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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE
ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______ to _______
Commission File Number: 0-22175
EMCORE CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
NEW JERSEY 22-2746503
(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) Identification No.)
394 ELIZABETH AVENUE, SOMERSET, NJ 08873
(Address of principal executive offices) (zip code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (732) 271-9090
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: NONE
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: COMMON STOCK,
NO PAR VALUE
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required
to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during
the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was
required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing
requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405
of Regulation S-K is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best
of the registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements
incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this
Form 10-K. [ ]
The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the
registrant as of December 1, 1999 was approximately $205,186,625 (based on the
closing sale price of $23 15/16 per share).
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's no par value common stock
as of December 1, 1999 was 13,565,769.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for the 2000 Annual
Meeting of Shareholders (to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
on or before January 28, 2000) are incorporated by reference in Part III of this
Form 10-K.
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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT IDENTIFYING IMPORTANT FACTORS
THAT COULD CAUSE EMCORE'S ACTUAL RESULTS TO DIFFER
FROM THOSE PROJECTED IN FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS:
In connection with the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act of 1995, you are advised that this report contains both
statements of historical facts and forward looking statements.
This report includes forward-looking statements that reflect current
expectations or beliefs of EMCORE Corporation concerning future results and
events. The words "expects," "intends," "believes," "anticipates," "likely,"
"will", and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. These
forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that
could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those
anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a
difference include, but are not limited to, delays in developing and
commercializing new products; cancellations, rescheduling or delays in product
shipments; delays in obtaining export licenses for product shipments; the
uncertainty of additional funding; continued acceptance of our MOCVD
technologies; operations and performance of our joint ventures; our ability to
achieve and implement the planned enhancements of products and services on a
timely and cost effective basis and customer acceptance of those product
introductions; product obsolescence due to advances in technology and shifts in
market demand; competition and resulting price pressures; labor actions against
EMCORE's customers or vendors; difficulties in obtaining licenses on
commercially reasonable terms necessary to manufacture and sell certain of our
products; economic and stock market conditions, particularly in the U.S., Europe
and Asia, and their impact on sales of our products and services; and such other
risk factors as may have been or may be included from time to time in EMCORE's
reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
COMPANY OVERVIEW
EMCORE Corporation designs, develops and manufactures compound
semiconductor materials and is a leading developer and manufacturer of the tools
and manufacturing processes used to fabricate compound semiconductor wafers and
devices. EMCORE's products and technology enable its customers, both in the
United States and internationally, to manufacture commercial volumes of
high-performance electronic devices using compound semiconductors. EMCORE has
recently established a number of strategic relationships through joint ventures,
long-term supply agreements and an acquisition in order to facilitate the
development and manufacture of new products in targeted growth markets. EMCORE's
products are used for a wide variety of applications in the communications
(satellite, data, telecommunications and wireless), consumer and automotive
electronics, computers and peripherals and lighting markets. Our customers
include Agilent Technologies Ltd., AMP, Inc., Hewlett Packard Co., General
Motors Corp., Hughes-Spectrolab, Lucent Technologies, Inc., Motorola, Inc.,
Siemens AG's Osram GmbH subsidiary and 12 of the largest electronics
manufacturers in Japan.
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Recent advances in information technologies have created a growing need
for efficient, high-performance electronic systems that operate at very high
frequencies, have increased storage capacity and computational and display
capabilities, and can be produced cost-effectively in commercial volumes. In the
past, electronic systems manufacturers have relied on advances in silicon
semiconductor technology to meet many of these demands. However, the newest
generation of high-performance electronic and optoelectronic applications
require certain functions that are generally not achievable using silicon-based
components.
Compound semiconductors have emerged as an enabling technology to meet
the complex requirements of today's advanced information systems. Many compound
semiconductor materials have unique physical properties that allow electrons to
move at least four times faster than through silicon-based devices. Advantages
of compound semiconductor devices over silicon devices include:
o operation at higher speeds;
o lower power consumption;
o less noise and distortion; and
o optoelectronic properties that enable these devices to emit and
detect light.
Compound semiconductor devices can be used to perform individual
functions as discrete devices, such as solar cells, HB LEDs, VCSELs, MR sensors
and RF materials. Compound semiconductor devices can also be combined into
integrated circuits, such as transmitters, receivers and alphanumeric displays.
Although compound semiconductors are more expensive to manufacture than
silicon-based devices, electronics manufacturers are increasingly integrating
compound semiconductor devices into their products in order to achieve higher
performance in applications targeted for a wide variety of markets. These
include satellite communications, data communications, telecommunications,
wireless communications, consumer and automotive electronics, computers and
peripherals, and lighting.
The following factors have resulted in an increased demand for compound
semiconductor products and systems that enable electronic systems manufacturers
to reach the market faster with large volumes of high-performance products and
applications:
o rapid build-out of satellite communications systems;
o widespread deployment of fiber optic networks and the increasing use
of optical systems within these networks;
o launch of new wireless services and wireless high speed data systems;
o increasing use of infrared emitters and optical detectors in computer
systems;
o emergence of advanced consumer electronics applications, such as DVDs
and flat panel displays;
o increasing use of high-performance electronic devices in automobiles;
and
o the anticipated conversion to HB LEDs from incandescent, halogen and
compact fluorescent lighting.
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The following chart summarizes the principal markets, examples of
applications for compound semiconductor devices, products incorporating these
devices and certain benefits and characteristics of these devices.
MARKET REPRESENTATIVE APPLICATIONS PRODUCTS BENEFITS/CHARACTERISTICS
------ --------------------------- -------- ------------------------
Satellite Power modules for satellites Solar cells Radiation tolerance
communications Satellite to ground RF materials Conversion of more light
communication to power than silicon
Reduced launch costs
Increased bandwidth
Data communications High-speed fiber optic VCSEL Increased network capacity
networks and optical links components Increased data transmission
(including Gigabit Ethernet, and arrays speeds
asynchronous transfer mode, HB LEDs Increased bandwidth
or ATM, and FibreChannel Lasers
Networks) RF materials
Telecommunications High capacity fiber optic trunk VCSEL Increased data transmission
lines components speeds
and arrays Increased bandwidth
Lasers
RF materials
Wireless Cellular telephones HB LEDs Improved display visibility
communication Pagers RF materials Improved signal to noise
PCS handsets performance
Direct broadcast systems Lower power consumption
Increased network capacity
Reduced network congestion
Extended battery life
Consumer electronics DVDs HB LEDs Improved display visibility
Radios VCSEL High-speed data transmission
Telephones components Low power requirements
Calculators and arrays
CD-Roms Integrated circuits
Lasers
Automotive electronics Engine sensors MR sensors Reduced weight
Dashboard displays HB LEDs Lower power consumption
Indicator lights Lower emissions
Antilock brake systems
Computers and Local area networks VCSEL Increased data transmission speeds
peripherals Chip-to-chip and board-to-board components Increased bandwidth
optical links and arrays
Transceivers
Lighting Flat panel displays HB LEDs Lower power consumption
Solid state lighting Miniature lamps Longer life
Outdoor signage and display
Digital readout signals
COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Compound semiconductors are composed of two or more elements and usually
consist of a metal such as gallium, aluminum or indium and a non-metal such as
arsenic, phosphorous or nitrogen. The resulting compounds include gallium
arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride, indium antimonide and indium
aluminum phosphide. The performance characteristics of compound semiconductors
are dependent on the composition of these compounds. Many of the unique
properties of compound semiconductor devices are achieved by the layering of
different compound semiconductor materials in the same device. This layered
structure creates an optimal configuration to permit the emission or detection
of light and the detection of magnetic fields.
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Accordingly, the composition and properties of each layer and the
control of the layering process, or epitaxy, are fundamental to the performance
of advanced electronic and optoelectronic compound semiconductor devices. The
variation of thickness and composition of layers determines the intensity and
color of the light emitted or detected and the efficiency of power conversion.
The ability to vary the intensity, color and efficiency of light generation and
detection enables compound semiconductor devices to be used in a broad range of
advanced information systems.
Compound semiconductor device manufacturers predominantly use four
methods to deposit compound materials: molecular beam epitaxy, vapor phase
epitaxy, liquid phase epitaxy and metal organic chemical vapor deposition
("MOCVD"). The use of molecular beam epitaxy technology can yield wafers having
high thickness uniformity. Compound semiconductor materials fabricated using
liquid phase epitaxy or vapor phase epitaxy technologies often have high
electronic and optical properties. However, due to the nature of the underlying
processes, these methods are not easily scaled up to high volume production,
which is necessary for the commercial viability of compound semiconductor
devices. All of the methods used to manufacture compound semiconductor devices
pose technical, training and safety challenges that are not present in the
manufacture of silicon devices. These production systems typically require
expensive reactant materials, the use of certain toxic chemicals, and tight
control over numerous manufacturing parameters. The key differences between
MOCVD and the three other methods is that compound semiconductor wafers
fabricated using MOCVD generally possess a better combination of uniformity and
optical and electronic properties and are easier to produce in high volumes than
wafers manufactured by the three more traditional methods. Currently, MOCVD
technology is being used to manufacture a broad range of compound semiconductor
devices.
Historically, manufacturers who use compound semiconductor devices in
their products have met research, pilot production and capacity needs with
in-house systems and technologies. However, as the need for the production of
commercial volumes of high-performance compound semiconductor devices and the
variety of these devices grows, manufacturers are often unable to meet these
requirements using in-house solutions. In response to these growing demands for
higher volumes of a broad range of higher performance devices, manufacturers are
increasingly turning to outside vendors to meet their needs for compound
semiconductor wafers and devices.
THE EMCORE SOLUTION
EMCORE provides its customers with a broad range of compound
semiconductor products and services intended to meet their diverse technology
requirements. EMCORE has developed extensive materials science expertise,
process technology and MOCVD production systems to address our customers' needs
and believes that its proprietary TurboDisc(TM) deposition technology makes
possible one of the most cost-effective production processes for the commercial
volume manufacture of high-performance compound semiconductor wafers and
devices. This platform technology provides the basis for the production of
various types of compound semiconductor wafers and devices and enables EMCORE to
address the critical need of manufacturers to cost-effectively get to market
faster with high volumes of new and improved high-performance products. EMCORE's
compound semiconductor products and services include:
o materials and process development;
o design and development of devices;
o MOCVD production systems; and
o manufacture of wafers and devices in high volumes.
