UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
FOR ANNUAL AND TRANSITION REPORTS PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
(Mark One)
| x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004
OR
| ¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
(NO FEE REQUIRED)
For the transition period from to .
Commission File Number: 000-29101
SEQUENOM, INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
| DELAWARE | 77-0365889 | |
| (State or other jurisdiction or incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |
| 3595 John Hopkins Court San Diego, California |
92121 | |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |
Registrants telephone number, including area code: (858) 202-9000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: NONE
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, $.001 par value
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrants knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2). Yes x No ¨
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing sale price of the Common Stock on June 30, 2004 as reported on the Nasdaq National Market, was approximately $56.0 million. Shares of Common Stock held by each executive officer and director and by each person who owns 10% or more of the outstanding Common Stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of February 28, 2005, there were 40,449,776 shares of the Registrants Common Stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III incorporate by reference information from the registrants definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the registrants Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on June 16, 2005.
FORM 10-K
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2004
Index
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PART I
All statements in this report that are not historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified as such because the context of the statement will include words such as may, will, intend, plans, believes, anticipates, expects, estimates, predicts, potential, continue, opportunity, goals, or should, the negative of these words or words of similar import. Similarly, statements that describe our future plans, strategies, intentions, expectations, objectives, goals or prospects are also forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are or will be, as applicable, based largely on our expectations and projections about future events and future trends affecting our business, and so are or will be, as applicable, subject to risks and uncertainties including but not limited to the risk factors discussed in this report, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements. We caution investors that there can be no assurance that actual results or business conditions will not differ materially from those projected or suggested in such forward-looking statements. Our views and the events, conditions and circumstances on which these future forward-looking statements are based, may change.
SEQUENOM®, SpectroCHIP®, and MassARRAY® are registered trademarks of SEQUENOM, Inc. This report also refers to trade names and trademarks of other organizations.
SEQUENOM was incorporated in 1994 under the laws of the State of Delaware.
Overview
We are a genetics company committed to providing the best genetic analysis products that translate genomic science into superior solutions for biomedical research and molecular medicine. Our proprietary MassARRAY system is a high performance DNA analysis platform that efficiently and precisely measures the amount of genetic target material and variations therein. The system is able to deliver reliable and specific data from complex biological samples and from genetic target material that is available only in trace amounts. We have used our MassARRAY technology and our extensive collections of DNA samples from diseased and healthy individuals to identify disease-related genes that may predispose significant portions of the population to major diseases. Based on our discoveries, we have developed gene and diagnostic content for potential partner out-licensing and commercial development opportunities.
We completed numerous scans of the human genome and identified over 60 candidate genes indicating association with the following diseases: breast cancer, lung cancer, prostrate cancer, melanoma, schizophrenia, type II diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia (HDL-cholesterol), hypertension, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. In most studies we have further analyzed our initial disease-association findings in additional independent populations followed by appropriate biological confirmation experiments where feasible.
Our goal is to leverage our superior technology to become a significant contributor in the development of molecular medicine, which encompasses applications often referred to as pharmacogenomics, personalized medicine, disease predisposition testing, cancer subtyping, and non-invasive prenatal testing. These fields share the need for analytical applications that define disease on a molecular level and with a high degree of reliability.
We are focusing our efforts on revenue-generating opportunities in the biomedical research market. In particular, we are focusing on molecular diagnostics, including clinical research and diagnostic applications. We are also continuing our efforts to outlicense our disease gene discoveries (potential drug targets, diagnostic and pharmacogenetic markers, signaling pathways and novel biological mechanisms) for potential therapeutic or diagnostic product development by other parties, and we also use our research results to expand the capabilities of our MassARRAY platform.
Genetic analysis is primarily conducted in two biomedical research markets: the academic research market, where we have been and continue to focus, and the clinical analysis market, a newer market for us where we are expanding. The academic research market typically makes initial genetic discoveries. It is a relatively small market and is mainly comprised of government and academic institutions. However, it is often the source of discoveries of new genetic content. The clinical analysis market is significantly larger, and takes the genetic analysis a step further to establish the use of genes and genetic markers for the potential benefit of the general population.
The needs of these markets differ significantly. The academic research market, which requires highest data density per sample, is more tolerant to inconsistencies in data and error rates, and typically has a shorter window of opportunity. Sample throughput is very high. This academic research market is extremely price competitive. The clinical analysis market is typically interested in a defined number of markers per sample, is not as tolerant to inconsistencies and error rates, typically has a longer development cycle, and is less price competitive. Sample throughput requirements are not nearly as high. Considering the clinical analysis markets requirements and the strengths of the MassARRAY system, including its high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, we believe there is significant opportunity to be more competitive in the clinical analysis market.
We have targeted customers conducting quality genotyping and performing fine mapping studies, candidate gene studies, comparative sequencing and gene expression analysis in the molecular medicine market. We support epigenetic analysisthe analysis of DNA methylationand genetic trace analysis applicationsthe analysis of smallest amounts of genetic material in complex mixtures.
