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8-K - FORM 8-K - Campus Crest Communities, Inc.d343353d8k.htm

Exhibit 99.1

 

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Campus Crest Communities, Inc. Reports First Quarter 2012 Results

– Same Store Net Operating Income Up 8.6% –

– Same Store Net Operating Income Margin Up 200 Basis Points –

– Pre-Leasing For 2012/2013 Academic Year in Wholly-Owned Operating Portfolio Up 330 Basis Points To 61.3% –

Charlotte, NC April 30, 2012 – Campus Crest Communities, Inc. (NYSE:CCG) (the “Company”), a leading developer, builder, owner and manager of high-quality, purpose-built student housing, today announced results for the three months ended March 31, 2012.

Highlights

 

   

Funds from Operations Adjusted (“FFOA”) of $0.18 per diluted share, which excludes the non-cash charge associated with debt pre-payment

 

   

Funds from Operations (“FFO”) of $0.15 per diluted share for the quarter

 

   

37.0% increase in year-over-year quarterly student housing rental and services revenue

 

   

Wholly-owned same store results:

 

   

8.6% growth in Net Operating Income (“NOI”), from $7.2 million to $7.8 million

 

   

200 basis point increase in NOI margin, from 52.6% to 54.6%

 

   

210 basis point increase in average occupancy to 91.2%

 

   

Wholly-owned operating portfolio was 61.3% pre-leased for 2012/2013 academic year as of April 29, 2012, compared to 58.0% at April 29, 2011

 

   

Six new developments on schedule and on budget for delivery in third quarter 2012

 

   

Closed 8.0% coupon preferred stock offering, raising $55.4 million in net proceeds

Financial Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2012

For the three months ended March 31, 2012, FFO and FFOA are shown in the table below. The Company retired debt and incurred a non-cash charge from the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees in the amount of approximately $960,000, or $0.03 per diluted share. FFOA adjusts for this non-cash item, which was previously disclosed and excluded from the Company’s 2012 FFO guidance.

FFO/FFOA

 

     Three Months Ended March 31,  

($mm, except per share)

   2012      Per share -
diluted
     2011     Per share -
diluted
 

FFO

   $ 4.6       $ 0.15       $ 5.1      $ 0.17   

Write-Off of Unamortized Deferred Financing Fees

   $ 1.0       $ 0.03         —          —     

Elimination of Change in Fair Value of Int. Rate Derivatives

     —           —         ($ 0.2   ($ 0.01
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

FFOA

   $ 5.6       $ 0.18       $ 4.9      $ 0.16   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 


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A reconciliation of net loss to FFO and FFOA can be found at the end of this release.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2012, the Company reported total revenues of $32.9 million and net loss attributable to common stockholders of $(1.6) million, compared to $23.9 million and $(0.5) million, respectively, in the same period in 2011.

“Our teams in the field continue to make solid progress, while our teams in our Charlotte headquarters continue to refine our proprietary systems that provide real time data to help make the best decisions possible,” commented Ted W. Rollins, Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Campus Crest. “Our people-focused investments and initiatives are bearing fruit, and we are redoubling efforts in all areas of the Company to drive operational excellence. Our training, recruiting and roving teams, in particular, have made outstanding progress, and our development and construction teams continue to source and build attractive projects. With the success of our preferred offering, we begin the second quarter of 2012 well-capitalized with the financial capacity to commence the 2013 deliveries. We continue to be excited by our progress on portfolio leasing, operations, and construction at our properties that deliver in the third quarter of this year.”

Operating Results

For the three months ended March 31, 2012, results for wholly-owned same store properties were as follows:

Same Store Results

 

     Three Months Ended March 31,  

($mm)

   2012     2011     % Change  

Occupancy

     91.2     89.1     2.1

Total Revenues

   $ 14.2      $ 13.6        4.6

NOI

   $ 7.8      $ 7.2        8.6

NOI Margin

     54.6     52.6     2.0

The improvement in same-store NOI was driven by higher occupancy, increased rental rates and service revenue and ongoing improvements in expense management. NOI margin is calculated by dividing NOI for the period by total student housing rental and services revenues for the period. A reconciliation of net loss to NOI can be found at the end of this release. In addition, details regarding same store NOI and calculations thereof may be found in the supplemental earnings schedule.


