferred stock tranche liability

            1,366   

Change in fair value

     195        196   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2012

     1,556        1,562   

Issuance of warrant liability (unaudited)

     126          

Exercise of tranche rights (unaudited)

            (1,820

Change in fair value (unaudited)

     (576     258   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at September 30, 2013 (unaudited)

   $ 1,106      $   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

  (1)

The change in the fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrants was recorded as increases or reductions to other income (expenses) in the statement of operations.

 

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  (2)

The changes in the fair value of the convertible preferred stock tranche liability were recorded as increases or reductions to other finance costs in the statement of operations.

4. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

 

           September 30,
2013
 
     December 31,    
     2011     2012    
                 (unaudited)  

Machinery and equipment

   $ 17      $ 35      $ 35   

Computer

     47        45        54   

Furniture and fixtures

     16        16        16   

Office equipment

     7        11        12   

Leasehold Improvements

     5        5        5   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
     92        112        122   

Less accumulated depreciation and amortization

     (72     (89     (94
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   $ 20      $ 23      $ 28   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 and for the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) through December 31, 2012 and September 30, 2013, was $161,000, $30,000, $20,000, $9,000, $1.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

5. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

 

     December 31,      September 30,
2013
 
     
   2011      2012     
                   (unaudited)  

Payroll and related expenses

   $ 76       $ 98       $ 204   

Accrued expenses

     25         175         278   

Accrued interest

     13                 1   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   $ 114       $ 273       $ 483   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

6. Notes Payable

2006 Notes Payable

During 2006, the Company issued a convertible note to Costa Verde Capital (the 2006 Note) for $2.0 million in connection with fund raising services. In 2007, the 2006 Note was amended to $1.8 million to reflect the actual amount of funds raised. The 2006 Note bore interest of 5% per annum, compounded annually, and at the Company’s discretion, was convertible into shares of the Company’s equity securities sold at the next financing or a series of related transactions yielding gross proceeds to the Company of at least $1.0 million. In June 2007, the outstanding principal balance of the 2006 Note was converted into 480,263 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock and a cash payment for the outstanding accrued interest of $46,000 was made to Costa Verde.

2009 and 2010 Convertible Notes Payable

During May, June, July and October 2009, the Company issued convertible notes (the 2009 Notes) with an aggregate face value of $5.0 million to certain investors. The 2009 Notes were to be payable six months after the issuance date, if not converted, and were secured by all of the Company’s assets. The lenders were entitled to receive interest on the unpaid principal at an annual rate of 10%.

 

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In January 2010, the Company issued additional convertible notes in a first closing (the January 2010 Notes) under the same terms and conditions as those outlined above with an aggregate face value of $2.0 million to certain investors. In June 2010, the Company issued convertible notes in a second closing (the June 2010 Notes and collectively with the January 2010 Notes, the 2010 Notes) in the aggregate amount of $0.5 million, bearing interest at a rate of 10% per annum and due two months after the date of issuance, if not converted.

In July 2010, the Company converted the outstanding 2009 Notes and the 2010 Notes totaling $7.5 million into 8,700,693 shares of Series C Preferred Stock at $0.86 per share. All accrued and unpaid interest of $569,000 as of the conversion date was waived and the convertible notes became fully paid. The forgiveness of the accrued and unpaid interest resulted in a troubled debt restructuring and the Company recorded a gain from the restructuring in the statements of operations of $569,000.

2011 and 2012 Convertible Notes Payable

On December 15, 2011, the Company entered into a convertible note and warrant purchase agreement (the 2011 Convertible Note Agreement) to issue senior secured convertible notes up to an aggregate amount of $6.0 million (the 2011 Notes), and issued convertible notes for an aggregate principal amount of $3.0 million in a first closing. The 2011 Notes bore interest of 10% per annum and were to mature six months after the effective date or a later date as may be determined by a written consent of the Company’s Board of Directors and the majority in interest of the note holders. All unpaid principal and accrued interest under the 2011 Notes was to automatically convert into (1) the number of shares of the preferred stock sold by the Company in the next round of equity financing under certain conditions or (2) shares of Series C Preferred Stock. The number of shares issued from the conversion was to be determined by dividing the unpaid principal and accrued interest by the price of preferred stock issued in such financing or $0.862 if converted into the Series C Preferred Stock.

On April 20, 2012, the Company issued an additional $3.0 million of convertible notes in a subsequent closing under the 2011 Convertible Note Agreement.

On July 18, 2012, the Company entered into a convertible promissory note and warrant purchase agreement for an aggregate amount of up to $3.0 million and issued convertible notes (the 2012 Notes) for an aggregate principal amount of $1.5 million in a first closing. The 2012 Notes held terms consistent with the 2011 Notes, except that the Company was obligated to pay the holders of the July 2012 Notes an amount equal to the sum of two times the entire outstanding principal balance and all the unpaid accrued interest at the maturity date if no conversion occurred prior to the maturity date. Since the repayment of the 2012 Notes in cash was deemed improbable, no additional accrual for the repayment premium was established at the issuance date. The 2012 Notes bore interest of 10% per annum and were to mature six months after the issuance date.

On August 28, 2012, the Company issued an additional $1.5 million of convertible notes in a subsequent closing under the same terms as the 2012 Notes. Concurrently, the 2011 Notes were amended to extend the maturity dates to January 18, 2013. This modification to the 2011 Notes was accounted for prospectively based on the revised terms under the debt accounting guidance.

On October 31, 2012, the outstanding 2011 and 2012 Notes in the amount of $9.0 million and the related accrued interest of $493,000 were converted into 11,012,456 shares of Series D Preferred Stock at a conversion price of $0.862 per share.

September 2013 Note Payable

In January 2013, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the Credit Facility) with a bank for working capital in an aggregate principal amount of up to $5.0 million, which can be increased to $6.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical trial milestones. In June 2013, the Credit Facility was amended to revise the interest rate and the milestones for which the aggregate principal amount of the Credit Facility may be increased. Additionally, the amendment adjusted the interest rate and extended the Credit Facility borrowing term from July 9, 2014 to November 1, 2014. Under the amended Credit Facility, each term loan bears interest at a variable annual rate equal to 2% above prime. The term loans require interest-only payment through November 9, 2014 and 18 equal monthly payments of principal and interest thereafter. In connection with the Credit Facility, the company granted a security interest in all its assets, except intellectual property.

 

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The first term loan in the amount of $5.0 million was funded on September 30, 2013. The term loan bears interest at a variable rate of prime plus 2% (currently 5.25%) per annum with interest-only payments through November 9, 2014 with a maturity date of April 9, 2016.

