UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003
Commission File Number 333-92047-03
EME Homer City Generation L.P.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Pennsylvania (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation ororganization) |
33-0826938 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
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1750 Power Plant Road Homer City, Pennsylvania (Address of principal executive offices) |
15748 (Zip Code) |
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Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (724) 479-9011 |
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: |
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None |
Not Applicable |
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| (Title of Class) | (Name of each exchange on which registered) |
Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
8.137% Senior Secured Bonds due 2019
8.734% Senior Secured Bonds due 2026
(Title of Class)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý
Aggregate market value of the registrant's common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 27, 2003: $0. Number of shares outstanding of the registrant's Common Stock as of March 10, 2004: Not applicable.
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| PART I | ||||
| Item 1. | Business | 1 | ||
| Item 2. | Properties | 13 | ||
| Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 14 | ||
| Item 4. | Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders | 14 | ||
PART II |
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| Item 5. | Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters | 15 | ||
| Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 16 | ||
| Item 7. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 17 | ||
| Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 45 | ||
| Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 46 | ||
| Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 46 | ||
| Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 46 | ||
PART III |
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| Item 10. | Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant | 81 | ||
| Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 82 | ||
| Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management | 83 | ||
| Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions | 83 | ||
| Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 83 | ||
PART IV |
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| Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules and Reports on Form 8-K | 84 | ||
| Signatures | 89 | |||
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The Company
EME Homer City Generation L.P., which is referred to as EME Homer City in this annual report, is a Pennsylvania limited partnership with Chestnut Ridge Energy Company as a limited partner with a 99.9 percent interest and Mission Energy Westside Inc. as a general partner with a 0.1 percent interest. Both Chestnut Ridge Energy and Mission Energy Westside are wholly owned subsidiaries of Edison Mission Holdings Co., a wholly owned subsidiary of Edison Mission Energy, which is referred to as EME in this annual report. EME is a wholly owned subsidiary of Mission Energy Holding Company and is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Edison International. EME Homer City was formed for the purpose of acquiring, owning and operating three coal-fired electric generating units and related facilities located near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with an aggregate capacity of 1,884 megawatts, or MW, which EME Homer City collectively refers to as the "Homer City facilities," for the purpose of producing electric energy. Although EME Homer City was formed on October 31, 1998, it had no significant activity prior to the acquisition of the facilities, which occurred on March 18, 1999.
EME Homer City derives revenue from the sale of energy, capacity and ancillary services into the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Power Pool, or PJM, and the New York Independent System Operator, or NYISO, and from bilateral contracts with power marketers and load serving entities within PJM and NYISO. EME Homer City has entered into a contract with a marketing affiliate for the sale of energy, capacity and ancillary services from the Homer City facilities, which enables this marketing affiliate to engage in forward sales and hedging transactions to manage electricity price exposure.
On December 7, 2001, EME Homer City completed a sale-leaseback of its facilities to third-party lessors for an aggregate purchase price of $1.591 billion, made up of $782 million in cash and the assumption of the obligations under Edison Mission Holdings Co.'s 8.137% Senior Secured Bonds due 2019 and 8.734% Senior Secured Bonds due 2026, which EME Homer City refers to collectively as the senior secured bonds (the fair value of which was $809.3 million), which were guaranteed by EME Homer City. EME Homer City's transaction has been accounted for as a lease financing for accounting purposes. Consent of the holders of the senior secured bonds was required for the sale-leaseback transaction and in connection with the transaction, the senior secured bonds were converted into pass-through bonds registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Also in connection with the transaction, EME Homer City has been released from its guarantee on the senior secured bonds, but remains indirectly liable to make payments on the pass-through bonds, through its semi-annual lease payments. For more information on the sale-leaseback transaction, see "Notes to Financial StatementsNote 4. Sale-Leaseback Transaction."
EME and Edison International each are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and have financial statements that are filed in accordance with rules enacted by the Securities and Exchange Commission. For more information regarding each of these companies, see their respective annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003.
The address of EME Homer City's principal executive offices is 1750 Power Plant Road, Homer City, Pennsylvania, 15748-8009 and its telephone number is (724) 479-9011.
Forward-Looking Statements
This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that reflect EME Homer City's current expectations and projections about future events based on EME Homer City's knowledge of present facts and circumstances and assumptions about future events. Other information distributed by EME Homer City that is incorporated in this annual report, or that refers to or incorporates this
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annual report, may also contain forward-looking statements. In this annual report and elsewhere, the words "expects," "believes," "anticipates," "estimates," "intends," "plans," "probable" and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements necessarily involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated. Some of the risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause results to differ, or that otherwise could impact EME Homer City, are:
Additional information about the risk factors listed above and other risks and uncertainties is contained throughout this annual report and in the Notes to Financial Statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations that appear in Part II of this annual report. Readers are urged to read this entire annual report and carefully consider the risks, uncertainties and other factors that affect EME Homer City's business. The information contained in this annual report is subject to change without notice, and EME Homer City is not obligated to publicly update or revise forward-looking statements. Readers should review future reports filed by EME Homer City with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Description of Business
Industry Overview
The United States electric industry, including companies engaged in providing generation, transmission, distribution and ancillary services, has undergone significant change over the last several years, leading to significant deregulation and increased competition. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, or the FERC, under Order No. 888 and Order No. 889, which are referred to as the Open Access Rules, requires the owners and operators of electric transmission facilities subject to the FERC's jurisdiction to make those facilities available for transmission on a non-discriminatory basis to all wholesale generators, sellers and buyers of electricity. In addition to this wholesale transmission throughout the United States, there have been a number of programs adopted at the state level to allow retail customers to choose their electricity suppliers, with incumbent utilities required to deliver that electricity over their transmission and distribution systems. Numerous electric utilities nationwide have divested all or a portion of their electricity generation business as legislative and regulatory developments have driven the industry to disaggregate. EME Homer City operates as a competitive electric generator (sometimes called "merchant generator") in deregulated domestic power markets.
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Overview of Facilities Under Lease
The Homer City facilities are located on a 2,413-acre site approximately 45 miles northeast of Pittsburgh within Indiana County, Pennsylvania. EME Homer City owns a fee interest in the land and leases the facilities pursuant to a sale-leaseback transaction completed in December 2001. The Homer City facilities consist of the generating units, a coal cleaning facility, water supply provided by a reservoir known as Two Lick Dam and associated support facilities. The Homer City generating units benefit from direct transmission access to both PJM and NYISO through four high voltage lines which interconnect through a switchyard located on the site.
