SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT
OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004
OR
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period
from to
Commission File Number 1-9025
VISTA GOLD CORP.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Yukon Territory |
None |
| (State or other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | (IRS Employer Identification Number) |
Suite 5, 7961 Shaffer Parkway |
|
| Littleton, Colorado | 80127 |
| (Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) |
(720) 981-1185 (Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code) |
|
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of Each Class |
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered |
|---|---|
| Common shares without par value | American Stock Exchange Toronto Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to the filing requirements for the past 90 days: Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K: o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act): Yes o No ý
State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter:
As of June 30, 2004, being the last business day of the Registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of outstanding Common Shares of the registrant held by non-affiliates was approximately $63,000,000.
Outstanding Common Shares: As of March 31, 2005, 18,218,022 Common Shares of the registrant were outstanding.
Documents incorporated by reference: To the extent herein specifically referenced in Part III, portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for the 2005 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. See Part III.
| |
Page |
|
|---|---|---|
| GLOSSARY | 1 | |
| USE OF NAMES | 3 | |
| CURRENCY | 3 | |
| METRIC CONVERSION TABLE | 3 | |
| UNCERTAINTY OF FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS | 3 | |
PART I |
||
| ITEM 1. BUSINESS | 4 | |
| ITEM 2. PROPERTIES | 16 | |
| ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 29 | |
| ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS | 29 | |
| EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION | 29 | |
PART II |
||
| ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 31 | |
| ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA | 33 | |
| ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 33 | |
| ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 42 | |
| ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 43 | |
| ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 74 | |
| ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 74 | |
| ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION | 74 | |
PART III |
||
| ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT | 75 | |
| ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 75 | |
| ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 75 | |
| ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS | 75 | |
| ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 75 | |
PART IV |
||
| ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 76 | |
"assay" means to test ores or minerals by chemical or other methods for the purpose of determining the amount of valuable metals contained.
"breccia" means rock consisting of fragments, more or less angular, in a matrix of finer-grained material or of cementing material.
"claim" means a mining title giving its holder the right to prospect, explore for and exploit minerals within a defined area.
"Common Shares" means common shares without par value of Vista Gold.
"Computershare" means Vista Gold's registrar and transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company of Canada (formerly Montreal Trust Company of Canada).
"Corporation" means the consolidated group consisting of Vista Gold Corp. and its subsidiaries Hycroft Resources & Development, Inc., Hycroft Lewis Mine, Inc., Vista Gold Holdings Inc., Vista Gold U.S. Inc., Vista Nevada Corp., Granges Inc., Vista Gold (Antigua) Corp., Minera Paredones Amarillos S.A. de C.V., Compania Inversora Vista S.A., Minera Nueva Vista S.A., Compania Exploradora Vistex S.A., Idaho Gold Resources LLC, and Mineral Ridge Resources Inc.
"cut-off grade" means the grade below which mineralized material or ore will be considered waste.
"deposit" means an informal term for an accumulation of mineral ores.
"diamond drill" means a rotary type of rock drill that cuts a core of rock and is recovered in long cylindrical sections, two centimeters or more in diameter.
"fault" means a fracture in rock along which there has been displacement of the two sides parallel to the fracture.
"heap leach" means a gold extraction method that percolates a cyanide solution through ore heaped on an impervious pad or base.
"Hycroft Inc." or "HRDI" means Hycroft Resources & Development, Inc.
"Hycroft Lewis" means Hycroft Lewis Mine, Inc.
"mineralization" means the concentration of metals within a body of rock.
"mineralized material" is a mineralized body which has been delineated by appropriately spaced drilling and/or underground sampling to support a sufficient tonnage and average grade of metal(s). Such a deposit does not qualify as a reserve, until a comprehensive evaluation based upon unit cost, grade, recoveries, and other material factors conclude legal and economic feasibility.
"ore" means material containing minerals that can be economically extracted.
"oxide" means mineralized rock in which some of the original minerals have been oxidized (i.e., combined with oxygen). Oxidation tends to make the ore more porous and permits a more complete permeation of cyanide solutions so that minute particles of gold in the interior of the minerals will be more readily dissolved.
"probable reserves" means reserves for which quantity and grade and/or quality are computed from information similar to that used for proven reserves, but the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation.
"proven reserves" means reserves for which (a) quantity is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings or drill holes; grade and/or quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling
1
and (b) the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well defined that size, shape, depth, and mineral content of reserves are well-established.
"recovery" means that portion of the metal contained in the ore that is successfully extracted by processing, expressed as a percentage.
"reserves" or "ore reserves" mean that part of a mineral deposit, which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination.
"sampling" means selecting a fractional, but representative, part of a mineral deposit for analysis.
"sediment" means solid material settled from suspension in a liquid.
"stockwork" means a rock mass interpenetrated by small veins of mineralization.
"strike", when used as a noun, means the direction, course or bearing of a vein or rock formation measured on a level surface and, when used as a verb, means to take such direction, course or bearing.
"strike length" means the longest horizontal dimension of an orebody or zone of mineralization.
"stripping ratio" means the ratio of waste to ore in an open pit mine.
"sulfide" means a compound of sulfur and some other element.
"tailings" means material rejected from a mill after most of the valuable minerals have been extracted.
"vein" means a fissure, fault or crack in a rock filled by minerals that have traveled upwards from some deep source.
"volcaniclastic" means derived by ejection of volcanic material from a volcanic vent.
"waste" means rock lacking sufficient grade and/or other characteristics of ore.
2
In this report, the terms "Vista Gold" and the "Corporation" unless the context otherwise requires, mean Vista Gold Corp. and its subsidiaries.
Unless otherwise specified, all dollar amounts in this report are expressed in United States dollars.
| To Convert Imperial Measurement Units |
To Metric Measurement Units |
Multiply by |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acres | Hectares | 0.4047 | ||
| Feet | Meters | 0.3048 | ||
| Miles | Kilometers | 1.6093 | ||
| Tons (short) | Tonnes | 0.9071 | ||
| Gallons | Liters | 3.7850 | ||
| Ounces (troy) | Grams | 31.103 | ||
| Ounces (troy) per ton (short) | Grams per tonne | 34.286 |
UNCERTAINTY OF FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This document, including any documents that are incorporated by reference as set forth on the face page under "Documents incorporated by reference", contains forward-looking statements concerning, among other things, mineralized material, proven or probable reserves and cash operating costs. Such statements are typically punctuated by words or phrases such as "anticipates", "estimates", "projects", "foresees", "management believes", "believes" and words or phrases of similar import. Such statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties or assumptions. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements are identified in this document under "Part IItem 1. BusinessRisk Factors". Vista Gold assumes no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions, or changes in other factors affecting such statements.
3
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
Overview
Vista Gold is currently engaged in the evaluation, acquisition and exploration of gold exploration and potential development projects. The Corporation's approach to acquisitions of gold projects has generally been to seek projects within political jurisdictions with well established mining, land ownership and tax laws, which have adequate drilling and geological data to support the completion of a third-party review of the geological data and to complete an estimate of the mineralized material. In addition, the Corporation looks for opportunities to improve the value of its gold projects through exploration drilling, and/or introducing technological innovations. The Corporation expects that emphasis on gold project acquisition and improvement will continue in the future.
Currently the Corporation's holdings include the Maverick Springs, Mountain View, Hasbrouck, Three Hills and Wildcat projects and the Hycroft mine, all in Nevada; the Long Valley project in California; the Yellow Pine project in Idaho; the Paredones Amarillos and Guadalupe de los Reyes projects in Mexico; and the Amayapampa project in Bolivia. Additional information about these projects is available in "Item 2. Properties". The Corporation also owns five exploration projects in Canada and approximately 25% of the shares of Zamora Gold Corp., a company exploring for gold in Ecuador. In November 2004, the Corporation signed an option agreement to acquire the Awak Mas project in Sulawesi, Indonesia as summarized below.
The Corporation does not produce gold in commercial quantities and does not currently generate operating earnings. Through fiscal 2004, funding to acquire gold properties, explore and to operate the Corporation has been acquired through private placements of equity units consisting of the Corporation's Common Shares and warrants to purchase Common Shares. The Corporation expects to continue to raise capital through the exercise of warrants and through additional equity financings.