In connection with the Credit Facility, the Company issued a warrant for the purchase of 174,014 shares of Series D Preferred Stock at $0.862 per share. The warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire on January 9, 2023. The estimated fair value of the warrants at issuance was determined to be $126,000, which was capitalized as debt origination fees and amortized on a straight-line basis over the available period of the Credit Facility. The unamortized balance of the debt origination fee of $70,000 was reclassified into debt discount upon the drawdown of the first term loan and is being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the loan term. The Company estimated the fair value of its Series D Preferred Stock warrant liability at issuance utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following significant observable inputs: risk-free rate of 1.88%; expected dividend rate of 0%; remaining expected life of 10 years; and expected volatility of 85.4% of the underlying preferred stock. The Company recorded $73,000 of interest expense and amortization of debt discount related to the term loan for the nine months ended September 30, 2013. Debt issuance costs totaling $42,000 were recorded as an asset on the accompanying balance sheet and is being amortized to interest expense utilizing the effective interest rate method over the loan term. The Company is required to issue an additional 34,803 warrants for the purchase of Series D Preferred Stock if a second term loan for the remaining $1.0 million of the credit facility is funded.

Long-term debt and unamortized discount balances are as follows (in thousands):

 

Balance at December 31, 2012

   $   

Face value of promissory note

     5,000   

Fair value of warrants

     (126

Accretion of debt discount

     57   
  

 

 

 

Balance at September 30, 2013

   $ 4,931   
  

 

 

 

Future minimum payments under the Credit Facility are as follows (in thousands):

 

Year Ending December 31,

  

2013

   $ 80   

2014

     870   

2015

     3,506   

2016

     1,122   
  

 

 

 

Total future minimum payments

     5,578   

Unamortized interest

     (508

Debt discount

     (70
  

 

 

 

Total minimum payment

     5,000   

Current portion

       
  

 

 

 

Non-current portion

   $ 5,000   
  

 

 

 

At September 30, 2013, the Company believes the fair value of the note payable approximates its carrying value as the loan was funded on that date.

7. Convertible Preferred Stock Warrants

The Company accounts for its warrants to purchase shares of convertible preferred stock issued with the 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 convertible notes and the Credit Facility that are contingently redeemable as liabilities. The Company will continue to adjust the liability for changes in fair value of these warrants until the earlier of: (1) exercise of warrants; (2) expiration of warrants; (3) a change of control of the Company; or (4) the consummation of the Company’s IPO, at which time the liability will be reclassified to stockholders’ equity.

 

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May 2009, June 2009, July 2009, October 2009 and January 2010 Preferred Stock Warrants

In conjunction with the issuance of the 2009 and January 2010 Notes, the Company issued warrants to note holders for the purchase of 1,624,129 shares of Series C Preferred Stock (the Series C Warrants). The number of shares purchasable under each warrant is equal to 20% of the principal amount of each respective note divided by the per share issuance price of the Series C Preferred stock of $0.862. The Series C Warrants are exercisable upon the earliest of (a) a liquidation transaction, (b) the closing of a qualified financing or, (c) the maturity date of the respective notes. The Series C Warrants for the purchase of 696,052, 464,035 and 464,035 shares of Series C Preferred Stock expire on May 22, 2014, October 9, 2014 and January 8, 2015, respectively.

The estimated fair value of the Series C Warrants at the 2009 and 2010 issuance dates was estimated to be $272,000 and $712,000, respectively, and was recorded as a debt discount that is being amortized using the effective interest rate method over the term of the convertible notes. The Company estimated the fair value of its Series C Preferred Stock warrant liability at issuance utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following significant observable inputs: risk-free rate of 2.0%; expected dividend rate of 0%; remaining expected life of five years; and expected volatility of 92.0% of the underlying preferred stock.

The Company recorded $0 in non-cash interest expense and amortization of debt discount for the 2009 Notes and the 2010 Notes during the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 and for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013, $569,000 of non-cash interest expense and $984,000 of amortization of debt discount from February 28, 2001 (inception) to December 31, 2012 and September 30, 2013, respectively, as other income (expense) in the statement of operations.

December 2011, April 2012, July 2012 and August 2012 Preferred Stock Warrants

In conjunction with the issuance of the 2011 and 2012 Notes, the Company issued warrants to note holders for the purchase of 2,088,163 shares of Series D Preferred Stock (the Series D Warrants). The Series D Warrants are exercisable upon the earlier of the automatic conversion of the notes upon a qualified financing, or immediately prior to the closing of a liquidation transaction or on the maturity date of the 2011 Notes and 2012 Notes, respectively. The number of shares purchasable under each Series D Warrant was equal to 20% of the principal amount of each respective note divided by the per share issuance price of the Series D Preferred Stock of $0.862. The Series D Warrants for the purchase of 696,055, 696,054, 348,027 and 348,027 shares of Series D Preferred Stock expire on December 15, 2016, April 20, 2017, July 18, 2017 and August 28, 2017, respectively.

The estimated fair value of the Series D Warrants at the 2011 and 2012 issuance dates were $286,000 and $551,000, respectively. The Company estimated the fair value of its Series D Preferred Stock warrant liability at issuance utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following significant observable inputs: risk-free rate of 0.62%; expected dividend rate of 0%; remaining expected life of 4.29 years; and expected volatility of 94.3% of the underlying preferred stock.

The Company recorded non-cash interest expense for the 2011 Notes and 2012 Notes of $11,000 and $480,000 for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Non-cash interest expense was $403,000 and $17,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013, and $508,000 and $508,000 for the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) to December 31, 2012 and September 30, 2013, respectively. The Company recorded amortization of debt discount for the 2011 Notes and 2012 Notes of $24,000 and $813,000 for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Amortization of debt discount was $524,000 and $0 for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 and $837,000 and $837,000 for the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) to December 31, 2012 and September 30, 2013, respectively.

 

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The following table summarizes the outstanding convertible preferred stock warrants and the corresponding exercise price as of December 31, 2011 and 2012 and September 30, 2013:

 

                                                   
     Number of Shares
Outstanding December
31,
     September 30,
2013
     Per Share
Exercise
Price
 
     2011      2012        
                  

(Unaudited)

        

May 2009 Series C Warrants

     696,052         696,052         696,052       $ 0.862   

October 2009 Series C Warrants

     464,035         464,035         464,035         0.862   

January 2010 Series C Warrants

     464,035         464,035         464,035         0.862   

December 2011 Series D Warrants

     696,055         696,055         696,055         0.862   

April 2012 Series D Warrants

             696,054         696,054         0.862   

July 2012 Series D Warrants

             348,027         348,027         0.862   

August 2012 Series D Warrants

             348,027         348,027         0.862   

January 2013 Series D Warrants

                     174,014         0.862   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

Total

     2,320,177         3,712,285         3,886,299      
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

8. Stockholders’ Deficit

Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company’s convertible preferred stock has been classified as temporary equity on the accompanying balance sheets instead of in stockholders’ (deficit) equity in accordance with authoritative guidance for the classification and measurement of redeemable securities. Upon certain change in control events that are outside of the Company’s control, including liquidation, sale or transfer of control of the Company, holders of the convertible preferred stock can cause its redemption.

Between August 2001 and May 2006, the Company issued 1,826,174 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for purchase prices ranging from $1.00 to $3.80 per share, raising net cash proceeds of $3.4 million.