The Homer City units are coal-fired boilers and steam turbine-generator units. Units 1 and 2, which are essentially identical to one another, were constructed as positive pressure units, which utilize boilers with internal air pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure, and were placed into commercial operation in 1969. Units 1 and 2 were converted to balanced draft units, which utilize boilers with internal air pressure balanced at approximately atmospheric pressure, in 1976 and 1977, respectively. Unit 1 has an installed capacity of 620 MW, and Unit 2 has an installed capacity of 614 MW. The steam turbine-generators for Units 1 and 2 were manufactured by Westinghouse Electric Corporation, and the boilers for these units were manufactured by Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation. The Unit 1 and 2 boilers have been retrofitted with Foster Wheeler dual air register and internal flame staging low nitrogen oxide burners to meet Phase I nitrogen oxide Clean Air Act standards. In addition, both boilers have supplemental over-fired air systems to further reduce nitrogen oxide emissions to satisfy Pennsylvania Title I (ozone) requirements. In 2000, selective catalytic reduction units were installed on Units 1 and 2 for further reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions. Several improvements have been made during 2002 and 2003 to resolve past operating and structural issues. The contractor re-commissioned these units and the selective catalytic reduction systems for Units 1 and 2 have been operational since April 19, 2003 and May 18, 2003, respectively.
Unit 3 commenced commercial operation in 1977 and has an installed capacity of 650 MW. The steam turbine and generator for Unit 3 were manufactured by General Electric Corporation, and the Unit 3 boiler was manufactured by Babcock & Wilcox. The boiler for Unit 3 was originally constructed with Babcock & Wilcox low nitrogen oxide burners which satisfied Phase I nitrogen oxide Clean Air Act standards, and a supplemental over-fired air system was installed in 1995 at Unit 3 to further reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. In 2001, a wet scrubber flue gas desulfurization system was installed on Unit 3. Also in 2001, a selective catalytic reduction system was installed on Unit 3 but went out of service on February 10, 2002 due to a collapse of ductwork. Unit 3 operated with the selective catalytic reduction system bypassed until June 19, 2003, when the selective catalytic reduction system was returned to service. These improvements are expected to enable the Homer City generating units to comply with Phase II of Title IV of the Clean Air Act regarding sulfur oxide emissions, the Pennsylvania nitrogen oxide allowance regulations and Pennsylvania's response to the Environmental Protection Agency's State Implementation Plan Call regarding nitrogen oxide emissions.
Emission Allowances
Emission allowances were acquired by EME Homer City as part of the acquisition of the facilities. Emission allowances are required by local environmental authorities in order for the Homer City facilities to be certified and are required to be maintained throughout the period of operation of the facilities. EME Homer City purchases additional emission allowances when necessary to meet environmental regulations and sells emission allowances when it has more than necessary to meet environmental regulations.
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Power Markets
PJM
The Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Power Pool, or PJM, is the largest centrally dispatched electric control area in North America, consisting of over 660 generating units with a total installed capacity of approximately 70,000 MW. PJM serves approximately 10% of the United States population and covers portions of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, the District of Columbia and Virginia. PJM was restructured in April 1997 into a limited liability company which operates a competitive, non-discriminatory market in response to the Open Access Rules and includes bid-based energy and capacity markets. The independent system operator for the PJM operates the wholesale spot energy market and determines the market-clearing price for each hour based on bids submitted by participating generators which indicate the minimum prices a bidder is willing to accept to be dispatched at various incremental generation levels. PJM conducts both day-ahead and real-time energy markets. PJM's energy markets are based on Locational Marginal Pricing ("LMP") which establishes hourly prices at specific locations throughout PJM. LMP is determined by considering factors including generator bids, load requirements, transmission congestion and losses. PJM requires all Load Serving Entities ("LSE") to maintain prescribed levels of capacity, including a reserve margin, to ensure system reliability. PJM determines the amount of capacity available from each specific generator and operates capacity markets including next day, monthly and planning periods. PJM's capacity markets have a single market-clearing price. LSEs and generators may participate in PJM's capacity markets or transact capacity on a bilateral basis.
NYISO
The New York Independent System Operator, or NYISO, includes 36,342 MW of installed capacity and serves the majority of New York State's electric power requirements. The NYISO was established in 1999 to operate a competitive, non-discriminatory wholesale power market in response to the Open Access Rules and includes bid-based electricity and transmission usage markets. The market-clearing price for NYISO's day-ahead and real-time energy markets is set by supplier generation bids and customer demand bids.
Subject to PJM transmission availability and reliability considerations, EME Homer City can transmit up to 1,884 MW from its generating units into NYISO and can deliver up to 1,884 MW into PJM. EME Homer City does not incur any access or wheeling charges for any energy delivered into PJM.
Fuel Supply
Fuel Supply for Units 1 and 2
Units 1 and 2 typically consume approximately 3.3 million tons of mid-range sulfur coal per year. Approximately 90% to 95% of this coal is obtained under contracts with suppliers within approximately 100 miles of the Homer City facilities extending through 2007, and the remainder is purchased in the spot market. All of this coal is delivered to the site by truck. The raw coal purchased for consumption by Units 1 and 2 is cleaned in the Homer City coal cleaning facility, which has the capacity to clean up to 5 million tons of coal per year. The Homer City coal cleaning facility utilizes heavy media cyclones, froth flotation and spiral separators to reduce the ash and sulfur content of the raw coal to meet both combustion and environmental requirements. The Homer City coal cleaning facility is operated by Homer City Coal Processing Corporation under a coal cleaning agreement that expires December 31, 2005 and which may be extended for up to two additional years. Under the terms of the agreement, EME Homer City is obligated to reimburse Homer City Coal Processing Corporation for the actual costs incurred in the operation and maintenance of the coal cleaning plant, a fixed general and administrative service fee and an operating fee.