Customers can take advantage of EMCORE's vertically integrated approach
by purchasing custom-designed wafers and devices from EMCORE or they can
manufacture their own devices in-house using a TurboDisc(TM) production system
configured to their specific needs.
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STRATEGY
EMCORE's objective is to capitalize on its position in MOCVD process
technology and production systems to become the leading supplier of compound
semiconductor wafers, devices and production systems. The key elements of
EMCORE's strategy include:
APPLY CORE TECHNOLOGY ACROSS MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS. EMCORE continually
leverages its proprietary core technology to develop compound semiconductor
products for multiple applications in a variety of markets. These activities
include developing new products for targeted applications as well as expanding
existing products into new applications. For example, EMCORE's MR sensors,
currently used by General Motors Corporation as crank shaft sensors, also have
other potential product applications, including as sensors in brushless motors
and antilock brakes. Other existing products, which EMCORE intends to introduce
in new applications, include VCSELs for communications products and HB LEDs for
broader lighting applications.
TARGET HIGH GROWTH MARKET OPPORTUNITIES. EMCORE's strategy is to target
high growth market opportunities where performance characteristics and high
volume production efficiencies can give compound semiconductors a competitive
advantage over other devices. Historically, while technologically superior,
compound semiconductors have not been widely deployed because they are more
expensive to manufacture than silicon-based semiconductors and other existing
solutions. EMCORE believes that as compound semiconductor production costs are
reduced, new customers will be compelled to use these solutions because of their
higher performance characteristics. For example, EMCORE has reduced the average
cost of compound semiconductor solar cells to the point that customers are
replacing silicon-based solar cells because of the compound semiconductor solar
cells' higher overall efficiency and lower weight.
PARTNER WITH KEY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS. EMCORE seeks to identify and
develop long-term relationships with leading companies in targeted industries.
EMCORE develops these relationships in a number of ways that include long-term
high-volume supply agreements, joint ventures, an acquisition, and distribution
and other arrangements. For example, EMCORE entered into a joint venture with
General Electric Lighting for the development and marketing of white light and
colored HB LED products for automotive, traffic, flat panel display and other
lighting applications. EMCORE has also entered into a long-term supply agreement
with AMP Incorporated for VCSELs to be used in its transceivers for Gigabit
Ethernet and other applications. EMCORE intends to actively seek similar
strategic relationships with other key customers and industry participants in
order to further expand its technological and production base.
CONTINUE INVESTMENT TO MAINTAIN TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP. Through
substantial investment in research and development, EMCORE seeks to expand its
leadership position in compound semiconductor production systems, wafers and
devices. EMCORE works with its customers to identify specific performance
criteria and uses this information to enhance the performance of its production
systems and to further expand its process and materials science expertise,
including the development of new low cost, high-volume wafers and devices for
its customers. In addition, EMCORE's development efforts are focused on
continually lowering the production costs of its solutions.
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
EMCORE is a leading supplier of MOCVD compound semiconductor production
systems, with more than 250 systems shipped as of September 30, 1999. EMCORE
believes that its TurboDisc(TM) systems offer significant ownership advantages
over competing systems and that the high throughput capabilities of its
TurboDisc(TM) systems make possible superior reproducibility of thickness,
composition, electronic properties and layer accuracy required for electronic
and optoelectronic devices. Each system can be customized for the customer's
throughput, wafer size and process chemistry requirements. EMCORE's production
systems also achieve a high degree of reliability with an average time available
for production, based on customer data, of approximately 95%.
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EMCORE believes its TurboDisc(TM) systems enable the lowest cost of
ownership for the manufacture of compound semiconductor materials. The major
components of the cost of ownership include yield, throughput, direct costs and
capital costs. Yield primarily relates to material uniformity, which is a
function of the precision of the physical and chemical processes by which atomic
layers are deposited. Throughput, the volume of wafers produced per unit of
time, includes both the time required for a process cycle and the handling time
between process steps. Direct costs include consumables used in manufacturing
and processing and the clean room space required for the equipment. Capital
costs include the cost of acquisition and installation of the process equipment.
EMCORE's proprietary TurboDisc(TM) technology utilizes a unique high
speed rotating disk in a stainless steel growth chamber with integrated
vacuum-compatible loading chambers. To produce a wafer, a bare substrate, such
as gallium arsenide, sapphire or germanium, is placed on a wafer carrier in the
TurboDisc(TM) growth chamber and subjected to high temperatures. Based on a
predetermined formula, metal organic gases are released into the growth chamber.
These gases decompose on the hot, rapidly spinning wafer. Semiconductor
materials are then deposited on the substrate in a highly uniform manner. The
resulting wafer thus carries one or more ultra-thin layers of compound
semiconductor material such as gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, or indium
aluminum phosphide. The TurboDisc(TM) technology not only produces uniformity of
deposition across the wafer, but also offers flexibility for diverse
applications with improved material results and increased production rates. The
unique precision control of reactant gas flow in the TurboDisc(TM) technology
platform allows users to scale easily from research to commercial volumes with
substantially reduced time and effort. Upon removal from the growth chamber, the
wafer is transferred to a device processing facility for various steps such as
photolithography, etching, masking, metallization and dicing. Upon completion of
these steps, the devices are then sent for packaging by the customer or other
third parties and inclusion in the customer's product.
EMCORE offers the following family of TurboDisc(TM) systems:
MODEL LIST PRICE APPLICATION
----- ---------- -----------
Discovery $ 600,000 - $1,300,000 Development/Pilot Production
Enterprise $1,300,000 - $2,500,000 Volume Production
EMCORE's next generation of TurboDisc(TM) products is being designed to
provide a number of innovations including:
o new reactor design to improve efficiency;
o cassette-to-cassette wafer handling to increase automation;
o digital control system to reduce noise;
o real-time process control and data acquisition on WindowsNT platform;
o modular component design to ease outsourcing and upgrading; and
o improved temperature control.
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WAFERS AND DEVICES
Since its inception, EMCORE has worked closely with its customers to
design and develop materials processes for use in production systems for its
customers' end-use applications. EMCORE has leveraged its process and materials
science knowledge base to manufacture a broad range of compound semiconductor
wafers and devices such as solar cells, HB LEDs, VCSELs, MR sensors and RF
materials.
Within most of these product lines, EMCORE has established strategic
relationships through joint ventures, long-term supply agreements and an
acquisition. A summary of these relationships is found below:
PRODUCTS AND STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIPS
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRODUCT LINE COMPANY NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP APPLICATION
------------ ------- ---------------------- -----------
Solar cells Space Systems / Long-term supply agreement Solar panels in
Loral communications
satellite powered
Lockheed Martin Strategic Partner systems
Missiles and Space
Union Miniere Inc. Long-term germanium sourcing
agreement
HB LEDs General Electric GELcore joint venture for the Traffic lights
Lighting development, marketing and Miniature lamps
distribution of white light Automotive lighting
and colored HB LED Flat panel displays
products
Uniroyal Uniroyal Optoelectronics joint Other lighting applications
Technology venture for the
Corporation manufacture of HB LED
wafers and package-ready
devices
VCSELs AMP Incorporated Strategic alliance and long- Optical links (including
term supply agreement Gigabit Ethernet, ATM, and
FibreChannel networks)
MicroOptical Acquisition
Devices, Inc.
MR sensors Optek Technology, Emtech joint venture for Antilock brake systems
Inc. packaging and marketing of Brushless motors
MR sensors Engine timing sensors
Cam and crank shaft sensors
General Motors Long-term supply agreement
Corporation
Germanium research Union Miniere Inc. UMCore joint venture Exploring alternative uses for
and development germanium substrates
RF materials Sumitomo Electric Cooperative development Digital wireless and cellular
Industries, Ltd. agreement applications
Long-term supply agreement
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SOLAR CELLS.
Compound semiconductor solar cells are used to power satellites because
they are more resistant to radiation levels in space, convert substantially more
light to power and therefore weigh less per unit of power than silicon-based
solar cells. These characteristics increase satellite life, increase payload
capacity and reduce launch costs. EMCORE is currently involved in five solar
cell projects:
o In November 1999, EMCORE entered into a Technical Assistance
Agreement with Loral and Mitsubishi Electric Corporation.
o In November 1998, EMCORE signed a four-year purchase agreement with
Space Systems/Loral, a wholly owned subsidiary of Loral Space &
Communications. Under this agreement, EMCORE will supply compound
semiconductor high efficiency gallium arsenide solar cells for
Loral's satellites. EMCORE received purchase orders from Space
Systems/Loral that total $7.2 million and will service this agreement
through our newly completed facility in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
EMCORE plans to start shipping solar cells as early as December 1999
and a majority of the solar cell shipments are scheduled for the
second fiscal quarter, which ends March 31, 2000.
o In November 1998, EMCORE received a $2.2 million contract under the
U.S. Air Force's Broad Agency Announcement Program for the
development of high-efficiency advanced solar cells.
o In September 1998, EMCORE entered into an agreement with Lockheed
Martin Missiles and Space, a strategic business unit of Lockheed
Martin Corporation, to provide technical management and support of a
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement between Lockheed
Martin and Sandia National Laboratory for the advancement and
commercialization of a new compound semiconductor high efficiency
solar cell. Pursuant to this strategic agreement, (1) Lockheed Martin
will grant EMCORE a sub-license for all related intellectual property
developed on behalf of or in conjunction with Lockheed Martin, and
(2) EMCORE and Lockheed Martin will jointly qualify and validate the
high efficiency solar cells for operational satellite use.
o In August 1998, EMCORE and Union Miniere Inc., a mining and materials
company, entered into a long-term supply agreement for germanium,
which EMCORE uses to fabricate solar cells. In addition to their
solar cell relationship, in November 1998, EMCORE formed UMCore, a
joint venture with Union Miniere to explore and develop alternate
uses for germanium using EMCORE's material science and production
platform expertise and Union Miniere's access to and experience with
germanium. UMCore commenced research and development operations in
January 1999.
HB LEDS.