We also plan to broaden the markets to which we sell our product line. We have identified four target segments for growth: clinical research and clinical marker validation, the emerging field of molecular medicine, diagnostic service laboratories and animal testing laboratories.
As part of our focus on molecular diagnostics, we plan to develop analyte specific reagents (ASRs). ASRs are tests that measure biomarkers, which are intended for use in diagnostic application for identification and quantification of an individual substance in biological specimens. In 2005, SEQUENOM plans to offer ASRs for established genetic tests, such as tests for certain Mendelian disorders.
Novel ASRs might also be developed based on current research conducted using the MassARRAY platform. Leading research scientists are using our MassARRAY system as a basis to develop new applications in the field of applied genetic analysis. Last year, we announced collaborative research agreements with national and international research institutions. These institutions are exploring new areas of genetic testing, with major market potential, including animal testing and genetic trace analysis for prenatal testing, and early cancer detection.
In the area of prenatal diagnostics, in conjunction with the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the renowned genetic researcher, Dr. Dennis Lo, our MassARRAY system is being used to analyze genetic disease in a fetus in a manner that may have the potential to replace current, expensive, technology that has an undesirable risk profile.
MassARRAY product related revenues represented approximately $21.0 million, $28.3 million, and $24.8 million or 94%, 94%, and 80% of our revenues during the years ended December 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively, while approximately $0.2 million, $1.6 million, and $5.6 million or 1%, 5%, and 18% of our revenues during the years ended December 31, 2004, 2003, and 2002, were derived from genetic validation services. Two of our Asian distributors together represented $4.9 million or 22% of our revenue in the year ended December 31, 2004. Incyte Pharmaceuticals, a research, collaboration and services partner of ours, represented $5.0 million or 16% of our revenues during the year ended December 31, 2002. The Incyte revenues were derived from validation service contracts that have been completed. The service revenue marketplace is competitive and we do not anticipate significant revenue from this area in the future.
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We expect revenues from our outlicensing efforts with respect to our disease gene discoveries to be minimal for the foreseeable future. To the extent that revenues are realized, if at all, they may fluctuate significantly as revenues will be based upon out-licensing of gene-related intellectual property, the occurrence of certain milestones, and successful product development and commercialization, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict. As a result, our entitlement to, and the timing and amounts of, any licensing and milestone payments and royalty or revenue sharing payments on future diagnostic or other product sales are uncertain and difficult to predict. To achieve such revenues we will likely be dependent upon the efforts, resources and success of present and future licensees who will need to invest significant dollar amounts in research and development efforts, clinical trials, and obtaining regulatory approvals over several years.
Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses. As of December 31, 2004, we had an accumulated deficit of $416.0 million. We expect to continue to incur losses going forward at least until the end of 2006.
Business
We derive revenue primarily from sales of our MassARRAY hardware, software and consumable products. Our standard MassARRAY system combines four basic components: 1) proprietary analytical reaction technology and sample preparation and dispensing hardware to prepare DNA for analysis, 2) a coated silicon chip known as the SpectroCHIP bioarray, 3) a Matrix-Assisted-Laser-Desorption/Ionization-Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer, which uses an established analytical method that we have adapted for DNA analysis, and 4) bioinformatics software that records, calculates and reports the data generated by the mass spectrometer. Each of these components contributes to a high level of performance in terms of speed, accuracy and cost efficiency. We have been promoting and selling MassARRAY products since 1999.
We have sold over 110 systems worldwide, and MassARRAY technology is accepted as a leading high-performance DNA analysis system. Our list of customers includes clinical research laboratories, biotechnology companies and government agencies. To maximize market penetration and provide customer support for our expanding user base, we have established direct sales and support personnel serving North America, Europe and Asia, in addition to regional distribution partners in France, India, Israel, Japan, Korea and Turkey.
2004 Highlights:
| | Identified ICAM and NuMA genetic variations that signify a higher risk for breast cancer. Our discovery of these genetic variations associated with breast cancer may be the most important findings in cancer genetics since the discovery of BRCA1 and BRCA2. In addition we conducted research that identified two additional important gene regions associated with breast cancer, each with comparable potential impact on disease risk. Together these genetic discoveries may have the potential to become a valuable diagnostic panel to determine breast cancer predisposition in the population at large. |
| | Formed a joint working group with Siemens Medical Solutions. We are collaborating with Siemens to explore the requirements for the next generation of molecular diagnostics platforms. Under the terms of the agreement, four MassARRAY Compact Systems will be placed in premier diagnostic and clinical labs in the United States and Europe. |
| | Enables breakthrough discoveries. Our MassARRAY system enabled significant new discoveries in the following fields: diabetes, non-invasive prenatal diagnostic testing, improved cystic fibrosis genetic testing and E.coli mutation detection. Two companies isolated the origin of the first case of bovine spongiform encephalapathy or mad cow disease in North America using MassARRAY technology. |
| | Signed strategic collaborations with major clinical research institutions. The Company signed collaboration agreements with the National Institutes of Health to study diabetes, Chinese University of Hong Kong to develop non-invasive prenatal diagnostic tests, Translational Genomics Institute for |
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| cancer research, USDA-ARS for livestock identity panel development, and the Health Protection Agency in the UK for pathogen analysis. |
Products & Applications
In late 2003 we began marketing a benchtop version of our MassARRAY platform known as the MassARRAY Compact system. The MassARRAY Compact system provides comparable data quality to the higher throughput version but is less expensive. The MassARRAY Compact system can analyze up to 3,840 individual samples or 750 pooled samples per day as compared to our standard MassARRAY system which can analyze up to 7,680 individual samples or 1,920 pooled samples per day. Customer demand for the higher throughput standard MassARRAY system has been declining and we expect such demand to continue to decline and to eventually discontinue the higher throughput system. We partially assemble and manufacture some components of the MassARRAY system. However, we depend on a limited number of third-party suppliers to manufacture most of our components. Therefore, due to our limited production capabilities, we may face problems or delays if we need to rapidly increase or modify production.