Vista Gold Corp. was originally incorporated on November 28, 1983, under the name "Granges Exploration Ltd.". In November 1983, Granges Exploration Ltd. acquired all the mining interests of Granges AB in Canada. On June 28, 1985, Granges Exploration Ltd. and Pecos Resources Ltd. amalgamated under the name "Granges Exploration Ltd." and on June 9, 1989, Granges Exploration Ltd. changed its name to "Granges Inc.". On May 1, 1995, Granges and Hycroft Resources & Development Corporation were amalgamated under the name "Granges Inc.". Effective November 1, 1996, Granges and Da Capo Resources Ltd. amalgamated under the name "Vista Gold Corp.". Effective December 19, 1997, Vista Gold was continued from British Columbia to the Yukon Territory, Canada under the Business Corporations Act (Yukon Territory).
The current addresses, telephone and facsimile numbers of the offices of the Corporation are:
| Executive Office |
Registered and Records Office |
|
|---|---|---|
| Suite 5 - 7961 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, Colorado, USA 80127 Telephone: (720) 981-1185 Facsimile: (720) 981-1186 |
200 - 204 Lambert Street Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada Y1A 3T2 Telephone: (867) 667-7600 Facsimile: (867) 667-7885 |
Employees
As of December 31, 2004, the Corporation had ten full-time employees, of whom four were employed at the Hycroft mine and six were employed at the Corporation's executive office in Littleton. The Corporation uses consultants with specific skills to assist with various aspects of its project evaluation, due diligence, acquisition initiatives, corporate governance and property management.
4
Segment Information
Segment information is provided in the Consolidated Financial StatementsNote 17.
Significant Developments in 2004
Private Placement Financing
On September 29, 2004, the Corporation completed a private placement financing in which it sold and issued a total of 1,966,456 units, at a price of $3.30 per unit for aggregate gross proceeds of $6.5 million. Net proceeds to the Corporation were $6.1 million. Each unit consisted of one common share and one two-year common share purchase warrant with an exercise price of $4.75. See the Consolidated Financial StatementsNote 8(i).
Payments on Properties
Through the use of cash and equity units, consisting of the Corporation's Common Shares and warrants to purchase Common Shares, as consideration, the Corporation continued its efforts to build a portfolio of gold projects through a strategy that includes evaluation, acquisition and exploration of gold exploration and potential development projects with the aim of adding value to the projects. In addition, the Corporation continued its efforts to improve the value of its gold projects through exploration drilling and reengineering the operating assumptions underlying previous engineering work. As discussed under "Item 2. Properties", the Corporation continued with remaining scheduled payments on gold projects acquired in 2003. These payments are described below. The Corporation is current with all its payment obligations.
Long Valley
The Corporation executed an option agreement on January 22, 2003, to acquire 100% of the Long Valley project from Standard Industrial Minerals, Inc. ("Standard"). Under the terms of the option agreement, the Corporation would pay Standard $750,000 over five years in annual installments. As of December 31, 2004, the Corporation has paid the first and second installments of $100,000 each. The third installment of $100,000 was paid in January 2005.
Hasbrouck and Three Hills
On May 23, 2003, the Corporation executed a purchase agreement with Newmont Capital which includes the Hasbrouck property and the Three Hills property. Terms of the purchase included a $50,000 cash payment on signing, and 50,475 Common Shares of the Corporation issued to Newmont Capital in June and July 2004, valued at $200,000. Newmont Capital, at its option, will retain either: (a) a 2% net smelter returns royalty in each project together with the right to a $500,000 cash payment at the start of commercial production at either project and a further $500,000 cash payment if, after the start of commercial production, the gold price averages $400 per ounce or more for any three-month period; or (b) the right to acquire 51% of either or both projects. The latter right would be exercisable only after the later of four years or the time when the Corporation has incurred aggregate expenditures of $1.0 million to acquire, explore and hold the projects.
Guadalupe de los Reyes
On August 1, 2003, the Corporation executed an agreement to acquire a 100% interest in the Guadalupe de los Reyes gold project in Sinaloa State, Mexico and a data package associated with the project and general area, for aggregate consideration of $1.4 million and a 2% net smelter returns royalty. The Corporation paid $300,000 as of August 1, 2003, and on August 2, 2004, the Corporation made a $500,000 payment towards the purchase by issuing 138,428 Common Shares of the Corporation. An additional
5
$500,000 in cash will be paid by way of $100,000 payments on each of the second through sixth anniversaries of the signing of the formal agreement, with the outstanding balance becoming due upon commencement of commercial production. The Corporation has the right to terminate the agreement at any time.
Wildcat
During September and October 2003, the Corporation acquired the Wildcat project and the associated exploration data in three separate transactions. The total consideration for these transactions was 50,000 Common Shares of the Corporation and $250,000 paid on signing, $300,000 paid on August 15, 2004 and $50,000 paid on October 12, 2004. An additional $500,000 is payable at the commencement of commercial production.
Yellow Pine
On November 7, 2003, Idaho Gold Resources LLC ("Idaho Gold"), an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Corporation, entered into an Option to Purchase Agreement with Bradley Mining Company for a nine year option to purchase 100% of the Yellow Pine project for $1,000,000. Idaho Gold made an option payment of $100,000 upon execution of the agreement and another option payment of $100,000 on November 7, 2004. The agreement calls for Idaho Gold to make eight more yearly payments of $100,000 on or before each anniversary date of the agreement, for a total option payment price of $1,000,000. If Idaho Gold exercises its option to purchase the project, all option payments shall be applied as a credit against the purchase price of $1,000,000. The subsidiary has the right to terminate the agreement at any time without penalty.
Agreement to Sell Amayapampa
On December 11, 2003, the Corporation reached an agreement to sell the Amayapampa project to Luzon Minerals Ltd. ("Luzon") of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Completion of the transaction was initially subject to the receipt of all regulatory and other approvals, and completion of due diligence satisfactory to Luzon by June 1, 2004. Luzon issued the Corporation 50,000 common shares initially, and during the due diligence period, Luzon was to pay the Corporation $10,000 per month for the first four months, then $15,000 per month for the fifth and sixth months. At completion of the due diligence period, Luzon was to pay the Corporation $930,000 and issue the Corporation 2,000,000 common shares. At the end of the due diligence period, the Corporation and Luzon agreed to modify the terms of the original purchase agreement. Under the modified terms, Luzon issued the Corporation 200,000 common shares, agreed to pay an additional $15,000 per month for two months, and assumed all holding costs for Amayapampa beginning August 1, 2004, and agreed to pay $900,000 and issue the Corporation an additional 2,000,000 common shares upon receipt of transaction approval from the TSX Venture Exchange. In January 2005, the Corporation announced that Luzon had informed Vista Gold that it wished to exercise its option to purchase the Amayapampa project. In addition, the companies agreed, subject to regulatory approval, to further amend the terms of the original purchase option agreement with respect to the payments previously due on January 15, 2005 and January 1, 2006. The amended agreement calls for the Corporation to receive from Luzon, within five business days of receiving TSX Venture Exchange approval, a payment consisting of $100,000 and 2,000,000 Luzon common shares. This will be followed, on the earlier of June 15, 2005, or the date of the next financing completed by Luzon after January 19, 2005, by a payment of $850,000 in cash or, at Luzon's option, $425,000 in cash and $425,000 in units consisting of Luzon common shares and warrants to purchase common shares. The final payment will be made at the earlier of the start of construction or June 15, 2006. This payment remains unchanged from the original agreement, as reported in December 2003, in that Luzon will pay Vista $4,000,000 in cash, or at Vista's option, a combination of Luzon common shares and cash based on Luzon's share price (See also Consolidated Financial StatementsNote 20).
6
Agreement for New Bond for Hycroft
In December 2003, the Corporation's wholly-owned subsidiary, Hycroft Resources & Development, Inc. ("HRDI") reached an agreement in principle with member companies of American International Group, Inc. to replace the existing bond coverage for the Hycroft mine with a new bond package which includes an insurance component and covers all existing reclamation liability at the Hycroft mine. On January 30, 2004, the final bond package agreement was executed. The new bond package calls for an initial payment of $4.0 million and two additional payments of $1.3 million which were paid on July 22, 2004, and December 22, 2004, respectively. On April 16, 2004, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office, approved the new insurance/assurance bonding instrument which replaced the existing bond, the letters of credit and the existing indemnity agreement between HRDI and the Corporation. The bond package allows for future increases if the Hycroft mine resumes production.
Option Agreement to Acquire Awak Mas Project, Indonesia
On November 2, 2004, the Corporation signed an option agreement to acquire the Awak Mas gold deposit located in Sulawesi, Indonesia, for a purchase price of $1.5 million. Under the terms of the agreement, the Corporation will have up to six months to conduct due diligence while paying the owners $15,000 per month. The monthly option payments, as well as costs up to $150,000 expended to correct any deficiencies in asset standing, will be credited towards the purchase price.
