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EX-31 - EXHIBIT 31 - Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.ex31.htm


FORM 10-Q
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
(Mark One)
 
x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013
 
OR
 
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to ________
 
Commission file number 1-12830

BioTime, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
California
 
94-3127919
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
(IRS Employer Identification No.)
 
1301 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 100
Alameda, California 94502
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(510) 521-3390
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  T Yes  o  No
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). x Yes  o  No
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 
Large accelerated filer
o
 
Accelerated filer
T
Non-accelerated filer
o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company 
o
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). o Yes T No
 
APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 55,728,781 common shares, no par value, as of May 9, 2013.
 


 
 

 
 
PART 1--FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Statements made in this Report that are not historical facts may constitute forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed. Such risks and uncertainties include but are not limited to those discussed in this report under Item 1 of the Notes to Financial Statements, and in BioTime's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Words such as “expects,” “may,” “will,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements.
 
References to “we” means BioTime, Inc. and its subsidiaries unless the context otherwise indicates.

The description or discussion, in this Form 10-Q, of any contract or agreement is a summary only and is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of the applicable contract or agreement.
 
 
2

 
 
Item 1.
Financial Statements

BIOTIME, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
(unaudited)
 
 
December 31,
2012
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ASSETS
 
 
 
 
 
 
CURRENT ASSETS
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
9,896,335
 
 
$
4,349,967
 
Inventory
 
 
52,335
 
 
 
55,316
 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 
 
3,018,421
 
 
 
2,774,196
 
Total current assets
 
 
12,967,091
 
 
 
7,179,479
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equipment, net
 
 
1,741,664
 
 
 
1,348,554
 
Deferred license and consulting fees
 
 
625,671
 
 
 
669,326
 
Deposits
 
 
118,748
 
 
 
64,442
 
Intangible assets, net
 
 
19,844,219
 
 
 
20,486,792
 
TOTAL ASSETS
 
$
35,297,393
 
 
$
29,748,593
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CURRENT LIABILITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
 
$
3,901,027
 
 
$
3,989,962
 
Deferred license and subscription revenue, current portion
 
 
394,343
 
 
 
400,870
 
Total current liabilities
 
 
4,295,370
 
 
 
4,390,832
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred license revenue, net of current portion
 
 
732,210
 
 
 
768,678
 
Deferred rent, net of current portion
 
 
52,174
 
 
 
57,214
 
Other long term liabilities
 
 
235,045
 
 
 
237,496
 
Total long-term liabilities
 
 
1,019,429
 
 
 
1,063,388
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commitments and contingencies
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EQUITY
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred Shares, no par value, authorized 1,000,000 shares; none issued
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common shares, no par value, authorized 75,000,000 shares; 54,912,781 issued and 52,551,813 outstanding at March 31, 2013, and 51,183,318 issued and 49,383,209 outstanding as of December 31, 2012
 
 
135,594,729
 
 
 
119,821,243
 
Contributed capital
 
 
93,972
 
 
 
93,972
 
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
 
 
88,867
 
 
 
(59,570
)
Accumulated deficit
 
 
(109,614,976
)
 
 
(101,895,712
)
Treasury stock at cost:  2,360,968 and 1,800,109 shares at March 31, 2013 and at December 31, 2012, respectively
 
 
(10,317,681
)
 
 
(8,375,397
)
Total shareholders' equity
 
 
15,844,911
 
 
 
9,584,536
 
Noncontrolling interest
 
 
14,137,683
 
 
 
14,709,837
 
Total equity
 
 
29,982,594
 
 
 
24,294,373
 
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 
$
35,297,393
 
 
$
29,748,593
 

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated interim financial statements.
 
 
3

 
 
BIOTIME, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(UNAUDITED)
 
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
 
 
March 31, 2012
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
REVENUES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
License fees
 
$
349,824
 
 
$
36,468
 
Royalties from product sales
 
 
107,599
 
 
 
147,402
 
Grant income
 
 
90,326
 
 
 
400,809
 
Sale of research products
 
 
66,724
 
 
 
67,535
 
Total revenues
 
 
614,473
 
 
 
652,214
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of sales
   
(182,749
)
   
(20,268
)
                 
Total revenues, net
 
 
431,724
 
 
 
631,946
 
                 
EXPENSES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Research and development
 
 
(5,395,488
)
 
 
(4,178,781
)
General and administrative
 
 
(3,416,145
)
 
 
(2,368,705
)
Total expenses
 
 
(8,811,633
)
 
 
(6,547,486
)
Loss from operations
 
 
(8,379,909
)
 
 
(5,915,540
)
OTHER INCOME/(EXPENSES):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest income, net
 
 
943
 
 
 
8,298
 
Other expense, net
 
 
(29,579
)
 
 
(327,095
)
Total other expenses, net
 
 
(28,636
)
 
 
(318,797
)
NET LOSS
 
 
(8,408,545
)
 
 
(6,234,337
)
Less: Net loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest
 
 
689,282
 
 
 
1,260,995
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO BIOTIME, INC.
 
 
(7,719,263
)
 
 
(4,973,342
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation gain
 
 
148,437
 
 
 
124,089
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
 
$
(7,570,826
)
 
$
(4,849,253
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER COMMON SHARE
 
$
(0.15
)
 
$
(0.10
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING: BASIC AND DILUTED
 
 
51,175,649
 
 
 
49,035,788
 
 
See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated interim financial statements.
 
 
4

 
 
BIOTIME, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)
 
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
 
 
March 31,2012
 
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss attributable to BioTime, Inc.
 
$
(7,719,263
)
 
$
(4,973,342
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss attributable to BioTime, Inc. to net cash used in operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation expense
 
 
113,356
 
 
 
88,692
 
Amortization of intangible assets
 
 
642,573
 
 
 
535,737
 
Amortization of deferred license and royalty revenues
 
 
(42,996
)
 
 
(38,691
)
Amortization of deferred consulting fees
 
 
16,280
 
 
 
194,062
 
Amortization of deferred license fees
 
 
27,375
 
 
 
27,500
 
Amortization of deferred rent
 
 
(2,223
)
 
 
362
 
Stock-based compensation
 
 
570,875
 
 
 
316,058
 
Options issued as independent director compensation
 
 
121,071
 
 
 
157,376
 
Loss on write off of equipment
 
 
1,524
 
 
 
-
 
Reduction in receivables from the reversal of revenues
 
 
-
 
 
 
204,934
 
Net loss allocable to noncontrolling interest
 
 
(689,282
)
 
 
(1,260,995
)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts receivable, net
 
 
(82,916
)
 
 
3,484
 
Grant receivable
 
 
371,886
 
 
 
-
 
Inventory
 
 
2,981
 
 
 
(3,692
)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 
 
(243,798
)
 
 
116,290
 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
 
 
(101,319
)
 
 
(1,074,946
)
Other long-term liabilities
 
 
(7,806
)
 
 
(9,763
)
Net cash used in operating activities
 
 
(7,021,682
)
 
 
(5,716,934
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchase of equipment
 
 
(496,128
)
 
 
(116,603
)
Security deposit paid
 
 
(54,423
)
 
 
(526
)
Cash used in investing activities
 
 
(550,551
)
 
 
(117,129
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from issuance of common shares
 
 
11,699,340
 
 
 
-
 
Financing fees paid upon issuance of common shares
   
(319,625
)
   
-
 
Proceeds from sale of treasury shares
 
 
1,602,921
 
 
 
-
 
Proceeds from sale of common shares of subsidiary
 
 
130,502
 
 
 
-
 
Net cash provided by financing activities
 
 
13,113,138
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
 
 
5,463
 
 
 
110,072
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS:
 
 
5,546,368
 
 
 
(5,723,991
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
 
 
4,349,967
 
 
 
22,211,897
 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
 
$
9,896,335
 
 
$
16,487,906
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash paid during the period for interest
 
$
-
 
 
$
112
 
SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF NON-CASH FINANCING AND INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common shares issued for consulting services
 
$
77,280
 
 
$
-
 
Common shares issued for rent
 
$
242,720
 
 
$
-
 

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated interim financial statements.
 
 
5

 
 
BIOTIME, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
 
1. Organization, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Select Significant Accounting Policies
 
General– BioTime is a biotechnology company engaged in two areas of biomedical research and product development.  BioTime has historically developed blood plasma volume expanders and related technology for use in surgery, emergency trauma treatment and other applications.  BioTime's primary focus is in the field of regenerative medicine; specifically human embryonic stem (“hES”) cell and induced pluripotent stem (“iPS”) cell technology.  Regenerative medicine refers to therapies based on stem cell technology that are designed to rebuild cell and tissue function lost due to degenerative disease or injury.  hES and iPS cells provide a means of manufacturing every cell type in the human body and therefore show considerable promise for the development of a number of new therapeutic products.  BioTime plans to develop stem cell products for research and therapeutic use through its subsidiaries.  OncoCyte Corporation (“OncoCyte”) is developing products and technologies to diagnose and treat cancer.  ES Cell International Pte Ltd (“ESI”), a Singapore private limited company, develops and sells hES products for research use.  BioTime Asia, Limited (“BioTime Asia”), a Hong Kong company, sells products for research use and may develop therapies to treat cancer, neurological, and orthopedic diseases.  OrthoCyte Corporation (“OrthoCyte”) is developing therapies to treat orthopedic disorders, diseases and injuries.  ReCyte Therapeutics, Inc., formerly known as Embryome Sciences, Inc. (“ReCyte Therapeutics”), is developing therapies to treat vascular and blood diseases and disorders.  Cell Cure Neurosciences Ltd. (“Cell Cure Neurosciences”), is an Israel-based biotechnology company focused on developing stem cell-based therapies for retinal and neurological disorders, including the development of retinal pigment epithelial cells for the treatment of macular degeneration, and treatments for multiple sclerosis.  LifeMap Sciences, Inc. (“LifeMap Sciences”) markets GeneCards®, the leading human gene database, and is developing an integrated database suite to complement GeneCards® that will also include the LifeMap database of embryonic development, stem cell research and regenerative medicine, and MalaCards, the human disease database.  LifeMap Sciences will also market BioTime research products and PanDaTox, a database that can be used to identify genes and intergenic regions that are unclonable in E. coli, to aid in the discovery of new antibiotics and biotechnologically beneficial functional genes.  LifeMap Sciences plans to commence research into the identification and development of novel cell lines for therapeutic products, including research on PureStem human embryonic progenitor cell lines (“hEPC”) using the LifeMap Sciences proprietary discovery platform, with the goal of identifying those hEPC that have greatest potential for use in the development of cell-based therapies for degenerative diseases.  Asterias Biotherapeutics, Inc. (“Asterias,” formerly known as BioTime Acquisition Corporation) was incorporated on September 24, 2012.  Asterias was incorporated to explore opportunities to acquire assets and businesses in the field of stem cells and regenerative medicine.
 
BioTime is focusing a portion of its efforts in the field of regenerative medicine on the development and sale of advanced human stem cell products and technology that can be used by researchers at universities and other institutions, at companies in the bioscience and biopharmaceutical industries, and at other companies that provide research products to companies in those industries.  Products for the research market generally can be sold without regulatory (FDA) approval, and are therefore relatively near-term business opportunities when compared to therapeutic products.

BioTime’s operating revenues are derived primarily from licensing fees and advertising from the marketing of the LifeMap Sciences database products, from royalties and licensing fees related to the sale of its plasma volume expander product, Hextend®, and from the sale of products for research.
 
The unaudited condensed consolidated interim balance sheet as of March 31, 2013, the unaudited condensed consolidated interim statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, and the unaudited condensed consolidated interim statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 have been prepared by BioTime’s management in accordance with the instructions from Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X.  In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows at March 31, 2013 have been made.  The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2012 is derived from the Company’s annual audited financial statements as of that date.  The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2013 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results anticipated for the full year of 2013.
 
 
6

 

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted as permitted by regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) except for the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2012, which was derived from audited financial statements.  Certain previously furnished amounts have been reclassified to conform with presentations made during the current periods.  It is suggested that these condensed consolidated interim financial statements be read in conjunction with the annual audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in BioTime’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.
 
Principles of consolidation – BioTime’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of its subsidiaries.  The following table reflects BioTime’s ownership of the outstanding shares of its subsidiaries.
 
Subsidiary
BioTime Ownership
Country
ReCyte Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly Embryome Sciences, Inc.)
95%
USA
OncoCyte Corporation
75.3%
USA
OrthoCyte Corporation
100%
USA
ES Cell International Pte Ltd
100%
Singapore
BioTime Asia, Limited
81%
Hong Kong
Cell Cure Neurosciences Ltd.
62.5%
Israel
LifeMap Sciences, Inc.
73.2%
USA
LifeMap Sciences, Ltd.
(1)
Israel
Asterias Biotherapeutics, Inc.
96.7%(2)
USA
 
 
(1)
LifeMap Sciences, Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of LifeMap Sciences, Inc.

 
(2)
BioTime expects that its percentage ownership will be reduced to approximately 71.6% after Asterias issues common stock to BioTime and Geron Corporation pursuant to an Asset Contribution Agreement and sells common stock and warrants to a private investor for cash in a related transaction.  See Note 9.
 
All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.  As of March 31, 2013 and as of December 31, 2012, we consolidated ReCyte Therapeutics, OncoCyte, BioTime Asia, Cell Cure Neurosciences, and Asterias as we have the ability to control their operating and financial decisions and policies through our ownership, and we reflect the noncontrolling interest as a separate element of equity on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.
 
Certain significant risks and uncertainties – BioTime’s operations are subject to a number of factors that can affect its operating results and financial condition.  Such factors include but are not limited to, the following: the results of clinical trials of BioTime’s pharmaceutical products and medical devices; BioTime’s ability to obtain FDA and foreign regulatory approval to market its pharmaceutical and medical device products; BioTime’s ability to develop new stem cell research products and technologies; competition from products manufactured and sold or being developed by other companies; the price and demand for BioTime products; BioTime’s ability to obtain additional financing and the terms of any such financing that may be obtained; BioTime’s ability to negotiate favorable licensing or other manufacturing and marketing agreements for its products; the availability of ingredients used in BioTime’s products; and the availability of reimbursement for the cost of BioTime’s pharmaceutical products and medical devices (and related treatment) from government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers, and other organizations.