We have developed a number of applications to accelerate and expand the scope of DNA analysis that address a broad range of customer needs. Our applications include:
| | High-Performance Genotyping. MassARRAY technology is recognized as a powerful genotyping platform. The power of our MassARRAY technology resides in its ability to rapidly distinguish genetic variations with a high level of precision and sensitivity. |
| | Multiplexed Genotyping. Our Multiplexed Genotyping application enables customers to analyze up to 15 SNPs in an individual reaction, increasing the capacity and throughput of our MassARRAY system while reducing the operating costs. |
| | MassARRAY Quantitate Gene Expression (QGE). MassARRAY QGE uses our Quantitative Gene Analysis software in a proprietary process that enables sensitive, reproducible and accurate measurements of the expression of specific genes. Due to the precise nature of mass spectrometry-based detection and the design of this approach, relative and absolute numbers of target molecules can be determined. MassARRAY QGE supports challenging applications such as allele-specific gene expression profiling. |
| | Quantitative Gene Analysis. Quantitative Gene Analysis relies on the precision of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and is available through a software and bioinformatics package that can be purchased as a product module for the MassARRAY system. |
| | Assay Design. SNP assay design is often a bottleneck in large-scale genotyping projects. An assay is a test that provides analytical information about a reaction of interest, in this case the molecular weight of a SNP. We have developed assay design software that supports the automated design of multiplexed SNP assays without the need for costly and time-consuming optimization or validation. |
| | Allele Frequency Analysis. Allele Frequency Analysis enables customers to determine the frequency of a SNP in a population by quantitatively pooling hundreds of DNA samples into a single assay. This allows our customers to evaluate SNPs within large patient pools before determining whether to include the SNPs in individual genotyping analyses. This throughput advantage over conventional technologies is useful for large, complex genetic studies. |
| | Oligonucleotide Quality Control. Our MassARRAY technology is also used as a high-throughput quality control method for oligonucleotide production. Oligonucleotides are short strands of synthetic DNA used in various genomics research programs and error-free oligonucleotides are important in molecular biology applications. |
| | Long-Range Haplotyping. Our Long-Range Haplotyping application combines MassARRAY technology with a process that enables direct resolution of haplotypes, or groups of SNPs, over large |
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| distances of DNA. Our method has demonstrated a range of up to 24,000 DNA bases, an improvement over existing technologies. We published an article on this method in 2003. |
| | Comparative Sequencing. Comparative Sequencing is an effective method for rapidly comparing a target DNA sequence with a reference DNA sequence to identify differences. This method can be used, for example, to discover the large number of SNPs that are present in the general population for most genes. Comparative Sequencing utilizes our proprietary analytical chemistry and is available through a software and bioinformatics upgrade to the MassARRAY system. Comparative Sequencing has a demonstrated capacity to detect and analyze up to three million bases of DNA sequence per day using a standard MassARRAY system. Targeted SNP Discovery is the first of several potential applications for Comparative Sequencing. |
| | Targeted SNP Discovery. Using the precision, accuracy and resolution of our MassARRAY technology, Targeted SNP Discovery enables customers to detect and locate previously unknown SNPs with what we believe is greater accuracy and speed than competing technologies. Initial studies show rapid discovery of up to 30 percent more SNPs than are available in public databases for even the most extensively researched genes. |
Sales and Marketing
SEQUENOMs customers include academic centers, biotechnology companies, and diagnostic and pharmaceutical companies. To maximize market penetration and provide customer support for our customers, we have direct sales and support personnel serving North America, Europe and Asia, in addition to regional distribution partners in other locations. The sales cycles for our products are lengthy. The DNA analysis market is competitive and we may expend significant time and money with no guarantee that we will successfully complete a sale.
Business Strategy
New MassARRAY system applications, such as MassARRAY QGE have expanded the flexibility of our technology, enabling the MassARRAY platform to be applied to most types of DNA analysis. Our MassARRAY Compact system, together with our expanded application base, broadens the potential market for our MassARRAY products to larger segments of the academic research and clinical analysis markets.