High-brightness light-emitting diodes (HB LEDs) are solid state compound
semiconductor devices that emit light. The global demand for HB LEDs is
experiencing rapid growth because LEDs have a long useful life of approximately
10 years, consume approximately 10% of the power consumed by incandescent or
halogen lighting and improve display visibility. In February 1998, EMCORE and
Uniroyal Technology Corporation formed Uniroyal Optoelectronics, a joint venture
to manufacture, sell and distribute HB LED wafers and package-ready devices.
In May 1999, EMCORE and General Electric Lighting formed GELcore, a
joint venture to develop and market HB LED lighting products. General Electric
Lighting and EMCORE have agreed that this joint venture will be the exclusive
vehicle for each party's participation in solid state lighting. GELcore seeks to
combine EMCORE's materials science expertise, process technology and compound
semiconductor production systems with General Electric Lighting's brand name
recognition and extensive marketing and distribution capabilities. GELcore's
long-term goal is to develop products to replace traditional lighting.
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VCSELS.
Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers ("VCSELs") are semiconductor
lasers that emit light in a cylindrical beam. Leading electronic systems
manufacturers are integrating VCSELs into a broad array of end-market
applications including Internet access, digital cross-connect telecommunications
switches, DVD, and fiber optic switching and routing, such as Gigabit Ethernet.
VCSELs offer significant advantages over traditional laser diodes, including:
o greater control over beam size and wavelength;
o reduced manufacturing complexity and packaging costs;
o lower power consumption; and
o higher frequency performance.
In December 1997, EMCORE acquired MicroOptical Devices, Inc. ("MODE"), a
development stage company, primarily dedicated to the research and development
of enabling VCSEL technologies. In February 1998, EMCORE announced Gigalase, its
first commercial high speed VCSEL laser. In September 1998, EMCORE signed a
four-year purchase agreement with AMP Inc. to provide VCSELs for a family of
optical transceivers for the Gigabit Ethernet, FibreChannel and ATM markets. In
December 1998, EMCORE announced its second VCSEL product, Gigarray, a VCSEL
array.
MR SENSORS.
Magneto resistive ("MR") sensors are compound semiconductor devices that
possess sensing capabilities. MR sensors improve vehicle performance through
more accurate control of engine and crank shaft timing, which allows for
improved spark plug efficiency and reduced emissions. In January 1997, EMCORE
initiated shipments of compound semiconductor MR sensors using technology
licensed to EMCORE from General Motors. This license allows EMCORE to
manufacture and sell products using this technology to anyone. As of September
30, 1999 EMCORE has delivered over eight million devices to General Motors
Powertrain for crank and cam speed and position sensing applications for 5
different engine builds under 20 different vehicle platforms.
In October 1998, EMCORE formed Emtech, a joint venture with Optek
Technology, Inc., a packager and distributor of optoelectronic devices, to
market an expanded line of MR sensors to the automotive and related industries.
This joint venture seeks to combine EMCORE's strength in producing devices with
Optek's strength in packaging and distributing devices to offer off-the-shelf
products and expand market penetration. As of September 30, 1999, the joint
venture has not commenced operations.
RF MATERIALS.
Radio frequency ("RF") materials are compound semiconductor materials
that transmit and receive communications. Compound semiconductor RF materials
have a broader bandwidth and superior performance at high frequencies than
silicon-based materials. EMCORE currently produces RF materials for use as power
amplifiers in cellular phone handsets. In addition, EMCORE is exploring
opportunities to market these materials for additional uses in fiber optics and
satellite communications. EMCORE believes that its ability to produce high
volumes of RF materials at a low cost will facilitate their adoption in new
applications and new products.
In May 1999, EMCORE signed a long-term agreement with Sumitomo Electric
Industries, Ltd. (Hyogo, Japan) to jointly develop and produce Indium Gallium
Phosphide (InGaP) epitaxial wafers for use as Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
(HBT) devices used in digital wireless and cellular applications. Sumitomo
Electric is one of the world's leading electronics manufacturers. These advanced
compound semiconductor HBT wafers will be produced at EMCORE's Epitaxial
Materials (E2M) wafer foundry in Somerset, New Jersey, and shipments of
commercial product are expected to begin in February 2000.
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CUSTOMERS
EMCORE's customers include many of the largest semiconductor,
telecommunications, consumer goods and computer manufacturing companies in the
world. A number of EMCORE's customers are listed below. In addition, EMCORE has
sold its products to 12 of the largest electronics manufacturers in Japan.
AMP Incorporated LG Semiconductor Rockwell International
The Boeing Company L.M. Ericsson AB Samsung
General Motors Lucent Technologies Sharp U.S.A.
Hewlett Packard Motorola Siemens AG - Osram
Honeywell Northrop Grumman Texas Instruments
Hughes-Spectrolab Philips AG Thomson CSF
Hyundai Electronics Polaroid Westinghouse Electric
IBM
EMCORE has a comprehensive total quality management program with special
emphasis on total customer satisfaction. EMCORE seeks to encourage active
customer involvement with the design and operation of its production systems. To
accomplish this, EMCORE conducts user group meetings among its customers in
Asia, Europe and North America. At annual meetings, EMCORE's customers provide
valuable feedback on key operations, process oriented services, problems and
recommendations to improve EMCORE products. This direct customer feedback has
enabled EMCORE to constantly update and improve the design of its systems and
processes. Changes that affect the reliability and capabilities of EMCORE's
systems are embodied in new designs to enable current and future customers to
utilize systems which EMCORE believes are high quality and cost-efficient. As of
September 30, 1999, EMCORE employed 18 field service engineers who install
EMCORE systems and provide on-site support.
MARKETING AND SALES
EMCORE markets and sells its wafers, devices and systems through its
direct sales force in Europe, North America and Taiwan and through
representatives and distributors elsewhere in Asia. To market and service its
products in China, Japan and Singapore, EMCORE relies on a single marketing,
distribution and service provider, Hakuto Co., Ltd. EMCORE's agreements with
Hakuto have a term of 10 years, expiring March 2008. Hakuto has exclusive
distribution rights for certain EMCORE products in Japan. Hakuto has marketed
and serviced EMCORE's products since 1988, is a minority shareholder in EMCORE,
and the President of Hakuto is a member of EMCORE's Board of Directors. EMCORE
recently opened sales offices in Taiwan and California in order to be closer to
its customers. As of September 30, 1999, EMCORE employed 27 persons in sales and
marketing.
EMCORE's sales and marketing, senior management and technical staff work
closely with existing and potential customers to provide compound semiconductor
solutions for its customers' needs. The sales process begins by understanding
the customer's requirements and then attempting to match these requirements with
the optimal solution. EMCORE seeks to match the customer's requirements to an
existing design or a modification of a standard design, such as a change in
platform or process design. When necessary, EMCORE will work with the customer
to develop the appropriate design process and to configure and manufacture the
production system to meet the customer's needs. Also, EMCORE will produce
samples to demonstrate conformance to the customer's specifications. For
production systems, the amount of time from the initial contact with the
customer to the customer's placement of an order is typically two to nine months
or longer. EMCORE's sales cycle for wafers and devices usually runs three to
nine months, during which time EMCORE develops the formula of materials
necessary to meet the customer's specifications and qualifies the materials,
which may also require the delivery of samples. EMCORE believes that the high
level of marketing, management and engineering support involved in this process
is beneficial in developing competitive differentiation and long-term
relationships with its customers.
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SERVICE AND SUPPORT
EMCORE maintains a worldwide service and support network responsible for
on-site maintenance and process monitoring on either a contractual or
time-and-materials basis. Customers may purchase annual service contracts under
which EMCORE is required to maintain an inventory of replacement parts and to
service the equipment upon the request of the customer. EMCORE also sells
replacement parts from inventory for customer needs. EMCORE pursues a program of
system upgrades for customers to increase the performance of older systems.
EMCORE generally does not offer extended payment terms to its customers and
generally adheres to a warranty policy of one year. Consistent with industry
practice, EMCORE maintains an inventory of components for servicing systems in
the field and it believes that its inventory is sufficient to satisfy
foreseeable short-term customer requirements. In fiscal year 1998, EMCORE opened
a warehouse depot in Taiwan to provide improved service to its Asian customers.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
To maintain and improve its competitive position, EMCORE's research and
development efforts are focused on designing new proprietary processes and
products, improving the performance of existing systems, wafers and devices and
reducing costs in the product manufacturing process. EMCORE has dedicated 21
TurboDisc(TM) systems for both research and production that are capable of
processing virtually all compound semiconductor materials. The research and
development staff utilizes x-ray, optical and electrical characterization
equipment, which provide instant data allowing for shortened development cycles
and rapid customer response. EMCORE's recurring research and development
expenses were approximately $20.7 million in fiscal year 1999, $16.5 million in
fiscal year 1998 and $9.0 million in fiscal year 1997. EMCORE also incurred a
one-time, non-cash acquired in-process research and development expense in
fiscal year 1998 in the amount of $19.5 million in connection with the
acquisition of MODE. EMCORE expects that it will continue to expend substantial
resources on research and development. As of September 30, 1999, EMCORE employed
77 persons in research and development, 33 of whom held Ph.D.s in materials
science or related fields.
EMCORE also competes for research and development funds. In view of the
high cost of development, EMCORE solicits research contracts that provide
opportunities to enhance its core technology base or promote the
commercialization of targeted products. EMCORE presently has ten contracts under
the Small Business Innovative Research programs or similar government sponsored
programs. From inception until September 30, 1999, government and other external
research contracts have provided approximately $15.3 million to support EMCORE's
research and development efforts. EMCORE is also positioned to market technology
and process development expertise directly to customers who require it for their
own product development efforts.
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND LICENSING
EMCORE's success and competitive position both for production systems
and wafers and devices depend significantly on its ability to maintain trade
secrets and other intellectual property protections. Our strategy is to rely
more on trade secrets than patents. A "trade secret" is information that has
value to the extent it is not generally known, not readily ascertainable by
others through legitimate means, and protected in a way that maintains its
secrecy. Reliance on trade secrets is only an effective business practice
insofar as trade secrets remain undisclosed and a proprietary product or process
is not reverse engineered or independently developed. In order to protect its
trade secrets, EMCORE takes certain measures to ensure their secrecy, such as
executing non-disclosure agreements with its employees, joint venture partners,
customers and suppliers.