On June 15, 2007, the Company issued 3,157,894 shares of Series B Preferred Stock at $3.80 per share raising net cash proceeds of $11.9 million. Concurrently, Costa Verde converted its 2006 Note (see Note 6) in the amount of $1.8 million into 480,262 shares of Series B Preferred Stock. On December 2, 2008, the Company issued 1,315,786 shares of Series B Preferred Stock and raised an additional $5.0 million of net cash proceeds.

On July 2, 2010, the Company issued 5,220,415 shares of Series C Preferred Stock at $0.862 per share raising net cash proceeds of $4.4 million. Concurrently, the outstanding 2009 and 2010 Notes (see Note 6) in the principal amount of $7.5 million were converted into 8,700,693 shares of Series C Preferred Stock at a conversion price of $0.862 per share.

On October 31, 2012, the Company executed an agreement for a $25.0 million Series D Preferred Stock financing. Concurrently, the Company issued 9,280,745 shares of Series D Preferred Stock at $0.862 for net cash proceeds of $7.8 million in a first closing. Additionally, the outstanding 2011 and 2012 Notes in the principal amount of $9.0 million and accrued interest of $493,000 were converted into 11,012,456 shares of Series D Preferred Stock at a conversion price of $0.862 per share.

On May 1, 2013, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the acceleration of the closing of a portion of the second tranche of the Series D Preferred Stock financing and the Company issued 2,320,188 shares of Series D Preferred Stock at $0.862 per share for net cash proceeds of proceeds of $2.0 million.

On July 11, 2013, the Company enrolled the first patient in the Phase 3 registration trial of SD-809 and the Company received $8.5 million in net cash proceeds from the sale of 9,860,790 shares of Series D Preferred Stock to new and existing investors at a purchase price of $0.862 per share under the second tranche closing.

Right Issued With Series D Preferred Stock

Included in the terms of the Series D Preferred Stock purchase agreement were certain rights (the Tranche Rights) granted to the holders of Series D Preferred Stock purchased at the first closing that obligated the

 

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Company to issue an additional 9,280,745 shares at $0.862 per share contingent upon (1) the enrollment of the first patient in the Phase 3 registration trial of SD-809 for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease or (2) at the option of a third-party investor. The Series D Preferred Stock, based on its “deemed liquidation” terms, among others, is considered to be contingently redeemable. Accordingly, the preferred stock rights to purchase additional shares were fair valued and classified as a liability upon the first closing of the financing in October 2012 and the carrying value was adjusted at each reporting period. The estimated fair value was determined using an option valuation model that considers the probability of achieving a milestone, if any, the entity’s cost of capital, the estimated time period the preferred stock right will be outstanding, consideration received for the Series D Preferred Stock, the number of shares to be issued to satisfy the preferred stock right and at what price, and any changes in the fair value of the underlying Series D Preferred Stock. The estimated fair value of the Tranche Rights at issuance was determined to be $1.4 million. The fair value of the Tranche Rights at December 31, 2012 was $1.6 million. The change in fair value of Tranche Rights for the year ended December 31, 2012, the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) to December 31, 2012, the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2013 and for the period from February 28, 2001 (inception) to September 30, 2013 was $196,000, $196,000, $0, $258,000 and $454,000, respectively, and was recorded as other finance expense in the statement of operations. The fair value of the Tranche Rights of $455,000 and $1.4 million was reclassified to paid-in capital on the balance sheet upon the issuance of the Series D Preferred Stock in May 2013 and July 2013.

Dividends

Each holder of Series D Preferred Stock is entitled to receive non-cumulative dividends, when and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, at an annual rate of 8% of the original issue price, prior to and in preference to the payment of a dividend on the Series A, Series B, and Series C Preferred Stock, and common stock. Following payment of any dividends on shares of Series D Preferred Stock, each share of Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, and Series C Preferred Stock is entitled to receive non-cumulative dividends, when and if declared by the Board of Directors, at an annual rate of 8% of the original issue price. Any additional dividends shall be distributed among the holders of Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Stock, and common stock pro rata based on the number of shares of common stock (on an as converted basis). No dividends have been declared to date.

Liquidation

In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of the Series D Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, prior and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets of the Company to the holders of Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Stock or common stock, an amount per share equal to the original issue price plus declared but unpaid dividends. Thereafter, liquidation amounts plus declared and unpaid dividends are paid with the following preference: (1) Series C Preferred Stock, (2) Series A and B Preferred Stock and (3) common stock, assuming conversion of all preferred stock into common stock.

Conversion

Each share of Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Stock, and Series D Preferred Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, at any time after the date of issuance into a number of shares of common stock as is determined by dividing the original issue price by the applicable conversion price. The conversion price per share is $1.00 per share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, $1.70 per share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, $2.40 per share of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, $3.10 per share of Series A-4 Preferred Stock, $3.80 per share of Series A-5 Preferred Stock, $3.80 per share of Series B Preferred Stock, $0.862 per share of Series C Preferred Stock, and $0.862 per share of Series D Preferred Stock. Such initial conversion price shall be subject to adjustments for stock splits, recapitalization and certain other events.

In addition, the preferred stock automatically converts into shares of common stock upon the earlier of (1) the consummation of the Company’s sale of its common stock in an underwritten public offering at a price that is greater than $2.59 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassification) and which results in aggregate net cash proceeds to the Company of at least $40 million or (2) the consent of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class on an as-converted to common stock basis.

 

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Voting Rights

The holder of each share of convertible preferred stock is entitled to one vote for each share of common stock into which it would convert.

The authorized shares, purchase price, number of shares outstanding, and liquidation amount for each series of preferred stock as of December 31, 2012, are as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

 

     Shares
Authorized
     Purchase Price
per Share
     Shares
Outstanding
     Liquidation
Amount
 

Series A-1 Preferred

     613,500       $ 1.00         613,500       $ 614   

Series A-2 Preferred

     610,294         1.70         610,294         1,038   

Series A-3 Preferred

     291,666         2.40         291,666         700   

Series A-4 Preferred

     258,084         3.10         258,084         800   

Series A-5 Preferred

     52,630         3.80         52,630         200   

Series B Preferred

     4,953,942         3.80         4,953,942         18,825   

Series C Preferred

     15,545,230         0.862         13,921,108         12,000   

Series D Preferred

     32,700,000         0.862         20,293,201         17,493   
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Preferred

     55,025,346            40,994,425       $ 51,670   
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

 

 

The authorized shares, purchase price, number of shares outstanding, and liquidation amount for each series of preferred stock as of September 30, 2013 (unaudited) are as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

 

     Shares
Authorized
     Purchase Price
per Share
     Shares
Outstanding
     Liquidation
Amount
 

Series A-1 Preferred

     613,500       $ 1.00         613,500       $ 614   

Series A-2 Preferred

     610,294         1.70         610,294         1,038   

Series A-3 Preferred

     291,666         2.40         291,666         700   

Series A-4 Preferred

     258,084         3.10         258,084         800   

Series A-5 Preferred

     52,630         3.80         52,630         200   

Series B Preferred

     4,953,942         3.80         4,953,942         18,825   

Series C Preferred

     15,545,230         0.862         13,921,108         12,000   

Series D Preferred

     35,600,233         0.862         32,474,179         27,993   
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Preferred

     57,925,579            53,175,403       $ 62,170   
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

 

 

Common Stock

During 2007, the Company issued shares of common stock to an officer, three employees and three consultants in exchange for full recourse secured promissory notes in the aggregate amount of $28,000. Each note bore interest at a rate of 6% per annum and was secured by the shares of common stock purchased. The common stock generally vests over four years and upon termination of service; the Company had an option to repurchase all of the unvested shares. During 2009, the Company (1) repurchased a portion of the outstanding common stock and forgave outstanding notes in the amount of $18,900; (2) forgave outstanding notes in the amount of $1,900 originally received for the sale of common stock that remained outstanding as of December 31, 2009; and (3) repurchased shares of common stock for $32,000 in cash.