In addition, our platform and applications use an open system approach that allows our platform users to customize core applications for their specific needs. We encourage such customer application development in addition to our internal development. With this open approach we are able to publish application notes rapidly to communicate new methods for using the MassARRAY system for each new application without developing new system components. This enables us to get valuable applications to customers more quickly and should facilitate additional application development by MassARRAY system users. As we add new applications we expect to be able to sell systems to a wider potential customer base while increasing consumables usage by our existing customers using these new applications.
High Confidence Candidate Gene Targets
SEQUENOM has identified disease-associated genes that affect the health of significant portions of the population. We identified candidate genes and related targets indicating association with a disease by comparing DNA samples from diseased individuals with DNA samples from healthy individuals. This identification process, which we refer to as a genome scan, was done using a large number of genetic markers that span the human genome. We then determined statistically significant associations between genetic markers and disease and replicated our findings in independent populations differing in parameters such as race, gender and age. We then validated these associations in multiple human cell types using a set of biological screening technologies. We have completed 12 genome scans, 11 of which are disease specific and one of which is age-based. Though these
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scans, we have identified candidate genes indicating association with the following diseases: breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, schizophrenia, type II diabetes (adult-onset diabetes), obesity, dyslipidemia (HDL-cholesterol), hypertension, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. From our genome scans, we have selected over 60 candidate disease genes for further development through potential out-licensing arrangements.
Assays by SEQUENOM
Our collection of SNP assays contains more than 400,000 validated SNP assays extracted from a database of millions of designed SNP assays. Our 28,000 marker set is a carefully selected and highly polymorphic extraction of markers with a bias towards genes and gene-rich regions of the human genome. We also have 50,000 and 100,000 marker sets for denser coverage of the genome. We have large collections of DNA from diseased and control individuals. This is the raw material that we use with our SNP markers to scan for genes that may cause diseases. Our DNA bank contains approximately 40,000 DNA samples representing more than 15 disease areas with up to 1,500 physiological and biological data points per sample.
Collaboration Agreements
Siemens Medical Solutions. In October 2004, we announced the formation of a joint working group with Siemens Medical Solutions of Siemens AG (NYSE: SI), a leading provider of medical systems and healthcare IT solutions, to explore the requirements for next generation molecular diagnostics platforms. As part of the study, Siemens will purchase four MassARRAY Compact systems from us. The systems will be installed in premier diagnostics and clinical labs in Europe and North America. We and Siemens Medical Solutions will work in concert with the participating reference laboratories to execute a comprehensive functional requirement analysis.
Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals. In December 2003, we licensed exclusive rights to our proprietary osteoporosis candidate genes to Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals to conduct validation studies on these candidate genes using biological and animal models. The agreement requires us and P&G Pharmaceuticals to cooperate in research involving our osteoporosis candidate genes. Each party is responsible for its own research related costs and expenses. Work under this agreement continues.
Intellectual Property
To establish and protect our proprietary technologies and products, we rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality provisions in our contracts.
We have implemented a diligent patent strategy designed to facilitate our research and development and commercialization of current and future products. Our patent portfolio includes 72 issued patents and more than 70 pending patent applications in the United States in addition to foreign patent rights and pending applications in major industrial nations.
The majority of our issued United States patents pertaining to DNA analysis methods and technology will expire between 2013 and 2017. United States Patent Nos. 6,500,621, 6,300,076, 6,258,538, and 5,869,242 and European Patent No. EP 0815261 each claim DNA analysis by mass spectrometry methods, including genotyping and allele frequency analysis methods, that may be performed using our MassARRAY system. Each of these patents expires in 2015. Most of our genetically based disease association inventions are the subject of pending patent applications, including provisional patent applications. These patent applications are in the early stages of patent prosecution and it is difficult to predict when patents will issue, if at all.
Our success depends to a significant degree upon our ability to continue to develop proprietary products and technologies and to identify and validate useful genetic markers and to thoroughly understand their associations with disease. These genetic markers may play a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. We intend
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to continue to file patent applications as we develop new products and methods for DNA analysis, and as we develop diagnostic and molecular medicine related technology and products. We also intend to seek to in-license patent rights when appropriate. Patents provide some degree of protection for our intellectual property. However, the assertion of patent protection involves complex legal and factual determinations and is therefore uncertain. The laws governing patentability and the scope of patent coverage continue to evolve, particularly in the areas of genetics and molecular biology that are of interest to us. There can be no assurance that patents will issue from any of our patent applications. The scope of any of our issued patents may not be sufficiently broad to offer meaningful protection.
Our issued patents may be successfully challenged, invalidated, circumvented or declared unenforceable so that our patent rights would not create an effective competitive barrier. The laws of some foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent, as do the laws of the United States. In view of these factors, our intellectual property positions bear some degree of uncertainty.