 Use of estimates – The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
 
7

 
 
Revenue recognition – BioTime complies with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin guidance on revenue recognition.  Royalty revenues consist of product royalty payments.  License fee revenues consist of fees under license agreements and are recognized when earned and reasonably estimable and also include subscription and advertising revenue from our online databases based upon respective subscription and advertising periods.  BioTime recognizes revenue in the quarter in which the royalty reports are received, rather than the quarter in which the sales took place.  When BioTime is entitled to receive up-front nonrefundable licensing or similar fees pursuant to agreements under which BioTime has no continuing performance obligations, the fees are recognized as revenues when collection is reasonably assured.  When BioTime receives up-front nonrefundable licensing or similar fees pursuant to agreements under which BioTime does have continuing performance obligations, the fees are deferred and amortized ratably over the performance period.  If the performance period cannot be reasonably estimated, BioTime amortizes nonrefundable fees over the life of the contract until such time that the performance period can be more reasonably estimated.  Milestone payments, if any, related to scientific or technical achievements are recognized in income when the milestone is accomplished if (a) substantive effort was required to achieve the milestone, (b) the amount of the milestone payment appears reasonably commensurate with the effort expended, and (c) collection of the payment is reasonably assured.  Grant income and the sale of research products are recognized as revenue when earned.  Revenues from the sale of research products are primarily derived from the sale of hydrogels and stem cell products.
 
Cash and cash equivalents – BioTime considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts - Trade accounts receivable and grants receivable are presented in the prepaid expenses and other current assets line item of the consolidated balance sheet.  Total trade receivables amounted to approximately $478,000 and $395,000 and grants receivable amounted to approximately $702,000 and $1,062,000 as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  Some of these amounts are deemed uncollectible; as such BioTime recognized allowance for doubtful accounts in the amount of $116,816 as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.  BioTime evaluates the collectability of its receivables based on a variety of factors, including the length of time receivables are past due and significant one-time events and historical experience.  An additional reserve for individual accounts will be recorded if BioTime becomes aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy filings or deterioration in the customer’s operating results or financial position.  If circumstances related to customers change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables would be further adjusted.
 
Concentrations of credit risk – Financial instruments that potentially subject BioTime to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents.  BioTime limits the amount of credit exposure of cash balances by maintaining its accounts in high credit quality financial institutions.  Cash equivalent deposits with financial institutions may occasionally exceed the limits of insurance on bank deposits; however, BioTime has not experienced any losses on such accounts.
 
Equipment – Equipment is stated at cost.  Equipment is being depreciated using the straight-line method over a period of 36 to 120 months.  See Note 3.
 
Inventory – Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market.  Cost, which includes amounts related to materials, labor, and overhead, is determined in a manner which approximates the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method.

Treasury stock – BioTime accounts for BioTime common shares issued to subsidiaries for future potential working capital needs as treasury stock on the consolidated balance sheet.  BioTime has the intent and ability to register any unregistered shares to support the marketability of the shares.
 
Patent costs Costs associated with obtaining patents on products or technology developed are expensed as general and administrative expenses when incurred.  This accounting is in compliance with guidance promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) regarding goodwill and other intangible assets.
 
Reclassification – Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
 
Research and development – BioTime complies with FASB requirements governing accounting for research and development costs.  Research and development costs are expensed when incurred, and consist principally of salaries, payroll taxes, consulting fees, research and laboratory fees, and license fees paid to acquire patents or licenses to use patents and other technology from third parties.
 
Foreign currency translation gain and Comprehensive loss - In countries in which BioTime operates, and the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated using published exchange rates in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date.  Revenues and expenses and cash flows are translated using an approximate weighted average exchange rate for the period.  Resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheet.  For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, comprehensive loss includes gain of $148,437 and $124,089, respectively which is entirely from foreign currency translation.  For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, foreign currency transaction loss amounted to $21,977 and $95,799, respectively.
 
 
8

 

Income taxes BioTime accounts for income taxes in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requirements, which prescribe the use of the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax asset or liability account balances are calculated at the balance sheet date using current tax laws and rates in effect.  Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.    The FASB guidance also prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.  For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not sustainable upon examination by taxing authorities.  BioTime recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.  No amounts were accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.  Management is currently unaware of any tax issues under review.

Stock-based compensation BioTime adopted accounting standards governing share-based payments, which require the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to directors and employees, including employee stock options, based on estimated fair values.  In March 2005, the SEC issued additional guidelines which provide supplemental implementation guidance for valuation of share-based payments.  BioTime has applied the provisions of this guidance in such valuations as well.  Consistent with those guidelines, BioTime utilizes the Black-Scholes Merton option pricing model.  BioTime's determination of fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using that option-pricing model is affected by BioTime's stock price as well as by assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables.  These variables include, but are not limited to, BioTime's expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors.  The expected term of options granted is derived from historical data on employee exercises and post-vesting employment termination behavior.  The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect during the corresponding period of grant.  Although the fair value of employee stock options is determined in accordance with recent FASB guidance, changes in the subjective assumptions can materially affect the estimated value.  In management's opinion, the existing valuation models, including Black-Scholes Merton, may not provide an accurate measure of the fair value of BioTime's employee stock options because the option-pricing model value may not be indicative of the fair value that would be established in a willing buyer/willing seller market transaction.
 
Impairment of long-lived assets – BioTime’s long-lived assets, including intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable.  If an impairment indicator is present, BioTime will evaluate recoverability by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets.  If the assets are impaired, the impairment will be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets.
 
Deferred license and consulting fees – Deferred license and consulting fees consist of the value of warrants issued to third parties for services and to the minority shareholder in BioTime Asia for consulting services, and deferred license fees paid to acquire rights to use the proprietary technologies of third parties.  The value of the warrants is being amortized over the period the services are being provided, and the license fees are being amortized over the estimated useful lives of the licensed technologies or licensed research products.  See Note 5.
 
Loss per share – Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to BioTime, Inc. by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period.  Diluted net loss per share reflects the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus the potential effect of dilutive securities or contracts which are convertible to common shares, such as options and warrants (using the treasury stock method) and shares issuable in future periods, except in cases where the effect would be anti-dilutive.  Diluted loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 excludes any effect from 4,771,301 options and 816,612 warrants, and 3,438,594 options and 636,613 warrants, respectively, as the inclusion of those options and warrants would be antidilutive.
 
 
9

 

           Fair value of financial instruments – The fair value of BioTime’s assets and liabilities, which qualify as financial instruments under FASB guidance regarding disclosures about fair value of financial instruments, approximate the carrying amounts presented in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
 
2. Inventory
 
BioTime held $38,513 and $41,494 of inventory of finished products on-site at its corporate headquarters in Alameda, California at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  Finished goods products of $13,822 were held by a third party on consignment at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
 
3. Equipment
 
At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, equipment, furniture and fixtures were comprised of the following:
 
 
 
March 31,2013
(unaudited)
 
 
December 31,
2012
 
Equipment, furniture and fixtures
 
$
2,613,089
 
 
$
2,098,812
 
Accumulated depreciation
 
 
(871,425
)
 
 
(750,258
)
Equipment, net
 
$
1,741,664
 
 
$
1,348,554
 
 
Depreciation expense amounted to $113,356 and $88,692 for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.  The difference between the depreciation expense recognized in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and the increase in accumulated depreciation of $7,811 per the condensed consolidated balance sheet is partially attributed to the loss on write off of $1,520 of assets offset by foreign currency rates.

4. Intangible assets
 
At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, intangible assets and intangible assets net of amortization were comprised of the following:
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
(unaudited)
 
 
December 31,
2012
 
Intangible assets
 
$
25,702,909
 
 
$
25,702,909
 
Accumulated amortization
 
 
(5,858,690
)
 
 
(5,216,117
)
Intangible assets, net
 
$
19,844,219
 
 
$
20,486,792
 
 
BioTime amortizes its intangible assets over an estimated period of 10 years on a straight line basis.  BioTime recognized $642,573 and $535,737 in amortization expense of intangible assets during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
 
5. Royalty Obligation and Deferred License Fees
 
BioTime amortizes deferred license fees over the estimated useful lives of the licensed technologies or licensed research products.  BioTime is applying a 10 year estimated useful life to the technologies and products that it is currently licensing.  The estimation of the useful life any technology or product involves a significant degree of inherent uncertainty, since the outcome of research and development or the commercial life a new product cannot be known with certainty at the time that the right to use the technology or product is acquired.  BioTime will review its amortization schedules for impairments that might occur earlier than the original expected useful lives.
 
 
10

 
 
On January 3, 2008, BioTime entered into a Commercial License and Option Agreement with Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (“WARF”).  The WARF license permits BioTime to use certain patented and patent pending technology belonging to WARF, as well as certain stem cell materials, for research and development purposes, and for the production and marketing of products used as research tools, including in drug discovery and development.  BioTime or ReCyte Therapeutics will pay WARF royalties on the sale of products and services using the technology or stem cells licensed from WARF.  The royalty will range from 2% to 4%, depending on the kind of products sold.  The royalty rate is subject to certain reductions if BioTime also becomes obligated to pay royalties to a third party in order to sell a product.  BioTime paid licensing fees, totaling $295,000 in cash and BioTime stock, and reimbursed WARF for certain costs associated with preparing, filing, and maintaining the licensed patents.  In addition, BioTime pays WARF $25,000 annually as a license maintenance fee.    The licensing fees less the amortized portion were included in deferred license fees in BioTime’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
 
On June 24, 2008, BioTime, along with its subsidiary, ReCyte Therapeutics, entered into a Product Production and Distribution Agreement with Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC for the production and marketing of human embryonic progenitor cells (“hEPC”) or hEPC lines, and products derived from those hEPCs.  The products developed under the agreement with Lifeline will be produced and sold for research purposes such as drug discovery and drug development uses.  ReCyte Therapeutics paid Lifeline $250,000, included in the advanced license fee and other fees, to facilitate their product production and marketing efforts.  BioTime will be entitled to recover that amount from the share of product sale proceeds that otherwise would have been allocated to Lifeline.
 
On July 10, 2008, ReCyte Therapeutics entered into a License Agreement with Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. (“ACT”), under which ReCyte Therapeutics acquired exclusive worldwide rights to use ACT’s “ACTCellerate” technology for methods to accelerate the isolation of novel cell strains from pluripotent stem cells.  ReCyte Therapeutics paid ACT a $250,000 license fee.  ReCyte Therapeutics has assigned its rights under the License Agreement to BioTime.  BioTime will pay an 8% royalty on sales of products, services, and processes that utilize the licensed technology.  Once a total of $1,000,000 of royalties has been paid, no further royalties will be due.  The license will expire in twenty years or upon the expiration of the last to expire of the licensed patents, whichever is later.  The $250,000 license fee less the amortized portion is included in deferred license fees in BioTime’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
 
On August 15, 2008, ReCyte Therapeutics entered into a License Agreement and a Sublicense Agreement with ACT under which ReCyte Therapeutics acquired world-wide rights to use an array of ACT technology (the “ACT License”) and technology licensed by ACT from affiliates of Kirin Pharma Company, Limited (the “Kirin Sublicense”).  The ACT License and Kirin Sublicense permit the commercialization of products in human therapeutic and diagnostic product markets.
 
The technology licensed by ReCyte Therapeutics covers methods to transform cells of the human body, such as skin cells, into an embryonic state in which the cells will be pluripotent.  Under the ACT License, ReCyte Therapeutics paid ACT a $200,000 license fee and will pay a 5% royalty on sales of products, services, and processes that utilize the licensed ACT technology, and 20% of any fees or other payments (other than equity investments, research and development costs, loans and royalties) received by ReCyte Therapeutics from sublicensing the ACT technology to third parties.  Once a total of $600,000 of royalties has been paid, no further royalties will be due.  The license will expire in twenty years or upon the expiration of the last-to-expire of the licensed patents, whichever is later.  The $200,000 license fee payment less the amortized portion is included in deferred license fees in BioTime’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
 
Under the Kirin Sublicense, ReCyte Therapeutics has paid ACT a $50,000 license fee and will pay a 3.5% royalty on sales of products, services, and processes that utilize the licensed ACT technology, and 20% of any fees or other payments (other than equity investments, research and development costs, loans and royalties) received by ReCyte Therapeutics from sublicensing the Kirin Technology to third parties.  ReCyte Therapeutics will also pay to ACT or to an affiliate of Kirin Pharma Company, Limited (“Kirin”), annually, the amount, if any, by which royalties payable by ACT under its license agreement with Kirin are less than the $50,000 annual minimum royalty due.  Those payments by ReCyte Therapeutics will be credited against other royalties payable to ACT under the Kirin Sublicense.  The license will expire upon the expiration of the last to expire of the licensed patents, or May 9, 2016 if no patents are issued.  The $50,000 license fee payment less the amortized portion is included in deferred license fees in BioTime’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
 
 
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On February 29, 2009, ReCyte Therapeutics entered into a Stem Cell Agreement with Reproductive Genetics Institute (“RGI”).  In partial consideration of the rights and licenses granted to ReCyte Therapeutics by RGI, BioTime issued to RGI 32,259 common shares, having a market value of $50,000 on the effective date of the Stem Cell Agreement.  This $50,000 payment less the amortized portion is included in deferred license fees in BioTime’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
 
As of March 31, 2013, future amortization of deferred license fees described above was as follows:
 
Year Ended
 
Deferred License
 
December 31,
 
Fees
 
2013
 
$
82,125
 
2014
 
 
109,500
 
2015
 
 
109,500
 
2016
 
 
109,500
 
2017
 
 
109,500
 
Thereafter
 
 
101,333
 
Total
 
$
621,458
 
 
6. Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities
 
At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following:
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
(unaudited)
 
 
December 31,
2012
 
Accounts payable
 
$
1,460,864
 
 
$
1,168,077
 
Accrued bonuses
 
 
-
 
 
 
497,843
 
Other accrued liabilities
 
 
2,440,163
 
 
 
2,324,042
 
 
 
$
3,901,027
 
 
$
3,989,962
 

7. Equity
 
Warrants
 
BioTime has issued warrants to purchase its common shares as payments for services and in connection to certain business acquisitions.  At March 31, 2013, 816,612 warrants to purchase common shares with a weighted average exercise price of $8.41 and a weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.5 years were outstanding.  At December 31, 2012, 556,613 warrants to purchase common shares with a weighted average exercise price of $10.00 and a weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.32 years were outstanding.
 
Preferred Shares
 
BioTime is authorized to issue 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock.  The preferred shares may be issued in one or more series as the board of directors may by resolution determine.  The board of directors is authorized to fix the number of shares of any series of preferred shares and to determine or alter the rights, references, privileges, and restrictions granted to or imposed on the preferred shares as a class, or upon any wholly unissued series of any preferred shares.  The board of directors may, by resolution, increase or decrease (but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding) the number of shares of any series of preferred shares subsequent to the issue of shares of that series.
 