Upon the closing of the Series C financing in July 2010, every 1,000,000 shares of common stock then outstanding was reverse split into one share of common stock (the Reverse Split), effectively eliminating the outstanding common stock. The effect of the Reverse Split has been retroactively applied to all periods presented. In addition, the Company forgave the remaining outstanding notes receivable in the amount of $8,000 related to the sale of common stock as the Company completed the Reverse Split.

Also during 2010, the Company issued 595 shares of restricted common stock at $0.20 per share pursuant to its 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2010 Plan) to a consultant in consideration of past services. The shares vested in equal monthly installments over two years commencing in October 2010 and were fully vested as of December 31, 2012.

 

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In September 2013, the Company issued 650,000 shares of restricted common stock at $0.12 per share pursuant to the 2010 Plan in connection with the hiring of an officer. The shares vest in equal monthly installments over four years commencing in October 2013.

Restricted Stock Awards and Stock Options

In July 2001, the Company adopted the 2001 Stock Option Plan (the 2001 Plan). The 2001 Plan provided for the granting of incentive stock options to employees and consultants of the Company. In July 2010, the Company terminated the 2001 Plan and canceled all outstanding options.

Concurrently with the termination of the 2001 Plan, the Company adopted the 2010 Plan as a successor to the 2001 Plan. A total of 4,968,074 shares were initially reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan. In July 2013, the 2010 Plan was amended to increase the number of shares reserved for issuance to 10,039,704 shares. The 2010 Plan provides for the granting of equity awards to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. Awards granted under the 2010 Plan may be incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, and restricted stock unit awards. In connection with the issuance of restricted common stock, the Company maintains a repurchase right where shares of restricted common stock are released from such repurchase right over a period of time of continued service by the recipient. Recipients of incentive stock options are eligible to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to no less than the estimated fair value of such stock on the date of grant. The term for option awards granted under the plan is ten years. The total number of shares of common stock subject to an option may vest and, therefore, become exercisable in periodic installments that may or may not be equal. The vesting provisions of individual options may vary as approved by the Company’s Board of Directors. As of September 30, 2013, there were options outstanding to purchase 2,484,572 shares of common stock and 6,904,537 of common stock reserved for future stock awards under the 2010 Plan.

The following table summarizes stock option activity since the inception of the 2010 Plan:

 

    Number of
Shares
    Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
    Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life in
Years
    Weighted
Average
Grant
Date Fair
Value
    Total
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
 

Outstanding at December 31, 2009

         $          $    —   

Options granted

    560,000        0.20        $ 0.16     
 

 

 

         

Outstanding at December 31, 2010

    560,000        0.20        9.96             —   

Options granted

    1,072,256        0.20        $ 0.16     
 

 

 

         

Outstanding at December 31, 2011

    1,632,256        0.20        9.24             —   

Options granted

    672,804        0.20        $ 0.14     
 

 

 

         

Outstanding at December 31, 2012

    2,305,060        0.20        8.49             —   

Options granted (unaudited)

    1,387,561        0.19        $ 0.13     

Options cancelled (unaudited)

    (1,208,049     0.20         
 

 

 

         

 

 

 

Outstanding at September 30, 2013 (unaudited)

    2,484,572        0.20        8.52            
 

 

 

         

 

 

 

Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2012

    2,305,060        0.20        8.49            
 

 

 

         

 

 

 

Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2012

    933,356        0.20        8.29            
 

 

 

         

 

 

 

Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2013 (unaudited)

    2,484,572        0.20        8.52            
 

 

 

         

 

 

 

Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2013 (unaudited)

    792,057        0.20        7.60            
 

 

 

         

 

 

 

For the year ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, and the nine months ended September 30, 2013, the total fair value of vested options was $29,000, $80,000 and $73,000, respectively.

 

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As of each of December 31, 2012 and September 30, 2013, there was approximately $205,000 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested awards, which cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.36 and 2.83 years, respectively.

Liability for Early Exercise of Restricted Stock Options

As of September 30, 2013, there were 650,000 shares of unvested restricted common shares outstanding and subject to repurchase by the Company at the original issuance price upon termination of the stockholders’ services. The Company may repurchase these shares at an average price of $0.12 per share, and the right to repurchase these shares lapses at the rate of 1/48th of the number of shares issued per month. There were no shares subject to repurchase at December 31, 2011 or 2012.

The shares purchased by the employees pursuant to the early exercise of stock options are not deemed, for accounting purposes, to be issued until those shares vest. The cash received in exchange for exercised and unvested shares related to stock options granted is recorded as a liability for the early exercise of stock options on the accompanying balance sheets and will be transferred into common stock and additional paid-in capital as the shares vest. As of September 30, 2013, the Company recorded $78,000 of accrued and other liabilities associated with shares issued with repurchase rights.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The fair value of each option was estimated on the date of grant using the assumptions in the table below:

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Nine Months Ended September 30,
     2011    2012    2012    2013
               (unaudited)

Risk-free interest rate

   1.89% – 2.41%    0.77% – 1.38%    0.77% – 1.38%    1.01% – 1.71%

Expected dividend yield

   0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%

Expected volatility

   93.19% – 97.15%    94.32%    94.32%    80.5% – 76.7%

Expected term (in years)

   6.02 – 9.83    6.02 – 6.08    6.02 – 6.08    6.08

Determining Fair Value of Stock Options

The fair value of each grant of stock options was determined by the Company using the methods and assumptions discussed below. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine.

Expected Term—The expected term of stock options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to be outstanding. The Company uses the simplified method for estimating the expected term as provided by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The simplified method calculates the expected term as the average time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options.

Expected Volatility—Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical or implied volatility, the expected volatility assumption was determined by examining the historical volatilities of a group of industry peers whose share prices are publicly available.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk free rate assumption is based on the U.S. Treasury instruments, the terms of which were consistent with the expected term of the Company’s stock options.

Expected Dividend—The expected dividend assumption is based on the Company’s history and expectation of dividend payouts. The company has not paid and does not intend to pay dividends.

Forfeiture Rate—Forfeitures were estimated based on historical experience.