Agreement with Pintail Gold Technology, LLC
On June 2, 2004, the Corporation reached an agreement with Pintail Gold Technology, LLC ("Pintail"), a Denver-based biotechnology firm. The agreement calls for Pintail to complete a development program and feasibility study to demonstrate the economic and technical feasibility of recovering gold from the currently dormant heap leach pads located at the Hycroft mine site in Nevada. These pads have been treated previously to recover gold but still contain approximately 600,000 ounces of gold. Pintail is a U.S. research and development firm, which has, over the last 17 years, developed technology employing various natural microbial processes to enhance and accelerate gold recovery through solution leaching, Pintail believes its technology may be used to treat the gold ore in the heap leach piles and recover significant percentages of the remaining gold.
The study, to be funded solely by Pintail, is expected to last one year and to cost $500,000. If the study demonstrates that gold can be recovered for a total cost (capital plus operating costs) per recovered gold ounce of less than one half the then prevailing gold price, Pintail will earn a 50% interest in a joint venture to develop a commercial gold operation to produce gold from the heap leach piles.
Subsequent Event
Agreement for Canyon Resources Option to Purchase Hycroft
In January 2005, the Corporation announced that it had signed a binding letter of intent agreement with Canyon Resources Corporation ("Canyon") of Golden, Colorado, to grant Canyon a six-month option to purchase the Hycroft mine in Nevada. Completion of the transaction is subject to the negotiation and execution of a definitive option and purchase agreement and regulatory approval. The agreement provides for Canyon to expend $500,000 on a program of development and exploration drilling and mine engineering. At any time during the six-month period, Canyon may exercise its option to purchase Hycroft for an aggregate amount of $10.0 million consisting of a combination of $4.0 million in cash and $6.0 million in units, with each unit consisting of one share of Canyon common stock and a warrant to purchase one half of one share of Canyon common stock. In addition, Canyon would have the choice either to arrange new reclamation bonding for Hycroft or assume the existing bond (subject to bonding company approval). If Canyon assumes the existing bond, Canyon would pay the Corporation the difference, over a number of years, between the bond amount (approximately $6.8 million) and the
7
bonding company's accepted cost estimate of reclamation (approximately $4.2 million), or approximately $2.6 million (See also Consolidated Financial StatementsNote 20).
Corporate Organization Chart
The name, place of incorporation, continuance or organization, and percent of voting securities owned or controlled by Vista Gold as of December 31, 2004, for each subsidiary of Vista Gold is set out below.
Property Interests and Mining Claims
In the United States, most of the Corporation's exploration activities are conducted in the state of Nevada, with additional activities in California and Idaho. Mineral interests may be owned in these states by (a) the United States, (b) the state itself, or (c) private parties. Where prospective mineral properties are owned by private parties, or by the state, some type of property acquisition agreement is necessary in order for the Corporation to explore or develop such property. Generally, these agreements take the form of long term mineral leases under which the Corporation acquires the right to explore and develop the property in exchange for periodic cash payments during the exploration and development phase and a royalty, usually expressed as a percentage of gross production or net profits derived from the leased properties if and when mines on the properties are brought into production. Other forms of acquisition agreements are exploration agreements coupled with options to purchase and joint venture agreements. Where prospective mineral properties are held by the United States, mineral rights may be acquired through the location of unpatented mineral claims upon unappropriated federal land. If the statutory requirements for the location of a mining claim are met, the locator obtains a valid possessory right to develop and produce minerals from the claim. The right can be freely transferred and, provided that the locator is able to prove the discovery of locatable minerals on the claims, is protected against appropriation by the government without just compensation. The claim locator also acquires the right to obtain a patent or fee title to his claim from the federal government upon compliance with certain additional procedures.
Mining claims are subject to the same risk of defective title that is common to all real property interests. Additionally, mining claims are self-initiated and self-maintained and therefore, possess some unique vulnerabilities not associated with other types of property interests. It is impossible to ascertain the validity
8
of unpatented mining claims solely from an examination of the public real estate records and, therefore, it can be difficult or impossible to confirm that all of the requisite steps have been followed for location and maintenance of a claim. If the validity of a patented mining claim is challenged by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management or U.S. Forest Service on the grounds that mineralization has not been demonstrated, the claimant has the burden of proving the present economic feasibility of mining minerals located thereon. Such a challenge might be raised when a patent application is submitted or when the government seeks to include the land in an area to be dedicated to another use.
Reclamation
The Corporation generally is required to mitigate long-term environmental impacts by stabilizing, contouring, resloping and revegetating various portions of a site after mining and mineral processing operations are completed. These reclamation efforts are conducted in accordance with detailed plans, which must be reviewed and approved by the appropriate regulatory agencies.
The Corporation's principal reclamation liability is the Hycroft mine. A new bond was put in place on April 16, 2004, and payments aggregating $6.6 million were made during 2004 which will cover reclamation costs for the existing disturbance at the Hycroft mine. See "Significant Developments in 2004."
Government Regulation
Mining operations and exploration activities are subject to various national, state, provincial and local laws and regulations in the United States, Bolivia, Mexico, Canada and other jurisdictions, which govern prospecting, development, mining, production, exports, taxes, labor standards, occupational health, waste disposal, protection of the environment, mine safety, hazardous substances and other matters. The Corporation has obtained or has pending applications for those licenses, permits or other authorizations currently required to conduct its exploration and other programs. The Corporation believes that it is in compliance in all material respects with applicable mining, health, safety and environmental statutes and the regulations passed thereunder in the United States, Bolivia, Mexico, Canada and the other jurisdictions in which the Corporation operates. There are no current orders or directions relating to the Corporation with respect to the foregoing laws and regulations.
Environmental Regulation
The Corporation's gold projects are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations governing protection of the environment. These laws are continually changing and, as a general matter, are becoming more restrictive. The Corporation's policy is to conduct business in a way that safeguards public health and the environment. The Corporation believes that its operations are conducted in material compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Changes to current local, state or federal laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where the Corporation operates could require additional capital expenditures and increased operating and/or reclamation costs. Although the Corporation is unable to predict what additional legislation, if any, might be proposed or enacted, additional regulatory requirements could impact the economics of its projects.
During 2004, there were no material environmental incidents or non-compliance with any applicable environmental regulations. The Corporation estimates that it will not incur material capital expenditures for environmental control facilities during the current fiscal year.
Competition
The Corporation competes with other mining companies in connection with the acquisition of gold properties. There is competition for the limited number of gold acquisition opportunities, some of which is
9
with other companies having substantially greater financial resources than the Corporation. As a result, the Corporation may have difficulty acquiring attractive gold projects at reasonable prices.
The Corporation believes no single company has sufficient market power to affect the price or supply of gold in the world market.
Risk Factors
An investment in the Corporation's Common Shares involves a high degree of risk. The risks described below are not the only ones facing the Corporation or otherwise associated with an investment in Vista Gold's Common Shares. Additional risks not presently known to the Corporation or which management currently considers immaterial may also adversely affect the Corporation's business. Management has attempted to identify the major factors that could cause differences between actual and planned or expected results, and has included all material risk factors. If any of the following risks actually happen, the Corporation's business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.
Management cannot be certain that the Corporation's acquisition, exploration and development activities will be commercially successful.
The Corporation currently has no properties that produce gold in commercial quantities. The Corporation's gold production has declined steadily since mining activities were suspended at the Hycroft mine in 1998, and gold production is incidental to solution recirculation on the heaps.
Substantial expenditures are required to acquire existing gold properties, to establish ore reserves through drilling and analysis, to develop metallurgical processes to extract metal from the ore and, in the case of new properties, to develop the mining and processing facilities and infrastructure at any site chosen for mining. There can be no assurance that any gold reserves or mineralized material acquired or discovered will be in sufficient quantities to justify commercial operations or that the funds required for development can be obtained on a timely basis.
The price of gold is subject to fluctuations, which could adversely affect the realizable value of the Corporation's assets and potential future results of operations and cash flow.
The Corporation's principal assets are gold reserves and mineralized material. The Corporation intends to attempt to acquire additional properties containing gold reserves and mineralized material. The price that the Corporation pays to acquire these properties will be, in large part, influenced by the price of gold at the time of the acquisition. The Corporation's potential future revenues are expected to be, in large part, derived from the mining and sale of gold from these properties or from the outright sale or joint venture of some of these properties. The value of these gold reserves and mineralized material, and the value of any potential gold production there from, will vary in proportion to variations in gold prices. The price of gold has fluctuated widely, and is affected by numerous factors beyond the control of the Corporation, including, but not limited to, international, economic and political trends, expectations of inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, central bank activities, interest rates, global or regional consumption patterns and speculative activities. The effect of these factors on the price of gold, and therefore the economic viability of any of the Corporation's projects, cannot accurately be predicted. Any drop in the price of gold would adversely affect the Corporation's asset values, cash flows, potential revenues and profits.