 
12

 
 
As of March 31, 2013 BioTime has no issued and outstanding preferred shares.
 
Common Shares
 
BioTime is authorized to issue 75,000,000 common shares with no par value.  As of March 31, 2013, BioTime had issued 54,912,781 common shares and outstanding 52,551,813 common shares.
 
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, no options or warrants were exercised.

During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, BioTime recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $691,946 and $473,434, respectively, due to stock options granted to employees and directors.  During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, BioTime granted 1,090,000 and 105,000 options, respectively, under its 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and 2002 Stock Option Plan.
 
8. Merger with XenneX, Inc.

On May 18, 2012, BioTime completed the acquisition of XenneX, Inc. (“XenneX”) through a merger of XenneX into LifeMap Sciences.  Through the merger, XenneX stockholders received, in the aggregate, 1,429,380 shares of LifeMap Sciences common stock, which represented approximately 13.7% of the LifeMap Sciences common stock outstanding upon the closing of the transaction.  XenneX shareholders also received approximately 448,429 BioTime common shares as part of the transaction.  Through the merger, LifeMap Sciences acquired all of XenneX's assets, including cash, accounts receivables, prepaid assets, licenses, and assumed XenneX’s obligations, which at May 18, 2012 totaled approximately $572,826 and primarily consisted of trade payables, deferred subscription revenues, and distributions due to former XenneX shareholders.
 
The merger is being accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting.  In accordance with ASC 805, the total purchase consideration is allocated to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of May 18, 2012.  BioTime amortizes intangibles over their useful lives, which BioTime estimates to be 10 years.  In accordance with ASC 805, BioTime does not amortize goodwill.  The purchase price was allocated using the information currently available, and may be adjusted after obtaining more information regarding, among other things, asset valuations, liabilities assumed, and revisions of preliminary estimates.

The total purchase price of $4,304,099 is being allocated as indicated:

Components of the purchase price:
 
 
 
BioTime common shares
 
$
1,802,684
 
LifeMap Sciences common shares
 
 
2,501,415
 
Total purchase price
 
$
4,304,099
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preliminary allocation of purchase price:
 
 
 
 
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
 
 
 
 
Cash
 
$
292,387
 
Other current assets
 
 
311,118
 
Intangible assets
 
 
4,273,420
 
Current liabilities
 
 
(294,572
)
Cash distributable to sellers
 
 
(278,254
)
Net assets acquired
 
$
4,304,099
 

The fair value of the BioTime shares issued was $4.02, the closing price as reported on the NYSE MKT on May 18, 2012, the date the merger was finalized.  The fair value of the LifeMap Sciences shares issued was $1.75 as determined by negotiation between BioTime, LifeMap Sciences and XenneX and its stockholders and is consistent with an internal valuation analysis completed by BioTime.
 
 
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9. Asset Contribution Agreement

On January 4, 2013, BioTime and Asterias entered into an Asset Contribution Agreement with Geron Corporation (“Geron”) pursuant to which BioTime and Geron will concurrently contribute certain assets to Asterias in exchange for shares of Asterias common stock.  Closing of the asset contribution transaction is expected to occur no later than September 30, 2013.

Pursuant to the Asset Contribution Agreement, Geron has agreed to contribute certain assets related to its discontinued stem cell research and development programs, including certain patents and know-how related to human embryonic stem cells; certain biological materials and reagents; certain laboratory equipment; certain contracts; and certain product clinical trials, in exchange for shares of Asterias common stock, and BioTime has agreed to contribute 8,902,077 common shares; warrants to subscribe for and purchase 8,000,000 additional common shares; $5,000,000 in cash; 10% of the shares of common stock of OrthoCyte Corporation issued and outstanding on the date of the Asset Contribution Agreement; 6% of the ordinary shares of our subsidiary Cell Cure Neurosciences issued and outstanding on the date of the Asset Contribution Agreement; and a quantity of certain human hES cell lines produced under cGMP, and a non-exclusive, world-wide, royalty-free license to use those hES cell lines and certain patents pertaining to stem cell differentiation technology, in exchange for Asterias common stock and warrants to purchase Asterias common stock.

A private investor has agreed to contribute $5 million in cash to Asterias for 2,136,000 shares of Asterias Series B common stock, and warrants to purchase 350,000 additional shares of Asterias Series B common stock.  That investment will be made in conjunction with the closing under the Asset Contribution Agreement.  If for any reason the private investor fails to make the $5 million contribution, BioTime will contribute cash, BioTime common shares, or a combination of cash and BioTime common shares to Asterias in an amount equal to the cash not contributed by the private investor.

The same private investor invested $5 million in BioTime by purchasing, in two tranches, an aggregate of 1,350,000 BioTime common shares and warrants to purchase approximately 650,000 additional BioTime common shares.  The first tranche of $2,000,000 was funded during January 2013, and BioTime issued to the investor 540,000 common shares and 259,999 warrants.  The second tranche of $3,000,000 was funded on April 10, 2013, and BioTime issued to the investor 810,000 common shares and 389,999 warrants.

Asterias will assume all obligations and liabilities in connection with the assets contributed by Geron, to the extent such obligations and liabilities arise after the closing date of the Asset Contribution Agreement, including certain obligations and liabilities to provide follow-up procedures with patients who participated in Geron’s clinical trials.

Upon the closing under the Asset Contribution Agreement, BioTime will own 21,773,340 shares of Asterias Series B common stock and Geron will own 6,537,779 shares of Asterias Series A common stock.  Upon the sale of Asterias shares to the private investor, the private investor will own 2,136,000 shares of Asterias Series B common stock.

Geron has agreed to distribute to its stockholders on a pro rata basis the shares of Asterias Series A common stock that Geron receives in the asset contribution transaction following the closing under the Asset Contribution Agreement.  Following that distribution by Geron, Asterias will distribute to the holders of its Series A common stock on a pro rata basis the 8,000,000 BioTime warrants that it receives under the Asset Contribution Agreement.

Following the distributions of the Asterias Series A common stock by Geron to its stockholders, BioTime will own, including the shares of Asterias Series B common stock that BioTime presently owns, approximately 71.6% of the outstanding Asterias common stock, the Geron stockholders will own approximately 21.4% of the outstanding Asterias common stock and the private investor will own approximately 7.0%, of the outstanding Asterias common stock.

BioTime will also receive warrants to purchase 3,150,000 shares of Asterias Series B common stock and the private investor will receive warrants to purchase 350,000 shares of Asterias Series B common stock (the “Asterias Warrants”).  The Asterias Warrants will have an exercise price of $5.00 per share and a term of three years.  The exercise price per share and number of shares that may be purchased upon the exercise of the Asterias Warrants will be subject to adjustment in the event of any Asterias stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, reclassification of shares and certain other transactions.
 
 
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The Asterias Series A and Series B common stock will be identical in most respects, however, Asterias will be entitled to make certain distributions or pay dividends, other than stock dividends, on its Series A common stock, without making a distribution or paying a dividend on its Series B common stock. The Asterias Series B common stock may be converted into Asterias Series A common stock, on a share for share basis, at Asterias’ election, only after Geron distributes to its stockholders the Asterias Series A common stock issued under the Asset Contribution Agreement and Asterias subsequently distributes to the Asterias Series A common stock holders the 8,000,000 BioTime warrants that Asterias will receive from BioTime under the Asset Contribution Agreement.

Closing of the asset contribution transaction is subject to certain negotiated conditions, including: the effectiveness of registration statements under the Securities Act of 1933 filed by BioTime and Asterias, and the approval by BioTime shareholders of the issuance of BioTime shares and warrants in the transaction, and an amendment of BioTime’s Articles of Incorporation to increase its authorized capital stock (the “Shareholder Proposals”).

Closing of the cash contribution by the private investor is also subject to certain negotiated closing conditions, including the closing of the asset contribution transaction.

BioTime will be required to pay Geron a termination fee of $1.8 million in certain circumstances if the Asset Contribution Agreement is terminated if (a) the BioTime board of directors withdraws its recommendation to BioTime shareholders to approve the Shareholder Proposals, (b) certain BioTime directors materially breach the Support Agreements under which they and certain of their affiliates have agreed to vote their BioTime shares in favor of the Shareholder Proposals, or (c) BioTime’s shareholders do not vote to approve the Shareholder Proposals.
 
10. Unaudited Pro Forma Interim Financial Information – Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012
 
The following unaudited pro forma information gives effect to the merger with XenneX as if the merger took place on January 1, 2012.  The pro forma information does not necessarily reflect the results of operations that would have occurred had the entities been a single company during the periods presented.
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
 
2013
 
 
2012
 
 
 
(Unaudited)
 
 
(Unaudited)
 
Revenues
 
$
614,473
 
 
$
808,790
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss available to common shareholders
 
$
(7,719,263
)
 
$
(5,005,896
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss per common share – basic and diluted
 
$
(0.15
)
 
$
(0.10
)
 
11. Subsequent Events
 
During April 2013, we received $3,000,000 in cash from a private investor as the second tranche installment of a sale of common shares and warrants under a Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement.

These condensed consolidated financial statements were approved by management and the Board of Directors, and were issued on May 10, 2013.  Subsequent events have been evaluated through that date.
 
Item 2.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to provide information necessary to understand our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, and highlight certain other information which, in the opinion of management, will enhance a reader's understanding of our financial condition, changes in financial condition and results of operations.  In particular, the discussion is intended to provide an analysis of significant trends and material changes in our financial position and the operating results of our business during the quarter ended March 31, 2013 as compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2012.  This discussion should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012  and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.  These historical financial statements may not be indicative of our future performance.  This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains a number of forward-looking statements, all of which are based on our current expectations and could be affected by the uncertainties and risks described throughout this filing, particularly in "Item 1A. Risk Factors."
 
 
15

 
 
Overview
 
We are a biotechnology company focused on the emerging field of regenerative medicine.  Our core technologies center on stem cells capable of becoming all of the cell types in the human body, a property called pluripotency.  Products made from these “pluripotent” stem cells are being developed by us and our subsidiaries, each of which concentrates on different medical specialties, including: neuroscience, oncology, orthopedics, and blood and vascular diseases. Our commercial strategy is heavily focused on near-term commercial opportunities including our current line of research products such as PureStem cell lines (which we previously called ACTCellerate cell line) and associated ESpan culture media, HyStem® hydrogels, human embryonic stem cell lines, and royalties from Hextend®.  Potential near term therapeutic and diagnostic product opportunities include  Renevia (formerly known as  HyStem®-Rx ) as a cell delivery device expected to enter clinical trials in Europe in 2013, and the launch of  PanC-Dx as a novel blood-based cancer screen, expected by 2014 in Europe.  Our long-term strategic focus is to provide regenerative therapies for age-related degenerative diseases.
 
“Regenerative medicine” refers to an emerging field of therapeutic product development that may allow all human cell and tissue types to be manufactured on an industrial scale.  This new technology is made possible by the isolation of human embryonic stem (“hES”) cells, and by the development of “induced pluripotent stem (“iPS”) cells” which are created from regular cells of the human body using technology that allows adult cells to be “reprogrammed” into cells with pluripotency like young hES-like cells.  These pluripotent hES and iPS cells have the unique property of being able to branch out into each and every kind of cell in the human body, including the cell types that make up the brain, the blood, the heart, the lungs, the liver, and other tissues.  Unlike adult-derived stem cells that have limited potential to become different cell types, pluripotent stem cells may have vast potential to supply an array of new regenerative therapeutic products, especially those targeting the large and growing markets associated with age-related degenerative disease.  Unlike pharmaceuticals that require a molecular target, therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine are generally aimed at regenerating affected cells and tissues, and therefore may have broader applicability.  Regenerative medicine represents a revolution in the field of biotechnology with the promise of providing therapies for diseases previously considered incurable.
 
Our commercial efforts in regenerative medicine include the development and sale of products designed for research applications in the near term as well as products designed for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the medium and long term.  We offer advanced human stem cell products and technology that can be used by researchers at universities and at companies in the bioscience and biopharmaceutical industries.  We have developed research and clinical grade hES cell lines that we market for both basic research and therapeutic product development.  Our subsidiary, ES Cell International Pte Ltd (“ESI”), has developed six hES cell lines that are among the best characterized and documented cell lines available today.  Developed using current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) that facilitate transition into the clinic, these hES cell lines are extensively characterized and five of the six cell lines currently have documented and publicly-available genomic sequences.  The ESI hES cell lines are now included in the Stem Cell Registry of the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”), making them eligible for use in federally funded research, and all are available for purchase through http://bioreagents.lifemapsc.com.  We also market human embryonic progenitor cell (“hEPCs”), which are called PureStem cell lines and were developed using ACTCellerate technology.  These hEPCs are purified lineages of cells that are intermediate in the developmental process between embryonic stem cells and fully differentiated cells.  We expect that hEPCs will simplify the scalable manufacture of highly purified and identified cell types and will possess the ability to become a wide array of cell types with potential applications in research, drug discovery, and human regenerative stem cell therapies.  The PureStem cell lines are also available for purchase through http://bioreagents.lifemapsc.com.

Research products can be marketed without regulatory or other governmental approval, and thus offer relatively near-term business opportunities, especially when compared to therapeutic products.  The medical devices and diagnostics that we and our subsidiaries are developing will require regulatory approval for marketing, but the clinical trial and approval process for medical devices is often faster and less expensive than the process for the approval of new drugs and biological therapeutics.  Our current and near-term product opportunities, combined with expected long-term revenues from the potentially very large revenue that could be derived from cell-based therapeutic products under development at our subsidiaries, provide us with a balanced commercial strategy.  The value of this balance is apparent in the commercial field of regenerative medicine as competitors whose sole focus is on long-term therapeutic products have found it challenging to raise the requisite capital to fund clinical development.
 
 
16

 
 
Our HyStem® hydrogel product line is one of the components in our near-term revenue strategy.  HyStem® is a patented biomaterial that mimics the human extracellular matrix, which is the network of molecules surrounding cells in organs and tissues that is essential to cellular function.  Many tissue engineering and regenerative cell-based therapies will require the delivery of therapeutic cells in a matrix or scaffold to sustain cell survival after transplantation and to maintain proper cellular function.  HyStem® is a unique hydrogel that has been shown to support cellular attachment and proliferation in vivo.

Renevia (formerly known as HyStem®-Rx) is a clinical grade formulation of HyStem-C®, a biocompatible, implantable hyaluronan and collagen-based matrix for cell delivery in human clinical applications.  As an injectable product, Renevia may address an immediate need in cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries and other procedures by improving the process of transplanting adipose derived cells, mesenchymal stem cells, or other adult stem cells.  We will need to obtain approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and comparable regulatory agencies in foreign countries in order to market Renevia as a medical device.  We expect to initiate clinical trials in the European Union during 2013 for CE marking.
 