To date, EMCORE has been issued 11 U.S. patents and others are either
pending or under review. These U.S. patents will expire between 2005 and 2013.
None of these U.S. patents claim any material aspect of the current or planned
commercial versions of EMCORE's systems, wafers or devices. EMCORE relies on
trade secrets rather than patents to protect its intellectual property because
it believes publishing patents would make it easier for others to reverse
engineer EMCORE's proprietary processes. EMCORE is a licensee of certain VCSEL
technology and associated patent rights owned by Sandia Corporation. The Sandia
license grants EMCORE:
o exclusive rights (subject to certain rights granted to Department of
Energy and AT&T Corporation) to develop, manufacture and sell
products containing Sandia VCSEL technologies for barcode scanning
and plastic optical fiber communications applications under five U.S.
patents that expire between 2007 and 2015;
o nonexclusive rights with respect to all other applications of these
patents; and
o nonexclusive rights to employ a proprietary oxidation fabrication
method in the manufacture of VCSEL products under a sixth U.S. patent
that expires in 2014. Our exclusivity with respect to the barcode
scanning and plastic optical fiber communications applications
expires in 2003 or such earlier time as we fail to meet certain
development and marketing criteria. EMCORE's success and competitive
position as a producer of VCSEL products depends on the continuation
of its rights under the Sandia license, the scope and duration of
those rights and the ability of Sandia to protect its proprietary
interests in the underlying technology and patents.
In 1992, we received a royalty bearing, non-exclusive license under a
patent held by Rockwell International Corporation which relates to an aspect of
the manufacturing process used by our TurboDisc(TM) systems. In October 1996, we
initiated discussions with Rockwell to receive additional licenses to permit us
to use this technology to manufacture and sell compound semiconductor wafers and
devices. In November 1996, we suspended these negotiations because of litigation
surrounding the validity of the Rockwell patent. We also ceased making royalty
payments to Rockwell under the license during the pendency of the litigation. In
January 1999, the case was settled and a judgment was entered in favor of
Rockwell. As a result, we may be required to pay royalties to Rockwell for
certain of our past sales of wafers and devices to our customers who did not
hold licenses directly from Rockwell. Management has reviewed and reassessed the
royalty agreements and concluded that it has the appropriate amounts reserved
for at both September 30, 1998 and 1999.
Additionally, until the patent expires in January 2000, we may require
additional licenses from Rockwell under the Rockwell patent in order to continue
to manufacture and sell wafers and devices. We are currently negotiating with
Rockwell to obtain the necessary licenses. The failure to obtain or maintain
licenses to manufacture these wafers and devices on commercially reasonable
terms may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and
results of operations.
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
EMCORE is subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations
concerning the use, storage, handling, generation, treatment, emission, release,
discharge and disposal of certain materials used in its research and development
and production operations, as well as laws and regulations concerning
environmental remediation and employee health and safety. The production of
wafers and devices involves the use of certain hazardous raw materials,
including, but not limited to, ammonia, phosphine and arsene. If EMCORE's
control systems are unsuccessful in preventing release of these or other
hazardous materials, EMCORE could experience a substantial interruption of
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operations. EMCORE has retained an environmental consultant to advise it in
complying with applicable environmental and health and safety laws and
regulations, and believes that it is currently, and in the past has been, in
substantial compliance with all such laws and regulations.
BACKLOG
As of September 30, 1999, EMCORE had an order backlog of $43.1 million,
scheduled to be shipped through September 30, 2000. This represented an increase
of 67% since September 30, 1998. This increase primarily relates to increased
production systems bookings in Asia and initial orders for solar cells from
Loral. EMCORE includes in backlog only customer purchase orders that have been
accepted by EMCORE and for which shipment dates have been assigned within the 12
months to follow and research contracts that are in process or awarded. Wafer
and device agreements extending longer than one year in duration are included in
backlog only for the ensuing 12 months. EMCORE receives partial advance payments
or irrevocable letters of credit on most production system orders. EMCORE
recognizes revenue from the sale of its systems and materials upon shipment. For
research contracts with the U.S. government and commercial enterprises with
durations greater than six months, EMCORE recognizes revenue to the extent of
costs incurred plus a portion of estimated gross profit, as stipulated in such
contracts, based on contract performance.
MANUFACTURING
EMCORE's manufacturing operations are located at EMCORE's headquarters
in Somerset, New Jersey and in Albuquerque, New Mexico and include systems
engineering and production, wafer fabrication, and design and production of
devices. Many of EMCORE's manufacturing operations are computer monitored or
controlled to enhance reliability and yield. EMCORE manufactures its own systems
and outsources some components and sub-assemblies, but performs all final system
integration, assembly and testing. As of September 30, 1999, EMCORE had 267
employees involved in manufacturing. EMCORE fabricates wafers and devices at its
facilities in Somerset, New Jersey and Albuquerque, New Mexico and has a
combined clean room area totaling approximately 12,000 square feet. EMCORE's
joint venture with Uniroyal Technology Corporation has begun to manufacture HB
LED wafers and package-ready devices at its Tampa, Florida manufacturing
facility. In May 1998, EMCORE received ISO 9001 and QS 9002 quality
certification for its Somerset, New Jersey facility. In November 1999, EMCORE
received ISO 9001 quality certification for its newly completed solar cell
facility in Albuquerque, New Mexico. EMCORE is pursing ISO 9001 quality
certification for its VCSEL facility in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Outside contractors and suppliers are used to supply raw materials and
standard components and to assemble portions of end systems from EMCORE
specifications. EMCORE depends on sole, or a limited number of, suppliers of
components and raw materials. EMCORE generally purchases these single or limited
source products through standard purchase orders. EMCORE also seeks to maintain
ongoing communications with its suppliers to guard against interruptions in
supply and has, to date, generally been able to obtain sufficient supplies in a
timely manner and maintains inventories it believes are sufficient to meet its
near term needs. EMCORE implemented a vendor program through which it inspects
quality and reviews suppliers and prices in order to standardize purchasing
efficiencies and design requirements to maintain as low a cost of sales as
possible. However, operating results could be materially and adversely affected
by a stoppage or delay of supply, receipt of defective parts or contaminated
materials, and increase in the pricing of such parts or EMCORE's inability to
obtain reduced pricing from its suppliers in response to competitive pressures.
COMPETITION
The markets in which EMCORE competes are highly competitive. EMCORE
competes with several companies for sales of MOCVD systems including Aixtron
GmbH and Nippon-Sanso K.K. The primary competitors for EMCORE's wafer foundry
include Epitaxial Products Inc., Kopin Corporation and Quantum Epitaxial
Designs, Inc. EMCORE's principal competitors for sales of VCSEL-related products
include Honeywell, Inc. and Mitel Corporation. The principal competitors for MR
sensors are Honeywell, Inc., Matshushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd., Siemens
AG and Asahi. The principal competitors for HB LEDs and EMCORE's joint ventures
with Uniroyal Technology Corporation and General Electric Lighting include the
Phillips Electronics and Hewlett Packard Company joint venture, Siemens AG's
Osram GmbH subsidiary, Nichia Chemical Industries and Toshiba Corporation.
EMCORE also faces competition from manufacturers that implement in-house systems
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for their own use. In addition, EMCORE competes with many research institutions
and universities for research contract funding. EMCORE also sells its products
to current competitors and companies with the capability of becoming
competitors. As the markets for EMCORE's products grow, new competitors are
likely to emerge, and present competitors may increase their market share.
EMCORE believes that the primary competitive factors in the markets in
which EMCORE's products compete are yield, throughput, performance, breadth of
product line, customer satisfaction, customer commitment to competing
technologies and, in the case of production systems, capital and directs costs
and size of installed base. Competitors may develop enhancements to or future
generations of competitive products that offer superior price and performance
factors. EMCORE believes that in order to remain competitive, it must invest
significant financial resources in developing new product features and
enhancements and in maintaining customer satisfaction worldwide.
EMPLOYEES
At September 30, 1999, EMCORE had 368 full-time employees. None of
EMCORE's employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. EMCORE
considers its relationship with its employees to be good.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The following chart contains certain information regarding each of
EMCORE's principal facilities. Each of these facilities contains office space,
marketing and sales, and research and development space. EMCORE also leases
office space in Hsinchu, Taiwan and Santa Clara, California. In addition to
EMCORE's facilities, Uniroyal Optoelectronics, a joint venture between EMCORE
and Uniroyal Technology Corporation, leases a 75,000 square foot office and
manufacturing facility in Tampa, Florida.
LOCATION FUNCTION SQUARE FEET TERMS
-------- -------- ----------- -----
Somerset, - Headquarters 75,900 Lease Expires in 2005(1)
New Jersey - Manufacturing of systems, wafers
and MR sensors
Albuquerque, Manufacturing of solar cells 50,000(2) Owned
New Mexico
Albuquerque, Manufacturing of VCSELs 27,500 Leases Expire in 2001(1)
New Mexico and 2002(1)
(1) These leases all have options to renew by EMCORE, subject to cost of
living adjustments.
(2) EMCORE plans a three-phase construction project to expand the facility
from an initial 50,000 square feet in October 1998 to 70,000 square
feet by 2002.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
EMCORE is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation against it
that could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition
and results of operations.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
Not applicable.
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PART II.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER
MATTERS
EMCORE's common stock is quoted on the NASDAQ National Market under the
symbol "EMKR". The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low sale
prices for EMCORE's common stock during the two most recent fiscal years and
subsequent interim period.
HIGH LOW
---- ---
FISCAL YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1998:
First Quarter.................................... $23 3/8 $15 1/2
Second Quarter................................... $19 5/8 $11
Third Quarter ................................... $16 3/4 $ 9
Fourth Quarter .................................. $13 1/2 $ 6
FISCAL YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1999:
First Quarter.................................... $18 3/8 $ 7 1/4
Second Quarter................................... $28 3/4 $13 7/8
Third Quarter ................................... $23 $12 7/8
Fourth Quarter .................................. $25 $11 1/4
FISCAL YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2000:
First Quarter (through December 1, 1999)......... $24 1/4 $12 1/16
The reported closing sale price of EMCORE's common stock on December 1,
1999 was $23 15/16 per share. As of December 1, 1999, EMCORE had approximately
1,838 shareholders of record.