We also rely in part on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements for protection of our intellectual property. We attempt to protect our trade secrets and confidential information by entering into confidentiality agreements with outside parties and with our employees and consultants. Our employees also sign agreements requiring that they assign to us their intellectual property interests in work performed for us as a part of their employment. All employees sign an agreement not to compete unfairly with us during their employment and upon termination of their employment, through the misuse of confidential information, soliciting employees, soliciting customers, and the like. It is possible that these agreements may be breached or invalidated and if so, there may not be an adequate corrective remedy available. Parties may breach the confidentiality provisions in our contracts or infringe or misappropriate our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, confidential information, and other proprietary rights. Outside parties may independently discover or invent competing technologies or reverse engineer our trade secrets or other technology. The measures we are taking to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate due to factors beyond our control.
In the future, parties may file claims asserting that our technologies or products infringe on their intellectual property. We cannot predict whether parties will assert such claims against us or against the licensors of technology licensed to us, or whether those claims will harm our business If we are forced to defend against such claims, we will face costly litigation and diversion of managements attention and resources. As a result of such disputes, we may have to develop costly non-infringing technology or enter into licensing agreements. These agreements, if necessary, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, which could seriously harm our business and financial condition.
Competition
We face competition from various companies offering DNA analysis systems and various companies discovering and validating genes associated with specific diseases as well as developing and commercializing products, services, and intellectual property related to these discoveries.
In the DNA analysis marketplace, our MassARRAY system competes with alternative technology platforms that differ in sample amplification, analysis process, sample separation or method of DNA detection. Most competitive technologies do not rely on direct detection methods, such as mass spectrometry, but instead use indirect sample detection methods, such as hybridization and/or labeling. Such technologies are offered by: Affymetrix, Inc., Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Applied Biosystems Group, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Illumina, Inc., Nanogen, Inc., Third Wave Technologies, Inc. and others.
The number of simultaneous reactions MassARRAY technology performs is much smaller than some of our competitors, resulting in slightly higher costs per reaction for some large-scale experiments. While our technology allows researchers to perform high throughput scans at these higher costs per reaction, we alternatively offer a systematic, step-by-step approach to determine specific SNPs from larger groups. This
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flexible approach, coupled with MassARRAYs accuracy and rapid analysis, are key competitive strengths of our system.
Several companies also compete with us by utilizing their technologies in the effort to determine the diagnostic or medical utility of SNPs and genes. These companies include Celera Genomics Group, CuraGen Corporation, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., deCODE Genetics Inc., Incyte Genomics Inc., Myriad Genetics Inc., Perlegen Sciences and others. Technologies predominantly used by our competitors include gene sequencing, gene sequence variation detection, gene expression analysis, linkage analysis, gene mapping, gene knockout techniques, homology searches, and others.
Research and Development
We believe that substantial investment in research and development is essential to establishing a long-term competitive position as a provider of genetic analysis tools and diagnostic content. Our research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2003, and 2002, were $18.6 million, $23.3 million, and $30.7 million, respectively.
During 2004 we conducted most of our research and development activities at our facilities in the United States. Our research and development is augmented by advisory and collaborative relationships with others.
Our research efforts are primarily focused on expanding the applications for our MassARRAY technology, developing new technologies, and development for diagnostic applications.
Government Regulation
Regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries will be a significant factor in the production and marketing of diagnostic and pharmaceutical products that may be developed by us or our corporate partners, collaborators or licensees. Diagnostic or therapeutic products developed by us or our collaborators will require regulatory approval by governmental agencies prior to commercialization. Products that we develop in the molecular medicine or diagnostic markets, depending on their intended use, may be regulated as medical devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and comparable agencies of other countries and require either premarket approval (PMA) or 510(k) clearance from the FDA prior to marketing. The 510(k) clearance pathway usually takes from three to twelve months from submission, but can take longer. The premarket approval pathway is much more costly, lengthy, uncertain and generally takes from six months to two years or longer from submission. The receipt and timing of regulatory approvals for the marketing of such products may have a significant effect on our future revenues. Human pharmaceutical products are subject to rigorous testing and other approval procedures by the FDA in the United States and similar health authorities in foreign countries. Various federal and state statutes and regulations also govern or influence the manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage, record keeping and marketing of diagnostic and pharmaceutical products.
Obtaining these approvals and the subsequent compliance with these regulations require the expenditure of substantial resources over a significant period of time, and there can be no assurance that any approvals will be granted. Any such delay in obtaining or failure to obtain such approvals could adversely affect our ability to earn sales revenues, royalties or other license-based fees. Current governmental regulations may change as a result of future legislation or administrative action and cannot be predicted.
Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of hazardous materials and chemicals. We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of such materials and chemicals, as well as certain waste products.
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Employees
As of February 28, 2005, we employed 148 persons, of whom 36 hold PhD or MD degrees and 23 hold other advanced degrees. Our success will depend in large part upon our ability to attract and retain employees. We face competition in this regard from other companies, research and academic institutions, government entities and other organizations.