Mining exploration, development and operating activities are inherently hazardous.
Mineral exploration involves many risks that even a combination of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may not be able to overcome. Operations in which the Corporation has direct or indirect interests will be subject to all the hazards and risks normally incidental to exploration, development and production of gold and other metals, any of which could result in work stoppages, damage to property and
10
possible environmental damage. The nature of these risks is such that liabilities might exceed any liability insurance policy limits. It is also possible that the liabilities and hazards might not be insurable, or the Corporation could elect not to insure itself against such liabilities due to high premium costs or other reasons, in which event, the Corporation could incur significant costs that could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition.
Reserve calculations are estimates only, subject to uncertainty due to factors including metal prices, inherent variability of the ore and recoverability of metal in the mining process.
There is a degree of uncertainty attributable to the calculation of reserves and corresponding grades dedicated to future production. Until reserves are actually mined and processed, the quantity of ore and grades must be considered as an estimate only. In addition, the quantity of reserves and ore may vary depending on metal prices. Any material change in the quantity of reserves, mineralization, grade or stripping ratio may affect the economic viability of the Corporation's properties. In addition, there can be no assurance that gold recoveries or other metal recoveries in small-scale laboratory tests will be duplicated in larger scale tests under on-site conditions or during production.
The Corporation's exploration and development operations are subject to environmental regulations, which could result in incurrence of additional costs and operational delays.
All phases of the Corporation's operations are subject to environmental regulation. Environmental legislation is evolving in some countries or jurisdictions in a manner which will require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. There is no assurance that future changes in environmental regulation, if any, will not adversely affect the Corporation's projects. The Corporation is currently subject to environmental regulations with respect to its properties in Nevada, California, and Idaho in the United States, as well as Bolivia and Mexico.
The Hycroft mine in Nevada occupies private and public lands. The public lands include unpatented mining claims on lands administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office. These claims are governed by the laws and regulations of the U.S. federal government and the state of Nevada.
U.S. Federal Laws
The U.S. Bureau of Land Management requires that mining operations on lands subject to its regulation obtain an approved plan of operations subject to environmental impact evaluation under the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act. Any significant modifications to the plan of operations may require the completion of an environmental assessment or Environmental Impact Statement prior to approval. Mining companies must post a bond or other surety to guarantee the cost of post-mining reclamation. These requirements could add significant additional cost and delays to any mining project undertaken by the Corporation.
Under the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, mining companies may incur costs for generating, transporting, treating, storing, or disposing of hazardous waste, as well as for closure and post-closure maintenance once they have completed mining activities on a property. The Corporation's mining operations may produce air emissions, including fugitive dust and other air pollutants, from stationary equipment, storage facilities, and the use of mobile sources such as trucks and heavy construction equipment which are subject to review, monitoring and/or control requirements under the Federal Clean Air Act and state air quality laws. Permitting rules may impose limitations on the Corporation's production levels or create additional capital expenditures in order to comply with the rules.
11
The U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended ("CERCLA"), imposes strict joint and several liability on parties associated with releases or threats of releases of hazardous substances. Those liable groups include, among others, the current owners and operators of facilities which release hazardous substances into the environment and past owners and operators of properties who owned such properties at the time the disposal of the hazardous substances occurred. This liability could include the cost of removal or remediation of the release and damages for injury to the surrounding property. The Corporation cannot predict the potential for future CERCLA liability with respect to its Nevada property or surrounding areas.
Nevada Laws
At the state level, mining operations in Nevada are also regulated by the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection. Nevada state law requires the Hycroft mine to hold Nevada Water Pollution Control Permits, which dictate operating controls and closure and post-closure requirements directed at protecting surface and ground water. In addition, the Corporation is required to hold Nevada Reclamation Permits required under NRS 519A.010 through 519A.170. These permits mandate concurrent and post-mining reclamation of mines and require the posting of reclamation bonds sufficient to guarantee the cost of mine reclamation. Other Nevada regulations govern operating and design standards for the construction and operation of any source of air contamination and landfill operations. Any changes to these laws and regulations could have an adverse impact on the Corporation's financial performance and results of operations by, for example, required changes to operating constraints, technical criteria, fees or surety requirements.
California Laws
A new mining operation in California, such as the Long Valley project, which is on Federal unpatented mining claims within a National Forest, would require obtaining various Federal, State and local permits. Mining projects require the establishment and presentation of environmental baseline conditions for air, water, vegetation, wildlife, cultural, historical, geological, geotechnical, geochemical, soil, and socioeconomic parameters. An Environmental Impact Statement ("EIS") would be required for any mining activities proposed on public lands. A Plan of Operations/Reclamation Plan would be required. Also required would be permits for waste-water discharge and wetland disturbance (dredge and fill); a county mining plan and reclamation plan; a county mining operations permit; special use permits from the U.S. Forest Service; and possibly others. In addition, compliance must be demonstrated with the Endangered Species Act and the National Historical Preservation Act consultation process. Possible county zoning and building permits and authorization may be required. Baseline environmental conditions are the basis by which direct and indirect project-related impacts are evaluated and by which potential mitigation measures are proposed. If the Corporation's project is found to significantly adversely impact any of these baseline conditions, the Corporation could incur significant costs to correct the adverse impact, or delay the start of production. In addition, on December 12, 2002, California adopted a "Backfilling Law" requiring open-pit surface mining operations for metallic minerals to back-fill the mines. While the Corporation has determined that the geometry of its Long Valley project would lend itself to compliance with this law, future adverse changes to this law could have a corresponding adverse impact on the Corporation's financial performance and results of operations, for example, by requiring changes to operating constraints, technical criteria, fees or surety requirements.
Idaho Laws
Permitting a mining operation, such as Yellow Pine, located on patented mining claims within a National Forest in Idaho would require obtaining various Federal, State and local permits under the coordination of the Idaho Joint Review Process ("JRP"). Mining projects require the establishment and presentation of environmental baseline conditions for air, water, vegetation, wildlife, cultural, historical, geological,
12
geotechnical, geochemical, soil and socioeconomic parameters. An Environmental Impact Statement would be required for any mining activities proposed on public lands. Permits would also be required for storm-water discharge; wetland disturbance (dredge and fill); surface mining; cyanide use, transport and storage; air quality; dam safety (for water storage and/or tailing storage); septic and sewage; water rights appropriation; and possibly others. In addition, compliance must be demonstrated with the Endangered Species Act and the National Historical Preservation Act consultation process. Possible county zoning and building permits and authorization may be required. Baseline environmental conditions are the basis by which direct and indirect project-related impacts are evaluated and by which potential mitigation measures are proposed. If the Corporation's project is found to significantly adversely impact any of these baseline conditions, the Corporation could incur significant costs to correct the adverse impact, or might have to delay the start of production.
Bolivia Laws
The Corporation is required under Bolivian laws and regulations to acquire permits and other authorizations before it can develop and mine the Amayapampa project. In Bolivia there is relatively new comprehensive environmental legislation, and the permitting and authorization process may be less established and less predictable than in the United States. While the Corporation has all the necessary permits to place the Amayapampa project into production, when a production decision is reached, these permits will need to be re-affirmed and there can be no assurance that the Corporation will be able to acquire updates to necessary permits or authorizations on a timely basis. Delays in acquiring any permit or authorization update could increase the development cost of the Amayapampa project, or delay the start of production.
Under Bolivian regulations, the primary component of environmental compliance and permitting is the completion and approval of an environmental impact study known as Estudio de Evaluacion de Impacto Ambiental ("EEIA"), which the Corporation submitted in 1997 and was subsequently approved. The EEIA provides a description of the existing environment, both natural and socio-economic, at the project site and in the region; interprets and analyzes the nature and magnitude of potential environmental impacts that might result from project activities; and describes and evaluates the effectiveness of the operational measures planned to mitigate the environmental impacts. Baseline environmental conditions, including meteorology and air quality, hydrological resources and surface water, are the basis by which direct and indirect project-related impacts are evaluated and by which potential mitigation measures are proposed. If the Corporation's project is found to significantly adversely impact any of these baseline conditions, the Corporation could incur significant costs to correct the adverse impact, or might have to delay the start of production.