Fair Value of Common Stock—Historically, the fair value of the shares of common stock underlying the stock options has been the responsibility of and determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. Because there was no public market for the Company’s common stock, the Board of Directors determined fair value of common stock at the time of grant of the option by considering a number of objective and subjective factors including independent third-party valuations of the Company’s common stock, sales of convertible preferred stock to unrelated third parties, operating and financial performance, the lack of liquidity of capital stock and general and industry specific economic outlook, among other factors.

 

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Stock-based compensation expense related to options granted was allocated as follows (in thousands):

 

                                                                               
     For the Year
Ended
December 31,
     For the Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
     Period from
February 28,
2001 (Inception)
through
September 30,
2013
 
     2011      2012      2012      2013     
                   (unaudited)      (unaudited)  

Research and development

   $ 28       $ 43       $ 32       $ 57       $ 218   

General and administrative

     22         39         29         40         127   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Stock-based compensation expense(1)

   $ 50       $ 82       $ 61       $ 97       $ 345   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Inception to date compensation expense includes expenses for the 2001 Plan and the 2010 Plan.

Common stock reserved for issuance is as follows:

 

     December 31,      September 30,  
     2012      2013  
           

(unaudited)

 

Conversion of Preferred Stock

     40,994,425         53,175,403   

Conversion of Preferred Stock warrants

     3,712,285         3,886,299   

Stock options issued and outstanding

     2,305,060         2,484,572   

Authorized for future stock awards or option grants

     2,662,419         6,904,537   
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

  

 

 

 

49,674,189

 

  

  

 

 

 

66,450,811

 

  

  

 

 

    

 

 

 

9. Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740-10, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Tax. The impact of an uncertain income tax position is recognized at the largest amount that is “more likely than not” to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. There are no unrecognized tax benefits included in the Company’s balance sheets at December 31, 2011 and 2012 and September 30, 2013. The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company has not recognized interest or penalties in its statements of operations and comprehensive loss since inception.

The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by the United States and state jurisdictions where applicable. There are currently no pending income tax examinations. The Company’s tax years from inception in 2001 are subject to examination by the federal and California tax authorities due to the carryforward of unutilized net operating losses and research and development credits.

The following table provides a reconciliation between income taxes computed at the federal statutory rate of 34% and the provision for income taxes:

 

     2011     2012  

Federal income taxes at 34%

   $ (1,046   $ (5,137

State income tax, net of federal benefit

     (176     (770

Nondeductible interest

     4        506   

Research credits

     (184     (91

Removal of net operating losses and research and development credits

     442        1,715   

Nondeductible expenses and other

     2        115   

Change in valuation allowance

     958        3,662   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
   $ 0      $ 0   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Significant components of the Company’s net deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands).

 

     December 31,  
     2011     2012  

Deferred tax assets:

    

Amortization of capitalized research and development expenses

   $ 1,076      $ 4,720   

Other

     54        72   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total deferred tax assets

     1,130        4,792   

Less valuation allowance

     (1,130     (4,792
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net deferred tax assets

   $      $   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

At December 31, 2012, The Company had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $33.8 million and $33.6 million, respectively. The state loss carryforwards began expiring in 2013 and the federal loss carryforwards will begin expiring in 2021, unless previously utilized. The Company also has federal and California research and development credit carryforwards totaling $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The federal research and development credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2021, unless previously utilized. The California research credits do not expire.

Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. Based on the weight of all evidence, including a history of operating losses, management has determined that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. A valuation allowance of $1.1 million and $4.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively, has been established to offset the deferred tax assets as realization of such assets is uncertain.

Future utilization of the Company’s net operating loss and research and development credits carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to an annual limitation, pursuant to Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Sections 382 and 383, as a result of ownership changes that may have occurred or that could occur in the future. An ownership change occurs when a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% occurs within a three-year period. The Company has not completed an IRC Section 382/383 analysis regarding the limitation of net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards. Until this analysis has been completed, the Company has removed deferred tax assets for net operating losses of approximately $13.4 million and research and development credits of approximately $2.2 million generated through 2012 from its deferred tax asset schedule, and has recorded a corresponding decrease to its valuation allowance. When this analysis is finalized, the Company plans to update its unrecognized tax benefits accordingly.

The Company does not expect this analysis to be completed within the next 12 months and, as a result, the Company does not expect the unrecognized tax benefits will change within 12 months. Due to the existence of the valuation allowance, future changes in the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits will not change the Company’s effective tax rate.

The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was enacted on January 2, 2013. Included within this legislation was an extension of the research and development credit which had previously expired on December 31, 2011. This legislation retroactively reinstates and extends the credit from the previous expiration date through December 31, 2013. As the legislation was not enacted until after the close of the year ended December 31, 2012, the income tax impact of the retroactive reinstatement and extension will not be recognized until 2013. If the tax impact of the research and development credit was recognized, the Company does not anticipate any federal income tax benefit due to the existence of deferred tax assets offset by a valuation allowance.

10. Commitments

Lease

The Company leases office space under a noncancelable operating lease. In November 2012, the Company amended the lease for additional square footage. The lease is subject to charges for common area maintenance and other costs. The lease expires in August 2016 with one three-year extension period. Provisions of the lease

 

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provide for abatement of rent during certain periods and escalating rent payment during the initial and extended lease terms. Rent expense is being recorded on straight line basis over the life of the lease.

Future minimum payments required under the lease as of September 30, 2013, are summarized as follows (in thousands):

 

Year Ending December 31:

  

2013

   $ 29   

2014

     120   

2015

     124   

2016

     84   
  

 

 

 

Total minimum lease payments

   $ 357   
  

 

 

 

Rent expense was approximately $68,000, $99,000, and $91,000 for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, and the nine months ended September 30, 2013, respectively, and $1.2 million and $1.3 million for the periods from February 28, 2001 (inception) through December 31, 2012 and September 30, 2013, respectively.

Patent Assignment Agreement

In September 2011, the Company entered into a patent assignment agreement with Concert Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Concert) pursuant to which Concert assigned to the Company a U.S. patent application relating to deuterated pirfenidone. Under the terms of the agreement, Concert is eligible to receive certain royalty payments (the Royalty Payments), equal to a percentage in the low single digits of net sales in the United States invoiced by the Company or any of its affiliates with respect to certain pharmaceutical products containing deuterated pirfenidone. If the Company sells to another party all of its U.S. rights to certain deuterated pirfenidone products or if the Company grants to another party a license to sell certain deuterated pirfenidone products in the United States, Concert will receive an amount (the Sublicense/Sale Payments), equal to a percentage in the teens of any proceeds the Company receives therefrom that are attributable to the rights to such deuterated pirfenidone products in the United States. If the Company is acquired in a change in control transaction at any time that the Company or any of its affiliates own certain patents or patent applications related to deuterated pirfenidone, Concert will receive 1.44% of any proceeds the Company receives in such transaction. Such payment is applied as a credit to any future Royalty Payments and Sublicense/Sale Payments that may be due to Concert under the agreement. The agreement expires upon the earlier to occur of (1) receipt by Concert of the final Sublicense/Sale Payment arising from (1) the sale of the Company’s U.S. rights to certain deuterated pirfenidone products or (2) the Company’s grant of an exclusive license to sell certain deuterated pirfenidone products in the United States in all indications and fields, or (2) the expiration of the last claim owned by the Company or any of its affiliates in certain patents or patent applications related to deuterated pirfenidone.