Executive Officers
Our executive officers, their positions with us, and their ages as of February 28, 2005 are as follows:
| Name |
Age |
Position | ||
| Executive Officers and Directors |
||||
| Stephen L. Zaniboni |
47 | Acting Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer | ||
| Charles R. Cantor, PhD |
62 | Chief Scientific Officer and Director | ||
| Andreas Braun, MD, PhD |
48 | Chief Medical Officer | ||
| Michael Terry |
50 | Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing |
Stephen L. Zaniboni. Mr. Zaniboni was appointed acting Chief Executive Officer in February 2005. Mr. Zaniboni joined us as our Chief Financial Officer in April 1997. From 1994 until joining us, Mr. Zaniboni served as Vice President, Finance for Aspect Medical Systems, Inc. Prior to joining Aspect, Mr. Zaniboni was Corporate Controller for Behring Diagnostics from 1988 to 1994. Before joining Behring, he held various financial management positions at Boston Scientific Corp. Mr. Zaniboni began his career with Arthur Andersen & Co. He earned his MBA from Boston College, and he is a Certified Public Accountant.
Charles R. Cantor, PhD. Dr. Cantor joined us as Chief Scientific Officer and Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board in 1998. In May 2000, Dr. Cantor was appointed to our board of directors. From 1992 until joining the Company, Dr. Cantor served as the chair of and as a professor in the department of biomedical engineering and Director of the Center for Advanced Biotechnology at Boston University. Prior to that time, Dr. Cantor held positions at Columbia University and the University of California, Berkeley. He was also Director of the Human Genome Center of the Department of Energy at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Dr. Cantor is a consultant to more than 16 biotech firms, has published more than 350 peer-reviewed articles, and co-authored a three-volume textbook on Biophysical Chemistry. He published the first textbook on genomics entitled, Genomics: The Science and Technology of the Human Genome Project. Dr. Cantor earned his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.
Andreas Braun, MD, PhD. Dr. Braun joined us in 1995 and was promoted from Vice President, Genomics to Chief Medical Officer in September 1999. From 1992 until joining us, Dr. Braun served as Deputy Head of the Clinical Laboratory at the Childrens Hospital, University of Munich. His research work in functional pharmacogenomics targeting the human bradykinin receptor was recognized in 1996 with the Garbor Szasz Award, which was granted by the German Society of Clinical Chemistry. Dr. Braun has published more than 60 peer-reviewed scientific publications. Dr. Braun earned doctorate degrees in biology and medical science from the University of Munich.
Michael Terry. Mr. Terry joined us in April 2003. Before joining the company, Mr. Terry was Executive Vice President of European Operations at Lumenis. From 1997 to 2001, he worked at General Electrics Marquette Medical Systems division, where he held key positions in sales management, business unit management and commercial operations. Prior to that, he held senior sales leadership positions at Aspect Medical Systems, Inc. and Del Mar Medical Systems. Mr. Terry is certified in GEs Six Sigma quality methodology for business process reengineering. He earned a degree in Economics and Business from the University of WisconsinMadison.
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Risks and Uncertainties Related to Our Business
The following is a summary of the many risks we face in our business. You should carefully read these risks and uncertainties in evaluating our business.
We have a limited operating history.
We are a relatively new company and, for the most part, our technologies, particularly our internally discovered disease gene discoveries are at an early stage of discovery and development. We have experienced limited success in partnering with collaborators to further research, develop, and commercialize our disease gene. We may not be successful in researching, developing, or commercializing these targets under our present collaborations and we may not be successful in entering into any new collaborations involving our disease gene discoveries. We also have a limited history of product sales and we continue to commercialize new products and create new applications for our products. You should evaluate us in the context of the uncertainties and complexities affecting an early stage company developing products and applications for the life science industries and experiencing the challenges associated with entering into new markets that are highly competitive. We need to make significant investments to ensure our products perform properly and are cost-effective and we will likely need to apply for and obtain certain regulatory approvals to sell our products for diagnostic and therapeutic applications and it is uncertain whether such approvals will be granted. Even if we develop products for commercial use and obtain all necessary regulatory approval, we may not be able to develop products that are accepted in the genomic, diagnostic, clinical research, pharmaceutical or other markets or the emerging field of molecular medicine and that can be marketed and sold successfully.
We have a history of operating losses, anticipate future losses and may never become profitable.
We have experienced significant operating losses in each period since our inception. At December 31, 2004, our accumulated deficit was approximately $416.0 million. These losses have resulted principally from expenses incurred in research and development, from selling, general and administrative expenses associated with our operations and the write-down to the carrying value of acquired goodwill and intangibles. We expect to incur operating losses in the future as a result of expenses associated with research and product development, production, marketing and selling, and general and administrative expenses as well as expenses associated with consolidating and completing the integration of any business or technology that we may acquire in the future. Our general and administrative expenses are likely to increase as we seek to comply with evolving standards for corporate governance and public disclosure. To achieve profitability, we would need to generate significant additional revenue with significant gross margins. It is uncertain when, if ever, we will become profitable, or cash-flow positive. Even if we were to become profitable, we might not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
Our operating results may fluctuate significantly.