Other HyStem® products are currently being used by researchers at a number of leading medical schools in pre-clinical studies of stem cell therapies, including research that we are funding at UCLA for the treatment of ischemic stroke.  Other researchers are conducting work with HyStem® in research to facilitate wound healing, to treat brain cancer, vocal fold scarring, and for myocardial infarct repair.  Our HyStem® hydrogels may have other applications when combined with the diverse and scalable cell types our scientists have isolated from hES cells.
 
Our subsidiary, OncoCyte Corporation, is developing PanC-Dx, a novel non-invasive blood-based cancer screening test designed to detect the presence of various human cancers, including cancers of the breast, lung, bladder, uterus, stomach, and colon, during routine check -ups.  We intend to initially seek regulatory approval to market PanC-Dx in Europe as a screen for breast cancer before seeking regulatory approvals required to market the product in the U.S. and other countries.

Our subsidiary, LifeMap Sciences markets GeneCards®, the leading human gene database, as part of an integrated database suite that includes  LifeMap Discovery, the database of embryonic development, stem cell research and regenerative medicine; and  MalaCards, the human disease database.  LifeMap Sciences also markets PanDaTox, a database that can be used to identify genes and intergenic regions that are unclonable in E. coli, to aid in the discovery of new antibiotics and biotechnologically beneficial functional genes. 
 
LifeMap Sciences is also the internet sales and marketing arm of our research products for sale through the website http://bioreagents.lifemapsc.com.  LifeMap Sciences will utilize its databases as part of its online marketing strategy for our research products to reach life sciences researchers at biotech and pharmaceutical companies and at academic institutions and research hospitals worldwide.  We now offer 24 PureStem hEPC and five hES cell lines developed under cGMP by our subsidiary ESI for sale, and hES cell lines carrying inherited genetic diseases.  The hES cell lines developed by ESI are included in the NIH Stem Cell Registry, making them eligible for use in federally funded research, and five of the six cell lines currently have documented and publicly-available genomic sequences.  We anticipate adding additional cell lines and related ESpan growth media and differentiation kits over time.  LifeMap Sciences will also market research products produced by other companies.

During January 2013, we entered into an Asset Contribution Agreement with our subsidiary Asterias Biotherapeutics, Inc. (“Asterias,” formerly known as BioTime Acquisition Corporation) and Geron Corporation pursuant to which Asterias will acquire a significant portfolio of patents and patent applications, cell lines, and hES technology and know-how related to potential therapeutic products in various stages of development.  Two of the products under development have already been used in early stage clinical trials.  The acquisition of the Geron stem cell assets is expected to occur no later than September 30, 2013.  The completion of the transaction is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.
 
The following table shows our subsidiaries, their respective principal fields of business, our percentage ownership as at March 31, 2013, and the country where their principal business is located:
 
 
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Subsidiary
Field of Business
BioTime
Ownership
Country
ES Cell International Pte Ltd
Stem cell products for research, including clinical grade cell lines produced under cGMP
100%
Singapore
OncoCyte Corporation
Diagnosis and treatment of cancer
75.3%
USA
OrthoCyte Corporation
Orthopedic diseases, including osteoarthritis
100%
USA
Cell Cure Neurosciences Ltd.
Age-related macular degeneration
 
Multiple sclerosis
 
Parkinson’s disease
62.5%
Israel
ReCyte Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly Embryome Sciences, Inc.)
Vascular disorders, including  cardiovascular-related diseases, vascular injuries, and acquired lymphedema
 
Endothelial progenitor cells for research and drug testing; iPS cell banking
95%
USA
BioTime Asia, Limited
Ophthalmologic, skin, musculo-skeletal system, and hematologic diseases for Asian markets.
 
Stem cell products for research
81%
Hong Kong
LifeMap Sciences, Inc.
Genetic, disease, and stem cell databases; sale of stem cell products for research
73.2%
USA
LifeMap Sciences, Ltd.
Stem cell database
(1)
Israel
Asterias Biotherapeutics, Inc.
Research, development and commercialization of human therapeutic products from stem cells
96.7%(2)
USA

 
(1)
LifeMap Sciences, Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of LifeMap Sciences, Inc.

 
(2)
We expect our percentage ownership will be reduced to approximately 71.6% after Asterias issues common stock to us and Geron pursuant to the Asset Contribution Agreement and sells common stock and warrants to a private investor for cash in a related transaction.  See Note 9.
 
Initially, we developed blood plasma volume expanders and related technology for use in surgery, emergency trauma treatment, and other applications.  Our lead blood plasma expander product, Hextend®, is a physiologically balanced intravenous solution used in the treatment of hypovolemia, a condition caused by low blood volume, often from blood loss during surgery or injury.   Hextend® maintains circulatory system fluid volume and blood pressure, and keeps vital organs perfused during surgery and trauma care.   Hextend® is manufactured and distributed in the U.S. by Hospira, Inc., and in South Korea by CJ CheilJedang (“CJ”), under license from us.
 
Additional Information
 
HyStem®, Hextend® and PentaLyte® are registered trademarks of BioTime, Inc., and Renevia, PureStem, ESpan, and ESpy® are trademarks of BioTime, Inc.   ACTCellerate is a trademark licensed to us by Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.  ReCyte is a trademark of ReCyte Therapeutics, Inc.   PanC-Dx is a trademark of OncoCyte Corporation.   GeneCards® is a registered trademark of Yeda Research and Development Co. Ltd.
 
We were incorporated in 1990 in the state of California.  Our principal executive offices are located at 1301 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, California 94502.  Our telephone number is (510) 521-3390.
 
 
18

 
 
Research and Development Expenses
 
The following table shows the approximate percentages of our total research and development expenses of $5,395,488 and $4,178,781allocated to our primary research and development projects during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively

 
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
Company
Program
 
2013
 
2012
BioTime and ESI
ACTCellerate hPECs, GMP hES cell lines, and related research products
 
 
12.8%
 
16.0%
BioTime
ACTCellerate technology
 
 
3.7%
 
9.4%
BioTime
Hydrogel products and HyStem research
 
 
21.6%
 
10.7%
OncoCyte
Cancer therapy and diagnosis
 
 
13.1%
 
20.6%
OrthoCyte
Orthopedic therapy
 
 
4.6%
 
4.0%
ReCyte Therapeutics
IPS and vascular therapy
 
 
5.8%
 
6.5%
BioTime
Hextend®
 
 
0.4%
 
4.6%
BioTime Asia
Stem cell products for research
 
 
0.2%
 
0.8%
Cell Cure Neurosciences
OpRegen, OpRegen-Plus, and neurological disease therapies
 
 
23.2%
 
20.6%
LifeMap
Stem cell database
 
 
11.0%
 
6.8%
Asterias
hESC-based cell therapy assets to be acquired from Geron Corporation
   
3.6%
 
-
 
Critical Accounting Policies
 
Revenue recognition – We comply with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin guidance on revenue recognition.  Royalty revenues consist of product royalty payments.  License fee revenues consist of fees under license agreements and are recognized when earned and reasonably estimable and also include subscription and advertising revenue from our online databases based upon respective subscription or advertising periods.   We recognize revenue in the quarter in which the royalty reports are received rather than the quarter in which the sales took place.  When we are entitled to receive up-front nonrefundable licensing or similar fees pursuant to agreements under which we have no continuing performance obligations, the fees are recognized as revenues when collection is reasonably assured.  When we receive up-front nonrefundable licensing or similar fees pursuant to agreements under which we do have continuing performance obligations, the fees are deferred and amortized ratably over the performance period.  If the performance period cannot be reasonably estimated, we amortize nonrefundable fees over the life of the contract until such time that the performance period can be more reasonably estimated.  Milestone payments, if any, related to scientific or technical achievements are recognized in income when the milestone is accomplished if (a) substantive effort was required to achieve the milestone, (b) the amount of the milestone payment appears reasonably commensurate with the effort expended, and (c) collection of the payment is reasonably assured.  Grant income and the sale of research products are recognized as revenue when earned.  Revenues from the sale of research products are primarily derived from the sale of hydrogels and stem cell products.
 
Patent costs – Costs associated with obtaining patents on products or technology developed are expensed as general and administrative expenses when incurred.  This accounting is in compliance with guidance promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) regarding goodwill and other intangible assets.
 
Research and development – We comply with FASB requirements governing accounting for research and development costs.  Research and development costs are expensed when incurred, and consist principally of salaries, payroll taxes, consulting fees, research and laboratory fees, and license fees paid to acquire patents or licenses to use patents and other technology from third parties.
 
Stock-based compensation – We have adopted accounting standards governing share-based payments, which require the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to directors and employees, including employee stock options, based on estimated fair values.  We utilize the Black-Scholes Merton option pricing model.  Our determination of fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables.  These variables include, but are not limited to, expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors.  The expected term of options granted is derived from historical data on employee exercises and post-vesting employment termination behavior.  The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect during the corresponding period of grant.  Although the fair value of employee stock options is determined in accordance with recent FASB guidance, changes in the subjective assumptions can materially affect the estimated value.  In management’s opinion, the existing valuation models may not provide an accurate measure of the fair value of employee stock options because the option-pricing model value may not be indicative of the fair value that would be established in a willing buyer/willing seller market transaction.
 
 
19

 
 
Treasury stock – We account for BioTime common shares issued to subsidiaries for future potential working capital needs as treasury stock on the consolidated balance sheet.  We have the intent and ability to register any unregistered shares to support the marketability of the shares.
 
Impairment of long-lived assets – Our long-lived assets, including intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverbale.  If an impairment indicator is present, we evaluate recoverability by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets.  If the assets are impaired, the impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets.
 
Deferred license and consulting fees – Deferred license and consulting fees consist of the value of warrants issued to third parties for services and to the minority shareholder in BioTime Asia for its participation in the organization of that company, and deferred license fees paid to acquire rights to use the proprietary technologies of third parties.  The value of the warrants is being amortized over the lives of the warrants, and deferred license fees over the estimated useful lives of the licensed technologies or licensed research products.  The estimation of the useful life any technology or product involves a significant degree of inherent uncertainty, since the outcome of research and development or the commercial life of a new product cannot be known with certainty at the time that the right to use the technology or product is acquired.  We will review its amortization schedules for impairments that might occur earlier than the original expected useful lives.  See also Note 5 to the Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements.
 
Principles of consolidation – Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, OrthoCyte, and ESI, the accounts of ReCyte Therapeutics, a subsidiary of which we owned approximately 95% of the outstanding shares of common stock as of March 31, 2013; the accounts of OncoCyte, a subsidiary of which we owned approximately 75.3% of the outstanding shares of common stock as of March 31, 2013; the accounts of BioTime Asia, a subsidiary of which we owned approximately 81.0% of the outstanding shares as of March 31, 2013, the accounts of Cell Cure Neurosciences, a subsidiary of which we owned approximately 62.5% of the outstanding shares as of March 31, 2013, the accounts of LifeMap Sciences, a subsidiary of which we owned approximately 73.2% of the outstanding shares as of March 31, 2013, and the accounts of Asterias Biotherapeutics, a subsidiary of which we owned 96.7% of the outstanding shares as of March 31, 2012.  All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.  The consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. and with the accounting and reporting requirements of Regulation S-X of the SEC.
 
Results of Operations
 
Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
 
$ Increase/
 
% Increase/
 
 
2013
 
 
2012
 
 
Decrease
 
Decrease
License fees
 
$
349,824
 
 
$
36,468
 
 
$
+313,356
 
+859
%
Royalty from product sales
 
 
107,599
 
 
 
147,402
 
 
 
-39,803
 
-27
%
Grant income
 
 
90,326
 
 
 
400,809
 
 
 
-310,483
 
-77
%
Sales of research products and services
 
 
66,724
 
 
 
67,535
 
 
 
-811
 
-1
%
Total revenues
 
 
614,473
 
 
 
652,214
 
 
 
-37,741
 
-6
%
Cost of sales
 
 
(182,749
)
 
 
(20,268
)
 
 
+162,481
 
+802
%
Total revenues, net
 
 
431,724
 
 
 
631,946
 
 
 
-200,222
 
-32
%
 
 
20

 
 
Our license fee revenues amounted to $349,824 and $36,468 for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.  License fee revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2013 include subscription and advertising revenues of $313,356 from LifeMap Science’s online database business primarily related to its GeneCards®  database which LifeMap Sciences began marketing after its acquisition of Xennex, Inc. during May 2012.  The 859% increase in license fee revenue in 2012 is entirely attributed to this new subscription and advertising revenue.  License fee revenues also include $36,468 for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 from CJ and Summit.  The license fees from CJ were received during April 2003 and July 2004, and the license fees from Summit were received during December 2004 and April and October of 2005, but full recognition of those license fees has been deferred, and is being recognized over the life of the contracts, which has been estimated to last until approximately 2019 based on the current expected life of the governing patent covering our products in Korea and Japan.

Under our license agreements with Hospira and CJ, our licensees report sales of Hextend® and pay us the royalties and license fees due on account of such sales within 90 days after the end of each calendar quarter.  We recognize such revenues in the quarter in which the sales report is received, rather than the quarter in which the sales took place.  For example, royalties on sales made during the fourth quarter of 2012 were not recognized until the first quarter of fiscal year 2013.

Our royalty revenues from product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2013 primarily consist of royalties on sales of Hextend® made by Hospira and CJ during the period beginning October 1, 2012 and ending December 31, 2012.  Royalty revenues recognized for that period were $107,599 compared with $147,402 recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2012.  This 27% decrease in royalties is attributable to a decrease in Hextend® sales in the U.S. and in the Republic of Korea.  The decrease in royalties received from Hospira is primarily due to the decline in the price of hetastarch-based products in the market.  The blood volume expander marketing continues to contract and hospitals continue to shift their purchases to albumin products.  Hospira has reported that they have seen a rapid decline in the price of hetastarch-based plasma expanders in the market which could continue to have a negative impact on revenues from the sale of Hextend®.  Hospira implemented further price reductions for Hextend® during 2012 in an attempt to maintain market share.   We expect royalty revenues from product sales to continue to decline as a percentage of total revenue.