Mexico Laws
The Corporation is required under Mexican laws and regulations to acquire permits and other authorizations before the Paredones Amarillos or Guadalupe de los Reyes projects can be developed and mined. Since the passage of Mexico's 1988 General Law on Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection, a sophisticated system for environmental regulation has evolved. In addition, North American Free Trade Agreement ("NAFTA") requirements for regulatory standards in Mexico equivalent to those of the U.S. and Canada have obligated the Mexican government to continue further development of environmental regulation. Most regulatory programs are implemented by various divisions of the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources of Mexico ("SEMARNAT"). While the Corporation has the necessary permits to place the Paredones Amarillos project into production, there can be no assurance that the Corporation will be able to acquire updates to necessary permits or authorizations on a timely basis. Likewise, there can be no assurance that the Corporation will be able to acquire the necessary permits or authorizations on a timely basis to place the Guadalupe de los Reyes project into production. Delays in acquiring any permit, authorization or updates could increase the development cost of the Paredones Amarillos project or the Guadalupe de los Reyes project, or delay the start of production.
13
The most significant environmental permitting requirements, as they relate to the Paredones Amarillos and the Guadalupe de los Reyes projects are developing reports on environmental impacts; regulation and permitting of discharges to air, water and land; new source performance standards for specific air and water pollutant emitting sources; solid and hazardous waste management regulations; developing risk assessment reports; developing evacuation plans; and monitoring inventories of hazardous materials. If the Paredones Amarillos or the Guadalupe de los Reyes projects are found to not be in compliance with any of these requirements, the Corporation could incur significant compliance costs, or delay the start of production.
The Corporation faces intense competition in the mining industry.
The mining industry is intensely competitive in all of its phases. As a result of this competition, some of which is with large established mining companies with substantial capabilities and with greater financial and technical resources than those of the Corporation, the Corporation may be unable to acquire additional attractive mining claims or financing on terms management considers acceptable. The Corporation competes with other mining companies in the recruitment and retention of qualified managerial and technical employees. If the Corporation is unable to successfully compete for qualified employees, its exploration and development programs may be slowed down or suspended. The Corporation competes with other gold companies for capital. If the Corporation is unable to raise sufficient capital, its exploration and development programs may be jeopardized or it may not be able to acquire, develop or operate gold projects.
The Corporation may be unable to raise additional capital on favorable terms.
The exploration and development of the Corporation's development properties, specifically the construction of mining facilities and commencement of mining operations, may require substantial additional financing. Significant capital investment is required to achieve commercial production from each of the Corporation's non-producing properties. The Corporation will have to raise additional funds from external sources in order to maintain and advance its existing property positions and to acquire new gold projects. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available at all or on acceptable terms and, if additional financing is not available, the Corporation may have to substantially reduce or cease operations.
Some of the Corporation's directors may have conflicts of interest as a result of their involvement with other natural resource companies.
Some of Vista Gold's directors are directors or officers of other natural resource or mining-related companies. Robert A. Quartermain is President and a director of Silver Standard Resources Inc., and is a director of Canplats Resources Corporation, Radiant Resources, Inc., IAMGold Corporation, Rare Element Resources Ltd., Esperanza Silver Corporation, Kimber Resources Inc. and Strathmore Minerals Corp. C. Thomas Ogryzlo is the President, CEO and a director of Polaris Geothermal Inc., and is a director of Tiomin Resources Inc., Birim Goldfields Inc., Plata Peru Mining Inc. and Baja Mining Corp. Michael B. Richings, who is also the Corporation's President and Chief Executive Officer, is a director of Triumph Gold Corp. (successor to IMC Ventures), which holds interests in mining properties. John Clark is a director of Impact Energy Inc. (a Canadian oil and gas exploration company) and CFO and a director of Polaris Geothermal Inc. These associations may give rise to conflicts of interest from time to time. In the event that any such conflict of interest arises, a director who has such a conflict is required to disclose the conflict to a meeting of the directors of the company in question and to abstain from voting for or against approval of any matter in which such director may have a conflict. In appropriate cases, the company in question will establish a special committee of independent directors to review a matter in which several directors, or management, may have a conflict. In accordance with the laws of the Yukon Territory, the
14
directors of all Yukon Territory companies are required to act honestly, in good faith and in the best interests of a company for which they serve as a director.
There may be challenges to the Corporation's title in its mineral properties.
There may be challenges to title to the mineral properties in which the Corporation holds a material interest. If there are title defects with respect to any of the Corporation's properties, the Corporation might be required to compensate other persons or perhaps reduce its interest in the affected property. Also, in any such case, the investigation and resolution of title issues would divert management's time from ongoing exploration and development programs.
The Corporation's property interests in Bolivia and Mexico are subject to risks from political and economic instability in those countries.
The Corporation has property interests in Bolivia and Mexico, which may be affected by risks associated with political or economic instability in those countries. The risks include, but are not limited to: military repression, extreme fluctuations in currency exchange rates, labor instability or militancy, mineral title irregularities and high rates of inflation. Changes in mining or investment policies or shifts in political attitude in Bolivia or Mexico may adversely affect the Corporation's business. The Corporation may be affected in varying degrees by government regulation with respect to restrictions on production, price controls, export controls, income taxes, expropriation of property, maintenance of claims, environmental legislation, land use, land claims of local people, water use and mine safety. The effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted.
The Corporation's financial position and results are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency values.
Because the Corporation has mining exploration and development operations in North and South America, it is subject to foreign currency fluctuations, which may materially affect its financial position and results. The Corporation does not engage in currency hedging to offset any risk of currency fluctuations.
The Corporation measures and reports financial results in U.S. dollars. The Corporation has mining projects in Bolivia and Mexico, and is looking for other projects elsewhere in the world. Economic conditions and monetary policies in these countries can result in severe currency fluctuations.
Currently all the Corporation's material transactions in Mexico and Bolivia are denominated in U.S. dollars. However, if the Corporation were to begin commercial operations in Mexico or Bolivia (or other countries) it is possible that material transactions incurred in the local currency, such as engagement of local contractors for major projects, will be settled at a U.S. dollar value that is different from the U.S. dollar value of the transaction at the time it was incurred. This could have the effect of undermining profits from operations in that country.
The market price of the Corporation's Common Shares could decrease as a result of the impact of the significant increase in the number of outstanding Common Shares that may result from exercise of warrants issued pursuant to its equity issuances in 2002, 2003 and 2004.
At March 31, 2005, the Corporation had outstanding 18,218,022 Common Shares. An additional 4,767,903 shares are issuable upon exercise of warrants, including warrants issued upon conversion of debentures, all as acquired from the Corporation in private placement transactions in 2002, 2003 and 2004, as described in previous filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission including its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003. If all of the warrants are exercised, the number of currently outstanding Common Shares would increase by approximately 26.2%, to 22,985,925. The impact of the issuance of a significant amount of Common Shares from these warrant exercises may place substantial downward pressure on the market price of the Corporation's Common Shares.
15
It may be difficult to enforce judgments or bring actions outside the United States against the Corporation and certain of its directors and officers.
Vista Gold is a Canadian corporation and certain of its directors and officers are neither citizens nor residents of the United States. A substantial part of the assets of several of these persons, and of Vista Gold, are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for an investor:
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
Detailed information is contained herein with respect to the Maverick Springs and Mountain View projects, the Hycroft mine, and the Long Valley, Paredones Amarillos, Amayapampa, Hasbrouck, Three Hills, Guadalupe de los Reyes, Wildcat, and Yellow Pine projects. The Corporation holds the Maverick Springs, Mountain View, Long Valley, Hasbrouck, Three Hills, and Wildcat projects through its indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, Vista Nevada Corp.; the Hycroft mine is held through its indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, Hycroft Lewis Mine, Inc.; Paredones Amarillos and Guadalupe de los Reyes are held through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Minera Paredones Amarillos S.A. de C.V.; Amayapampa is held through its indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, Minera Nueva Vista S.A., and the Yellow Pine project is held through its indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, Idaho Gold Resources LLC. Estimates of reserves and mineralization herein are subject to the effect of changes in metal prices, and to the risks inherent in mining and processing operations.
Maverick Springs
The Maverick Springs project is located in northeast Nevada at the southeast end of the Carlin Trend belt of gold-silver mineralization, approximately half-way between Elko and Ely, Nevada. The property consists of 86 claims with a total area of approximately 3,900 acres.