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Portfolio & Leasing Update

As of March 31, 2012, the Company owned interests in 33 operating properties and 17,064 beds. The portfolio overview and leasing status for the 2011/2012 academic year is outlined in the table below:

Portfolio & 2011/2012 Academic Year Leasing Update

 

                                March 31,  
     Number of
Properties
     Ownership     Units      Beds      2012     2011  

Wholly-Owned Properties

               

Existing

     21         100.0     3,920         10,528         90.6     88.5

JV Acquisitions

     2         100.0     392         1,040         96.9     98.2

2011 Deliveries

     4         100.0     844         2,316         81.5     n/a   
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total - Wholly-Owned

     27           5,156         13,884         89.5     89.3
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Joint Venture Properties

               

Existing

     4         49.9     736         2,012         86.7     84.4

2011 Deliveries

     2         20.0     432         1,168         86.3     n/a   
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total - Joint Venture

     6           1,168         3,180         86.6     84.4
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 
               
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total Portfolio

     33           6,324         17,064         89.0     88.6
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

All properties were built by the Company or its predecessor and are, on average, within 0.7 miles from campus with an average age of 3.2 years as of March 31, 2012.


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As of April 29, 2012 and 2011, pre-leasing at the Company’s portfolio for the 2012/2013 academic year was as follows:

2012/2013 Academic Year Pre-Leasing

 

                                April 29,  
     Number of
Properties
     Ownership     Units      Beds      2012     2011  

Wholly-Owned Properties

               

Existing

     21         100.0     3,920         10,528         61.8     61.0

JV Acquisitions

     2         100.0     392         1,040         63.1     71.9

2011 Deliveries

     4         100.0     844         2,316         57.8     37.9
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total - Wholly-Owned

     27           5,156         13,884         61.3     58.0
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Joint Venture Properties

               

Existing

     4         49.9     736         2,012         50.9     59.0

2011 Deliveries

     2         20.0     432         1,168         52.1     53.5
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total - Joint Venture

     6           1,168         3,180         51.4     57.0
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 
               
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total Operating Portfolio

     33           6,324         17,064         59.4     57.8
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

2012 Deliveries

               

Wholly-Owned

     3         100.0     620         1,804         85.4     n/a   

Joint Venture

     3         10.0     662         1,856         51.9     n/a   
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total - 2012 Deliveries

     6           1,282         3,660         68.4     n/a   
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 
               
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total Portfolio

     39           7,606         20,724         61.0     57.8
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 


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Development Activity

The Company continued work on its 2012/2013 academic year projects for delivery in the third quarter. The total construction program is approximately $156.8 million, consisting of three wholly-owned and three joint-venture communities, with total expected construction costs of $84.7 million and $72.1 million, respectively. Details of these developments are as follows:

2012/2013 Academic Year Developments

 

Project

   University Served    Total
Enrollment1
     Dist. to
Campus
(miles)
     Units      Beds      Est. Cost
($mm)
 

Wholly-Owned

                 

The Grove at Auburn

   Auburn University      25,469         0.1         216         600       $ 26.3   

The Grove at Flagstaff

   Northern Arizona Univ.      17,761         0.3         216         584         33.1   

The Grove at Orono

   University of Maine      11,168         0.5         188         620         25.3   
     

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Average/Sub Total2

        18,133         0.3         620         1,804       $ 84.7   

Joint Venture3

                 

The Grove at Fayetteville

   University of Arkansas      23,199         0.5         232         632       $ 26.5   

The Grove at Laramie

   University of Wyoming      10,568         0.3         224         612         24.8   

The Grove at Stillwater4

   Oklahoma State Univ.      22,411         0.8         206         612         20.7   
     

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Average/Sub Total2

        18,726         0.5         662         1,856       $ 72.1   
     

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Average/ Total2

        18,429         0.4         1,282         3,660       $ 156.8   
     

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

1 

All data is from school websites as of fall 2011.