Based on sales of Hextend® that occurred during the first quarter of 2013, we received royalties of $82,098 from Hospira and we have received $20,935 from CJ during the second quarter of 2013.  Total royalties of $103,033 for the quarter decreased 19% from royalties of $126,437 received during the same period last year.  These royalties will be reflected in our financial statements for the second quarter of 2013

Total grant revenue for the first three months in 2013 decreased by approximately 77% as a result of the completion of a research grant from the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (“CIRM”) in August 31, 2012.  We received no CIRM grant revenue in 2013.  Grant revenue in the first three months of 2013 included $41,478 recognized through Cell Cure Neurosciences, $4,041 through ES Cell International, and $44,807 of a $335,900 grant awarded to us by the NIH that expires September 29, 2013.

 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
 
$ Increase/
 
% Increase/
 
 
2013
 
 
2012
 
 
Decrease
 
Decrease
Research and development expenses
 
$
(5,395,488
)
 
$
(4,178,781
)
 
$
+1,216,707
 
+29
%
General and administrative expenses
 
 
(3,416,145
)
 
 
(2,368,705
)
 
 
+1,047,440
 
+44
%
Interest income
 
 
943
 
 
 
8,298
 
 
 
-7,355
 
-89
%
Other expense
 
 
(29,579
)
 
 
(327,095
)
 
 
-297,516
 
-91
%

Research and development expenses – Research and development expenses increased approximately 29% to $5,395,488 for the three months ended March 31, 2013, from $4,178,781 for the three months ended March 31, 2012.  Research and development expenses include laboratory study expenses, patent and technology license fees, employee compensation, rent, insurance, and science-related consultants’ fees which are allocated to research and development expense.
 
 
21

 

Research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, include $642,573 derived from the amortization of patent technology related to our acquisition of ESI and Cell Cure Neurosciences in May and October 2010, respectively, our acquisition of assets from Cell Targeting, Inc., and the merger of Glycosan BioSystems, Inc. into OrthoCyte in January and March 2011, respectively, and the merger of XenneX, Inc. into Lifemap Sciences in May 2012.  Such amortization expenses increased by $106,836 during the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared to the same period in 2012.  Aside from these expenses, the increase in research and development expenses during the first quarter of 2013 is primarily attributable to an increase of $332,639 in employee compensation and related costs allocated to research and development expenses, an increase of $234,708 in our HyStem® program related research expenses including the clinical development of Renevia, an increase of $62,646 in licenses, patent and trademark related fees, an increase of $342,649 in outside research and research related outside services, an increase of $76,317 in rent related to Asterias’ new facility, and an increase of $440,021 in Cell Cure Neurosciences research and development expenses.  These increases in 2013 over 2012 were offset in part by a decrease of $162,278 in patent related legal expenses, a decrease of $104,489 in scientific consulting fees, a decrease of $48,966 in expenditures made to cover laboratory expenses and supplies, and a decrease of $57,826 in ESI research and development expenses.

The following table shows the amount of our total research and development expenses allocated to our primary research and development projects during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.
 
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Company
Program
 
2013
 
 
2012
 
BioTime and ESI
ACTCellerate hEPCs, GMP hES cell lines, and related research products
 
$
691,611
 
 
$
672,305
 
BioTime
ACTCellerate technology
 
 
199,447
 
 
 
391,717
 
BioTime
Hydrogel products, HyStem® research, and Renevia
 
 
1,163,340
 
 
 
446,035
 
OncoCyte
Cancer therapy and diagnostics
 
 
704,917
 
 
 
861,750
 
OrthoCyte
Orthopedic therapy
 
 
249,954
 
 
 
166,898
 
ReCyte Therapeutics
IPS and vascular therapy
 
 
313,615
 
 
 
269,949
 
BioTime
Hextend®
 
 
21,633
 
 
 
192,191
 
BioTime Asia
Stem cell products for research
 
 
8,565
 
 
 
33,982
 
Cell Cure Neurosciences
OpRegen, OpRegen-Plus, and neurological disease therapies
 
 
1,252,917
 
 
 
859,623
 
LifeMap
Stem cell database
 
 
596,045
 
 
 
284,331
 
Asterias
Establishing hESC-based cell therapy programs based on assets to be acquired from Geron Corporation
 
 
193,444
   
 
-
 

General and administrative expenses – General and administrative expenses increased to $3,416,145 for the three months ended March 31, 2013 from $2,368,705 for the three months ended March 31, 2012.   General and administrative expenses include employee and director compensation allocated to general and administrative expenses, consulting fees other than those paid for science-related consulting, insurance costs allocated to general and administrative expenses, stock exchange-related costs, depreciation expense, shipping expenses, marketing costs, and other miscellaneous expenses which are allocated to general and administrative expenses.

The increase is attributable to an increase of $289,557 in employee compensation and related costs allocated to general and administrative expenses, an increase of $223,573 in stock-based compensation to employees and consultants, an increase of $476,249 in legal fees, an increase of $218,475 in accounting and tax services, an increase of $56,000 in cash compensation paid to our independent directors, and an increase of $31,555 in investor and public relations fees.  The increase in legal and accounting expenses are primarily due to the start-up and transaction related expenses of Asterias.  These increases are in part offset by a decrease of $157,549 in cash and stock-based compensation paid to consultants, a decrease of $54,362 in travel, lodging and entertainment expense, and a decrease of $48,523 in ESI general and administrative expenses.

Interest income – During the three months ended March 31, 2013, we earned $943 of interest income which is entirely attributed to interest earned on cash balances held in interest bearing accounts during 2013.   During the three months ended March 31, 2012, we earned $8,410 of interest income, net of $112 of interest expense.

Other expense – Other expense in 2013 consists primarily of $21,976 of foreign currency transaction loss.  Other expenses in 2012 include reversal of $207,425 in revenues recognized by ESI.  The $207,425 represents revenue recognized in 2011 upon the shipment of cell lines in accordance with an agreement between ESI and a customer.  The revenue for the cell lines shipped to the customer was reversed during the first quarter of 2012 pending the final completion of audits and acceptance of vials by the customer which was incorrectly assumed to have occurred in December 2011.
 
 
22

 
 
Income Taxes
 
During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, we had no Federal and state income tax obligations because we have substantial net operating loss carryovers and have provided a 100% valuation allowance for any deferred taxes.
 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
At March 31, 2013, we had $9,896,335 of cash and cash equivalents on hand. We received an additional $3,000,000 during April 2013  from a private investor for the completion of the sale of common shares and warrants under a Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement that was signed in January 2013.  We had previously received $2,000,000 during January 2013 for the sale of the first tranche of common shares and warrants under that agreement.  The funds received from that investor are earmarked to fund our cash contribution obligation to Asterias under the Asset Contribution Agreement.  We may lend to Asterias all or a portion of the $5,000,000 that we received to finance Asteria’s operations, and we will be credited with the amount of the loan as part of our $5,000,000 cash contribution to be made to Asterias under the Asset Contribution Agreement.
 
On August 24, 2012, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering SM sales agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (“Cantor”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell up to $25 million of our common shares, from time to time, through Cantor acting as our sales agent.  The offer and sale of our shares through Cantor has been registered pursuant to a registration statement filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).

Under the sales agreement, Cantor may sell our common shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, including, but not limited to, sales made directly on NYSE MKT, on any other existing trading market for our common shares or to or through a market maker.  Cantor may also sell our shares under the sales agreement by any other method permitted by law, including in privately negotiated transactions.  Cantor has agreed in the sales agreement to use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell shares in accordance with our instructions (including any price, time or size limit or other customary parameters or conditions we may impose).  The offering pursuant to the sales agreement will terminate upon the sale of all shares subject to the sales agreement or the earlier termination of the sales agreement as permitted by its terms.

In the first quarter of 2013, we raised gross proceeds of $11,302,261 from the sale of 2,537,051 BioTime common shares at a weighted average price of $4.45 per share in the open market through our Controlled Equity Offering facility with Cantor and through the sale of BioTime shares held by our majority owned subsidiaries, LifeMap Sciences and Cell Cure Neurosciences.  The proceeds of the sale of BioTime shares by our subsidiaries belong to those subsidiaries.   There is no assurance that we will be able to sell additional common shares through the Controlled Equity Offering facility at prices acceptable to us, but we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, including the proceeds from the sales of common shares from the Controlled Equity offering, should be sufficient to fund our operations at least into the first quarter of 2014.

We will depend upon revenue from the sale of our research products, database subscription and advertising revenues, royalties from the sale of Hextend® by Hospira and CJ, and research grants as our principal sources of revenues for the near future.   Although we have applied for additional CIRM grants, and we may apply for grants from other sources, for our research and development programs, there is no assurance that any of our grant applications will be approved.

Because our revenues from product sales, subscription and advertising revenues, and royalties are not presently sufficient to cover our operating expenses, we may need to obtain additional equity capital or debt in order to finance our operations.  The future availability and terms of equity or debt financing are uncertain.  We presently have issued and outstanding 816,612 common share purchase warrants, 50,000 of which are exercisable at a price of $10 per share and will expire in April 2014, 506,613 of which are exercisable at a price of $10 per share and will expire in May 2014, and 259,999 issued in January 2013 of which are exercisable at a price of $5.00 per share and will expire in January 2016.  None of the warrants are publicly traded.
 
 
23

 

Upon consummation of the asset contribution transaction under the Asset Contribution Agreement, we will issue 8,000,000 common share purchase warrants to Asterias.  Asterias will distribute the warrants it receives to the holders of its Series A common stock.  Those warrants will have an exercise price of $5.00 per share and will expire in five years from the date of issue.  We expect that the warrants to be issued to Asterias will be publicly traded.

The unavailability or inadequacy of financing or revenues to meet future capital needs could force us to modify, curtail, delay, or suspend some or all aspects of our planned operations.  Sales of additional equity securities could result in the dilution of the interests of present shareholders.
 
Cash generated by operations
 
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, we received $1,197,092 of cash in our operations.  Our sources of that cash were $88,946 of royalty revenues from Hospira, $18,652 of royalty revenues from CJ, our final quarterly research grant payment of $392,664 from CIRM, a $7,110 research grant payment from the NIH, $32,846 in foreign research grants, and $656,873 from the sale of research products and subscription and advertisement revenues.  During 2012, we received $590,494 of cash in our operations for the same three month period.  Our sources of that cash were $118,565 of royalty revenues from Hospira, $28,449 of royalty revenues from CJ, $392,665 of research grant payment from CIRM, and $50,815 from the sale of research products.

Cash used in operations
 
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, our total research and development expenditures were $5,395,488, and our general and administrative expenditures were $3,416,145.  Net loss attributable to BioTime for the three months ended March 31, 2013, amounted to $7,719,263.  Net cash used in operating activities during the quarter amounted to $7,021,682.  The difference between the net loss and net cash used in operating activities during the quarter was primarily attributable to non-cash expenses and accrued revenues, including $570,875 in stock-based compensation paid to employees and consultants, $121,071 in options issued as independent director compensation, amortization of $642,573 in intangible assets, $16,280 amortization of deferred consulting fees, $27,375 amortization of deferred license fees, $113,356 in depreciation expense, and $371,886 grant receivables primarily attributed to the collection of our final quarterly payment of $392,664 from CIRM.  This overall difference was offset to some extent by amortization of $42,996 in deferred license and royalty revenues, $243,798 in prepaid expenses, $101,319 in accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and net loss of $689,282 allocable to the noncontrolling interest in our subsidiaries.
 
Cash flows from investing activities
 
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, $550,551 was used for investing activities.   The components of this cash were $496,128 used in the purchase of equipment and $54,423 paid for security deposits.
 
Cash generated by financing activities
 
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, we raised gross proceeds of $11,306,430 from the sale of 2,537,051 BioTime common shares at a weighted average price of $4.46 per share in the open market through our Controlled Equity Offering facility with Cantor and through the sale of BioTime shares held by our majority owned subsidiaries, LifeMap Sciences and Cell Cure Neurosciences.  The proceeds of the sale of BioTime shares by our subsidiaries belong to those subsidiaries.

On January 4, 2013, BioTime and a private investor entered into a Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement under which the investor agreed to invest $5 million in BioTime by purchasing, in two tranches, an aggregate of 1,350,000 BioTime common shares and warrants to purchase approximately 650,000 additional BioTime common shares.  The first tranche of $2,000,000 was funded on January 14, 2013, and BioTime issued to the investor 540,000 common shares and 259,999 warrants.  BioTime received the second tranche of $3,000,000 on April 10, 2013 at which time BioTime issued to the investor 810,000 common shares, and warrants to purchase an additional 389,999 common shares at an exercise price of $5.00 per share.
 
 
24

 

On March 14, 2013, ReCyte Therapeutics and one of its shareholders entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement under which the shareholder agreed to purchase 81,169 additional ReCyte Therapeutics common shares for approximately $250,000, reflecting a purchase price of $3.08 per share.  In March 2013, ReCyte Therapeutics received $125,000 for which 40,584 ReCyte Therapeutics common shares were issued.  ReCyte Therapeutics expects to receive the remaining $125,000 in the second quarter of this year at which time it will issue the remaining 40,585 common shares.

Contractual obligations
 
As of March 31, 2013, our contractual obligations for the next five years and thereafter were as follows:
 
 
 
Principal Payments Due by Period
 
Contractual Obligations (1)
 
Total
   
Less Than
1 Year
   
1-3 Years
   
4-5 Years
 
After
5 Years
 
 
 
 
 
Operating leases (2)
  $ 2,484,095     $ 764,203     $ 1,687,267     $ 32,625     $ -  
 
 
(1)
This table does not include payments to key employees that could arise if they were involuntary terminated or if their employment terminated following a change in control.

 
(2)
Includes the lease of our principal office and laboratory facilities in Alameda, California, and leases of the offices and laboratory facilities of our subsidiaries Asterias, ESI, LifeMap Sciences, and Cell Cure Neurosciences.
 
On January 8, 2013, BioTime entered into a lease for an office and research facility located at 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, California that BioTime is making available for use by Asterias.  The building on the leased premises contains approximately 24,080 square feet of space.  The lease is for a term of three years commencing January 7, 2013.  BioTime will pay base rent of $31,786 per month, plus real estate taxes and certain costs of maintaining the leased premises.  As additional consideration for the lease, BioTime issued to the landlord BioTime common shares having a market value of $242,726, determined based upon the average closing price of our common shares on the NYSE MKT for a designated period of time prior to the signing of the lease.  BioTime has filed a registration statement to register those shares under the Securities Act.
 
 
25

 
 
Future capital needs
 
We currently depend upon revenue from the sale of our stem cell research products, subscriptions and advertising from LifeMap Sciences’ database products, sales of HyStem® hydrogel for research use, royalties from the sale of Hextend® by Hospira and CJ, and research grants.  Any significant loss in any of these revenue sources could impact our future capital needs.  Our product sales and royalty revenues may be supplemented by any license fees that we may receive if we enter into new commercial license agreements for our products or technology.
 