11. Sale of Patent Rights

In 2011, the Company received proceeds of $3.0 million related to the sale of certain patent and licensing rights to a pharmaceutical company and recorded a gain from the sale in its statement of operations as the Company had no additional continuing obligations. The terms of the agreement also provide for payments of an additional $11.0 million contingent upon the first regulatory approval for a related product. No further payments under this agreement were due or received at December 31, 2012 and September 30, 2013.

12. Subsequent Events

In October 2013, the Company hired a new Chief Executive Officer (the CEO). The employment agreement provides for a signing bonus of $150,000 and guaranteed annual bonus of no less than $90,000 per year in 2014 and 2015. In addition, the agreement provides for an annual retention bonus of $50,000, payable for the next five years ending on September 30, 2018. The retention bonus is subject to acceleration in the event there is a change in control or should the Company file a registration statement for the first registered offering of the Company’s securities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. In addition, the CEO was awarded 4,026,084 shares of restricted common stock at $0.12 per share with 712,952 shares vesting on date of grant, 293,569 shares vesting on January 15, 2014 and 3,019,563 shares vesting monthly thereafter over 36 months.

 

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In November 2013, the Company received proceeds of $240,000 from the exercise of 194,892 warrants to purchase Series C Preferred Stock and 83,526 warrants to purchase Series D Preferred Stock.

In December 2013, the Company issued 11,336,481 shares of Series E Preferred Stock to new and existing investors at a price of $1.724 per share for gross proceeds of $19.5 million. Holders of Series E Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends in preference to all other series of preferred stock at the rate of 8% per annum and are payable if and when declared by the Board of Directors. In the event of a liquidating transaction, holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Series E Preferred Stock shall be entitled to elect to receive a non-participating liquidation preference equal to 1.5 times the original price per share or a fully participating liquidation preference equal to the original purchase price per share. Holders of the Series E Preferred Stock are entitled to one vote per share of Common Stock into which such preferred stock converts. The Series E Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holder, at any time, into the number of shares of Common Stock determined by dividing the applicable purchase price by the applicable conversion price of $1.724, subject to adjustments as set forth in the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. All outstanding shares of Series E Preferred Stock are automatically converted to Common Stock upon any public offering of Common Stock listed on either the Nasdaq Stock Market or New York Stock Exchange. If any sale of stock in a private offering is completed at a lower price per share than the offering price per share of the Series E Preferred Stock on or before the Company’s receipt of marketing approval in the United States for a new drug application submitted by the Company related to its SD-809 product candidate, the conversion price of the Series E Preferred Stock will be adjusted.

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation

On December 20, 2013, in connection with its Series E Preferred Stock financing, the Company filed an amended and restated certificate of incorporation. Effective upon the filing of the amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company’s authorized shares consisted of the following:

 

     Shares
Authorized
 

Series A-1 Preferred

     613,500   

Series A-2 Preferred

     610,294   

Series A-3 Preferred

     291,666   

Series A-4 Preferred

     258,084   

Series A-5 Preferred

     52,630   

Series B Preferred

     4,953,942   

Series C Preferred

     15,545,230   

Series D Preferred

     35,600,233   

Series E Preferred

     11,597,501   
  

 

 

 

Total Preferred

     69,523,080   

Common Stock

     86,500,000   
  

 

 

 
     156,023,080   
  

 

 

 

2010 Incentive Plan

In October 2013, the Company awarded 277,489 restricted common stock and 2,077,989 common stock options at $0.12 per share to its employees and a consultant. These shares generally vest 25% one year from the vesting commencement date and monthly thereafter over 36 months.

On December 19, 2013, the Company amended its 2010 Stock Option Plan to increase the number of shares reserved for issuance by 4,800,000 to 14,839,704 shares. On January 10, 2014, the Company awarded 2,875,427 shares of common stock options to its new and existing employees. The shares generally vest from one to four years from the vesting commencement date.

 

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Table of Contents

 

Term Loan Facility

On December 27, 2013, the Company entered into a term loan facility with Oxford Finance LLC and its assignees. The loan facility provides funding for an aggregate principal amount of $15.0 million which was funded at closing. The term loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 8.99% per annum with interest only payments for 12 months beginning on February 1, 2014 and equal monthly principal and interest payments over 36 months thereafter. The loan will mature on January 1, 2018. Should the Company raise at least $40.0 million from an initial public offering of its common stock, the interest only period will be extended by an additional 6 months to 18 months. Upon repayment of the term loan, the Company is required to make a final payment to the lenders equal to 3% of the original principal balance of the loan. In connection with the funding of the term loan, the Company issued warrants to the lenders to purchase an aggregate of up to 261,020 of Series E Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $1.724 per share. The warrants are exerciseable on December 27, 2013 and will expire on December 27, 2023. The warrants were valued at $424,000 at issuance. In addition, the Company incurred loan issuance costs of $205,000.

The Company is permitted to make voluntary prepayments of the term loan with a prepayment fee equal to (i) 3% of the term loan prepaid during the first 12 months, (ii) 2% of the term loan prepaid in months 13-24 and (iii) 1% of the term loan prepaid thereafter. The Company is required to make mandatory prepayments of the outstanding term loan upon the acceleration by the lenders of such term loan following the occurrence of an event of default, along with a payment of the final payment, the prepayment fee and any other obligations that are due and payable at the time of the prepayment.

The term loan facility contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants. The affirmative covenants include, among others, covenants to maintain its legal existence and governmental approvals, deliver certain financial reports and maintain insurance. The negative covenants include, among others, restrictions on dispositions, changes in business, management, ownership or business locations, mergers or acquisitions, indebtedness, encumbrances, distributions, investments, transactions with affiliates and subordinated debt.

The term loan facility also includes customary events of default, including but not limited to the nonpayment of principal or interest, violations of covenants, material adverse change, attachment, levy, restraint on business, cross-defaults on the Company’s or its subsidiary’s material indebtedness, bankruptcy, material judgments and misrepresentations. Upon an event of default, the lenders may, among other things, accelerate the term loan and foreclose on the collateral.

$5.0 million of the proceeds from the term loan facility were used to repay in full the outstanding balance under a bank Credit Facility (see Note 6).

For the purposes of the financial statements as of December 31, 2012 and the year then ended, the Company has evaluated the subsequent events through August 20, 2013, the date the audited annual financial statements were issued. For the purposes of the unaudited interim condensed financial statements as of September 30, 2013 and the nine-month period then ended, such evaluation of subsequent events has been performed through November 21, 2013.

 

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LOGO

             Shares

Common Stock

 

 

PROSPECTUS

                    , 2014

 

 

Stifel

BMO Capital Markets

Baird

William Blair

Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc.