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Fuel Supply for Unit 3
Unit 3 consumes approximately 2 million tons of coal per year. EME Homer City purchases the majority of its Unit 3 coal from local suppliers under long-term contracts extending through 2006. All coal purchased for Unit 3 is delivered to the site by truck. A wet scrubber flue gas desulfurization system for Unit 3 was installed in 2001, which enables this unit to be able to burn less expensive, higher sulfur coal, while still meeting environmental standards for emission control.
See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsContractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies," for additional discussion of contractual commitments related to EME Homer City's fuel supply contracts.
Operating Performance
The Homer City generating units have historically had high equivalent availability factors, which is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the number of megawatt-hours that each unit is available to generate electricity divided by the product of the capacity of each unit (in megawatts) and the number of hours in the period. Equivalent availability captures the impact of the unit's inability to achieve full load, referred to as a derating, as well as outages which result in a complete unit shutdown. Units are not available during periods of planned and unplanned maintenance. The following chart indicates equivalent availability factors for the Homer City generating units.
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Equivalent Availability Factor(%) |
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|---|---|---|---|
| Total Station | |||
| 2003 | 88.7 | ||
| 2002 | 76.8 | ||
| 2001 | 87.4 | ||
| Three-Year Average | 84.3 | ||
Operation and Maintenance
EME Homer City's operating and maintenance plan, as well as several planned overhauls of major equipment and controls, is consistent with its goal of prudently operating and maintaining the units for the remainder of the lease term. EME Homer City utilizes computerized maintenance systems to plan and schedule all maintenance activities. EME Homer City also employs a preventative maintenance program complemented by new predictive maintenance technologies such as ferrography, thermography, vibration analysis and acoustic analysis.
EME Homer City's employees provide engineering, maintenance, operation and facility management services to EME's affiliates and receive functional direction from EME's technical organization.
Transmission and Interconnection
Existing transmission lines leaving the Homer City generating units are interconnected with both PJM and NYISO. EME Homer City is able to transmit into PJM full plant output through a 126-mile 345 kV line and 19-mile and 15-mile 230 kV lines owned by Pennsylvania Electric Company, an affiliate of FirstEnergy Corp., which EME Homer City refers to as Penelec. Subject to PJM transmission availability and reliability considerations, EME Homer City has the ability to transmit into NYISO full plant output through 175-mile and 207-mile 345 kV lines owned by New York State Electric & Gas Corporation, which EME Homer City refers to as NYSEG. In addition, a 13-mile 230 kV line from the
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Homer City generating units provides an indirect interconnection to the East Central Area reliability market.
The points of interconnection with the Homer City units include:
The ownership of the transmission and distribution assets for the Homer City facilities, including the site switchyard, substation and support equipment, remained with Penelec and NYSEG following EME Homer City's acquisition of the facilities. These companies have agreed to provide EME Homer City with all services necessary to interconnect its generating units with their transmission systems, other than services provided under existing tariffs, under an interconnection agreement, as described below.
EME Homer City's general partner, Mission Energy Westside, has entered into an interconnection agreement with NYSEG and Penelec to provide interconnection services necessary to interconnect the Homer City facilities with NYSEG and Penelec's transmission systems. Unless terminated earlier in accordance with its terms, the interconnection agreement will terminate on a date mutually agreed to by Mission Energy Westside, NYSEG and Penelec. This date will not exceed the retirement date of the Homer City units. NYSEG and Penelec have agreed to extend such interconnection services (but not the expiration of the agreement) to modifications, additions, upgrades or repowering of the Homer City units. Mission Energy Westside is required to compensate NYSEG and Penelec for all reasonable costs associated with any modifications, additions or replacements made to NYSEG or Penelec's interconnection facilities or transmission systems in connection with any modification, addition, upgrade or repowering to the Homer City units.
Water Supply and Other Support Facilities
The Homer City generating units receive their water supply from Two Lick Creek. The water supply to Two Lick Creek is regulated by releases from Two Lick Dam, which is located approximately eight miles upstream from the Homer City generating units and is owned, operated and maintained by EME Homer City in accordance with a dam safety permit and a drought management plan and related consent order and agreement with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. These facilities were not sold to third parties as part of the sale-leaseback transaction. Each of the Homer City generating units has a natural draft-cooling tower. A portion of the waste heat in the water leaving the units' condensers is diverted from these towers to a 14-acre polyethylene roofed greenhouse complex located adjacent to the Homer City units. After the water passes through this greenhouse complex, it is returned to the basin of the cooling towers for reuse.
Other support facilities located on the site include an ash disposal area, a coal refuse disposal area, coal receiving and storage facilities and water treatment and pumping facilities.
Insurance
EME Homer City maintains insurance coverage consistent with that normally carried by companies engaged in similar businesses and owning similar properties. The insurance program includes all-risk real and personal property insurance, including coverage for losses from boiler and machinery breakdowns, and the perils of earthquake and flood, subject to certain sublimits. The property
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insurance program currently covers losses up to $950 million. Under the terms of the participation agreements entered into on December 7, 2001 as part of the sale-leaseback transaction, EME Homer City is required to maintain specified minimum insurance coverages if and to the extent that such insurance is available on a commercially reasonable basis. Although the insurance covering the Homer City facilities is comparable to insurance coverages normally carried by companies engaged in similar businesses, and owning similar properties, the insurance coverages that are in place do not meet the minimum insurance coverages required under the participation agreements. Due to the current market environment, the minimum insurance coverage is not commercially available at reasonable prices. EME Homer City has obtained a waiver under the participation agreements which permits it to maintain its current insurance coverage through June 1, 2004.
EME Homer City also carries general liability insurance covering liabilities to third parties for bodily injury or property damage resulting from operations, automobile liability insurance and excess liability insurance. Limits and deductibles in respect of these insurance policies are comparable to those carried by other electric generating facilities of similar size.
Seasonality
Due to higher electric demand resulting from warmer weather during the summer months, electric revenues are generally substantially higher during the third quarter of each year.
Competition
Federal
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 laid the groundwork for a competitive wholesale market for electricity. Among other things, the Energy Policy Act expanded the FERC's authority to order electric utilities to transmit third-party electricity over their transmission lines, thus allowing qualifying facilities under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, power marketers and those qualifying as exempt wholesale generators under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 to more effectively compete in the wholesale market. In an order dated March 12, 1999, the FERC determined that, based on the facts stated in EME Homer City's application, EME Homer City is an exempt wholesale generator.