Our revenues and results of operations may fluctuate significantly, depending on a variety of factors, including the following:
| | our success in selling, and changes in the demand for, our products and services including our benchtop version, MassARRAY Compact; |
| | our success in promoting applications, such as gene expression analysis, for use with our products; |
| | our success in depleting or reducing current product inventories in view of new or upcoming product introductions; |
| | the pricing of our products and services and those of our competitors; |
| | variations in the timing of payments from customers and collaborative partners and the recognition of these payments as revenues; |
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| | the timing and cost of any new product or service offerings by us; |
| | our ability to transition our business from internal drug discovery to a focus on diagnostic, clinical research, molecular medicine, and agricultural applications; |
| | our ability to develop new applications and products, such as analyte specific reagents (ASRs), the success of such applications and products; |
| | the potential need to acquire licenses to new technology or to use our technology in new markets, which could require us to pay unanticipated license fees and royalties in connection with licenses we may need to acquire; |
| | our research and development progress; |
| | our ability to promote, and license or sell, candidate disease gene markers that may lead to future therapeutic or diagnostic products; |
| | the cost, quality and availability of our consumable chips, also known as SpectroCHIP bioarrays, oligonucleotides, DNA samples, tissue samples, reagents and related components and technologies; |
| | our ability to clinically validate any potential diagnostic related products and obtain regulatory approval of any potential products; and |
| | expenses related to, and the results of, any litigation or other proceedings relating to intellectual property rights, employee ownership rights in or entitlements to royalties from employee inventions, or other types of obligations or rights. |
Further, our revenues and operating results are difficult to predict because they depend on the number, timing and type of MassARRAY system placements that we make during the year, the number, timing and types of software licensed or sold, and the quantity and timing of consumables sales for the installed base of systems. Changes in the relative mix of our MassARRAY system and consumables sales can have a significant impact on our gross margin, as consumable sales typically have margins significantly higher than MassARRAY system sales. In recent quarters, our sales mix has been comprised of a greater proportion of higher-margin consumable sales. Our revenues and operating results are also difficult to predict because they depend upon, for example as is the case with our collaboration with Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, the completion of milestones and the duration of and progress made under collaborative research and commercialization programs with partners. The absence of or delay in generating revenues could cause significant variations in our operating results from year to year and could result in increased operating losses.
We believe that period-to-period comparisons of our financial results will not necessarily be meaningful. You should not rely on these comparisons as an indication of our future performance. If our operating results in any future period fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, our stock price will likely fall.
We have a history of generating a large percentage of our revenue at the end of each quarterly accounting period.
Due to the way that many customers in our target markets allocate and spend their budgeted funds for acquisition of our products, a large percentage of our sales are booked at the end of each quarterly accounting period. Because of this timing of our sales, we may not be able to reliably predict order volumes and our quarterly revenues. A sales delay of only a few days may significantly impact our quarter-to-quarter comparisons. If our quarterly revenues fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, our stock price may decline. Similarly, if we are unable to ship our customer orders on time, or if extended payment terms are required, there could be a material adverse effect on revenues for a given quarter.
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We will need additional capital in the future to support our growth, which will result in dilution to our stockholders.
Based on our current plans, we believe our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses, debt obligations and capital requirements through 2006. However, the actual amount of funds that we will need will be determined by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, and we may need funds sooner than currently anticipated. These factors include but are not limited to:
| | the size of our future operating losses; |
| | the level of our success in selling our MassARRAY products and services; |
| | our ability to introduce and sell new products and services, and successfully reduce inventory levels of earlier products; |
| | the level of our selling, general and administrative expenses; |
| | our success in and the expenses associated with outlicensing or selling our disease gene discoveries, and researching and developing diagnostic products, alone or in collaboration with our partners, and obtaining any required regulatory approval for those products; |
| | the extent of our research and development pursuits, including our level of investment in MassARRAY product research and development; |
| | the extent to which we enter into, maintain, and derive revenues from licensing agreements, research and other collaborations, joint ventures and other business arrangements; |
| | the extent to which we acquire, and our success in integrating, technologies or companies; |
| | the extent to which parties may seek to re-use our consumable chips; |
| | the level of our legal expenses including those expenses associated with litigation and with intellectual property protection; |
| | the level of our audit and Sarbanes Oxley 404 compliance expenses and expenses associated with compliance with other corporate governance and regulatory developments or initiatives; |
| | regulatory changes, competition, and technological developments in our markets. |
When we require additional funds, general market conditions or the then-current market price of our common stock may not support capital raising transactions such as an additional public or private offering of our common stock or other securities. If additional funds are required and we are unable to obtain them on a timely basis or on terms favorable to us, we may be required to cease or reduce further commercialization of our products, to cease or reduce certain research and development projects, to sell some or all of our technology or assets or business units or to merge all or a portion of our business with another entity. If we raise additional funds by selling shares of our capital stock, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted.
A reduction in revenues from sales of MassARRAY products would harm our business.