 

 

Neither we nor any of the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide information different from that contained in this prospectus. When you make a decision about whether to invest in our common stock, you should not rely upon any information other than the information in this prospectus. Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor the sale of our common stock means that information contained in this prospectus is correct after the date of this prospectus. This prospectus is not an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy these shares of common stock in any circumstances under which the offer or solicitation is unlawful.


Table of Contents

 

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.

The following table sets forth all costs and expenses, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or the Registrant, in connection with the sale of the common stock being registered. All amounts shown are estimates except for the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, registration fee, the FINRA filing fee and the NASDAQ Global Market filing fee.

 

     Amount  

SEC registration fee

   $ 8,888   

FINRA filing fee

     10,850   

NASDAQ Global Market listing fee

                 

Blue-sky qualification fees and expenses

                 

Printing and engraving expenses

                 

Legal fees and expenses

                 

Accounting fees and expenses

                 

Transfer agent and registrar fees and expenses

                 

Miscellaneous expenses

                 
  

 

 

 

Total

   $             
  

 

 

 

 

*

To be provided by amendment.

Item 14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

The Registrant is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law provides that a Delaware corporation may indemnify any persons who were, are, or are threatened to be made, parties to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of such corporation), by reason of the fact that such person is or was an officer, director, employee or agent of such corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such corporation as an officer, director, employee or agent of another corporation or enterprise. The indemnity may include expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding, provided that such person acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the corporation’s best interests and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was illegal. A Delaware corporation may indemnify any persons who were, are, or are threatened to be made, a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the corporation by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or enterprise. The indemnity may include expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit, provided such person acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the corporation’s best interests, except that no indemnification is permitted without judicial approval if the officer or director is adjudged to be liable to the corporation. Where an officer or director is successful on the merits or otherwise in the defense of any action referred to above, the corporation must indemnify him or her against the expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred.

The Registrant’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, provide for the indemnification of its directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law.

 

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Section 102(b)(7) of the Delaware General Corporation Law permits a corporation to provide in its certificate of incorporation that a director of the corporation shall not be personally liable to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duties as a director, except for liability for any:

 

    transaction from which the director derives an improper personal benefit;

 

    act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;

 

    unlawful payment of dividends or redemption of shares; or

 

    breach of a director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders.

The Registrant’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as currently in effect includes such a provision, and the Registrant’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering will include such a provision. Expenses incurred by any officer or director in defending any such action, suit or proceeding in advance of its final disposition shall be paid by the Registrant upon delivery to it of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such director or officer, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined that such director or officer is not entitled to be indemnified by the Registrant.

Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law provides, among other things, that a director who willfully or negligently approves of an unlawful payment of dividends or an unlawful stock purchase or redemption, may be held liable for such actions. A director who was either absent when the unlawful actions were approved or dissented at the time may avoid liability by causing his or her dissent to such actions to be entered in the books containing minutes of the meetings of the board of directors at the time such action occurred or immediately after such absent director receives notice of the unlawful acts.

As permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Registrant has entered into indemnity agreements with each of its directors and executive officers, that require the Registrant to indemnify such persons against any and all costs and expenses (including attorneys’, witness or other professional fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such persons in connection with any action, suit or proceeding (including derivative actions), whether actual or threatened, to which any such person may be made a party by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer or is or was acting or serving as an officer, director, employee or agent of the Registrant or any of its affiliated enterprises. Under these agreements, the Registrant is not required to provided indemnification for certain matters, including:

 

    indemnification beyond that permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law;

 

    indemnification for any proceeding with respect to the unlawful payment of remuneration to the director or officer;

 

    indemnification for certain proceedings involving a final judgment that the director or officer is required to disgorge profits from the purchase or sale of the Registrant’s stock;

 

    indemnification for proceedings involving a final judgment that the director’s or officer’s conduct was in bad faith, knowingly fraudulent or deliberately dishonest or constituted willful misconduct or a breach of his or her duty of loyalty, but only to the extent of such specific determination;

 

    indemnification for proceedings or claims brought by an officer or director against us or any of the Registrant’s directors, officers, employees or agents, except for claims to establish a right of indemnification or proceedings or claims approved by the Registrant’s board of directors or required by law;

 

    indemnification for settlements the director or officer enters into without the Registrant’s consent; or

 

    indemnification in violation of any undertaking required by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or in any registration statement filed by the Registrant.

The indemnification agreements also set forth certain procedures that will apply in the event of a claim for indemnification thereunder.

There is at present no pending litigation or proceeding involving any of the Registrant’s directors or executive officers as to which indemnification is required or permitted, and the Registrant is not aware of any threatened litigation or proceeding that may result in a claim for indemnification.

 

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The Registrant has an insurance policy in place that covers its officers and directors with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act, or otherwise.

The Registrant plans to enter into an underwriting agreement which provides that the underwriters are obligated, under some circumstances, to indemnify the Registrant’s directors, officers and controlling persons against specified liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

Item 15. Recent sales of unregistered securities.

Set forth below is information regarding securities issued and options granted by us since January 1, 2011 that were not registered under the Securities Act. Also included is the consideration, if any, received by us, for such securities and options and information relating to the Securities Act, or rule of the SEC, under which exemption from registration was claimed.

 

(1)

In December 2011, we issued convertible promissory notes in an aggregate principal amount of $3,000,000 to investors pursuant to a note purchase agreement. These notes, together with accrued interest, converted into 3,786,348 shares of Series D Preferred Stock in October 2012.

 

(2)

In April 2012, we issued convertible promissory notes in an aggregate principal amount of $3,000,000 to investors pursuant to a note purchase agreement. These notes, together with accrued interest, converted into 3,665,253 shares of Series D Preferred Stock in October 2012.

 

(3)

In July 2012, we issued convertible promissory notes in an aggregate principal amount of $1,500,000 to investors pursuant to a note purchase agreement. These notes, together with accrued interest, converted into 1,790,196 shares of Series D Preferred Stock in October 2012.

 

(4)

In August 2012, we issued convertible promissory notes in an aggregate principal amount of $1,500,000 to investors pursuant to a note purchase agreement. These notes, together with accrued interest, converted into 1,770,649 shares of Series D Preferred Stock in October 2012.

 

(5)

In October 2012, pursuant to the Series D Purchase Agreement, we issued and sold an aggregate of 20,293,201 shares of Series D Preferred Stock to investors at a purchase price of $0.86 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $17,492,739.

 

(6)

In January 2013, we issued a warrant to purchase up to 174,014 shares of Series D Preferred Stock at an exercise price of $0.86 per share.

 

(7)

In May 2013, pursuant to Amendment No. 1 to the Series D Purchase Agreement, we issued and sold an aggregate of 2,320,188 shares of Series D Preferred Stock to investors at a purchase price of $0.86 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $2,000,002.

 

(8)

In July 2013, pursuant to Amendment No. 2 to the Series D Purchase Agreement, we issued and sold an aggregate of 9,860,790 shares of Series D Preferred Stock to investors at a purchase price of $0.86 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $8,500,001.