EMCORE has never declared or paid dividends on its common stock since
its formation. EMCORE currently does not intend to pay dividends on its common
stock in the foreseeable future so that it may reinvest its earnings in its
business. The payment of dividends, if any, in the future will be at the
discretion of the Board of Directors.
The shares of EMCORE's manditorily redeemable convertible preferred
stock are entitled to receive cumulative quarterly dividends at the annual rate
of 2% of their liquidation preference ($0.28 per annum per share).
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RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
On November 30, 1998, EMCORE sold an aggregate of 1,550,000 shares of
Series I mandatorily redeemable convertible Preferred Stock (the "Series I
Preferred Stock") to related parties (Hakuto Company, Uniroyal Technology
Corporation and Union Miniere, Inc.) for an aggregate consideration of $21.7
million before deducting costs and expenses of the offering which amounted to
approximately $500,000. The shares of Series I Preferred Stock are convertible,
at any time, at the option of the holders thereof, unless previously redeemed,
into shares of common stock at an initial conversion price of $14.00 per share
of common stock, subject to adjustment in certain cases. The Series I Preferred
Stock is redeemable, in whole or in part, at the option of EMCORE at any time
the common stock has traded at or above $28.00 per share for 30 consecutive
trading days, at a price of $14.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends,
if any, to the redemption date. In addition, the Series I Preferred Stock is
subject to mandatory redemption by November 17, 2003. EMCORE believes the sale
of the shares of Series I Preferred Stock is exempt from registration pursuant
to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities
Act").
On May 27, 1999, EMCORE issued 282,010 warrants to General Electric to
purchase common stock at $22.875 per share. These warrants are exercisable at
any time and will expire in 2006. These warrants were granted in connection with
EMCORE's initial capital contribution of $7.8 million into GELcore. In order to
fund its initial capital contribution for GELcore, EMCORE borrowed $7.8 million
from General Electric in the form of a convertible subordinated debenture (the
"Debenture"), with an interest rate of 4.75% and a May 2006 maturity date. The
Debenture is convertible into EMCORE common stock at a conversion price of
$22.875 or 340,984 shares. The Debenture is convertible at any time at the
option of General Electric and may be called by EMCORE after three years, if the
price of EMCORE's common stock has traded at or above $34 for at least thirty
days. EMCORE believes the issuance of the warrants was exempt from registration
pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected consolidated financial data for the five most
recent fiscal years ended September 30, 1999 of EMCORE is qualified by reference
to and should be read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and the Notes
thereto, and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations included elsewhere in this document. The Statement of
Operations Data set forth below with respect to fiscal years 1997, 1998 and 1999
and the Balance Sheet Data as of September 30, 1998 and 1999 are derived from
EMCORE's audited financial statements included elsewhere in this document. The
Statement of Income Data for fiscal years 1995 and 1996 and the Balance Sheet
Data as of September 30, 1995, 1996 and 1997 are derived from audited financial
statements not included herein.
On December 5, 1997, EMCORE acquired MODE in a stock transaction
accounted for under the purchase method of accounting for a purchase price of
$32.8 million. In connection with this transaction, EMCORE recorded a
non-recurring, non-cash charge of $19.5 million for acquired in-process research
and development, which affects the comparability of EMCORE's operating results
and financial condition.
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(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS) For the fiscal years ended September 30,
---------------------------------------------------------
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Revenue....................................... $18,137 $27,779 $47,752 $43,760 $58,341
Cost of sales................................. 9,927 18,607 30,094 24,676 33,158
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
Gross profit........................ 8,210 9,172 17,658 19,084 25,183
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative....... 4,452 6,524 9,346 14,082 14,433
Goodwill amortization..................... -- -- -- 3,638 4,393
Research and development:
Recurring............................ 1,852 5,401 9,001 16,495 20,713
One-time acquired in-process......... -- -- -- 19,516 --
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
Total operating expenses.......... 6,304 11,925 18,347 53,731 39,539
Operating income (loss)....................... 1,906 (2,753) (689) (34,647) (14,356)
Stated interest expense, net............. 265 297 520 973 866
Imputed warrant interest expense......... -- 126 3,988 601 1,136
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated
affiliates............................ -- -- -- 198 4,997
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
Total other expenses.............. 265 423 4,508 1,772 6,999
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
Income (loss) before income taxes and
extraordinary item......................... 1,641 (3,176) (5,197) (36,419) (21,355)
Provision for income
taxes............................. 125 -- 137 -- --
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
Income (loss) before extraordinary item....... 1,516 (3,176) (5,334) (36,419) (21,355)
Extraordinary item.................. -- -- 285 -- 1,334
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
Net income (loss)............................. $ 1,516 $(3,176) $(5,619) $(36,419) $(22,689)
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
PER SHARE DATA:
Weighted average shares used in
calculating per share data................. 1,701 2,994 4,669 8,775 10,590
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
Income (loss) per basic and diluted
shares before extraordinary item........... $ 0.89 $ (1.06) $ (1.14) $ (4.15) $ (2.05)
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
Net income (loss) per basic and diluted
shares..................................... $ 0.89 $ (1.06) $ (1.20) $ (4.15) $ (2.18)
------- ------- ------- -------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS) As of September 30,
---------------------------------------------------------
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Working capital (deficiency).................. $ 2,208 $ 1,151 $12,156 $ (2,017) $ 20,690
Total assets.................................. 10,143 20,434 39,463 73,220 99,611
Long-term liabilities......................... 3,000 8,947 7,577 26,514 9,038
Redeemable convertible preferred stock........ -- -- -- -- 14,193
Shareholders' equity........................... 1,509 522 21,831 19,580 61,623
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
EMCORE designs, develops and manufactures compound semiconductor
materials and is a leading developer and manufacturer of the tools and
manufacturing processes used to fabricate compound semiconductor wafers and
devices. EMCORE's vertically-integrated product offering allows it to provide a
complete compound semiconductor solution to its customers. EMCORE assists its
customers with device design, process development and optimal configuration of
TurboDisc(TM) production systems.
EMCORE recognizes revenue upon shipment. Systems-related revenues
include sales of EMCORE's TurboDisc(TM) production systems as well as spare
parts and services. The book-to-ship time period on systems is approximately
four to six months, and the average selling price is in excess of $1.0 million.
For systems, EMCORE incurs certain installation and warranty costs subsequent to
shipment which are estimated and accrued at the time the sale is recognized.
EMCORE reserves for estimated returns and allowances at the time of shipment.
Materials revenues include wafers, devices and process development technology.
The materials sales cycle is generally shorter than for systems and average
selling prices vary significantly based on the products and services provided.
Generally, EMCORE achieves a higher gross profit on its materials related
products.
EMCORE has recently established a number of strategic relationships
through joint ventures, long-term supply agreements and an acquisition as
summarized below:
o In May 1999, EMCORE and General Electric Lighting formed GELcore, a
joint venture to develop and market HB LED lighting products. General
Electric Lighting and EMCORE have agreed that this joint venture will
be the exclusive vehicle for each party's participation in solid
state lighting. GELcore seeks to combine EMCORE's materials science
expertise, process technology and compound semiconductor production
systems with General Electric Lighting's brand name recognition and
extensive marketing and distribution capabilities. GELcore's
long-term goal is to develop products to replace traditional
lighting. EMCORE has invested $7.8 million in GELcore and has
seconded various employees to the joint venture to assist in the
development of products.
o In May 1999, EMCORE signed a long-term agreement with Sumitomo
Electric Industries, Ltd. (Hyogo, Japan) to jointly develop and
produce Indium Gallium Phosphide (InGaP) epitaxial wafers for use as
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) devices used in digital
wireless and cellular applications. Sumitomo Electric is one of the
world's leading electronics manufacturers. These advanced compound
semiconductor HBT wafers will be produced at EMCORE's Epitaxial
Materials (E2M) wafer foundry in Somerset, New Jersey, and shipments
of commercial product are expected to begin in February 2000.
o In November 1998, EMCORE signed a long-term supply agreement with
Space Systems/Loral, a wholly owned subsidiary of Loral Space &
Communications. Under this agreement, EMCORE will supply compound
semiconductor high-efficiency gallium arsenide solar cells for
Loral's satellites. EMCORE received purchase orders from Space
Systems/Loral that total $7.2 million and expects to service this
agreement through our newly completed facility in Albuquerque, New
Mexico. EMCORE plans to start shipping solar cells as early as
December 1999 and a majority of the solar cell shipments are
scheduled for the second fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2000. This
facility presently employs approximately 53 people, including sales
and marketing, administrative and manufacturing personnel.
o In November 1998, EMCORE formed UMCore, a joint venture with Union
Miniere Inc., a mining and materials company, to explore and develop
alternate uses for germanium using EMCORE's materials science and
production platform expertise and Union Miniere's access to and
experience with germanium. EMCORE has seconded various personnel to
the joint venture to assist in the development of products.