On October 7, 2002, the Corporation completed the acquisition of a 100% interest in the Maverick Springs gold and silver project from Newmont Mining Corporation ("Newmont") and the Mountain View gold project (described below) from Newmont's wholly-owned subsidiary Newmont Capital Limited. To acquire the interest in Maverick Springs, the Corporation paid cash of $250,000 and issued 141,243 equity units to Newmont, each unit comprised of one Common Share and one two-year warrant. Newmont retained a 1.5% net smelter returns royalty, and on October 7, 2003, the Corporation issued to Newmont 122,923 Common Shares and 122,923 warrants to purchase Common Shares. In addition, pursuant to acquisition agreement terms the Corporation completed 34,060 feet of drilling as of October 7, 2004, and must complete an additional 15,940 feet of drilling before October 7, 2006. The Corporation may terminate this agreement at any time after October 7, 2004. After October 7, 2006, Newmont has a one-time right to acquire a 51% interest in the Maverick Springs project, by paying to the Corporation twice the amount that the Corporation has spent on the project, including acquisition costs. In the event that Newmont exercises this right, Newmont will relinquish its 1.5% net smelter returns royalty. (See also Consolidated Financial StatementsNote 4).
Maverick Springs is subject to a lease agreement (the "Artemis lease"), between Newmont and Artemis Exploration Company. The lease was entered into on October 1, 2001, and the key terms include: payment of advanced minimum royalties of $50,000 on October 1, 2003, (this has been paid) and advanced minimum royalties of $100,000 on October 1, 2004, (this has been paid) and each year thereafter while the agreement is in effect; work commitments of 6,400 feet of exploration drilling, on or before October 1 in
16
each of 2002 (extended by agreement to November 15, 2002), 2003 and 2004 (the 2002, 2003 and 2004 commitments have been met), a preliminary economic evaluation to be conducted by October 1, 2004 which has been extended to April 7, 2005; and a net smelter returns royalty based on a sliding scale ranging from 2% to 6%, depending on gold and silver prices at the time of production.
On June 9, 2003, the Corporation entered into an agreement granting Silver Standard Resources Inc. ("SSRI") an option to acquire the Corporation's interest in the silver mineralized material hosted in the Maverick Springs project. The Corporation will retain its 100% interest in the gold mineralized material. The agreement with SSRI is subject to the terms of the purchase agreement between Newmont and the Corporation. Under the agreement, SSRI will pay $1.5 million over four years, of which $949,823 was paid to the Corporation in 2003 and $428,481 in 2004. The remaining $121,696 will be used by the Corporation to fund exploration programs, land holding costs and option payments. SSRI and the Corporation have formed a committee to jointly manage exploration of the Maverick Springs project. The Corporation is the operator and has a 45% vote on the committee, and SSRI has a 55% vote. After SSRI has completed its $1.5 million in payments, costs will be shared by the two corporations on the same ratio as established for operation of the management committee: Vista Gold 45% / SSRI 55%, subject to standard dilution provisions. (See also Consolidated Financial StatementsNotes 4 and 19).
In November 2002, the Corporation completed a 7,020-foot drill program on the Maverick Springs project. The program consisted of seven vertical reverse circulation holes, stepped out 500 feet to 2,200 feet from previously identified mineralization. All seven holes encountered flat-lying mineralization, predominantly oxidized to depths of up to 900 feet. The program outlined continuous mineralization in a 2,200-foot by 1,200-foot area, immediately adjacent to known gold-silver mineralization. With additional in-fill drilling, this newly outlined mineralization has the potential to significantly increase the mineralized material.
In October 2003, the Corporation completed a 14-hole reverse circulation program totaling 14,020 feet. Intercepts indicate the potential for bulk-mineable gold-silver mineralization.
In October 2004, the Corporation completed a 13-hole reverse circulation program totaling 13,020 feet. Intercepts indicate the potential for bulk-mineable gold-silver mineralization.
Geology
Maverick Springs can be classified as a Carlin-type or sediment/carbonate hosted disseminated silver-gold deposit. Sediment hosted deposits are common within northern Nevada, although the systems are usually gold dominated with relatively minor amounts of silver. Silver and gold mineralization at Maverick Springs has been interpreted as a roughly antiformal or arch-shaped zone with an axis that plunges shallowly to the south and seems to flatten to horizontal over the northern half of the deposit. The limbs of the arch dip shallowly to moderately at 10-30o to the east and west. Overall, the mineralized zone is elongate in the north-south direction with a length of over 6,000 feet, a width of up to 3,000 feet, and a thickness of commonly 100-300 feet.
Mineralization consists of micron-sized silver and gold with related pyrite, stibnite and arsenic sulfides. It is usually associated with intense fracturing and brecciation, with or without accompanying whole-rock silicification or stockwork quartz.
Alteration consists of pervasive decalcification, weak to intense silicification and weak alunitic argillization. Massive jasperoid is common in surface exposures and in drill core. Oxidation has affected all sulfides on surface and is pervasive to a depth of at least 400 feet, intermittent to 900 feet, and generally absent below 1,000 feet.
Based on a third-party technical study completed on April 13, 2004, by Snowden Mining Industry Consultants of Vancouver, British Columbia, the Maverick Springs project contains approximately 69.6 million tons of mineralized material with an average grade of 0.01 ounces of gold per ton and
17
1.0 ounce of silver per ton at a silver-equivalent cut-off grade of 1.0 ounce of silver per ton. A 15,000 foot drill program is planned for 2005.
Mountain View
The Mountain View property is located in northwest Nevada near the Blackrock Desert. The property is approximately 15 miles northwest of Gerlach, Nevada in Washoe County; it straddles the boundary between the Squaw Valley and Banjo topographic quadrangles. The property currently consists of 127 claims with a total area of approximately 2,360 acres.
The Corporation's acquisition of the Mountain View property was completed along with that of the Maverick Springs property, as described above. To acquire the interest in the Mountain View property, the Corporation paid cash of $50,000 and issued 56,497 equity units, each unit comprised of one Common Share and a two-year warrant, to Newmont Capital, and Newmont Capital retains a 1.5% net smelter returns royalty. In addition, the Corporation completed 8,055 feet of drilling before October 7, 2004, as required by the underlying agreement. The Corporation may terminate this agreement at any time. After October 7, 2006, Newmont Capital has a one-time right to acquire a 51% interest in the project, by paying to the Corporation twice the amount that the Corporation has spent on the project, including acquisition costs. In the event that Newmont Capital exercises this right, Newmont Capital will relinquish its 1.5% net smelter returns royalty (see also Consolidated Financial StatementsNote 4).
Newmont Capital's interest in the Mountain View property is subject to an underlying lease and two other royalty arrangements, the principal terms of which are: the underlying lease grants a 50% interest to Newmont in all claims, with a few exceptions where a 5% interest is granted; and the lessee may purchase the remaining interest in the claims for $250,000 at any time. The lessee is obligated to purchase the remaining 50% for $250,000 on achieving commercial production. Also, the lessee shall pay a 1% net smelter returns royalty during production, with advance minimum payments of $25,000 per year. Advanced royalties are deductible from the net smelter returns royalty and cease upon purchase of the remaining interest of the underlying lease. A 1% net smelter returns royalty also applies to certain other claims.
The Corporation completed a five-hole reverse circulation program totaling 4,003 feet in November 2003. The results indicate the presence of a new zone of bulk mineralization approximately 200 feet east of the known core of mineralization. The Corporation completed 4,070 feet of reverse circulation drilling in 2004, and the results indicate potential bulk-mineable gold mineralization and the down-dip extension of higher-grade gold mineralization.
Geology
The dominant rock types in the area are Miocene volcanics and interbedded volcaniclastic sediments. Minor greenschist facies Permo-Triassic strata occur to the northeast and a large body of granodiorite makes up the bulk of the Granite Range to the east and south.
The Miocene lithologies consist of mafic tuffs, rhyolite tuffs and flows, volcaniclastic sediments and basalts. These units are separated from the Granite Range to the east by a range front normal fault that dips steeply to the southwest. The gold mineralization is hosted by a unit known as the Severance rhyolite that is sandwiched between the range front fault to the northeast and older Tertiary tuffs, flows and volcaniclastic sediments to the southwest.
Structure on the property is dominated by northwest and northeast trending faults. Major fault offsets occur along the range-front fault system and these are offset by the northeast trending structures. Recent alluvium is offset by the range front faults.
Based on a third-party technical study completed December 17, 2002, by Snowden Mining Industry Consultants of Vancouver, British Columbia, the Mountain View project contains approximately
18
23.2 million tons of mineralized material with an average grade of 0.013 ounces of gold per ton at a cut-off grade of 0.006 ounces of gold per ton.
Hycroft Mine
The Hycroft mine and related facilities are located 54 miles west of Winnemucca, Nevada. The Corporation acquired the Lewis mine in early 1987 and completed construction of the adjacent Crofoot mine project in April 1988. Mining operations at the Hycroft mine were suspended in December 1998, and the site was placed on care and maintenance. Gold production, from continued leaching and rinsing of the heap leach pads, continued in 2000 and 2001. In 2002, 2003 and 2004, the amount of gold recovered was not material, as expected. The mine is currently on care and maintenance. From inception in 1987 until suspension of mining operations in December 1998, the Hycroft mine produced over 1 million ounces of gold.