 

(9)

In December 2013, pursuant to the Series E Purchase Agreement, we issued and sold an aggregate of 11,336,481 shares of Series E Preferred Stock to investors at a purchase price of $1.724 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $19,544,093.

 

(10)

In December 2013, we issued warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 261,060 shares of Series E Preferred Stock at an exercise price of $1.724 per share.

 

(11)

From January 1, 2011 to date, we granted stock options under our 2010 Equity Plan to purchase an aggregate of 5,210,610 shares of common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.17 per share and we awarded 4,954,168 shares of restricted common stock at $0.12 per share to certain directors, officers, employees and consultants.

 

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The offers, sales and issuances of the securities described in paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10) were deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(2) (or Regulation D promulgated thereunder), in that the issuance of securities to the accredited investors did not involve a public offering. The recipients of securities in each of these transactions acquired the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof and appropriate legends were affixed to the securities issued in these transactions. Each of the recipients of securities in these transactions was an accredited investor under Rule 501 of Regulation D. No underwriters were involved in these transactions.

The offers, sales and issuances of the securities described in paragraph (11) were deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Rule 701 in that the transactions were under compensatory benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701. The recipients of such securities were our employees, directors or bona fide consultants and received the securities under our 2010 Equity Plan. Appropriate legends were affixed to the securities issued in these transactions. Each of the recipients of securities in these transactions had adequate access, through employment, business or other relationships, to information about us.

Item 16. Exhibits and financial statement schedules.

(a) Exhibits.

See the Exhibit Index attached to this registration statement, which is incorporated by reference herein.

(b) Financial statement schedules.

No financial statement schedules are provided because the information called for is not required or is shown either in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

Item 17. Undertakings.

The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the Underwriting Agreement certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that:

 

  (a)

For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

 

  (b)

For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the Registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of San Diego, State of California, on the 10th day of January, 2014.

 

AUSPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

By:

 

/s/ Pratik Shah

 

Pratik Shah, Ph.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 

   

Signature

  

Title

 

Date

 

/s/ Pratik Shah

Pratik Shah, Ph.D.

  

President, Chief Executive Officer and

Member of the Board of Directors

(Principal Executive Officer)

  January 10, 2014
 

/s/ John Schmid

John Schmid

  

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

  January 10, 2014
 

/s/ Samuel Saks*

Samuel Saks, M.D.

  

Chief Development Officer and

Member of the Board of Directors

  January 10, 2014
 

/s/ Rod Ferguson*

Rod Ferguson, Ph.D.

   Member of the Board of Directors   January 10, 2014
 

/s/ Gerald Proehl

Gerald Proehl

   Member of the Board of Directors   January 10, 2014
 

/s/ Sepehr Sarshar*

Sepehr Sarshar, Ph.D.

   Member of the Board of Directors   January 10, 2014
 

/s/ Alex Zisson*

Alex Zisson

   Member of the Board of Directors   January 10, 2014

*Pursuant to power of attorney

    
By:    

/s/ Pratik Shah

    
  Pratik Shah, Ph.D.     

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Pratik Shah, Ph.D. and John Schmid, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with the full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place or stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this registration statement (including post-effective amendments), and to sign any registration statement for the same offering covered by this registration statement that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated under the Securities Act, and all post-effective amendments thereto, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

 

 

/s/ Gerald Proehl

Gerald Proehl

   Member of the Board of Directors   January 10, 2014

 


Table of Contents

 

EXHIBIT INDEX

 

Exhibit

number

 

Description of document

  1.1  

Form of Underwriting Agreement.

  3.1#  

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as currently in effect.

  3.2#  

Form of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

  3.3#  

Bylaws, as amended, as currently in effect.

  3.4#  

Form of Amended and Restated Bylaws to become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

  4.1  

Form of Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant.

  4.2#  

Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated December 20, 2013, among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders.

  5.1†  

Opinion of Cooley LLP.

10.1+#  

Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between the Registrant and its directors and officers.

10.2+  

Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and Forms of Stock Option Agreement, Notice of Exercise and Stock Option Grant Notice thereunder.

10.3+#  

Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan and Forms of Stock Option Agreement, Notice of Exercise and Stock Option Grant Notice thereunder.

10.4+#  

Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

10.5+#  

Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy.

10.6+#  

Offer Letter, dated January 12, 2009, by and between the Registrant and Dr. Andreas Sommer.

10.7+#  

Offer Letter, dated February 15, 2011, by and between the Registrant and Dr. David Stamler.

10.8+#  

Amendment to Offer Letter, dated August 25, 2011, by and between the Registrant and Dr. David Stamler.

10.9+#  

Amendment to Offer Letter, dated March 6, 2012, by and between the Registrant and Dr. David Stamler.

10.10+#  

Offer Letter, dated September 3, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Mr. John Schmid.

10.11+#  

Offer Letter, dated October 1, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Dr. Pratik Shah.

10.12+#  

Offer Letter, dated October 7, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Dr. Bharatt Chowrira.

10.13+#  

Offer Letter, dated November 9, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Dr. Samuel Saks.

10.14*#  

Patent Assignment Agreement, dated September 8, 2011, by and between the Registrant and Concert Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

10.15#  

Form of Warrant to Purchase Preferred Stock issued to participants in the Registrant’s Series C Preferred Stock financings.

10.16#  

Form of Warrant to Purchase Preferred Stock issued to participants in the Registrant’s Series D Preferred Stock financings.

10.17#  

Warrant to Purchase Stock issued to Square 1 Bank on January 9, 2013.

 


Table of Contents

 

Exhibit

number

  

Description of document

10.18#   

Loan and Security Agreement, dated January 9, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Square 1 Bank.

10.19#   

First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated June 20, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Square 1 Bank.

10.20#   

Office Lease, dated June 6, 2011, by and between the Registrant and Mullrock 3 Torrey Pines, LLC.

10.21#   

First Amendment to Lease, dated June 21, 2012, by and between the Registrant and Mullrock 3 Torrey Pines, LLC.

10.22#   

Second Amendment to Lease, dated November 13, 2012, by and between the Registrant and Mullrock 3 Torrey Pines, LLC.

10.23+#   

Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Executive Severance Plan.

10.24+#   

Letter Agreement, dated December 19, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Dr. Samuel Saks.

10.25   

Form of Warrant to Purchase Stock issued to Oxford Finance LLC on December 27, 2013.

10.26   

Loan and Security Agreement, dated December 27, 2013 by and between the Registrant and Oxford Finance LLC.

23.1   

Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, an Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

23.2†   

Consent of Cooley LLP. Reference is made to Exhibit 5.1.

24.1#   

Power of Attorney. Reference is made to the signature page of the registration statement filed by the Registrant on December 20, 2013.

24.2   

Power of Attorney. Reference is made to the signature page hereto.

 

To be filed by amendment.

+

Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

*

The Registrant has sought confidential treatment with respect to certain portions of this exhibit.

#

Previously filed.