The amount and pace of research and development work that we can do or sponsor, and our ability to commence and complete the clinical trials that are required in order for us to obtain FDA and foreign regulatory approval of products, depend upon the amount of money we have.  We curtailed the pace and scope of our plasma volume expander development efforts due to the limited amount of funds available. Future research and clinical study costs are not presently determinable due to many factors, including the inherent uncertainty of these costs and the uncertainty as to timing, source, and amount of capital that will become available for our projects.
 
The market value and the volatility of our stock price, as well as general market conditions, could impact our ability to raise capital on favorable terms, or at all. Any equity financing we obtain may further dilute or otherwise impair the ownership interests of our current shareholders. If we fail to generate positive cash flows or fail to obtain additional capital when required, we could modify, delay or abandon some or all of our programs.
 
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
 
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
 
We are exposed to some foreign exchange currency risks because we have subsidiaries that are located in foreign countries.  We do not engage in foreign currency hedging activities.  Because we translate foreign currencies into United States dollars for reporting purposes, currency fluctuations have an impact on our financial results.  We believe that our exposure to currency exchange fluctuation risk is mitigated by the fact that our foreign subsidiaries pay their financial obligations almost exclusively in their local currency.  As of March 31, 2013, currency exchange rates did not have a material impact on our intercompany transactions with our foreign subsidiaries.  However, a weakening of the dollar against the foreign exchange used in the home countries of our foreign subsidiaries could increase our cost of providing additional financing to our foreign subsidiaries in the future.  Conversely, a strengthening of the dollar would decrease our cost of making additional investments in those subsidiaries.
 
Credit Risk
 
We place most of our cash in United States banks and we invest some of our cash in interest bearing instruments issued by United States banks or the United States Treasury.  Deposits with banks may temporarily exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits.  We monitor the cash balances in our accounts and adjust the cash balances as appropriate, but if the amount of a deposit at any time exceeds the federally insured amount at a bank, the uninsured portion of the deposit could be lost, in whole or in part, if the bank were to fail.
 
 
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Our foreign subsidiaries deposit their cash in local banks, but if the amount of a deposit at any time exceeds the amount at a bank under the national banking insurance laws, the uninsured portion of the deposit could be lost, in whole or in part, if the bank were to fail.
 
Interest Rate Risk
 
We invest a portion of our cash in interest-bearing securities issued by the United States Treasury.  The primary objective of our investments is to preserve principal and liquidity while earning a return on our invested capital, without incurring significant risks.  The market value of fixed-rate instruments will decline if interest rates rise.  Due in part to this factor, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in market conditions and in interest rates, or we may suffer losses in principal if forced to sell securities which may have declined in fair value due to changes in interest rates.
 
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures
 
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
It is management’s responsibility to establish and maintain adequate internal control over all financial reporting pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”).  Our management, including our principal executive officer, our principal operations officer, and our principal financial officer, have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within ninety (90) days of the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.  Following this review and evaluation ,  management collectively determined that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act (i) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to management, including our chief executive officer, our chief operations officer, and our chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 
Changes in Internal Controls
 
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
 
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings.
 
We are not presently involved in any material litigation or proceedings, and to our knowledge no such litigation or proceedings are contemplated.  However, upon consummation of the asset acquisition transaction under the Asset Contribution Agreement, Asterias will be substituted as the appellant in an appeal of certain decisions of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in two patent interference proceedings that were brought by Geron against Viacyte, Inc.
 
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
 
Our business is subject to various risks, including those described below. You should consider the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this report, which could materially adversely affect our proposed operations, our business prospects, and financial condition, and the value of an investment in our business. There may be other factors that are not mentioned here or of which we are not presently aware that could also affect our business operations and prospects.
 
Risks Related to Our Business Operations
 
We have incurred operating losses since inception and we do not know if we will attain profitability
 
Our comprehensive net losses for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 were $7,570,826, $21,362,524, $17,535,587, and $10,287,280, respectively, and we had an accumulated deficit of $109,614,976 as of March 31, 2013 and $101,895,712, $80,470,009, and $63,954,509, as of December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively.  Since inception, we have primarily financed our operations through the sale of equity securities, licensing fees, royalties on product sales by our licensees, and borrowings.  More recently, we have financed a portion of our operations with research grants and subscription fees for the database products marketed by our subsidiary LifeMap Sciences.  Ultimately, our ability to generate sufficient operating revenue to earn a profit depends upon our success in developing and marketing or licensing our products and technology.
 
We will spend a substantial amount of our capital on research and development but we might not succeed in developing products and technologies that are useful in medicine

 
·
We are attempting to develop new medical products and technologies.

 
·
Many of our experimental products and technologies have not been applied in human medicine and have only been used in laboratory studies in vitro or in animals.  These new products and technologies might not prove to be safe and efficacious in the human medical applications for which they were developed.

 
·
The experimentation we are doing is costly, time consuming, and uncertain as to its results.  We incurred research and development expenses amounting to $5,395,488 during the three months ended March 31, 2013, and $18,116,688, $13,699,691, and $8,191,314 during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively.

 
·
If we are successful in developing a new technology or product, refinement of the new technology or product and definition of the practical applications and limitations of the technology or product may take years and require the expenditure of large sums of money.

 
·
Future clinical trials of new therapeutic products, particularly those products that are regulated as drugs or biological, will be very expensive and will take years to complete.  We may not have the financial resources to fund clinical trials on our own and we may have to enter into licensing or collaborative arrangements with larger, well-capitalized pharmaceutical companies in order to bear the cost.  Any such arrangements may be dilutive to our ownership or economic interest in the products we develop, and we might have to accept a royalty payment on the sale of the product rather than receiving the gross revenues from product sales.
 
 
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Completion of the proposed acquisition of stem cell related assets by our subsidiary Asterias from Geron Corporation will result in an increase in our operating expenses and losses on a consolidated basis

 
·
Asterias will use the stem cell assets that it will acquire from Geron for the research and development of products for regenerative medicine.  Asterias’ research and development efforts will involve substantial expense, including but not limited to hiring additional research and management personnel, and the rent of a new office and research facility,that will add to our losses on a consolidated basis for the near future.

 
·
Asterias will become a public company in connection with the completion of the asset contribution transaction under the Asset Contribution Agreement and the distribution of Asterias Series A Common Stock by Geron to its stockholders.  As a public company, Asterias will incur costs associated with audits of its financial statements, filing annual, quarterly, and other periodic reports with the SEC, holding annual shareholder meetings, listing its common shares for trading, and public relations and investor relations.  These costs will be in addition to those incurred by BioTime for similar purposes.

 
·
As a developer of pharmaceutical products derived from hES or iPS cells, Asterias will face substantially the same kind of risks that affect our business, as well as the risks related to our industry generally

Our success depends in part on the uncertain growth of the stem cell industry, which is still in its infancy

 
·
The success of our business of selling products for use in stem cell research depends on the growth of stem cell research, without which there may be no market or only a very small market for our products and technology.  The likelihood that stem cell research will grow depends upon the successful development of stem cell products that can be used to treat disease or injuries in people or that can be used to facilitate the development of other pharmaceutical products.  The growth in stem cell research also depends upon the availability of funding through private investment and government research grants.

 
·
There can be no assurance that any safe and efficacious human medical applications will be developed using stem cells or related technology.

 
·
Government-imposed restrictions and religious, moral, and ethical concerns with respect to use of embryos or human embryonic stem (“hES”) cells in research and development could have a material adverse effect on the growth of the stem cell industry, even if research proves that useful medical products can be developed using hES cells.
 
Sales of our products to date have not been sufficient to generate an amount of revenue sufficient to cover our operating expenses

 
·
Hextend® is presently the only plasma expander product that we have on the market, and it is being sold only in the U.S. and South Korea.  The royalty revenues that we have received from sales of Hextend® have not been sufficient to pay our operating expenses.  This means that we need to successfully develop and market or license additional products and earn additional revenues in sufficient amounts to meet our operating expenses.

 
·
We will receive additional license fees and royalties if our licensees are successful in marketing Hextend® and PentaLyte® in Japan, Taiwan, and China, but they have not yet obtained the regulatory approvals required to begin selling those products.

 
·
We are also beginning to bring our first stem cell research products to the market, but there is no assurance that we will succeed in generating significant revenues from the sale of those products.

Sales of the products we may develop will be adversely impacted by the availability of competing products

 
·
Sales of Hextend® have already been adversely impacted by the availability of other products that are commonly used in surgery and trauma care and sell at low prices.
 
 
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·
In order to compete with other products, particularly those that sell at lower prices, our products will have to provide medically significant advantages.

 
·
Physicians and hospitals may be reluctant to try a new product due to the high degree of risk associated with the application of new technologies and products in the field of human medicine.

 
·
Competing products are being manufactured and marketed by established pharmaceutical companies.  For example, B. Braun/McGaw presently markets Hespan®, an artificial plasma volume expander, and Hospira and Baxter International, Inc. manufacture and sell a generic equivalent of Hespan®.  Hospira also markets Voluven®, a plasma volume expander containing a 6% low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch in saline solution.

 
·
Competing products for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer are being manufactured and marketed by established pharmaceutical companies, and more cancer diagnostics and therapeutics are being developed by those companies and by other smaller biotechnology companies.  Other companies, both large and small, are also working on the development of stem cell based therapies for the same diseases and disorders that are the focus of the research and development programs of our subsidiaries.

 
·
There also is a risk that our competitors may succeed at developing safer or more effective products that could render our products and technologies obsolete or noncompetitive.
 
We might need to issue additional equity or debt securities in order to raise additional capital needed to pay our operating expenses

 
·
We plan to continue to incur substantial research and product development expenses, largely through our subsidiaries, and we and our subsidiaries will need to raise additional capital to pay operating expenses until we are able to generate sufficient revenues from product sales, royalties, and license fees.

 
·
It is likely that additional sales of equity or debt securities will be required to meet our short-term capital needs, unless we receive substantial revenues from the sale of our new products or we are successful at licensing or sublicensing the technology that we develop or acquire from others and we receive substantial licensing fees and royalties.

 
·
Sales of additional equity securities by us or our subsidiaries could result in the dilution of the interests of present shareholders.

The amount and pace of research and development work that we and our subsidiaries can do or sponsor, and our ability to commence and complete clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval to market our pharmaceutical and medical device products, depends upon the amount of money we have

 
·
At March 31, 2013, we had $9,896,335 of cash and cash equivalents on hand.  Although we have raised $13,432,763 of equity capital during the first quarter in 2013, and raised an additional $3,000,000 after March 31, 2013, there can be no assurance that we or our subsidiaries will be able to raise additional funds on favorable terms or at all, or that any funds raised will be sufficient to permit us or our subsidiaries to develop and market our products and technology.  Unless we and our subsidiaries are able to generate sufficient revenue or raise additional funds when needed, it is likely that we will be unable to continue our planned activities, even if we make progress in our research and development projects.
 
 
·
We have already curtailed the pace and scope of our plasma volume expander development efforts due to the limited amount of funds available, and we may have to postpone other laboratory research and development work unless our cash resources increase through a growth in revenues or additional equity investment or borrowing.
 
 
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Our business could be adversely affected if we lose the services of the key personnel upon whom we depend
 
Our stem cell research program is directed primarily by our Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Michael West.  Asterias’ stem cell research programs will be directed primarily by its Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Thomas Okarma, and by its President of Research and Development, Dr. Jane Lebkowski. The loss of the services of Dr. West, Dr. Okarma or Dr. Lebkowski could have a material adverse effect on us.

If we make strategic acquisitions, we will incur a variety of costs and might never realize the anticipated benefits
 
Our experience in independently identifying acquisition candidates and integrating their operations with our company is limited to our acquisitions of ESI in 2010, Glycosan and CTI in 2011, and XenneX in 2012.  During January 2013 we entered into an agreement for our subsidiary Asterias to acquire stem cell related assets from Geron.  If appropriate opportunities become available, we might attempt to acquire approved products, additional drug candidates, technologies or businesses that we believe are a strategic fit with our business.  If we pursue any transaction of that sort, the process of negotiating the acquisition and integrating an acquired product, drug candidate, technology or business might result in operating difficulties and expenditures and might require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for ongoing development of our business, whether or not any such transaction is ever consummated.  Moreover, we might never realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition.  Future acquisitions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, or impairment expenses related to goodwill, and impairment or amortization expenses related to other intangible assets, which could harm our financial condition.
 
 Failure of our internal control over financial reporting could harm our business and financial results
 
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting.  Internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S.  Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of the financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures of our assets are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis.  Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected.  Our growth and entry into new products, technologies and markets will place significant additional pressure on our system of internal control over financial reporting.  Any failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting could limit our ability to report our financial results accurately and timely or to detect and prevent fraud.

Operating our business through subsidiaries, some of which are located in foreign countries, also adds to the complexity of our internal control over financial reporting and adds to the risk of a system failure, an undetected improper use or expenditure of funds or other resources by a subsidiary, or a failure to properly report a transaction or financial results of a subsidiary.  We allocate certain expenses among BioTime itself and one or more of our subsidiaries, which creates a risk that the allocations we make may not accurately reflect the benefit of an expenditure or use of financial or other recourses by BioTime as the parent company and the subsidiaries among which the allocations are made.  An inaccurate allocation may impact our consolidated financial results, particularly in the case of subsidiaries that we do not wholly own since our financial statements include adjustments to reflect the minority ownership interests in our subsidiaries held by others.
 
Our business and operations could suffer in the event of system failures
 
Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures.  Such events could cause interruption of our operations.  For example, the loss of data for our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory filings and development efforts and significantly increase our costs.  To the extent that any disruption or security breach was to result in a loss of or damage to our data, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the development of our product candidates could be delayed.
 
 
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Risks Related to Our Industry
 
We will face certain risks arising from regulatory, legal, and economic factors that affect our business and the business of other pharmaceutical development companies.  Because we are a small company with limited revenues and limited capital resources, we may be less able to bear the financial impact of these risks than is the case with larger companies possessing substantial income and available capital.
 
If we do not receive regulatory approvals we will not be permitted to sell our pharmaceutical and medical device products
 
The pharmaceutical and medical device products that we and our subsidiaries develop cannot be sold until the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and corresponding foreign regulatory authorities approve the products for medical use.  The need to obtain regulatory approval to market a new product means that:

 
·
We will have to conduct expensive and time-consuming clinical trials of new products.  The full cost of conducting and completing clinical trials necessary to obtain FDA and foreign regulatory approval of a new product cannot be presently determined, but could exceed our current financial resources.