In 1996, the FERC issued Order No. 888, also known as the Open Access Rules, which require utilities to offer eligible wholesale transmission customers non-discriminatory open access on utility transmission lines on a comparable basis to the utilities' own use of the lines. In addition, the Open Access Rules directed jurisdictional public utilities that control a substantial portion of the nation's electric transmission networks to file uniform, non-discriminatory open access tariffs containing the terms and conditions under which they would provide such open access transmission service. The FERC subsequently issued Order Nos. 888-A, 888-B and 888-C to clarify the terms that jurisdictional transmitting utilities are required to include in their open access transmission tariffs. The FERC also issued Order No. 889, which required those transmitting utilities to abide by specified standards of conduct when using their own transmission systems to make wholesale sales of power, and to post specified transmission information, including information about transmission requests and availability, on a publicly available computer bulletin board.
In December 1999, the FERC issued Order No. 2000, which required all transmission-owning utilities to file by December 15, 2000, a statement of their plans with respect to placing operating control over their transmission assets under a Regional Transmission Organization, or RTO, meeting certain criteria set forth in the Order. Although Order No. 2000 did not mandate that a utility join an RTO, it set forth various incentives for voluntarily joining and required utilities to explain in detail their reasons for deviating from the objectives set forth in the Order. RTOs meeting the FERC's criteria in Order No. 2000 were required to be operationally independent of the transmission-owning
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utilities whose assets they controlled and to possess other essential attributes, such as regional scope and configuration, the authority to receive and rule upon requests for service, a separate tariff governing all transactions of the RTO, a market monitoring capability, and other features.
In subsequent orders, the FERC has progressively tightened its policies in favor of RTO formation, including an explicit proposal that approvals of market-based rate authority for affiliates of utilities owning transmission should be tied to the utilities' placing functional control over their transmission assets in an RTO meeting the criteria of Order No. 2000. On January 15, 2003, the FERC proposed to allow additional percentage points on a utility's return on equity in its transmission rates when it participates in an RTO, divests its RTO-operated transmission assets, or pursues additional measures that promote efficient operation and expansion of the transmission grid. As outlined below, the FERC has also proposed to establish a standard market design that would govern transmission service and energy trading arrangements in all regions of the country.
On July 31, 2002, the FERC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking having the stated purpose of remedying the remaining opportunities for undue discrimination in transmission and establishing a standardized transmission service and wholesale market design, or SMD, that would provide a "level playing field" for all entities that seek to participate in wholesale electric markets. The SMD proposal includes a number of features that, taken together, should provide a flexible transmission service and an open and transparent spot market design that convey the right pricing signals for investment in transmission and generation facilities, and for other purposes. Comments on certain features of the SMD proposal were filed by interested parties in October 2002 and during the first quarter of 2003. The SMD proposal has also engendered considerable comment, and in some cases opposition, including in the U.S. Congress, and the anticipated timetable for issuance of a final rule is now unclear.
In April 2003, the FERC attempted to address some of more controversial aspects of its SMD proposal in a "White Paper," which set forth the elements of its SMD proposal that it regarded as the most fundamental features of a sound wholesale market "platform" and modified its proposal as to other aspects that it regarded as subject to regional variation. Currently, the SMD policies are being implemented in different degrees and on different schedules in various parts of the country, and are the subject of active consideration and focus by stakeholders in wholesale markets in the Midwest. These and other regulatory initiatives by the FERC are ongoing, and it is not possible to predict the extent of future developments or how they might affect the wholesale power business.
Over the past few years, the U.S. Congress has considered various legislative proposals to restructure the electric industry that would require, among other things, retail customer choice, repeal of the Public Utility Holding Company Act, or PUHCA, and prospective, partial repeal of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act. There are also a number of other proposals that have been introduced in Congress that incorporate provisions related to restructuring electricity markets. Different versions of such legislation passed both houses of Congress late in the last session and included provisions related to repeal of the Public Utility Holding Company Act, providing the FERC with new authority related to imposing reliability standards but restricting the FERC's ability to mandate adoption of a standard wholesale market design. A joint Conference Committee produced a report that was acceptable to the House, but was unable to obtain sufficient votes in the Senate to limit extended debate by opponents of the conference report seeking to delay final adoption of the bill (known as a filibuster). It is unclear at this time whether the Senate will be able to muster sufficient votes in the current session to overcome a filibuster and obtain the needed waivers from budgetary rules and pass the Conference report. While there are some pending efforts to enact portions of the comprehensive energy bill on an individual basis, the Congressional leadership and administration have thus far opposed such efforts and the likelihood of success is uncertain.
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State
In response to pressure from retail electric customers, particularly large industrial users, the state commissions or state legislatures of many states have considered whether to open the retail electric power market to competition. Retail competition is possible when a customer's local utility agrees, or is required, to unbundle its distribution service (for example, the delivery of electric power through its local distribution lines) from its transmission and generation service (for example, the provision of electric power from the utility's generating facilities or wholesale power purchases). Several state commissions and legislatures have issued orders or passed legislation requiring utilities to offer unbundled retail distribution service, which is called retail wheeling. Volatility in California and other regional power markets has resulted in several states slowing, and in some cases reversing or reassessing their plans to allow retail competition. Retail competition commenced in New York in 1998. Retail competition in Pennsylvania commenced on January 1, 1999. While some states have delayed or revised their retail access programs in response to recent market volatility, neither New York nor Pennsylvania has indicated any intention to take such action.
Regulatory Matters
General
Federal laws and regulations govern, among other things, transactions by and with purchasers of power, including utility companies, the operations of a power plant and the ownership of a power plant. Under limited circumstances where exclusive federal jurisdiction is not applicable or specific exemptions or waivers from state or federal laws or regulations are otherwise unavailable, federal and/or state utility regulatory commissions may have broad jurisdiction over non-utility owned electric power plants. Energy-producing projects are also subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations that govern the geographical location, zoning land use and operation of a project. Federal, state and local environmental requirements generally require that a wide variety of permits and other approvals be obtained before the commencement of construction or operation of an energy-producing facility and that the facility then operate in compliance with these permits and approvals.