The continued decline in the demand for MassARRAY systems and consumables, continues to reduce our total revenues We expect that sales of MassARRAY systems and consumables will account for most of our total revenues for the foreseeable future. The sales cycles of our new MassARRAY Gene Expression application and MassARRAY Compact system are longer than planned and are consistent with the sales cycles for our other products. Also, over the past year, competitors have offered low priced fee-for-service genotyping services and technologies to the DNA analysis marketplace. These factors and the following factors, among others, would reduce the demand for MassARRAY products:
| | competition from other products or failure of our products or applications to perform as expected; |
| | changes in fiscal policies and the economy which negatively impact customer buying decisions; and |
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| | negative publicity or evaluations, particularly with respect to product warranty and repair and troubleshooting services provided to existing customers. |
Our revenues are subject to the risks faced by pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and biotechnology companies and governmental and other research institutions.
We expect that our revenues in the foreseeable future will be derived primarily from MassARRAY system products provided to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, laboratories, and governmental and other research institutions. Our operating results could fluctuate substantially due to reductions and delays in research and development expenditures by these customers. These reductions and delays could result from factors such as:
| | changes in economic conditions and possible country-based boycotts; |
| | changes in government programs that provide funding; |
| | changes in the regulatory environment affecting health care and health care providers; |
| | pricing pressures and reimbursement policies; |
| | market-driven pressures on companies to consolidate and reduce costs; and |
| | other factors affecting research and development spending. |
None of these factors are within our control. We have announced that we plan to broaden the markets to which we sell our products and applications and to continue to develop new applications and products for use in new markets. We may target customers in clinical research and clinical marker validation, the emerging field of molecular medicine, diagnostic service laboratories and animal testing and food safety labs. We have limited or no experience operating in these potential markets and, as a result, may be unable to develop products and applications that allow us to penetrate these markets or successfully generate any revenue from sales in these markets. We will have limited ability to forecast future demand for our existing and any new products and applications in these markets.
We depend on sales of our consumable chips and other MassARRAY consumables for a significant portion of our revenues.
Sales of our consumable chips and other consumables for the MassARRAY system are an important source of revenue. We have a relatively small sales force compared to our competitors. We may need to expand our sales organization in order to increase our sales. Revenues from MassARRAY consumables totaled approximately $16.1 million or 53% of our total revenues in the year ended December 31, 2003 and approximately $13.2 million or 59% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2004. Factors which may limit the use of our consumable chips and other consumables include:
| | the extent of our customers level of utilization of their MassARRAY systems; |
| | the extent to which customers re-use our consumable chips; |
| | failure to sell additional MassARRAY systems; |
| | the training of customer personnel; and |
| | the acceptance of our technology by our customers. |
If our customers are unable to adequately prepare samples for our MassARRAY system, the overall market demand for our products would decline.
Before using the MassARRAY system, customers must prepare samples by following several steps that are subject to human error, including DNA isolation and DNA amplification. If DNA samples are not prepared
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appropriately, or the proposed assays are too complex, the MassARRAY system may not generate a reading or a correct reading. If our customers experience these difficulties, they might achieve lower levels of throughput than specified for the system. If our customers are unable to generate expected levels of throughput, they might not continue to purchase our consumables, they could express their discontent with our products to others, or they could collaborate with others to jointly benefit from the use of our products. Any or all of these actions would reduce the overall market demand for our products. From time to time, we have experienced customer complaints regarding data quality and difficulty in processing more complex assays.
The sales cycles for our products and for licensing our SNP and gene target discoveries are lengthy, and we may expend substantial funds and management effort with no assurance of successfully selling our products or services or licensing our SNP and gene target discoveries.
The sales cycles for our MassARRAY system products are typically lengthy, and for our Gene Expression application and MassARRAY Compact system, the sales cycles have been longer than originally planned. It now appears that the sales cycles for the Gene Expression application and MassARRAY Compact system are similar to that of our other products, rather than being shorter, and that the lower price point for the MassARRAY Compact system has not resulted in a shorter sales cycle as we had originally expected. The sales cycle for licensing our SNP and gene target discoveries is also typically lengthy. Our sales efforts and our licensing efforts require the effective demonstration of the benefits, value, and differentiation and validation of our products, services, and discoveries, to, and significant training of, multiple personnel and departments within a potential customer. We may be required to negotiate agreements containing terms unique to each prospective customer or licensee which would lengthen the sales cycle. We may expend substantial funds and management effort with no assurance that we will sell our products or services or license our discoveries. In addition, this lengthy sales cycle makes it more difficult for us to accurately forecast revenue in future periods and may cause revenues and operating results to vary significantly in such periods.
We may not be able to successfully adapt our products for commercial applications.
A number of potential applications of our MassARRAY technology may require significant enhancements in our core technology. If we are unable to complete the development, introduction or scale-up of any product, or if any of our new products or applications, such as gene expression analysis, do not achieve a significant level of market acceptance, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed. We may fail to sustain the market acceptance of our products that have been already established, such as our MassARRAY systems, or of new products and applications. Sustaining or achieving market acceptance will depend on many factors, including demonstrating to customers that our technology is cost competitive or superior to other technologies and products that are available now or that may become available in the future. We believe that our revenue growth and profitability will substantially depend on our ability to overcome significant technological challenges and successfully introduce our