 
·
Clinical trials and the regulatory approval process for a pharmaceutical product can take several years to complete.  As a result, we will incur the expense and delay inherent in seeking FDA and foreign regulatory approval of new products, even if the results of clinical trials are favorable.

 
·
Data obtained from preclinical and clinical studies is susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit, or prevent regulatory agency approvals.  Delays in the regulatory approval process or rejections of an application for approval of a new drug may be encountered as a result of changes in regulatory agency policy.

 
·
Because the therapeutic products we are developing with hES and iPS technology involve the application of new technologies and approaches to medicine, the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies may subject those products to additional or more stringent review than drugs or biologicals derived from other technologies.

 
·
A product that is approved may be subject to restrictions on use.

 
·
The FDA can recall or withdraw approval of a product if problems arise.

 
·
We will face similar regulatory issues in foreign countries.

Clinical trial failures can occur at any stage of the testing and we may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, the clinical trial process that could delay or prevent commercialization of our current or future drug candidates

Clinical trial failures or delays can occur at any stage of the trials, and may be directly or indirectly caused by a variety of factors, including but not limited to:

 
·
delays in securing clinical investigators or trial sites for our clinical trials;

 
·
delays in obtaining Independent Review Board (“IRB”) and other regulatory approvals to commence a clinical trial;

 
·
slower than anticipated rates of patient recruitment and enrollment, or failing to reach the targeted number of patients due to competition for patients from other trial;

 
·
limited or no availability of coverage, reimbursement and adequate payment from health maintenance organizations and other third party payers for the use of agents used in our clinical trials;

 
·
negative or inconclusive results from clinical trials;
 
 
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·
unforeseen side effects interrupting, delaying or halting clinical trials of our drug candidates and possibly resulting in the FDA or other regulatory authorities denying approval of our drug candidates;

 
·
unforeseen safety issues;

 
·
uncertain dosing issues;

 
·
approval and intro introduction of new therapies or changes in standards of practice or regulatory guidance that render our clinical trial endpoints or the targeting of our proposed indications obsolete;

 
·
inability to monitor patients adequately during or after treatment or problems with investigator or patient compliance with the trial protocols;

 
·
inability to replicate in large controlled studies safety and efficacy data obtained from a limited number of patients in uncontrolled trials;

 
·
inability or unwillingness of medical investigators to follow our clinical protocols; and unavailability of clinical trial supplies certain dosing issues.

Government-imposed bans or restrictions and religious, moral, and ethical concerns about the use of hES cells could prevent us from developing and successfully marketing stem cell products

 
·
Government-imposed bans or restrictions on the use of embryos or hES cells in research and development in the U.S. and abroad could generally constrain stem cell research, thereby limiting the market and demand for our products.  During March 2009, President Obama lifted certain restrictions on federal funding of research involving the use of hES cells, and in accordance with President Obama’s Executive Order, the NIH has adopted new guidelines for determining the eligibility of hES cell lines for use in federally funded research.  The central focus of the proposed guidelines is to assure that hES cells used in federally funded research were derived from human embryos that were created for reproductive purposes, were no longer needed for this purpose, and were voluntarily donated for research purposes with the informed written consent of the donors.  The hES cells that were derived from embryos created for research purposes rather than reproductive purposes, and other hES cells that were not derived in compliance with the guidelines, are not eligible for use in federally funded research.

 
·
California law requires that stem cell research be conducted under the oversight of a stem cell research oversight committee (“SCRO”).  Many kinds of stem cell research, including the derivation of new hES cell lines, may only be conducted in California with the prior written approval of the SCRO. A SCRO could prohibit or impose restrictions on the research that we plan to do.

 
·
The use of hES cells gives rise to religious, moral, and ethical issues regarding the appropriate means of obtaining the cells and the appropriate use and disposal of the cells.  These considerations could lead to more restrictive government regulations or could generally constrain stem cell research, thereby limiting the market and demand for our products.
 
If we are unable to obtain and enforce patents and to protect our trade secrets, others could use our technology to compete with us, which could limit opportunities for us to generate revenues by licensing our technology and selling products

 
·
Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and enforce patents and maintain trade secrets in the United States and in other countries.  If we are unsuccessful at obtaining and enforcing patents, our competitors could use our technology and create products that compete with our products, without paying license fees or royalties to us.

 
·
The preparation, filing, and prosecution of patent applications can be costly and time consuming.  Our limited financial resources may not permit us to pursue patent protection of all of our technology and products throughout the world.
 
 
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·
Even if we are able to obtain issued patents covering our technology or products, we may have to incur substantial legal fees and other expenses to enforce our patent rights in order to protect our technology and products from infringing uses.  We may not have the financial resources to finance the litigation required to preserve our patent and trade secret rights.

There is no certainty that our pending or future patent applications will result in the issuance of patents

 
·
We have filed patent applications for technology that we have developed, and we have obtained licenses for a number of patent applications covering technology developed by others, that we believe will be useful in producing new products, and which we believe may be of commercial interest to other companies that may be willing to sublicense the technology for fees or royalty payments.  In the future, we may also file additional new patent applications seeking patent protection for new technology or products that we develop ourselves or jointly with others.  However, there is no assurance that any of our licensed patent applications, or any patent applications that we have filed or that we may file in the future covering our own technology, either in the United States or abroad, will result in the issuance of patents.

 
·
In Europe, the European Patent Convention prohibits the granting of European patents for inventions that concern “uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes.” The European Patent Office is presently interpreting this prohibition broadly, and is applying it to reject patent claims that pertain to human embryonic stem cells.  However, this broad interpretation is being challenged through the European Patent Office appeals system.  As a result, we do not yet know whether or to what extent we will be able to obtain patent protection for our human embryonic stem cell technologies in Europe.

 
·
The recent Supreme Court decision in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., will need to be considered in determining whether certain diagnostic methods can be patented, since the Court denied patent protection for the use of a mathematical correlation of the presence of a well-known naturally occurring metabolite as a means of determining proper drug dosage.  Our subsidiary OncoCyte is developing PanC-Dx as a cancer diagnostic test, based on the presence of certain genetic markers for a variety of cancers.  Because PanC-Dx combines an innovative methodology with newly discovered compositions of matter, we are hopeful that this Supreme Court decision will not preclude the availability of patent protection for OncoCyte’s new product.  However, like other developers of diagnostic products, we are evaluating this new Supreme Court decision and new guidelines issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “PTO”) for the patenting of products that test for biological substances.
 
The process of applying for and obtaining patents can be expensive and slow

 
·
The preparation and filing of patent applications, and the maintenance of patents that are issued, may require substantial time and money.

 
·
A patent interference proceeding may be instituted with the PTO for patents or applications filed before March 16, 2013 when more than one person files a patent application covering the same technology, or if someone wishes to challenge the validity of an issued patent.  At the completion of the interference proceeding, the PTO may determine which competing applicant is entitled to the patent, or whether an issued patent is valid.  Patent interference proceedings are complex, highly contested legal proceedings, and the PTO’s decision is subject to appeal.  This means that if an interference proceeding arises with respect to any of our patent applications, we may experience significant expenses and delay in obtaining a patent, and if the outcome of the proceeding is unfavorable to us, the patent could be issued to a competitor rather than to us.

 
·
After March 16, 2013 a derivation proceeding may be instituted by the PTO or an inventor alleging that a patent or application was derived from the work of another inventor.

 
·
Post Grant Review under the new America Invents Act will make available after March 16, 2013 opposition-like proceedings in the United States. As with the PTO interference proceedings, Post Grant Review proceedings will be very expensive to contest and can result in significant delays in obtaining patent protection or can result in a denial of a patent application.
 
 
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·
Oppositions to the issuance of patents may be filed under European patent law and the patent laws of certain other countries.  As with the PTO interference proceedings, these foreign proceedings can be very expensive to contest and can result in significant delays in obtaining a patent or can result in a denial of a patent application
 
Our patents may not protect our products from competition
 
We or our subsidiaries have patents in the United States, Canada, the European Union countries, Australia, Israel, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, and have filed patent applications in other foreign countries for our plasma volume expander, stem cell products, HyStem® and other hydrogels, certain genes related to the development of cancer, and other technologies.

 
·
We might not be able to obtain any additional patents, and any patents that we do obtain might not be comprehensive enough to provide us with meaningful patent protection.

 
·
There will always be a risk that our competitors might be able to successfully challenge the validity or enforceability of any patent issued to us.

 
·
In addition to interference proceedings, the PTO can re-examine issued patents at the request of a third party seeking to have the patent invalidated.  This means that patents owned or licensed by us may be subject to re-examination and may be lost if the outcome of the re-examination is unfavorable to us.  As of September 16, 2012 our patents may be subject to inter partes review (replacing the inter partes reexamination proceeding), a proceeding in which a third party can challenge the validity of one of our patents.
 
We may be subject to patent infringement claims that could be costly to defend, which may limit our ability to use disputed technologies, and which could prevent us from pursuing research and development or commercialization of some of our products
 
The success of our business depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing patents and other proprietary rights of others.  If the technology that we use infringes a patent held by others, we could be sued for monetary damages by the patent holder or its licensee, or we could be prevented from continuing research, development, and commercialization of products that rely on that technology, unless we are able to obtain a license to use the patent.  The cost and availability of a license to a patent cannot be predicted, and the likelihood of obtaining a license at an acceptable cost would be lower if the patent holder or any of its licensees is using the patent to develop or market a product with which our product would compete.  If we could not obtain a necessary license, we would need to develop or obtain rights to alternative technologies, which could prove costly and could cause delays in product development, or we could be forced to discontinue the development or marketing of any products that were developed using the technology covered by the patent.
 
If we fail to meet our obligations under license agreements, we may lose our rights to key technologies on which our business depends
 
Our business depends on several critical technologies that are based in part on technology licensed from third parties.  Those third-party license agreements impose obligations on us, including payment obligations and obligations to pursue development of commercial products under the licensed patents or technology.  If a licensor believes that we have failed to meet our obligations under a license agreement, the licensor could seek to limit or terminate our license rights, which could lead to costly and time-consuming litigation and, potentially, a loss of the licensed rights.  During the period of any such litigation, our ability to carry out the development and commercialization of potential products, and our ability to raise any capital that we might then need, could be significantly and negatively affected. If our license rights were restricted or ultimately lost, we would not be able to continue to use the licensed technology in our business.
 
 
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The price and sale of our products may be limited by health insurance coverage and government regulation
 
Success in selling our pharmaceutical products may depend in part on the extent to which health insurance companies, HMOs, and government health administration authorities such as Medicare and Medicaid will pay for the cost of the products and related treatment.  Presently, most health insurance plans and HMOs will pay for Hextend® when it is used in a surgical procedure that is covered by the plan.  However, until we actually introduce a new product into the medical marketplace, we will not know with certainty whether adequate health insurance, HMO, and government coverage will be available to permit the product to be sold at a price high enough for us to generate a profit.  In some foreign countries, pricing or profitability of health care products is subject to government control, which may result in low prices for our products.  In the United States, there have been a number of federal and state proposals to implement similar government controls, and new proposals are likely to be made in the future.

Risks Related to our Dependence on Third Parties
 
We may become dependent on possible future collaborations to develop and commercialize many of our product candidates and to provide the regulatory compliance, sales, marketing and distribution capabilities required for the success of our business.
 
We may enter into various kinds of collaborative research and development and product marketing agreements to develop and commercialize our products.  The expected future milestone payments and cost reimbursements from collaboration agreements could provide an important source of financing for our research and development programs, thereby facilitating the application of our technology to the development and commercialization of our products, but there are risks associated with entering into collaboration arrangements.

There is a risk that we could become dependent upon one or more collaborative arrangements for product development or as a source of revenues from the sale of any products that may be developed by us alone or through one of the collaborative arrangements.  A collaborative arrangement upon which we might depend might be terminated by our collaboration partner or they might determine not to actively pursue the development or commercialization of our products.  A collaboration partner also may not be precluded from independently pursuing competing products and drug delivery approaches or technologies.

There is a risk that a collaboration partner might fail to perform its obligations under the collaborative arrangements or may be slow in performing its obligations.  In addition, a collaboration partner may experience financial difficulties at any time that could prevent it from having available funds to contribute to the collaboration.  If a collaboration partner fails to conduct its product development, commercialization, regulatory compliance, sales and marketing or distribution activities successfully and in a timely manner, or if it terminates or materially modifies its agreements with us, the development and commercialization of one or more product candidates could be delayed, curtailed or terminated because we may not have sufficient financial resources or capabilities to continue such development and commercialization on our own.
 
We have very limited experience in marketing, selling or distributing our products, and we may need to rely on marketing partners or contract sales companies.
 
Even if we are able to develop our products and obtain necessary regulatory approvals, we have very limited experience or capabilities in marketing, selling or distributing our products.  We rely entirely on Hospira and CJ for the sale of Hextend®.   We currently have only limited sales, marketing and distribution resources for selling our stem cell research products, and no marketing or distribution resources for selling any of the medical devices or pharmaceutical products that we are developing.  Accordingly, we will be dependent on our ability to build our own marketing and distribution capability for our new products, which would require the investment of significant financial and management resources, or we will need to find collaborative marketing partners or sales representatives, or wholesale distributors for the commercial sale of our products.

If we market products through arrangements with third parties, we may pay sales commissions to sales representatives or we may sell or consign products to distributors at wholesale prices.  As a result, our gross profit from product sales may be lower than it would be if we were to sell our products directly to end users at retail prices through our own sales force.  There can be no assurance we will able to negotiate distribution or sales agreements with third parties on favorable terms to justify our investment in our products or achieve sufficient revenues to support our operations.
 
 
36

 

We do not have the ability to independently conduct clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approvals for our drug candidates.

We will need to rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, data management companies, contract clinical research associates, medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories to conduct any clinical trials that we may undertake for our products. We may also rely on third parties to assist with our preclinical development of drug candidates.  If we outsource clinical trial we may be unable to directly control the timing, conduct and expense of our clinical trials. If we enlist third parties to conduct clinical trials and they fail to successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or fail to meet expected deadlines, if the third parties need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our preclinical development activities or clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our drug candidates.
 
Risks Related to the Asset Contribution Agreement

Asterias will assume Geron’s appeal of two adverse patent rulings, and if the appeal is not successful, Asterias may not realize value from the Geron patent applications at issue in the appeal and might be precluded from developing therapies to treat certain diseases, such as diabetes.