2 

Total Enrollment and Dist. to Campus are averages, while others are totals.

3 

The Company owns a 10% interest in the joint venture communities, with Harrison Street Real Estate Capital (“HSRE”) owning the balance. Total gross fees to the Company for the joint venture projects are approximately $6.7 million, of which $3.5 million have been earned through March 31, 2012.

4 

Acquisition of existing community with 138 units and 384 beds. New development adds 68 units and 228 beds.

Balance Sheet and Capital Markets

The Company actively manages its balance sheet. Details of the current capital structure and the outstanding debt follow:


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Capital Structure and Debt Summary

 

Closing common share price at March 30, 2012

   $ 11.66   

Common shares

     30,630   

Operating partnership units

     336   

Restricted stock

     551   
  

 

 

 

Total shares and units outstanding

     31,517   
  

 

 

 

Total equity market value

   $ 367,488   

Total preferred equity outstanding

     57,500   

Total debt outstanding

     234,426   
  

 

 

 

Total market capitalization

   $ 659,414   
  

 

 

 

Debt to total market capitalization

     35.6

Debt to gross assets1

     36.2

 

Wholly-Owned Debt2

   Principal
Outstanding
     Weighted
Average
Interest Rate
    Average
Years to
Maturity
 

Fixed rate mortgage and construction loans

   $ 109,148         5.49     5.4   

Variable rate mortgage and construction loans

     28,726         2.74     0.7   

Variable rate credit facility

     94,000         2.51     2.4   

Other debt, fixed rate

     2,552         5.00     19.6   
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total/Weighted Average

   $ 234,426         3.95     3.8   
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

1 

Gross assets is defined as total assets plus accumulated depreciation, as reported in the Company’s March 31, 2012 consolidated balance sheet.

2

Excludes joint venture debt of $48.3 million, of which the Company is 49.9% owner, $29.6 million, of which the Company is 20.0% owner, and $7.1 million, of which the Company is a 10.0% owner. The Company is the guarantor of these loans.

In February, the Company completed its inaugural public offering of preferred stock raising $55.4 million of net proceeds. The Company sold 2,300,000 shares of its 8% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (inclusive of the underwriter’s over allotment) at $25.00 per share. The net proceeds were used to repay $48.9 million of indebtedness outstanding under construction loans used to fund four wholly-owned properties delivered for the 2011/2012 academic year, and the remaining proceeds were for general corporate purposes, including funding properties currently under development. The Company is currently evaluating financing options – including contributing assets to the unencumbered pool of the revolving line of credit and long-term, fixed rate debt – for the four unencumbered properties.

Dividend

On March 14, 2012, the Company declared a first quarter dividend of $0.16 per common share and operating partnership unit, equating to $0.64 per common share and operating partnership unit on an annualized basis. The dividend was paid on April 11, 2012 to shareholders of record as of March 28, 2012.


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The Company also declared a first quarter dividend of $0.3722 per share of Series A Preferred stock. The dividend was paid on April 16, 2012, to shareholders of record as of March 28, 2012. The dividend represents the pro-rated dividend for the period from the issuance date of the Series A Preferred Stock through April 15, 2012, and is based on a quarterly dividend of $0.50 per share.

2012 Outlook

Based upon management’s current estimates, the Company is reiterating its guidance for full year 2012 of FFO per fully diluted share of $0.75 to $0.81.

The Company’s guidance excludes a non-cash charge of approximately $960,000 related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees associated with construction debt paid-off in connection with the February 2012 preferred equity offering.