EME Homer City is subject to a varied and complex body of laws and regulations that are in a state of flux. Intricate and changing environmental and other regulatory requirements could necessitate substantial expenditures and could create a significant risk of expensive delays or significant loss of value in a power plant if Homer City were to become unable to function as planned due to changing requirements or local opposition.
U.S. Federal Energy Regulation
Introduction
The FERC has ratemaking jurisdiction and other authority with respect to interstate wholesale sales and transmission of electric energy under the Federal Power Act and with respect to certain interstate sales, transportation and storage of natural gas under the Natural Gas Act of 1938. The Securities and Exchange Commission has regulatory powers with respect to upstream owners of electric and natural gas utilities under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935. The enactment of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 and the adoption of regulations thereunder by the FERC provided incentives for the development of cogeneration facilities and small power production facilities using alternative or renewable fuels by establishing certain exemptions from the Federal Power Act and the Public Utility Holding Company Act for the owners of qualifying facilities. The passage of the Energy Policy Act in 1992 further encouraged independent power production by providing additional exemptions from the Public Utility Holding Company Act for exempt wholesale generators, or EWGs. An "exempt wholesale generator" under the Public Utility Holding Company Act is an entity determined by the FERC to be exclusively engaged, directly or indirectly, in the business of owning and/or
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operating specified eligible facilities and selling electric energy at wholesale or, if located in a foreign country, at wholesale or retail.
The Federal Power Act
The Federal Power Act grants the FERC exclusive jurisdiction over the rates, terms and conditions of wholesale sales of electricity and transmission services in interstate commerce, including ongoing, as well as initial, rate jurisdiction. This jurisdiction allows the FERC to revoke or modify previously approved rates after notice and opportunity for hearing. These rates may be based on a cost-of-service approach or, in geographic and product markets determined by the FERC to be workably competitive, may be market based. EWGs and other non-qualifying facility independent power projects are subject to the Federal Power Act and to the FERC's ratemaking jurisdiction thereunder, but the FERC typically grants EWGs the authority to charge market-based rates to purchasers which are not affiliated electric utility companies as long as the absence of market power is shown. The FERC is currently in the process of reviewing the criteria through which it makes its market power determinations, but the outcome of this process is unlikely to affect the ability of EME Homer City to continue making sales at market-based rates. In addition, the Federal Power Act grants the FERC jurisdiction over the sale or transfer of jurisdictional facilities, including wholesale power sales contracts, and in some cases jurisdiction over the issuance of securities or the assumption of specified liabilities and some interlocking directorates. In granting authority to make sales at market-based rates, the FERC typically also grants blanket approval for the issuance of securities and partial waiver of the restrictions on interlocking directorates. The FERC has indicated its intention to review some of the waivers of financial reporting rules currently granted to some entities with market rate authority.
EME Homer City is subject to the FERC ratemaking regulation under the Federal Power Act. In addition, the FERC's order, as is customary with market-based rate schedules, reserved the right to revoke EME Homer City's market-based rate authority on a prospective basis if it is subsequently determined that EME Homer City or any of its affiliates possess excessive market power. If the FERC were to revoke EME Homer City's market-based rate authority, it would be necessary for EME Homer City to file, and obtain the FERC's acceptance of, EME Homer City's rate schedule as a cost-of-service rate schedule. In addition, the loss of market-based rate authority would subject EME Homer City to the accounting, record keeping and reporting requirements that are imposed on utilities with cost-based rate schedules.
The Public Utility Holding Company Act
Unless exempt or found not to be a holding company by the Securities and Exchange Commission, a company that falls within the definition of a holding company must register with the Securities and Exchange Commission and become subject to Securities and Exchange Commission regulation as a registered holding company under the Public Utility Holding Company Act. "Holding company" is defined in Section 2(a)(7) of the Public Utility Holding Company Act to include, among other things, any company that owns 10% or more of the voting securities of an electric utility company. "Electric utility company" is defined in Section 2(a)(3) of the Public Utility Holding Company Act to include any company that owns or operates facilities used for generation, transmission or distribution of electric energy for sale. EWGs and foreign utility companies are not deemed to be electric utility companies, and ownership or operation of qualifying facilities does not cause a company to become an electric utility company. Securities and Exchange Commission precedent also indicates that it does not consider "paper facilities," such as contracts and tariffs used to make power sales, to be facilities used for the generation, transmission or distribution of electric energy for sale, and power marketing activities will not, therefore, result in an entity's being deemed to be an electric utility company.
A registered holding company is required to limit its utility operations to a single integrated utility system and to divest any other operations not functionally related to the operation of that utility
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system. In addition, a registered holding company will require Securities and Exchange Commission approval for the issuance of securities, other major financial or business transactions, such as mergers, and transactions between and among the holding company and holding company subsidiaries.
Edison International, EME Homer City's ultimate parent company, is a holding company because it owns Southern California Edison Company, an electric utility company. However, Edison International is exempt from registration pursuant to Section 3(a)(1) of the Public Utility Holding Company Act because the public utility operations of the holding company system are predominantly intrastate in character. Consequently, EME Homer City is not a subsidiary of a registered holding company so long as Edison International continues to be exempt from registration pursuant to Section 3(a)(1) or another of the exemptions enumerated in Section 3(a). EME Homer City is not a holding company under the Public Utility Holding Company Act because it does not own interests in any other company.
Under the Energy Policy Act, a company engaged exclusively in the business of owning and/or operating a facility used for the generation of electric energy exclusively for sale at wholesale may be exempted from regulation under the Public Utility Holding Company Act as an EWG. On March 12, 1999, the General Counsel of the FERC issued a letter determining that, based on the facts stated in EME Homer City's application for EWG status, EME Homer City is an EWG.
If a "material change" occurs in facts that might affect EME Homer City's continued eligibility for EWG status, EME Homer City must, within 60 days of this material change:
If EME Homer City were to lose its EWG status, it would become an electric utility company under the Public Utility Holding Company Act. This could cause EME to become a holding company subject to registration and regulation under the Public Utility Holding Company Act. It also could cause Edison International to lose its exemption from regulation, and require it to register, under the Public Utility Holding Company Act. This additional regulation would be difficult to comply with and could require EME and Edison International to restructure their operations significantly to achieve compliance. Loss of EWG status also could trigger defaults under the covenants in EME Homer City's agreements. If loss of EWG status by EME Homer City were to subject EME and/or Edison International to registration and regulation under the Public Utility Holding Company Act on a retroactive basis, it could subject them to penalties or other burdens and could cause certain agreements and contracts they have entered into to become voidable.