At the closing of the asset contribution transaction under the Asset Contribution Agreement, Asterias will be substituted for Geron as a party in interest in an appeal filed by Geron in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, appealing two adverse rulings in favor of ViaCyte, Inc. (formerly Novocell Inc.) by the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences.  These rulings related to interference proceedings involving patent filings relating to definitive endoderm cells.  Geron had requested that the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences declare this interference after ViaCyte was granted patent claims that conflicted with subject matter Geron filed in a patent application having an earlier priority date.  Those Geron patent applications are among the patent assets that Geron will contribute to Asterias.  Asterias will assume all liabilities arising with respect to the ViaCyte Appeal, other than expenses incurred by Geron relating to the ViaCyte Appeal prior to the closing of the asset contribution transaction.  Appeals of this nature may involve costly and time-consuming legal proceedings and if Asterias is not successful in the appeal, these rulings may prevent or limit development of Asterias product candidates in certain fields such as diabetes treatment and Asterias may be unable to realize value from the patent applications at issue in the appeal.

We and Asterias may be unable to complete the asset contribution transaction under the Asset Contribution Agreement, and failure to complete the transaction could adversely affect the market price of our common shares, our reputation, and our ability to obtain financing and, under certain circumstances, may result in our being required to pay a $1,800,000 termination fee to Geron.

We may be unable to complete the asset contribution transaction if the conditions to closing the transaction specified in the Asset Contribution Agreement are not satisfied, including if our shareholders do not approve the Shareholder Proposals.

The price at which our common shares trade on the NYSE MKT, and the daily trading volume, increased significantly after we announced the signing of the Asset Contribution Agreement.  If the asset contribution transaction does not close, as a result of our shareholders failing to approve the Shareholder Proposals or for any other reason, the trading price of our common shares could be immediately adversely affected.

Failure to close the asset contribution transaction could also harm our reputation and we may be viewed as a less attractive investment by investors.
 
Failure of our shareholders to approve the Shareholder Proposals, a withdrawal of our Board of Directors’ recommendation in favor of those proposals, or a material breach of a Support Agreement, will, under most circumstances, result in our being required to pay a $1,800,000 termination fee to Geron upon termination of the Asset Contribution Agreement.
 
 
37

 

We could be liable to indemnify Geron for certain liabilities and must also bear the cost of an insurance policy for the benefit of Geron.

We and Asterias have agreed to indemnify Geron from and against certain liabilities relating to (a) Geron’s distribution of the Asterias Series A common stock to Geron’s stockholders, (b) Asterias’ distribution of the BioTime warrants, that we will contribute to Asterias under the Asset Purchase Agreement, to the holders of Asterias Series A common stock, and (c) any distribution of securities by Asterias to the holders of the Asterias Series A common stock within one year following the closing under the Asset Contribution Agreement, from the date of the first effective date of either of the registration statements filed by us and by Asterias with respect to the securities that we and Asterias will issue in the asset contribution transaction, through the fifth anniversary of the earliest to occur of the date on which all of the BioTime warrants that we will contribute to Asterias have either expired, or been exercised, cancelled or sold.  We have also agreed to use our reasonable best efforts to obtain at our cost and expense prior to the closing under the Asset Contribution Agreement a policy of insurance to provide $10,000,000 of coverage for those indemnification obligations for a period of five years.  The cost of obtaining and maintaining the insurance policy in place for five years could be significant, and the insurance would be for the benefit of Geron and its affiliates.

We and Asterias have also agreed to indemnify Geron, from and against certain expenses, losses, and liabilities arising from, among other things, breaches of our or Asterias’ representations, warranties and covenants under the Asset Contribution Agreement.  The maximum damages that may be recovered by either party for a loss under this indemnification related to representations, warranties and covenants, with limited exceptions, is limited to $2 million.

Completing the asset contribution transaction may divert our management’s attention away from ongoing operations and could adversely affect ongoing operations and business relationships.

Completing the asset contribution transaction will require a significant amount of time and attention from our management.  Moreover, after the closing of transaction, our management will be required to provide more management attention to Asterias.  The diversion of our management’s attention away from our other operations could adversely affect our operations and business relationships that do not relate to Asterias.

Risks Pertaining to Our Common Shares
 
Ownership of our common shares will entail certain risks associated with the volatility of prices for our shares and the fact that we do not pay dividends on our common shares.
 
Because we are engaged in the development of pharmaceutical and stem cell research products, the price of our stock may rise and fall rapidly

 
·
The market price of our shares, like that of the shares of many biotechnology companies, has been highly volatile.
 
 
·
The price of our shares may rise rapidly in response to certain events, such as the commencement of clinical trials of an experimental new drug, even though the outcome of those trials and the likelihood of ultimate FDA approval remain uncertain.

 
·
Similarly, prices of our shares may fall rapidly in response to certain events such as unfavorable results of clinical trials or a delay or failure to obtain FDA approval.

 
·
The failure of our earnings to meet analysts’ expectations could result in a significant rapid decline in the market price of our common shares.

Current economic and stock market conditions may adversely affect the price of our common shares
 
The stock market has been experiencing extreme price and volume fluctuations which have affected the market price of the equity securities without regard to the operating performance of the issuing companies.  Broad market fluctuations, as well as general economic and political conditions, may adversely affect the market price of the common shares.
 
 
38

 
 
Because we do not pay dividends, our stock may not be a suitable investment for anyone who needs to earn dividend income
 
We do not pay cash dividends on our common shares.  For the foreseeable future, we anticipate that any earnings generated in our business will be used to finance the growth of our business and will not be paid out as dividends to our shareholders.  This means that our stock may not be a suitable investment for anyone who needs to earn income from their investments.
 
Securities analysts may not initiate coverage or continue to cover our common shares and this may have a negative impact on the market price of our shares
 
The trading market for our common shares will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities analysts publish about our business and our common shares.  We do not have any control over these analysts.  There is no guarantee that securities analysts will cover our common shares.  If securities analysts do not cover our common shares, the lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of those shares.  If securities analysts do cover our shares, they could issue reports or recommendations that are unfavorable to the price of our shares, and they could downgrade a previously favorable report or recommendation, and in either case our share price could decline as a result of the report.  If one or more of these analysts does not initiate coverage, ceases to cover our shares or fails to publish regular reports on our business, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

You may experience dilution of your ownership interests because of the future issuance of additional shares of common and preferred shares by us and our subsidiaries
 
In the future, we may issue our authorized but previously unissued equity securities, resulting in the dilution of the ownership interests of our present shareholders.  We are currently authorized to issue an aggregate of 76,000,000 shares of capital stock consisting of 75,000,000 common shares and 1,000,000 “blank check” preferred shares.  As of May 3, 2013, there were 55,728,793 common shares outstanding 4,771,301 common shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding options under our employee stock option plans; and 816,612 shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise of common share purchase warrants.  No preferred shares are presently outstanding.

We expect to issue a minimum of 8,902,077 common shares and a maximum of 11,463,464 common shares to Asterias under the Asset Contribution Agreement.  We also expect to issue 8,000,000 common share purchase warrants to Asterias under the Asset Contribution Agreement.

The operation of some of our subsidiaries has been financed in part through the sale of capital stock in those subsidiaries to private investors.  Sales of additional subsidiary shares could reduce our ownership interest in the subsidiaries, and correspondingly dilute our shareholder’s ownership interests in our consolidated enterprise.  Our subsidiaries also have their own stock option plans and the exercise of subsidiary stock options or the sale of restricted stock under those plans would also reduce our ownership interest in the subsidiaries, with a resulting dilutive effect on the ownership interest of our shareholders in our consolidated enterprise.
 
We and our subsidiaries may issue additional common shares or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for common shares in order to raise additional capital, or in connection with hiring or retaining employees or consultants, or in connection with future acquisitions of licenses to technology or rights to acquire products in connection with future business acquisitions, or for other business purposes.  The future issuance of any such additional common shares or other securities may create downward pressure on the trading price of our common shares.
 
We may also issue preferred shares having rights, preferences, and privileges senior to the rights of our common shares with respect to dividends, rights to share in distributions of our assets if we liquidate our company, or voting rights.  Any preferred shares may also be convertible into common shares on terms that would be dilutive to holders of common shares.  Our subsidiaries may also issue their own preferred shares with a similar dilutive impact on our ownership of the subsidiaries.
 
 
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The market price of our common shares could be impacted by the issuance of the common shares and warrants to Asterias and to an investor

Under the Asset Contribution Agreement and subject to closing, we have agreed to issue to Asterias a minimum of 8,902,077 common shares, and a maximum of 11,463,464 common shares, and 8,000,000 common share purchase warrants.  We have also issued 540,000 common shares and 259,999 warrants to an investor under a Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement and we have agreed to issue to that investor an additional 810,000 common shares and 389,998 warrants.  Asterias and the investor may sell the common shares that they will receive from us.  Those sales may take place from time to time on the NYSE MKT and may create downward pressure on the trading price of our common shares.

Asterias expects to distribute the warrants it receives from us to the future holders of its Series A common stock.  The warrants we issue to Asterias will be exercisable for a period of five years at an exercise price of $5.00 per share, subject to adjustment for certain stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations and other transactions.  The warrants we issue to the investor will be exercisable for a period of three years at an exercise price of $5.00 per share, subject to adjustment for certain stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations and other transactions.  During the period that the warrants are outstanding, the actual or potential exercise of those warrants and sale of the underlying common shares may create downward pressure on the trading price of our common shares.

The market price of our common shares could be impacted by prices at which we sell shares in our subsidiaries
 
The operation of some our subsidiaries has been financed in part through the sale of capital stock in those subsidiaries, and our subsidiaries may sell shares of their capital stock in the future for financing purposes.  The prices at which our subsidiaries may sell shares of their capital stock could impact the value of our company as a whole and could impact the price at which our common shares trade in the market.  A sale of capital stock of any of our subsidiaries at a price that the market perceives as low could adversely impact the market price of our common shares. Even if our subsidiaries sell their capital stock at prices that reflect arm’s length negotiation with investors, there is no assurance that those prices will reflect a true fair market value or that the ascribed value of the subsidiary based on those share prices will be fully reflected in the market value of our common shares.

Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
 
Previously reported.
 
Item 3.
Default Upon Senior Securities.
 
None.
 
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures
 
Not Applicable.
 
Item 5.
Other Information.
 
None.
 
 
40

 
 
Item 6.
Exhibits

Exhibit
 
Numbers
Description
 
 
2.1
Asset Contribution Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, by and among BioTime, Inc., BioTime Acquisition Corporation, and Geron Corporation (1)
 
 
3.1
Articles of Incorporation with all amendments. (2)
 
 
3.2
By-Laws, As Amended. (3)
 
 
4.1
Warrant Agreement between BioTime, Inc. and Romulus Films, Ltd.(4)
   
4.2
Form of Warrant (included in Exhibit 4.1)
   
10.1
Indemnification Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, by and among BioTime, Inc., Broadwood Partners, L.P, and Neal Bradsher (1)
   
10.2
Indemnification Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, by and among BioTime, Inc., Alfred D. Kingsley, Greenbelt Corp. and Greenway Partners, L.P. (1)
   
10.3
Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, between BioTime, Inc. and Romulus Films, Ltd. (4)
   
10.4
Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, between BioTime Acquisition Corporation and Romulus Films, Ltd. (4)
   
10.5
Business Park Lease, dated January 7, 2013, between David D. Bohannon Organization and BioTime, Inc.(4)
   
10.6
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated January 7, 2013, between David D. Bohannon Organization and BioTime, Inc. (4)
   
10.7
Amendment of Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated March 7, 2013, between BioTime, Inc. and Romulus Films, Ltd. (4)
   
31
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification.*
 
 
32
Section 1350 Certification.*
 
 
101
Interactive Data File
 
 
101.INS
XBRL Instance Document *
 
 
101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema *
 
 
101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase *
 
 
101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase *
 
 
101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase *
 
 
101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document *
 
(1)
Incorporated by reference to BioTime’s Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 8, 2013.
 
(2)
Incorporated by reference to Registration Statement on Form S-1, File Number 33-44549 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 18, 1991, and Amendment No. 1 and Amendment No. 2 thereto filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 6, 1992 and March 7, 1992, respectively.
 
(3)
Incorporated by reference to Registration Statement on Form S-1, File Number 33-48717 and Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 thereto filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 22, 1992, and August 27, 1992, respectively.
 
(4)
Incorporated by reference to BioTime’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012
 
*
Filed herewith
 
 
41

 
 
SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
       BIOTIME, INC.
 
 
 
 
Date: May 10, 2013
/s/ Michael D. West
 
 
Michael D. West
 
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
 
Date: May 10, 2013
/s/ Peter S. Garcia
 
 
Peter S. Garcia
 
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
 
 
42

 

Exhibit
 
Numbers
Description
 
 
2.1
Asset Contribution Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, by and among BioTime, Inc., BioTime Acquisition Corporation, and Geron Corporation (1)
 
 
3.1
Articles of Incorporation with all amendments. (2)
 
 
3.2
By-Laws, As Amended. (3)
 
 
4.1
Warrant Agreement between BioTime, Inc. and Romulus Films, Ltd.(4)
   
4.2
Form of Warrant (included in Exhibit 4.1)
   
10.1
Indemnification Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, by and among BioTime, Inc., Broadwood Partners, L.P, and Neal Bradsher (1)
   
10.2
Indemnification Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, by and among BioTime, Inc., Alfred D. Kingsley, Greenbelt Corp. and Greenway Partners, L.P. (1)
   
10.3
Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, between BioTime, Inc. and Romulus Films, Ltd. (4)
   
10.4
Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated January 4, 2013, between BioTime Acquisition Corporation and Romulus Films, Ltd. (4)
   
10.5
Business Park Lease, dated January 7, 2013, between David D. Bohannon Organization and BioTime, Inc.(4)
   
10.6
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated January 7, 2013, between David D. Bohannon Organization and BioTime, Inc. (4)
   
10.7
Amendment of Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated March 7, 2013, between BioTime, Inc. and Romulus Films, Ltd. (4)
   
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification.*
 
 
Section 1350 Certification.*
 
 
101
Interactive Data File
 
 
101.INS
XBRL Instance Document *
 
 
101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema *
 
 
101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase *
 
 
101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase *
 
 
101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase *
 
 
101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document *
 
(1)
Incorporated by reference to BioTime’s Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 8, 2013.

(2)
Incorporated by reference to Registration Statement on Form S-1, File Number 33-44549 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 18, 1991, and Amendment No. 1 and Amendment No. 2 thereto filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 6, 1992 and March 7, 1992, respectively.
 
(3)
Incorporated by reference to Registration Statement on Form S-1, File Number 33-48717 and Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 thereto filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 22, 1992, and August 27, 1992, respectively.
 
(4)
Incorporated by reference to BioTime’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012
 
*
Filed herewith
 
 
43