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o In October 1998, EMCORE formed Emtech, a joint venture with Optek
Technology, Inc., a packager and distributor of optoelectronic
devices, to market an expanded line of magneto resistive sensors to
the automotive and related industries. This joint venture combines
EMCORE's expertise in the manufacture of magneto resistive die and
Optek's expertise in packaging these die. This combination will allow
us to offer customers off-the-shelf products. No additional personnel
are anticipated to meet the obligations to the joint venture.
o In September 1998, EMCORE entered into an agreement with Lockheed
Martin to provide technical management and support for the
commercialization of a new high-efficiency solar cell. It is
anticipated that we will provide high efficiency solar cells to
Lockheed Martin upon completion of the research and development
agreement. EMCORE's new facility in Albuquerque, New Mexico, will
provide the support necessary to meet our obligations under this
agreement.
o In September 1998, EMCORE also signed a four-year purchase agreement
with AMP Incorporated to provide high speed VCSELs, for use in
transceivers for high-speed networks that link computers. The
contract requires AMP to purchase a minimum of 80% of their VCSEL
needs from EMCORE. EMCORE's MODE facility in Albuquerque, New Mexico,
will produce the devices under this contract.
o In December 1997, the Company and a wholly owned subsidiary of
Uniroyal Technology Corporation formed Uniroyal Optoelectronics LLC,
a joint venture, to manufacture, sell and distribute High Brightness
(HB) LED wafers and package-ready devices. This joint venture
commenced operations in July 1998. EMCORE has invested $6.0 million
in Uniroyal Optoelectronics and has seconded various employees to the
joint venture to assist in the development of products. Uniroyal
Optoelectronics is hiring its own administrative and management
personnel. The impact on EMCORE's operations will be limited to a few
seconded employees who will continue to be managed by EMCORE
personnel.
o In December 1997, EMCORE acquired MODE in a stock transaction
accounted for under the purchase method of accounting for a purchase
price of $32.8 million. This acquisition allowed EMCORE to expand its
technology base into the data communications and telecommunications
markets. MODE, a development stage company, constituted a significant
and strategic investment for EMCORE to acquire and gain access to
MODE's in-process research and development of micro-optical
technology. As part of this acquisition, EMCORE incurred a one-time
in-process research and development write-off of $19.5 million.
EMCORE also recorded goodwill of approximately $13.2 million, which
is being charged against operations over a three-year period, and
will therefore impact financial results through December 2000. These
operations are located in Albuquerque, New Mexico and currently
employ approximately 39 people including sales and marketing,
administrative and manufacturing personnel.
Because EMCORE does not have a controlling economic and voting interest
in the Uniroyal Technology, Union Miniere, Optek and General Electric Lighting
joint ventures, EMCORE accounts for these joint ventures under the equity method
of accounting and, as such, our share of profits and losses are included below
the operating income line in our statements of operations.
EMCORE has generated a significant portion of its sales to customers
outside the United States. In fiscal 1997, 1998 and 1999, international sales
constituted 42.0%, 39.1% and 52.5%, respectively, of revenues. In fiscal year
1999, the majority of EMCORE's international sales were made to customers in
Asia, particularly in Taiwan. EMCORE's sales revenues from Europe have
fluctuated because most of our sales of TurboDisc(TM) systems are to a limited
number of customers, who do not purchase production systems regularly. EMCORE
anticipates that international sales will continue to account for a significant
portion of revenues. Historically, we have received all payments for products
and services in U.S. dollars. We do not anticipate that Europe's Euro-currency
conversion will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of
operations.
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The following chart contains a breakdown of EMCORE's worldwide revenues
and percentages by geographic region.
(in thousands) FOR THE FISCAL YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1998 1999
----------------- ----------------- -----------------
Region Revenues % Revenues % Revenues %
- ------ -------- -- -------- -- -------- --
North America $27,690 58% $26,648 61% $27,698 48%
Asia 14,584 31% 15,527 35% 28,211 48%
Europe 5,478 11% 1,585 4% 2,432 4%
------- --- ------- --- ------- ---
Total $47,752 100% $43,760 100% $58,341 100%
------- --- ------- --- ------- ---
As of September 30, 1999, EMCORE had an order backlog of $43.1 million
scheduled to be shipped through September 30, 2000. This represented an increase
of 67% since September 30, 1998, which primarily relates to increased systems
bookings in Asia and initial orders for solar cells from Loral. EMCORE includes
in backlog only customer purchase orders that have been accepted by EMCORE and
for which shipment dates have been assigned within the 12 months to follow and
research contracts that are in process or awarded. Wafer and device agreements
extending longer than one year in duration are included in backlog only for the
ensuing 12 months. EMCORE receives partial advance payments or irrevocable
letters of credit on most production system orders.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:
The following table sets forth the statement of operations data of
EMCORE expressed as a percentage of total revenues for the fiscal years ended
September 30, 1997, 1998 and 1999.
FISCAL YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30,
--------------------------------
1997 1998 1999
---- ---- ----
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Revenue.................................... 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Cost of sales.............................. 63.0% 56.4% 56.8%
----- ----- -----
Gross profit...................... 37.0% 43.6% 43.2%
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative..... 19.6% 32.2% 24.7%
Goodwill amortization................... -- 8.3% 7.5%
Research and development:
Recurring.......................... 18.8% 37.7% 35.5%
One-time acquired in-process....... -- 44.6% --
----- ----- -----
Total operating expenses........ 38.4% 122.8% 67.7%
----- ----- -----
Operating loss.................... (1.4%) (79.2%) (24.5%)
Stated interest expense, net........... 1.1% 2.2% 1.5%
Imputed warrant interest expense....... 8.4% 1.4% 1.9%
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated
affiliates.......................... -- 0.4% 8.6%
----- ----- -----
Total other expenses............ 9.5% 4.0% 12.0%
----- ----- -----
Loss before income taxes and
extraordinary item....................... (10.9%) (83.2%) (36.6%)
Provision for income taxes........ 0.3% -- --
----- ----- -----
Loss before extraordinary item.............. (11.2%) (83.2%) (36.6%)
Extraordinary item................ 0.6% -- 2.3%
----- ----- -----
Net loss................................... (11.8%) (83.2%) (38.9%)
----- ----- -----
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22
COMPARISON OF FISCAL YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1998 AND 1999
REVENUES. EMCORE's revenues increased 33.3% from $43.8 million for the fiscal
year ended September 30, 1998 to $58.3 million for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 1999. The revenue increase was attributable to increased revenues
in the systems-related product lines. Revenues from systems-related sales and
materials-related sales were $26.3 million and $17.4 million, respectively, for
the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998 and $44.5 million and $13.9 million,
respectively, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999. As a percentage of
revenues, systems- and materials-related revenues accounted for 60.2% and 39.8%,
respectively, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998 and 76.2% and 23.8%,
respectively, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999. EMCORE expects the
product mix between systems and materials to approach 50% as new products such
as solar cells, VCSELS and HBT's are introduced and production of commercial
volumes of these materials commences. International sales accounted for 39.1% of
revenues for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998 and 52.5% of revenues for
the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999.
COST OF REVENUES/GROSS PROFIT. Cost of sales includes direct material and labor
costs, allocated manufacturing and service overhead, and installation and
warranty costs. EMCORE's gross profit increased 32.0% from $19.1 million for the
fiscal year ended September 30, 1998, to $25.2 million for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 1999. As a percentage of revenue, gross profit decreased slightly
from 43.6% of revenue for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998 to 43.2% of
revenue for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999. During the first half of
fiscal year 1999, EMCORE sold three compound semiconductor production systems
for approximately $5.3 million to a joint venture in which it has a 49% minority
interest. EMCORE deferred $1.3 million of gross profit on such sales. Such
deferred gross profit will be recognized ratably over the assigned life of the
production systems purchased by the joint venture.
SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE. Selling, general and administrative
expenses increased by 2.5% from $14.1 million for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 1998 to $14.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30,
1999. As a percentage of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses
decreased from 32.2% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998 to 24.7% for
the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999.
GOODWILL AMORTIZATION. Goodwill of $13.2 million was recorded in connection with
our acquisition of MODE on December 5, 1997. EMCORE recognized approximately
$4.4 million of goodwill amortization for the fiscal year ended September 30,
1999, reflecting a full year of amortization. As of September 30, 1999, EMCORE
had approximately $5.1 million of net goodwill remaining, which will be fully
amortized by December 2000.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. Recurring research and development expenses increased
25.6% from $16.5 million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998 to $20.7
million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999. As a percentage of revenue,
recurring research and development expenses decreased from 37.7% for the fiscal
year ended September 30, 1998 to 35.5% for the fiscal year ended September 30,
1999. The increase in research and development spending was primarily
attributable to EMCORE's acquisition of MODE, the startup of our new
Albuquerque, New Mexico facility and increased staffing and equipment costs
necessary to enhance current products and develop new product offerings.
Products introduced or under development include HB LEDs, high efficiency solar
cells, new generation TurboDisc(TM) production systems, VCSELs, RF materials and
other optoelectronic devices. In fiscal year 1998, EMCORE recognized a $19.5
million one-time charge for acquired in-process research and development
relating to the purchase of MODE. To maintain growth and to continue to pursue
market leadership in materials science technology, EMCORE expects to continue to
invest a significant amount of its resources in research and development.
OPERATING LOSS. EMCORE reported a 58.6% decrease in operating loss from $34.6
million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998, as compared to an
operating loss of $14.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999.
The change in operating loss was principally due to the $19.5 million one-time
charge for acquired in-process research and development in 1998. In fiscal year
1999, EMCORE deferred $1.3 million of gross profit on three compound
semiconductor production systems sold to a joint venture in which it has a 49%
minority interest. In addition, EMCORE's fiscal year 1999 operating loss was
impacted by increased research and development spending, the loss generated from
the operations of MODE and the startup expenses associated with the opening of
EMCORE's new Albuquerque, New Mexico facility.
-22-
23
OTHER EXPENSE. During fiscal 1996, EMCORE issued 2,575,883 detachable warrants
along with subordinated notes to certain of its existing shareholders. EMCORE
subsequently assigned a value to these detachable warrants issued using the
Black-Scholes option-pricing model. EMCORE recorded the subordinated notes at a
carrying value that is subject to periodic accretions, using the interest
method. In June 1998, EMCORE issued 284,684 warrants to its Chairman and its
Chief Executive Officer for providing a guarantee in connection with an 18-month
credit facility with First Union National Bank. EMCORE also assigned a value to
these warrants using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The consequent
expense of the subordinated note accretion and warrant value amortization is
charged to "Imputed warrant interest, non-cash" and equals approximately
$601,000 and $950,000 for the fiscal years ended September 30, 1998 and 1999,
respectively. The subordinated notes and the 18-month credit facility were
repaid using a portion of the proceeds from the public offering, which was
completed in June 1999.
In order to fund its initial capital contribution for GELcore, EMCORE
borrowed $7.8 million from General Electric in the form of a convertible
subordinated debenture (the "Debenture"), with an interest rate of 4.75% and a
May 2006 maturity date. In connection with the funding of EMCORE's initial
capital contribution, General Electric received 282,010 warrants to purchase
common stock at $22.875 per share. These warrants are exercisable at any time
and will expire in 2006. EMCORE subsequently assigned a value to these warrants
using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The warrant value of $2.6 million
is included in other assets and is being amortized over seven years. The
consequent expense of the warrant amortization is charged to "Imputed warrant
interest, non-cash" and equaled approximately $186,000 for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 1999.