State Energy Regulation
Overview
State public utility commissions have broad jurisdiction over non-qualifying facility independent power projects, including EWGs, which are considered public utilities in many states. This jurisdiction can include the issuance of certificates of public convenience and necessity and/or other certifications to construct, own and operate a facility, engage in retail energy sales, as well as the regulation of organizational, accounting, financial and other corporate matters on an ongoing basis.
Some states that have restructured their electric industries require generators to register to provide electric service to customers. Many states are currently undergoing significant changes in their electric statutory and regulatory frameworks that result from restructuring the electric industries that may affect generators in those states. Although the FERC generally has exclusive jurisdiction over the rates charged by a non-qualifying facility independent power project to its wholesale customers, a state's
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public utility commission has the ability, in practice, to influence the establishment of these rates by asserting jurisdiction over a purchasing utility's ability to pass the resulting cost of purchased power through to its retail customers. In addition, states may assert jurisdiction over the siting and construction of independent power projects and, among other things, the issuance of securities, related party transactions and the sale or other transfer of assets by these facilities. The actual scope of jurisdiction over independent power projects by state public utility commissions varies from state to state.
Although state public utility commissions do not have any jurisdiction to modify the terms of wholesale power sales, EME Homer City cannot provide assurance that its power sales contracts will not be subject to adverse consequences as a result of regulatory actions by a state commission, even though it sells power exclusively at wholesale.
Pennsylvania
Under the Pennsylvania Public Utility Law, the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission regulates all "public utilities" operating in Pennsylvania. A "public utility" under this law includes any entity that owns or operates equipment or facilities for the production, generation, transmission or distribution of gas, electricity or steam for the production of light, heat or power to the public for consumption. The Pennsylvania Public Utility Law does not specifically address the utility status of entities selling electricity at wholesale within Pennsylvania. Because EME Homer City sells electricity exclusively in the wholesale market and does not hold itself out to the public generally as a supplier of utility service, EME Homer City is not likely to be regulated as a public utility under the Pennsylvania Public Utility Law. If, however, EME Homer City were deemed to be a Pennsylvania public utility, the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission could retroactively apply several provisions of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Law to EME Homer City. One of those provisions requires every public utility to obtain a certificate of public convenience and necessity from the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission prior to rendering service as a public utility. If the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission were to require EME Homer City to obtain a certificate of public convenience and necessity, EME Homer City might be required to discontinue operation of its units pending application for, and receipt of, this certificate. Another provision requires every public utility to obtain Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission approval before it issues or guarantees securities. If EME Homer City were found to be a public utility, its failure to have obtained this approval could call into question the validity of its obligations under the documents entered into in connection with the sale-leaseback. In addition, EME Homer City would then be subject to other laws and regulations applicable to Pennsylvania public utilities, except for rate regulation. EME Homer City's rates would remain subject to the jurisdiction of the FERC.
New York
Under the New York Public Service Law, the New York Public Service Commission regulates all public utility companies or utility companies operating in New York. A public utility company or utility company under the New York Public Service Law includes, among other things, any entity engaged in the production, transmission or distribution of electricity to the public for light, heat or power purposes. EME Homer City, as an EWG, does not provide electricity directly to the public, but instead sells only to power marketers and energy service companies. Although the New York Public Service Law is silent with respect to the utility status of electric corporations selling electricity wholesale within New York, EME Homer City will not likely be subject to regulation as a New York public utility. If, however, EME Homer City were deemed to be a public utility under the New York Public Service Law, the New York Public Service Commission could retroactively apply specified provisions of the statute to EME Homer City. In addition, EME Homer City would then be subject to other laws and regulations applicable to New York public utility companies, except for rate regulation. EME Homer City's rates would remain subject to the jurisdiction of the FERC.
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Transmission of Wholesale Power
EME Homer City utilizes power lines owned by others for the transmission of electricity. The prices and other terms and conditions of transmission contracts are regulated by the FERC when the entity providing the transmission service is a jurisdictional public utility under the Federal Power Act, Order No. 2000, and subsequent orders. The FERC has issued a proposal, referred to as SMD, which is intended to provide a "level playing field" for all entities that seek to participate in wholesale electric markets, which has engendered considerable comment. See "CompetitionFederal," above, for more details on these matters.
Environmental Matters
EME Homer City is subject to environmental regulation by federal, state and local authorities in the United States. EME Homer City believes that it is in substantial compliance with environmental regulatory requirements and that maintaining compliance with current requirements will not materially affect its financial position or results of operation. However, possible future developments, such as the promulgation of more stringent environmental laws and regulations, future proceedings that may be taken by environmental authorities, and settlements agreed to by other companies could affect the costs and the manner in which EME Homer City conducts its business and could cause EME Homer City to make substantial additional capital expenditures. There is no assurance that EME Homer City would be able to recover these increased costs from its customers or that its financial position and results of operations would not be materially adversely affected.
Typically, environmental laws and regulations require a lengthy and complex process for obtaining licenses, permits and approvals prior to construction, operation or modification of a project. Meeting all the necessary requirements can delay or sometimes prevent the completion of a proposed project as well as require extensive modifications to existing projects, which may involve significant capital expenditures. As a result of the sale-leaseback transaction, a number of permits that EME Homer City held have been transferred to the owner lessors. Other permits have been modified so that they are held jointly with the owner lessors. EME Homer City has no reason to believe that these transfers and modifications will negatively affect its business or results of operations.
For more information on environmental regulation and related environmental matters, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsEnvironmental Matters and Regulations."
Employees
At December 31, 2003, EME Homer City employed 259 employees, approximately 195 of whom are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. In May 2003, EME Homer City reached agreement with the union that represents approximately 75% of its employees on a new collective bargaining agreement covering wages, benefits and working conditions. The new agreement runs from May 14, 2003 to December 31, 2006. EME Homer City believes that its staffing levels are comparable with benchmark standards for facilities of a similar size and type. The majority of the technical staff at EME Homer City's facilities was retained after completing the acquisition, thus providing EME Homer City with a knowledgeable and experienced base of employees.