Conference Call Details

The Company will host a conference call on Tuesday, May 1, 2012, at 9:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) to discuss the financial results.

The call can be accessed live over the phone by dialing 877-407-3982, or for international callers, 201-493-6780. A replay will be available shortly after the call and can be accessed by dialing 877-870-5176, or for international callers, 858-384-5517. The passcode for the replay is 392243. The replay will be available until May 8, 2012.

Interested parties may also listen to a simultaneous webcast of the conference call by logging onto the Company’s website at http://investors.campuscrest.com/. The on-line replay will be available for a limited time beginning immediately following the call.

Supplemental Schedules

The Company has published supplemental earnings schedules in order to provide additional disclosure and financial information for the benefit of the Company’s stakeholders. These can be found under the “Earnings Center” tab in the Investor Relations section of the Company’s web site at http://investors.campuscrest.com/.

About Campus Crest Communities, Inc.

Campus Crest Communities, Inc. (NYSE: CCG) is a leading developer, builder, owner and manager of high-quality, purpose-built student housing properties located close to campuses in targeted U.S. markets. The Company is a self-managed, self-administered and vertically-integrated real estate investment trust which operates all of its properties under The Grove® brand. Campus Crest Communities owns interests in 33 operating student housing properties


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containing approximately 6,324 apartment units and 17,064 beds and boasts the youngest standardized portfolio in the industry. Since its inception, the Company has focused on customer service, privacy, on-site amenities and its proprietary residence life programs to provide college students across the USA with a higher quality of living. Additional information can be found on the Company’s website at http://www.campuscrest.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release, together with other statements and information publicly disseminated by the Company, contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company intends such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and includes this statement for purposes of complying with these safe harbor provisions. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts” or “potential” or the negative of these words and phrases or similar words or phrases which are predictions of or indicate future events or trends and which do not relate solely to historical matters. Forward-looking statements in this press release include, among others, statements about outlook for FFO, growth and development opportunities, leasing activities, financing strategies, development and construction projects and long term value creation. You should not rely on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company’s control that may cause actual results to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statement. All forward-looking statements reflect the Company’s good faith beliefs, assumptions and expectations, but they are not guarantees of future performance. Furthermore, except as otherwise required by federal securities laws, the Company disclaims any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, data or methods, future events or other changes. For a further discussion of these and other factors that could cause the Company’s future results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, see the risk factors discussed in the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as updated in the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

Contact:

Investor Relations

(704) 496-2581

Investor.Relations@CampusCrest.com


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CAMPUS CREST COMMUNITIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited)

(in $000s)

 

     March 31,
2012
    December 31,
2011
 

Assets

    

Investment in real estate, net:

    

Student housing properties

   $ 515,104      $ 512,902   

Accumulated depreciation

     (81,538     (76,164

Development in process

     71,783        44,862   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Investment in real estate, net

   $ 505,349      $ 481,600   

Investment in unconsolidated entities

     22,360        21,052   

Cash and cash equivalents

     7,151        10,735   

Restricted cash

     2,753        2,495   

Student receivables, net

     1,052        1,259   

Cost and earnings in excess of construction billings

     16,095        10,556   

Other assets, net

     11,912        12,819   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total assets

   $ 566,672      $ 540,516   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Liabilities and equity

    

Liabilities:

    

Mortgage and construction loans

   $ 137,874      $ 186,914   

Line of credit and other debt

     96,552        82,052   

Accounts payable and accrued expenses

     42,149        30,909   

Construction billings in excess of cost and earnings

     105        165   

Other liabilities

     10,096        9,341   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total liabilities

   $ 286,776      $ 309,381   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Stockholders’ equity:

    

Preferred stock

   $ 23      $ 0   

Common stock

     307        307   

Additional paid-in capital

     303,847        248,599   

Accumulated deficit and distributions

     (28,017     (21,410

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

     (366     (387
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total stockholders’ equity