For the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999, stated interest expense,
net decreased by $107,000 to $866,000. On June 15, 1999, EMCORE completed the
issuance of an additional 3.0 million common stock shares through a public
offering, which resulted in proceeds of $52.0 million, net of issuance costs. A
significant portion of the proceeds was used to repay all outstanding bank loans
and subordinated notes.
Because EMCORE does not have a controlling economic and voting interest
in the Uniroyal Technology, Union Miniere and General Electric Lighting joint
ventures, EMCORE accounts for these joint ventures under the equity method of
accounting. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998, EMCORE incurred a net
loss of $198,000 related to the Uniroyal joint venture. For the fiscal year
ended September 30, 1999, EMCORE incurred a net loss of $2.2 million related to
the Uniroyal joint venture, a $2.5 million net loss related to the GELcore joint
venture and a $297,000 net loss related to the UMCore joint venture.
INCOME TAXES. As a result of its losses, EMCORE did not incur any income tax
expense in both fiscal years 1998 and 1999. As of September 30, 1999, EMCORE has
net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes of approximately $24.0
million, which expire in the years 2003 through 2019. EMCORE believes that the
consummation of certain equity transactions and a significant change in the
ownership during fiscal years 1995, 1998 and 1999 has constituted a change in
control under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Due to the change in
control, EMCORE's ability to use its federal net operating loss carryovers and
federal research credit carryovers to offset future income and income taxes,
respectively, are subject to annual limitations under Internal Revenue Code
Sections 382 and 383.
EXTRAORDINARY ITEM. On June 15, 1999, EMCORE repaid its outstanding bank loans
using a portion of the proceeds from the public offering. EMCORE also used a
portion of the net proceeds to repurchase its outstanding 6.0% subordinated
notes due 2001. The early extinguishment of debt resulted in an extraordinary
charge of $1.3 million or $0.13 per share in fiscal year 1999 that consisted of
$867,000 related to the discount on prepayment of the subordinated notes and
$467,000 related to the write-off of related deferred financing costs.
NET LOSS. EMCORE reported a 37.7% decrease in net loss from $36.4 million for
the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998, as compared to a net loss of $22.7
million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999. The decrease in the
year-to-date loss was attributable to the $19.5 million write-off of acquired
in-process research and development in connection with the acquisition of MODE
on December 5, 1997 offset in part by an increase in recurring research and
development expenses and the net loss from unconsolidated affiliates.
-23-
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COMPARISON OF FISCAL YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1997 AND 1998
REVENUES. EMCORE's revenues decreased 8.4% from $47.8 million for the fiscal
year ended September 30, 1997 to $43.8 million for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 1998. The revenue decrease represented a shift in product mix
during the year. Systems-related revenues decreased approximately 22.8% while
materials-related revenues increased approximately 27.6%. The decrease in
systems-related revenues was primarily attributable to the financial issues in
the Asian economies as well as a general slowdown in the semiconductor equipment
market overall. While materials-related revenues did experience a 27.6%
increase, the General Motors three-month strike adversely affected revenue, as
shipments to General Motors were halted during the strike. Systems-related
revenues were $34.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1997 and
$26.3 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998. Materials-related
revenues were $13.7 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1997 and
$17.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998. As a percentage of
revenues, systems-related revenues accounted for 71.4% for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 1997 and 60.2% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1998. As a
percentage of revenues, materials-related revenues accounted for 28.6% for the
fiscal year ended September 30, 1997 and 39.8% for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 1998. International sales accounted for approximately 42.0% and
39.1% of revenues for the fiscal years ended September 30, 1997 and 1998,
respectively.
COST OF REVENUES/GROSS PROFIT. Cost of sales includes direct material and labor
costs, allocated manufacturing and service overhead, and installation and
warranty costs. Gross profit increased from 37.0% of revenue to 43.6% of revenue
for the fiscal years ended September 30, 1997 and 1998, respectively. The gross
profit percentage increase was attributable to a shift in product mix towards
higher gross margin materials-related revenues.
SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE. Selling, general and administrative
expenses increased by 50.7% from $9.3 million for the year ended September 30,
1997, to $14.1 million for the year ended September 30, 1998. The increase was
largely due to sales personnel headcount increases to support both domestic and
foreign markets and general headcount additions to sustain the internal
administrative support necessary for EMCORE's expanded product lines and new
locations. During fiscal 1998, EMCORE wrote-off a $1.0 million receivable due
from an Asian customer which was deemed to be uncollectible. As a percentage of
revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses increased from 19.6% of
revenue during fiscal 1997 to 32.2% of revenue for fiscal 1998.
GOODWILL AMORTIZATION. In connection with the purchase of MODE, EMCORE recorded
goodwill of $13.2 million that is being amortized over 36 months. Goodwill
amortization expense amounted to $3.6 million for the year ended September 30,
1998. Net goodwill at September 30, 1998 was $9.5 million.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. Recurring research and development expenses increased
by 83.3% from $9.0 million for the year ended September 30, 1997, to $16.5
million for the year ended September 30, 1998. The increase was primarily
attributable to EMCORE's acquisition of MODE and increased staffing and
equipment costs necessary to enhance current products and develop new product
offerings. Products introduced or under development include HB LEDs, high
efficiency solar cells, new generation TurboDisc(TM) production systems, VCSELs
and other optoelectronic devices. For the year ended September 30, 1998, EMCORE
incurred $1.1 million of research and development costs associated with MODE's
in-process (at the date of acquisition) research and development projects. As a
percentage of revenue, research and development expenses increased from 18.8% of
revenue during fiscal 1997 to 37.7% of revenue for fiscal 1998. To maintain
growth and market leadership in epitaxial technology, EMCORE expects to continue
to invest a significant amount of its resources in research and development. In
connection with the MODE acquisition, EMCORE incurred a one-time charge for the
write-off of acquired in-process research and development amounting to $19.5
million. The acquisition of MODE, a development stage company, constituted a
significant and strategic investment for EMCORE. The principal investment
consideration was to acquire and gain access to MODE's micro-optical technology,
which was under development at the time. EMCORE plans to use MODE's
micro-optical laser technology in new products for data communications and
telecommunications applications.
-24-
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OPERATING LOSS. During fiscal 1998, operating loss increased from a loss of $0.7
million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1997 to a loss of $34.6 million
for the year ended September 30, 1998. The change in operating loss was
primarily due to the $19.5 million one-time charge for in-process research and
development written off in connection with the purchase of MODE. Additionally,
recurring research and development expense increased by $7.5 million from the
prior year, as a result of increased research and development activities at MODE
and in our core business. In addition, the General Motors three-month strike
adversely affected operating performance as shipments to General Motors were
halted during the strike. General Motors is among EMCORE's largest customers.
EMCORE was unable to furlough or reduce their workforce during the strike and
thereby incurred charges without the benefit of related revenues.
OTHER EXPENSE. Other expenses decreased, particularly due to the reduced imputed
warrant interest expense associated with EMCORE's subordinated debt and debt
issuance guarantee cost. During fiscal 1996, EMCORE issued detachable warrants
along with subordinated notes to certain of its existing shareholders. In fiscal
1997, EMCORE also issued detachable warrants in return for a $10.0 million
demand note facility guarantee by the Chairman of the Board of EMCORE, who
provided collateral for the facility. EMCORE subsequently assigned a value to
these detachable warrants issued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.
EMCORE recorded the subordinated notes at a carrying value that is subject to
periodic accretions, using the interest method, and reflected the facility's
detachable warrant value as debt issuance cost which was written off in its
entirety in fiscal 1997. The consequent expense of these subordinated note
accretion amounts and the now terminated facility's debt issuance cost is
charged to "imputed warrant interest, non-cash," and amounted to approximately
$4.0 million and $370,000 for the fiscal years ended September 30, 1997 and
1998, respectively. In June 1998, EMCORE issued 284,684 warrants to its Chairman
and its Chief Executive Officer for providing a guarantee in connection with the
1998 Agreement, an $8.0 million 18-month credit facility with First Union
National Bank. EMCORE assigned a value to these warrants using the Black-Scholes
option-pricing model.
INCOME TAXES. EMCORE's effective income tax rate was 2.5% in fiscal 1997 and
0.0% in fiscal 1998. The lower effective rate in fiscal 1998, relative to fiscal
1997, was attributable to a federal income tax benefit offset by net operating
loss and expenses not utilized or deductible for tax purposes.
EXTRAORDINARY ITEM. In the fiscal year ended September 30, 1997, EMCORE repaid
$2.0 million of its outstanding subordinated notes due May 1, 2001. In
connection with this discharge of EMCORE's subordinated notes, an extraordinary
loss of $285,000 was recognized in fiscal 1997 relating to such early
extinguishment of debt.
NET LOSS. Net loss increased from $5.6 million for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 1997 to $36.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30,
1998. This increase was primarily attributable to the acquisition of MODE and
subsequent write-off of in-process research and development of $19.5 million as
well as an increase in recurring research and development expenses of $7.5
million. In addition, the General Motors three-month prolonged strike adversely
affected operating performance.
-25-
26
QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following tables present EMCORE's unaudited results of operations
expressed in dollars and as a percentage of revenues for the eight most recently
ended fiscal quarters. EMCORE believes that all necessary adjustments,
consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, have been included in the
amounts below to present fairly the selected quarterly information when read in
conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included
elsewhere in this document. EMCORE's results from operations may vary
substantially from quarter to quarter. Accordingly, the operating results for a
quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any subsequent quarter or
for the full year.
(in thousands) DEC. MAR. JUNE SEPT. DEC. MAR. JUN. SEPT.