In January 2005, the Corporation announced that it had signed an agreement with Canyon Resources Corporation to grant Canyon a six-month option to purchase the Hycroft mine. See "Item 1. BusinessSubsequent EventAgreement for Canyon Resources Option to Purchase Hycroft".
Operating Statistics
Operating statistics for the Hycroft mine for the period 2000 to 2004 were as follows:
| |
Years ended December 31 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
2004 |
2003 |
2002 |
2001 |
2000 |
|||||
| Ore and waste material mined (000's of tons) | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | |||||
| Strip ratio | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | |||||
| Ore processed (000's of tons)(1) | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | |||||
| Ore grade (oz. gold/ton) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||
| Ounces of gold produced | Nil | Nil | Nil | 3,232 | 13,493 | |||||
| Cash operating costs ($/oz. of gold)(2) | N/A | N/A | N/A | $210 | $183 | |||||
Geology and ore reserves
The Hycroft mine is located on the western flank of the Kamma Mountains. The deposit is hosted in a volcanic eruptive breccia and conglomerates associated with the Tertiary Kamma Mountain volcanics. The volcanics are mainly acidic to intermediate tuffs, flows and coarse volcaniclastic rocks. Fragments of these units dominate the clasts in the eruptive breccia. Volcanic rocks have been block-faulted by dominant north-trending structures, which have affected the distribution of alteration and mineralization. The Central Fault and East Fault control the distribution of mineralization and subsequent oxidation. A post-mineral range-front fault separates the orebody from the adjacent Pleistocene Lahontan Lake sediments in the Black Rock Desert. The geological events have created a physical setting ideally suited to the open-pit, heap-leach mining operation at the Hycroft mine. The heap leach method is widely used in the southwestern United States and allows the economical treatment of oxidized low-grade ore deposits in large volumes.
The known gold mineralization within the Crofoot and Lewis properties extends for a distance of three miles in a north-south direction by 1.5 miles in an east-west direction. Mineralization extends to a depth of less than 330 feet in the outcropping to near-outcropping portion of the deposit on the northwest side to
19
over 990 feet in the Brimstone deposit in the east. Not all the mineralization is oxidized and the depth of oxide ore varies considerably over the area of mineralization.
The Crofoot and Lewis properties together comprise approximately 12,230 acres. The Crofoot property, originally held under two leases, is owned by the Corporation subject to a 4% net profits interest retained by the former owners, and covers approximately 3,544 acres. The Lewis property, which virtually surrounds the Crofoot property, is held through a lease that covers approximately 8,686 acres. The mine is accessible by road and has access to adequate supplies of water and power.
The leasehold interest in the Lewis property extends until January 1, 2013, or for so long thereafter as commercial mining operations continue on the property. The Lewis lease provides for the payment to the lessor of a 5% net smelter returns royalty on gold production. The royalty increases for ore grades above 0.05 ounce per ton and is offset by annual advance minimum royalties. The Corporation has the right to commingle the ore from the Lewis property with ore from the adjoining Crofoot property under an agreement with the lessor of the Lewis property.
Gold production from the Brimstone deposit, the largest ore deposit at the Hycroft mine, had consistently exceeded projections. During 1999 and 2000, the Corporation conducted a $0.6 million exploration program to determine the reasons for the excess gold production, and to re-estimate the grade and tons of the reserves in the Brimstone deposit. Mineral Resources Development, Inc. ("MRDI"), an independent consultant was retained to assist with the evaluation and to provide an independent review of the recalculated mineable reserves. During the period 1996 through 1998, gold mined from the north end of the Brimstone deposit exceeded planned production by 47,090 ounces, or 26%. The excess gold production was a result of mining 13% more ore tons at a 12% higher average grade than predicted in the exploration reserve model.
To evaluate the potential for a similar favorable variance in the remaining Brimstone mineralized material, nine diamond drill holes for a total of 4,870 feet and 11 reverse-circulation drill holes for a total of 5,540 feet were completed in the unmined southern portion of the Brimstone deposit. Seventeen of the 20 holes were twin holes, which were used to establish an adjustment (upgrade) factor for the remaining Brimstone mineralized material. Working with MRDI engineers, a gold-grade enhancement of 25% was estimated. Based on a technical study completed by MRDI, Brimstone contains 41.9 million tons at an average grade of 0.020 ounces of gold per ton and 0.166 ounces of cyanide-soluble silver per ton, using a cut-off grade of 0.007 ounces of gold per ton. Cyanide-silver assays are a measure of the amount of silver that readily dissolves in a cyanide solution and reflect less than the total silver present.
In 2004, the Corporation completed an updated feasibility study on the Brimstone deposit. Proven and probable reserves are 32,429,000 tons of ore with an average grade of 0.0175 gold ounces per ton containing 566,500 ounces of gold. Ore reserve calculations were based on a gold price of $375 per ounce and the open-pit reserves had a strip ratio of 1.78 to 1 with an economic cut-off grade equivalent to 0.007 ounces of gold per ton. Silver was not reported.
Extraction dilution at the Hycroft mine is negligible due to the large size of the pit and the continuity of the ore body. Metallurgical recovery of gold from run-of-mine leaching of the Brimstone ore is projected to be 57% and the planned pit would have a stripping ratio of 1.2 to 1.
Exploration
The Corporation believes there is significant potential to extend the oxide mineralization to the south, along strike, at both the Central Fault and Brimstone deposits, but the greatest upside lies in the largely unexplored sulfide mineralization below the Brimstone deposit, as well as higher grade intercepts along the Central Fault.
Current mineralized material at Brimstone is limited to the oxide cap of an apparently large but previously unexplored gold-bearing sulfide system. Two diamond drill holes, drilled in 1996 and earlier, intercepted
20
mineralized sulfides averaging 0.023 ounces per ton gold and 0.5 ounces per ton silver over intervals exceeding 500 feet in thickness. In 1996, the Corporation also intercepted 30 feet of gold mineralization in drill hole 95-2728. This intercept assayed 0.155 ounces per ton gold at a true depth of 310 feet below surface. The hole terminated in this mineralization; the true width of the mineralization is not known.
Long Valley
The Long Valley gold project is located in the Inyo National Forest, about 7 miles east of the town of Mammoth Lakes, in Mono County, California. The property consists of 95 contiguous, unpatented mining claims that cover an area of approximately 1,800 acres.
The Corporation has an option to acquire 100% of the Long Valley project from Standard Industrial Minerals, Inc. ("Standard"). Under the terms of the option agreement, the Corporation would pay Standard $750,000 over five years, with annual payments to be due as follows: $100,000 due on each of January 15, 2003, 2004, and 2005; $200,000 due on January 15, 2006, and $250,000 due on January 15, 2007. The Corporation has made the January 2003, January 2004 and January 2005 payments (see Consolidated Financial StatementsNote 4). The Corporation retains the right to terminate the agreement at any time, and has no work commitments on the project.
During the period of 1994 through 1997, Royal Gold, Inc. ("Royal") drilled 615 reverse circulation and 10 core holes at the Long Valley property. During this time, Royal also completed metallurgical investigations, preliminary engineering studies, including resource estimations, and initiated baseline-type environmental studies of the biological, water and archeological resources of the area. The Corporation has acquired all related data from Royal in exchange for a 1% net smelter returns royalty to Royal. The database contains 896 drill holes, totaling 268,275 feet. The majority of holes were drilled using reverse circulation methods. Gold was primarily analyzed by fire assay, with grade determinations by atomic absorption.
Geology
The Long Valley project claims are contained entirely within the early Pleistocene-age Long Valley Caldera, which has been dated at about 760,000 years old. The caldera is an elongated east-west oval depression measuring some 10 miles by 20 miles and is related to eruption of the Bishop Tuff, which is covered by younger rocks within the caldera.
The Long Valley gold mineralization is located near the center of the caldera and is underlain by lithologic units related to the caldera formation and its subsequent resurgence. Associated with resurgent doming is a sequence of interbedded volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks which were deposited in a lacustrine setting within the caldera. These rocks consist of sediment (siltstones through conglomerates) and debris-flow deposits, with local deposits of intercalated silica sinter and rhyolite flows and dikes. All of these lithologies have been altered and/or mineralized to variable degrees. Intruding the generally flat-lying lake sediments are several rhyolite domes that have been dated from 200,000 to 300,000 years in age.