   $ 275,794      $ 227,109   

Noncontrolling interests

     4,102        4,026   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total equity

   $ 279,896      $ 231,135   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total liabilities and equity

   $ 566,672      $ 540,516   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 


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CAMPUS CREST COMMUNITIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (unaudited)

(in $000s, except per share data)

 

     Three Months Ended March 31,  
     20121     2011     $ Change  

Revenues:

      

Student housing rental

   $ 17,858      $ 13,152      $ 4,706   

Student housing services

     763        438        325   

Development, construction and management services

     14,256        10,284        3,972   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total revenues

   $ 32,877      $ 23,874      $ 9,003   

Operating expenses:

      

Student housing operations

   $ 8,578      $ 6,440      $ 2,138   

Development, construction and management services

     13,458        9,225        4,233   

General and administrative

     2,326        1,948        378   

Ground leases

     52        52        —     

Depreciation and amortization

     5,856        5,157        699   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total operating expenses

   $ 30,270      $ 22,822      $ 7,448   

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities

     96        (242     338   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating income

   $ 2,703      $ 810      $ 1,893   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Nonoperating income (expense):

      

Interest expense2

     (3,573     (1,375     (2,198

Change in fair value of interest rate derivatives

     (49     196        (245

Other income

     2        46        (44
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total nonoperating expense, net

   ($ 3,620   ($ 1,133   ($ 2,487
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss before income taxes

   ($ 917   ($ 323   ($ 594

Income tax expense

     (63     (151     88   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss

   ($ 980   ($ 474   ($ 506

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

     9        2        7   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss attributable to stockholders

     (971     (472     (499

Preferred stock dividends

     (664     —          (664
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss attributable to common stockholders

   ($ 1,635   ($ 472     (1,163
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:

      

Basic and diluted

   ($ 0.05   ($ 0.02  

Weighted average common shares outstanding:

      

Basic and diluted

     30,923        30,708     

 

1 

Includes consolidated results from the operations at The Grove at Huntsville and The Grove at Statesboro, which were included in equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities prior to the Company’s acquisition of its joint venture partner’s interest on December 29, 2011.

2 

Includes an approximate $960,000 non-cash charge in 2012 related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees associated with construction debt paid-off in connection with the February 2012 preferred equity offering.


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CAMPUS CREST COMMUNITIES

RECONCILIATION OF NET LOSS TO FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS (“FFO”) and NET OPERATING INCOME (“NOI”) (unaudited)

(in $000s, except per share data)

 

     Three Months Ended March 31,  
     20121     2011     $ Change  

Net loss attributable to common stockholders

   ($ 1,635   ($ 472   ($ 1,163

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

     (9     (2     (7

Real estate related depreciation and amortization

     5,789        5,097        692   

Real estate related depreciation and amortization - unconsolidated joint ventures

     493        522        (29
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

FFO available to common shares and OP units2

   $ 4,638      $ 5,145      ($ 507

Elimination of change in fair value of interest rate derivatives3

     —          (196     196   

Elimination of non-cash charge from the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees

     960        —          960   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Funds from operations adjusted (FFOA) available to common shares and OP units

   $ 5,598      $ 4,949      $ 649   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

FFO per share - diluted2

   $ 0.15      $ 0.17      ($ 0.02

FFOA per share - diluted

   $ 0.18      $ 0.16      $ 0.02   

Weighted average common shares and OP units outstanding - diluted

     31,359        31,143        216   

 

     Three Months Ended March 31,  
     20121     20113  

Net loss attributable to common stockholders

   ($ 1,635   ($ 472

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

     (9     (2

Preferred stock dividends

     664        —     

Income tax expense

     63        151   

Other income (expense)

     (2     (46

Change in fair value of interest rate derivatives

     49        (196

Interest expense

     3,573        1,375   

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities

     (96     242   

Depreciation and amortization

     5,856        5,157   

Ground lease expense

     52        52   

General and administrative expense

     2,326        1,948   

Development, construction and management services expenses

     13,458        9,225   

Development, construction and management services revenues

     (14,256     (10,284
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total NOI

   $ 10,043      $ 7,150   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Same store properties NOI

     7,764        7,150   

New properties NOI

     2,279        —     

 

1 

Includes consolidated results from the operations at The Grove at Huntsville and The Grove at Statesboro, which were included in equity in loss of unconsolidated entities prior to the Company’s acquisition of its joint venture partner’s interest on December 29, 2011.