EME Homer City owns a fee interest in the 2,413-acre site on which its generating units and the other facilities are located, as well as another approximately 1600 acres associated with the Two Lick Dam area. The site is approximately 45 miles northeast of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in Indiana County. As a result of the sale-leaseback transaction on December 7, 2001, EME Homer City leased the property on which the generating units are located to the owner lessors through site leases and each
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owner lessor in turn subleased its undivided ground interest in the property back to EME Homer City through site subleases. The term of the site leases is 45 years from the date of the sale-leaseback, with specified renewal options. The term of the site subleases is 33.67 years, the term of the sale-leaseback financing, and is renewable upon renewal of the EME Homer City facility leases. As long as the facility leases and the site subleases are in effect, the rents payable under the site leases and under the site subleases will be automatically offset against each other so that no amounts will be payable by EME Homer City or the owner lessors with respect to these agreements. EME Homer City also leases portions of the site to other third parties. Those leases are described below.
EME Homer City leases the surface of an approximately 14-acre parcel to Tanoma Energy, Inc. upon which the coal blending facility is located. In lieu of rental payments, Tanoma blends coal purchased by EME Homer City with coal mined by Tanoma and provides the blended product at a reduced price. EME Homer City also leases an office building located on the site to Tanoma, which Tanoma uses for administrative activities associated with the coal blending facility. Each of the Tanoma leases expires no later than June 30, 2009.
EME Homer City has granted Mountain V Oil & Gas Inc. the right to operate and produce gas from existing wells located on the site, provided that gas is found in paying quantities. EME Homer City receives 16% of the market value of the gas at the wellhead as royalties and also has the right to receive 250,000 cubic feet of gas at no charge from each well per annum. Mountain V currently purchases gas from EME Homer City at the market value at the wellhead.
EME Homer City is negotiating an agreement with Robindale Energy Services, Inc. pursuant to which Robindale will have the right to reclaim fine coal refuse generated by EME Homer City and to access certain coal refuse piles located on the site. Robindale will pay EME Homer City a fee per ton of coal waste material removed from the site. In connection with Robindale's activities at the site, Robindale must obtain all required permits from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.
No material legal proceedings are presently pending against EME Homer City.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
Not applicable.
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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
All the partners' equity is, as of the date hereof, owned by Mission Energy Westside Inc. and Chestnut Ridge Energy Company. There is no market for EME Homer City's partnership interests.
Dividends will be paid when declared by EME Homer City's general partner. EME Homer City paid cash dividends to its partners totaling $0 in 2003 and 2002 and $138 million in 2001.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table includes a summary of EME Homer City's financial data for periods indicated. On March 18, 1999, EME Homer City acquired the facilities for a purchase price of approximately $1.8 billion. Accordingly, the 1999 selected financial data relates to the activities from March 18, 1999 through December 31, 1999. The selected financial data was derived from EME Homer City's audited financial statements and is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information and financial statements, including notes to these financial statements, included in this report.
| |
Years Ended December 31, |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
2003 |
2002 |
2001(1) |
2000 |
1999 |
|||||||||||
| |
(in thousands) |
|||||||||||||||
| INCOME STATEMENT DATA | ||||||||||||||||
Operating revenues |
$ |
531,103 |
$ |
387,490 |
$ |
494,008 |
$ |
421,369 |
$ |
325,752 |
||||||
| Operating expenses | 342,949 | 300,894 | 304,443 | 288,547 | 218,688 | |||||||||||
| Operating income | 188,154 | 86,596 | 189,565 | 132,822 | 107,064 | |||||||||||
| Interest and other income (loss) | 1,437 | 2,356 | (412 | ) | 2,269 | 1,040 | ||||||||||
| Gain (loss) on early extinguishment of debt | | | 10,094 | | (4,947 | ) | ||||||||||
| Interest expense | (156,893 | ) | (169,560 | ) | (139,038 | ) | (138,654 | ) | (103,814 | ) | ||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | 32,698 | (80,608 | ) | 60,209 | (3,563 | ) | (657 | ) | ||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 18,451 | (34,912 | ) | 26,240 | (391 | ) | 157 | |||||||||
| Income (loss) before accounting change | 14,247 | (45,696 | ) | 33,969 | (3,172 | ) | (814 | ) | ||||||||
| Cumulative effect of change in accounting, net of tax | (958 | ) | | | | | ||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 13,289 | $ | (45,696 | ) | $ | 33,969 | $ | (3,172 | ) | $ | (814 | ) | |||
| |
As of December 31, |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
2003 |
2002 |
2001 |
2000 |
1999 |
||||||||||
| |
(in thousands) |
||||||||||||||
| BALANCE SHEET DATA | |||||||||||||||
Assets |
$ |
2,186,287 |
$ |
2,248,461 |
$ |
2,336,648 |
$ |
2,156,559 |
$ |
2,021,858 |
|||||
| Current liabilities | 202,305 | 203,117 | 114,074 | 81,811 | 74,701 | ||||||||||
| Long-term debt to affiliates | 498,104 | 554,299 | 605,591 | 1,801,167 | 1,700,819 | ||||||||||
| Lease financing | 1,397,361 | 1,426,961 | 1,498,697 | | | ||||||||||
| Other long-term obligations | 33,928 | 19,258 | 25,502 | 76,766 | 46,351 | ||||||||||
| Partners' equity | 54,589 | 44,826 | 92,784 | 196,815 | 199,987 | ||||||||||
Years Ended December 31, |
||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
2003 |
2002 |
2001 |
2000 |
1999 |
|||||||||||
| |
(in thousands) |
|||||||||||||||
| CASH FLOW DATA | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 111,807 | $ | 94,045 | $ | (17,211 | ) | $ | 17,000 | $ | 84,597 | |||||
| Cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (83,820 | ) | (99,543 | ) | (531,735 | ) | 99,242 | 1,883,473 | ||||||||
| Cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 4,814 | 26,171 | 568,331 | (141,580 | ) | (1,923,616 | ) | |||||||||
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion contains forward-looking statements. These statements are based on EME Homer City Generation L.P.'s (EME Homer City's) knowledge of present facts, current expectations about future events and assumptions about future developments. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance; they are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual future activities and results of operations to be materially different from those set forth in this discussion. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ include risks set forth in "Market Risk Exposures" and "Risks Related to the Business."