The north-south trending Hilton Creek fault zone appears to define the eastern limit of the resurgent dome within the central part of the Long Valley Caldera and extends outside the caldera to the south. Offset along this fault appears to be variable and suggests that fault activity along this zone may be episodic in nature.
Gold and silver mineralization at Long Valley appears to fall under the general classification of an epithermal, low sulfidation-type deposit. Several areas, termed the North, Central, South, Southeast and Hilton Creek zones, on the Long Valley property are mineralized with low grades of gold and silver. The mineralized zones are generally north-south trending, up to 8,000 feet in length with widths ranging from 500 feet to 1,500 feet. The tabular bodies are generally flat-lying or have a shallow easterly dip. Mineralization is typically from 50 to 200 feet thick and, in the South and Southeast zones, is exposed at or very near the surface. The top of the Hilton Creek zone is covered by 20 to 50 feet of alluvium. The majority of the mineralization discovered to date is located in the Hilton Creek zone.
21
Gold and silver mineralization is quite continuous throughout the zones and is well defined above a cut-off grade of 0.010 gold ounces per ton. Within the continuous zones of low-grade gold mineralization (above 0.010 gold ounces per ton) are numerous zones of higher grade mineralization above 0.050 gold ounces per ton, particularly in the Hilton Creek zone, which may relate to zones of enhanced structural preparation. Mineralized zones typically correlate with zones of more intense clay alteration or argillization and/or silicification.
Based on a third-party technical study completed February 20, 2003, by Mine Development Associates of Reno, Nevada, the Long Valley project contains approximately 68.3 million tons of mineralized material with an average grade of 0.018 ounces of gold per ton at a cut-off grade of 0.010 ounces of gold per ton.
Paredones Amarillos
Paredones Amarillos is located 40 miles southeast of the city of La Paz, in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. The project area covers over 13,784 acres.
The Corporation acquired 100% of the project on August 29, 2002, from Viceroy Resource Corporation ("Viceroy"). To acquire the project, the Corporation paid cash of Cdn $1.0 million and issued 303,030 equity units to Viceroy, and on August 29, 2003, the Corporation paid Viceroy the remaining Cdn $0.5 million due pursuant to the acquisition contract (see also Consolidated Financial StatementsNote 4).
The Paredones Amarillos project has been a significant exploration target since the 1980s. In 1997, Echo Bay Mines Ltd. ("EBM") completed a final feasibility study for an open pit mine on the project. As a result of the subsequent decline in gold prices, start-up was postponed. EBM holds a 2% net profits interest on certain concessions of the project, subject to a cap of $2 million. Additionally, Minera Tepmin, S.A. de C.V., holds a 1% net smelter returns royalty on two concessions.
The project holds environmental authorizations for the purpose of the following: project development including access road, power line, telephone communications, and infrastructure to supply water; construction and operation of a tailings dam; disposal of tailings; construction of a mill; and installation of three pumping stations.
On December 30, 2003, Resource Development Inc. ("RDi") of Denver, Colorado, an independent engineering firm, completed a study commissioned by the Corporation to review metallurgical test work and the bankable feasibility study completed by EBM to evaluate a revised flow sheet. The Corporation completed a metallurgical test program in 2004 that confirmed the viability of the revised process flow sheet. The Corporation plans to complete a prefeasibility level study in 2005. A 4,000 foot drilling program and a geophysical survey are planned for 2005. The program is designed to find extensions to resources within 2.4 miles of the current known resource.
Geology
General geology consists of diorite roof pendants intruded by a granodiorite batholith with local low and high-angle fault zones. A north-east striking, south-east dipping low-angle fault zone is the main host of gold mineralization at Paredones Amarillos. Movement along this structure has been characterized as reverse, resulting from compression. Secondary, high-angle faulting is thought to control the higher-grade mineralization at the project.
The known gold mineralized material occupies an inverted U-shaped block with an approximate strike length of 3,600 feet east-west, a width of approximately 1,000 feet north-south, and a thickness of approximately 100 feet. The apex of the "U" is near the center of EBM's proposed pit with the legs forming the east and west pit lobes.
22
Based on a third-party technical study completed by Snowden Mining Industry Consultants of Vancouver, British Columbia on August 20, 2002, the Paredones Amarillos project contains approximately 61.4 million tons of mineralized material with an average grade of 0.031 ounces of gold per ton at a cut-off grade of 0.015 ounces of gold per ton.
Amayapampa
The Amayapampa project is located 186 miles southeast of La Paz in the Chayanta Municipality, Bustillos Province, Department of Potosi, in southwestern Bolivia. Access is via 167 miles of paved road from La Paz to Machacamarca near Oruro, followed by 62 miles of gravel road to Lagunillas, then nine miles of dirt road to Amayapampa. The Amayapampa property is situated within the moderately rugged Eastern Cordilleran region of Bolivia with elevations at the property varying from 12,300 to 13,450 feet above sea level. Amayapampa consists of 24 mining concessions covering 1,989 acres plus an additional 16,803 acres in regional exploration and exploitation concessions. The project is currently on care and maintenance.
On December 11, 2003, the Corporation reached an agreement to sell the Amayapampa project to Luzon Minerals Ltd. ("Luzon") of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Completion of the transaction was initially subject to the receipt of all regulatory and other approvals, and completion of due diligence satisfactory to Luzon by June 1, 2004. Luzon issued the Corporation 50,000 common shares initially, and during the due diligence period, Luzon paid the Corporation $10,000 per month for the first four months, then $15,000 per month for the fifth and sixth months. At completion of the due diligence period, Luzon was to pay the Corporation $930,000 and issue the Corporation 2,000,000 common shares. At the end of the due diligence period, the Corporation and Luzon agreed to modify the terms of the original purchase agreement. Under the modified terms, Luzon issued the Corporation 200,000 common shares and, agreed to pay the Corporation an additional $15,000 per month for two months, assumed all holding costs for Amayapampa beginning August 1, 2004, and agreed to pay $900,000 and issue the Corporation an additional 2,000,000 common shares upon receipt of transaction approval from the TSX Venture Exchange. In January 2005, the Corporation announced that Luzon had informed Vista Gold that it wishes to exercise its option to purchase the Amayapampa project. In addition, the companies agreed, subject to regulatory approval, to further amend the terms of the original purchase option agreement with respect to the payments previously due on January 15, 2005, and January 15, 2006. The amended agreement calls for the Corporation to receive from Luzon, within five business days of receiving TSX Venture Exchange approval, a payment consisting of $100,000 and 2,000,000 Luzon common shares. This will be followed, on the earlier of June 15, 2005, or the date of the next financing completed by Luzon after January 19, 2005, by a payment of $850,000 in cash, or at Luzon's option, $425,000 in cash and $425,000 in units consisting of Luzon common shares and warrants to purchase common shares. The final payment will be made at the earlier of the start of construction or June 15, 2006. This payment remains unchanged from the original agreement, as reported in December 2003, in that Luzon will pay Vista Gold $4,000,000 in cash, or at Vista's option, a combination of Luzon common shares and cash based Luzon's share price. If Luzon completes the purchase, and when production commences, Vista will also receive a 3% net smelter type royalty on gold production at gold prices of $450 per ounce or below and 4% at gold prices above $450 per ounce.
Geology and ore reserves
The Amayapampa deposit underlies a north-northwest trending ridge approximately 0.3 miles east of the town of Amayapampa. The deposit is defined by about 48 diamond drill holes; 96 reverse-circulation drill holes; and 315 underground channel samples totaling 17,585 feet from more than 200 accessible cross-cuts in 43 different levels and sub-levels extending over a vertical distance of 682 feet. The deposit is approximately 1,970 feet in strike length, 98 to 230 feet in width and has an overall dip of the mineralized envelope of 80 to 90 degrees west. The depth extent of continuous mineralization is in excess of 656 feet to about the 12,795-foot elevation, although some mineralization is present below this depth. Gold occurs
23
free and associated with sulfides in a structural zone in which quartz veins were emplaced then sheared prior to introduction of sulfides and gold mineralizing solutions.
The host rocks are composed of Ordovician black shales, sandstones, and siltstones, which were weakly metamorphosed to argillites, quartzites, and siltites, respectively. The Amayapampa project is located along the east flank of a north-south trending regional anticline near the top of the Ordovician sequence. Bedding dips are steep at 60 to 80 degrees west, with the east limb of the anticline being overturned and thus, also dipping steeply west.
The mineralized envelope is best described as a structural zone, in which quartz veins were emplaced along a preferential fracture direction.
Most faults, shears and fractures are north-northeast to north-northwest trending and steeply dipping, both east and west, at 60 to 90 degrees. Quartz veins predominantly dip east. Locally, within the zone of mineralization, flat