2 

Includes an approximate $960,000 non-cash charge in 2012 related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees associated with construction debt paid-off in connection with the February 2012 preferred equity offering.

3 

Includes only the non-cash portion of the change in the fair value of unhedged derivatives.


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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

FFO and FFOA

FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure. We calculate FFO in accordance with the definition that was adopted by the Board of Governors of NAREIT. FFO, as defined by NAREIT, represents net income (loss) determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding extraordinary items as defined under GAAP and gains or losses from sales of previously depreciated operating real estate assets, plus specified non-cash items, such as real estate asset depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. In addition, in October 2011, NAREIT communicated to its members that the exclusion of impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate is consistent with the definition of FFO.

We use FFO as a supplemental performance measure because, in excluding real estate-related depreciation and amortization and gains and losses from property dispositions, it provides a performance measure that, when compared year over year, captures trends in occupancy rates, rental rates and operating expenses. We also believe that, as a widely recognized measure of the performance of equity REITs, FFO will be used by investors as a basis to compare our operating performance with that of other REITs. However, because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions nor the level of capital expenditures necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effects and could materially and adversely impact our results of operations, the utility of FFO as a measure of our performance is limited.

While FFO is a relevant and widely used measure of operating performance of equity REITs, other equity REITs may use different methodologies for calculating FFO and, accordingly, FFO as disclosed by such other REITs may not be comparable to FFO published herein. Therefore, we believe that in order to facilitate a clear understanding of our historical operating results, FFO should be examined in conjunction with net income (loss) (computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP) as presented in the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this document. FFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) (computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP) as an indicator of our properties’ financial performance or to cash flow from operating activities (computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP) as an indicator of our liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends or make distributions.

FFOA is a non-GAAP financial measure. In addition to FFO, we believe it is also a meaningful measure of our performance to adjust FFO to exclude the change in fair value of interest rate derivatives and non-cash charges from the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees. Excluding these two items adjusts FFO to be more reflective of operating results prior to capital replacement or expansion, debt service obligations or other commitments and contingencies.


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NOI

NOI is a non-GAAP financial measure. We calculate NOI by adding back to net income (loss) the following expenses or charges: income tax expense, interest expense, equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities, preferred stock dividends, depreciation and amortization, ground lease expense, general and administrative expense and development, construction and management services expense. The following income or gains are then deducted from net income (loss), adjusted for add backs of expenses or charges: other income, change in fair value of interest rate derivatives and development, construction and management services revenue. We believe these adjustments help provide a performance measure, when compared year over year, that illustrates the operating results of our wholly-owned properties and captures trends in student housing rental and services income and student housing operating expenses.

NOI excludes multiple components of net loss (computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP) and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions nor the level of capital expenditures necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effects and could materially and adversely impact our results of operations. Therefore, the utility of NOI as a measure of our performance is limited. Additionally, other companies, including other equity REITs, may use different methodologies for calculating NOI and, accordingly, NOI as disclosed by such other companies may not be comparable to NOI published herein. Therefore, we believe that in order to facilitate a clear understanding of our historical operating results, NOI should be examined in conjunction with net loss (computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP) as presented in the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this document. NOI should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) (computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP) as an indicator of our properties’ financial performance or to cash flow from operating activities (computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP) as an indicator of our liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends or make distributions.