MANAGEMENT'S OVERVIEW, RISKS RELATED TO THE BUSINESS AND CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Management's Overview
Introduction
EME Homer City was formed for the purpose of acquiring, owning and operating three coal-fired electric generating units and related facilities located near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with an aggregate capacity of 1,884MW for the purpose of producing electric energy. In December 2001, EME Homer City completed a sale-leaseback of the Homer City facilities to third-party lessors which is accounted for as a lease financing for financial reporting purposes. For more information on the sale-leaseback transaction, see "Notes to Financial StatementsNote 4. Sale-Leaseback Transaction."
EME Homer City derives revenue from the sale of energy, capacity and ancillary services into the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Power Pool, or PJM, and the New York Independent System Operator, or NYISO, and from bilateral contracts with power marketers and load serving entities within PJM and NYISO. EME Homer City has entered into a contract with a marketing affiliate for the sale of energy, capacity and ancillary services from the Homer City facilities, which enables this marketing affiliate to engage in forward sales and hedging transactions to manage electricity price exposure.
Industry Developments
Beginning in 2001, a number of significant developments adversely affected independent power producers and subsidiaries of major integrated energy companies that sell a sizable portion of their generation into the wholesale power market (sometimes referred to as merchant generators). These developments included lower prices and greater volatility in wholesale power markets in the United States, significant declines in the credit ratings of most major market participants, decreased availability of debt financing or refinancing, and a resulting decline of liquidity in the energy markets due to growing concern about the ability of counterparties to meet their obligations. These conditions adversely affected market participants, particularly in regions with excess generation capacity. During 2003, several merchant generators, including Mirant Corporation, NRG Energy Inc. and PG&E National Energy Group Inc. filed for Chapter 11 protection under the United States Bankruptcy Code.
A significant factor affecting merchant generators in 2003 was the substantial increase in the price of natural gas, especially when compared to the less volatile cost of other fuels such as coal. For the year 2003, natural gas prices at Henry Hub (a major natural gas trading hub) averaged $5.48 per million British Thermal Units, commonly referred to as MMBtu, compared to $3.37 per MMBtu for 2002. Based upon data from NYMEX as of December 26, 2003, the calendar year 2004 forward natural gas price at Henry Hub was $5.45 per MMBtu. Increases in natural gas prices during 2003 resulted in higher wholesale electricity prices (since natural gas is the primary fuel for many generation plants). The increase in natural gas prices was a positive factor for low-cost merchant coal facilities in markets
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dominated by gas-fired plants and somewhat positive for coal facilities in those markets more dependent on low-cost coal and nuclear facilities. See "EME Homer City's Overview of Operating Performance" below.
EME Homer City Overview of Performance
EME Homer City's 2003 net income increased to $13.3 million from a loss of $45.7 million in 2002. 2003 was affected by two significant items:
In order to make a distribution, EME Homer City must be in compliance with the covenants specified in the lease agreements, including a senior rent service coverage ratio for the prior twelve-month period (taken as a whole) which must be greater than 1.7 to 1. The senior rent service coverage ratio is defined as all income and receipts of EME Homer City less amounts paid for operating expenses, required capital expenditures, taxes and financing fees divided by the aggregate amount of the debt portion of the rent, plus fees, expenses and indemnities due and payable with respect to the lessor's debt service reserve letter of credit. During the 12 months ended December 31, 2003, the senior rent service coverage ratio was 4.68 to 1.
Risks Related to the Business
EME Homer City's ability to make payments of lease rent under the facility leases is dependent on the market conditions for the sale of capacity and energy.
EME Homer City's ability to make payments of lease rent on the facility leases is dependent on revenues generated by the facilities, which depend on their performance level and on market conditions for the sale of capacity and energy.
The Homer City facilities derive revenue from the sale of energy and capacity into PJM and NYISO and from bilateral contracts with power marketers and load serving entities within PJM, NYISO and the surrounding markets. Participants in PJM and NYISO are not guaranteed any specified rate of return on their capital investments through recovery of mandated rates payable by purchasers of electricity. Therefore, with the exception of nominal revenue, EME Homer City's revenues and results of operations are dependent upon prevailing market prices for energy, capacity and ancillary services in the PJM, NYISO and other competitive markets.
Among the factors that influence future market prices for energy, capacity and ancillary services in PJM and NYISO are:
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There is no assurance that EME Homer City will be successful in selling power into its markets or that the prices received for such power will generate positive cash flow. If EME Homer City is not successful, it may not be able to generate enough cash to service its own debt. See "Market Risk ExposuresCommodity Price Risk."
General operating risks may decrease or eliminate the revenues generated by the facilities or increase operating costs.
The operation of power generation facilities involves many operating risks, including:
There is no assurance that the occurrence of one or more of the events listed above would not significantly decrease or eliminate revenues generated by EME Homer City's facilities or significantly increase the costs of operating them. Equipment and plant warranties and insurance may not be adequate to cover lost revenues or increased expenses. A decrease or elimination in revenues generated by the facilities or an increase in the costs of operating them could decrease or eliminate funds available to make lease rent payments and could have a material adverse effect on EME Homer City.
EME's credit rating is below investment grade, which may adversely affect its ability to provide credit support for sales from the facilities.
EME, directly and through a subsidiary, provides credit support to its subsidiaries, including Edison Mission Marketing & Trading, which markets all of the power from the Homer City facilities. The credit support is in the form of cash, letters of credit and parent company guarantees for the benefit of Edison Mission Marketing & Trading's counterparties. Without an investment grade rating, EME's ability to provide credit support to its subsidiaries is limited. If EME were unable to provide adequate credit support, this would reduce the number of counterparties willing to enter into bilateral contracts with Edison Mission Marketing & Trading, thus requiring it to rely on short-term markets instead of bilateral contracts. Furthermore, if forward prices for power increase significantly, EME may not be able to meet the margining requirements. Failure to meet a margining requirement will permit the counterparty to terminate the related bilateral contract early and demand immediate payment for the replacement value of the contract. See "Credit Ratings."
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EME Homer City is subject to extensive government regulation.
EME Homer City's business is subject to extensive energy and environmental regulation by federal, state and local authorities. EME Homer City is required to comply with numerous laws and regulations and to obtain numerous governmental permits in the operation or