31, 31, 30, 30, 31, 31, 30, 30,
1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Revenues $ 12,357 $ 13,808 $ 9,074 $ 8,521 $ 10,125 $ 16,072 $ 17,667 $ 14,477
Cost of sales 6,376 7,534 5,448 5,317 6,016 9,203 9,853 8,086
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Gross profit 5,981 6,274 3,626 3,204 4,109 6,869 7,814 6,391
Operating expenses:
Selling, general
& administrative 3,003 2,901 4,596 3,582 3,144 3,225 3,650 4,414
Goodwill
amortization 343 1,099 1,098 1,098 1,099 1,098 1,098 1,098
Research & development:
Recurring 2,836 2,889 5,887 4,883 5,924 4,348 4,959 5,482
One-time acquired
in process 19,516 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total operating
expenses 25,698 6,889 11,581 9,563 10,167 8,671 9,707 10,994
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Operating (loss)
income (19,717) (615) (7,955) (6,359) (6,058) (1,802) (1,893) (4,603)
Stated interest
expenses, net 70 47 211 626 230 463 290 (117)
Imputed warrant
interest, non-cash 96 96 94 315 316 317 410 93
Equity in net loss of
unconsolidated
affiliates -- -- -- 198 276 1,395 1,311 2,015
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total other expenses 166 143 305 1,139 822 2,175 2,011 1,991
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
(Loss) income
before income
taxes (19,883) (758) (8,260) (7,498) (6,880) (3,977) (3,904) (6,594)
Provision for
income taxes -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
(Loss) income before
extraordinary item (19,883) (778) (8,260) (7,498) (6,880) (3,977) (3,904) (6,594)
Extraordinary loss -- -- -- -- -- -- 1,334 --
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Net (loss) income $(19,883) $ (778) $ (8,260) $ (7,498) $ (6,880) $ (3,977) $ (5,238) $ (6,594)
======== ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== ========
DEC. MAR. JUNE SEPT. DEC. MAR. JUN. SEPT.
31, 31, 30, 30, 31, 31, 30, 30,
1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999
------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Revenues 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Cost of sales 51.6 54.6 60.0 62.4 59.4 57.3 55.8 55.9
Gross profit 48.4 45.4 40.0 37.6 40.6 42.7 44.2 44.1
Operating expenses:
Selling, general
& adminstrative 24.3 21.0 50.7 42.0 31.0 20.1 20.7 30.5
Goodwill
amortization 2.8 7.9 12.1 12.9 10.9 6.8 6.2 7.6
Research &
development:
Recurring 23.0 20.9 64.9 57.3 58.5 27.0 28.1 37.9
One-time acquired
in process 157.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Total operating
expenses 208.0 49.8 127.7 112.2 100.4 53.9 55.0 76.0
------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Operating (loss)
income (159.6) (4.4) (87.7) (74.6) (59.8) (11.2) (10.8) (31.9)
Stated interest
expenses, net 0.6 0.3 2.3 7.3 2.3 2.9 1.6 (0.8)
Imputed warrant
interest, non-cash 0.8 0.7 1.0 3.7 3.1 2.0 2.3 0.6
Equity in net loss
of unconsolidated
affiliates -- -- -- 2.3 2.7 8.6 7.4 13.9
------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Total other expenses 1.4 1.0 3.3 13.3 8.1 13.5 11.3 13.7
(Loss) income before
income taxes (161.0) (5.4) (91.0) (87.9) (67.9) (24.7) (22.1) (45.6)
Provision for
income taxes -- 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- --
------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
(Loss) income
before extraordinary
item (161.0) (5.6) (91.0) (87.9) (67.9) (24.7) (22.1) (45.6)
Extraordinary loss -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.6 --
Net (loss) income (161.0) (5.6) (91.0) (87.9) (67.9) (24.7) (29.7) (45.6)
======= ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== =====
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From inception through December 31, 1996, EMCORE derived the majority of
its revenues from the sale of TurboDisc(TM) production systems. Beginning in
January 1997, EMCORE expanded its product line to offer wafers and devices.
Throughout fiscal year 1997 and the first half of fiscal year 1998, EMCORE
benefited from the expanded product offerings. Early in fiscal year 1998, the
capital equipment market experienced a downturn and bookings of TurboDisc(TM)
systems decreased substantially. The result was lower revenues for the last two
quarters of fiscal year 1998 and the first quarter of fiscal year 1999. Since
then, the bookings of TurboDisc(TM) systems has substantially increased as well
as bookings for our materials-related products. EMCORE's backlog at September
30, 1999 was $43.1 million, which represents the highest amount for any year-end
in the Company's history
Cost of sales was also affected by revenue shifts. Gross profit improved
consistently from the introduction of the new product lines through the second
quarter of fiscal year 1998. Thereafter, in late fiscal year 1998 and into the
early part of fiscal year 1999, gross profit was affected primarily by reduced
revenues and the resulting under-absorbed overhead. Since then, with increased
revenues, gross profit has increased at a relatively consistent percentage rate.
Operating expenses have generally increased both in absolute dollars and
as a percentage of revenues, due to increased staffing in research and
development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative functions. The
increase in research expenditures was related to the development of systems for
the processing of gallium nitride materials used in the production of blue HB
LEDs, enhancement of production systems, and the introduction of wafers and
devices, in particular, MR sensors, VCSELs and solar cells. Selling, general and
administrative expenses increased as a result of increased marketing and sales
related activities, including the hiring of additional personnel, commissions,
customer samples, expansion of facilities, and the opening of field offices in
Taiwan and California.
EMCORE has experienced and expects to continue to experience significant
fluctuations in quarterly results. Factors which have had an influence on and
may continue to influence EMCORE's operating results in a particular quarter
include, but are not limited to, the timing of receipt of orders, cancellation,
rescheduling or delay in product shipment or supply deliveries, product mix,
competitive pricing pressures, EMCORE's ability to design, manufacture and ship
products on a cost effective and timely basis, including the ability of EMCORE
to achieve and maintain acceptable production yields for wafers and devices,
regional economic conditions and the announcement and introduction of new
products by EMCORE and by its competitors. The timing of sales of EMCORE's
TurboDisc(TM) production systems may cause substantial fluctuations in quarterly
operating results due to the substantially higher per unit price of these
products relative to EMCORE's other products. If the compound semiconductor
industry experiences downturns or slowdowns, EMCORE's business, financial
condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Cash and cash equivalents increased by $2.7 million from $4.5 million at
September 30, 1998 to $7.2 million at September 30, 1999. For the fiscal year
ended September 30, 1999, net cash used for operations amounted to $15.2
million, primarily due to EMCORE's net loss, an increase in accounts receivable
and a decrease in accounts payable.
For the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999, net cash used for
investment activities amounted to $31.3 million, primarily due to the purchase
and manufacture of new equipment for the facilitation of EMCORE's wafer and
device product lines, and clean room modifications and enhancements of
approximately $17.1 million, as well as investments in unconsolidated affiliates
of approximately $14.2 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 1999 amounted to approximately $49.2 million, primarily due to the
$52.0 million of net proceeds from the public offering in June 1999, $21.2
million of net proceeds from the private placement of preferred stock in
November 1998 and long-term convertible subordinated debenture of $7.8 million.
This was offset by debt repayments of $33.5 million on bank loans, short-term
related party debt and subordinated debt.
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28
In March 1997, the Company entered into a $10.0 million loan agreement
with First Union National Bank (the "Loan Agreement") that had an interest rate
of Prime plus 50 basis points (8.75% at September 30, 1998). As of September 30,
1998, the Company had $9,950,000 outstanding under this facility. As of
September 30, 1999, there were no amounts outstanding under this facility. The
Loan Agreement contains financial covenants which, among other things, require
maintenance of certain financial ratios, liquidity and net worth. As a result of
the net loss for certain quarters in the years ended September 30, 1998 and
1999, the Company was not in compliance with the Loan Agreement's debt
covenants. The Company received a waiver from the bank regarding this
non-compliance. Subsequent to year-end 1999, the Company's Loan Agreement was
extended through January 31, 2001. The Loan Agreement's financial covenants were
modified under the third amendment, and management believes that the Company
will be able to comply with such requirements throughout fiscal year 2000.
EMCORE's planned capital expenditures are expected to total
approximately $16.8 million during fiscal year 2000, including approximately
$7.8 million in expenditures related to investments in our joint ventures.
Capital spending in fiscal year 2000 also is expected to include upgrading
manufacturing facilities, continued investment in analytical and diagnostic
research and development equipment, upgrading and purchasing computer equipment
and the manufacture of TurboDisc(TM) systems for in-house use.
EMCORE believes that its current liquidity, together with available
credit, should be sufficient to meet its cash needs for working capital through
fiscal year 2000. However, if the available credit facilities, cash generated
from operations and cash on hand are not sufficient to satisfy EMCORE's
liquidity requirements, EMCORE will seek to obtain additional equity or debt
financing. Additional funding may not be available when needed or on terms
acceptable to EMCORE. If EMCORE is required to raise additional financing and if
adequate funds are not available or not available on acceptable terms, the
ability to continue to fund expansion, develop and enhance products and
services, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures will be severely
limited. Such a limitation could have a material adverse effect on EMCORE's
business, financial condition or operations.
In January 1999, Rockwell settled litigation that challenged the
validity of certain patents which EMCORE licensed from Rockwell prior to the
commencement of the litigation. As a result of this settlement, EMCORE will be
required to pay Rockwell a royalty including interest under our license
agreement relating to TurboDisc(TM) tools. EMCORE believes it has adequately
accrued for these royalties. In addition, prior to the commencement of the
litigation, EMCORE had initiated discussions with Rockwell to receive additional
licenses to permit EMCORE to use the technology to manufacture and sell wafers
and devices. EMCORE may be required to pay royalties to Rockwell for certain
past sales of wafers and devices to customers who do not hold licenses directly
from Rockwell. Management has reviewed and reassessed the royalty agreements and
concluded that it has the appropriate amounts reserved for at both September 30,
1998 and 1999. We are currently negotiating with Rockwell to obtain the
necessary licenses to continue to manufacture and sell wafers and devices. The
Rockwell patent expires in January 2000. The failure to obtain licenses to
manufacture these wafers and devices on commercially reasonable terms may
materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of
operations through January 2000.
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29
YEAR 2000 COMPLIANCE
Many currently installed computer systems and software products are
coded to accept or recognize only two digit entries in the date code field.
These systems and software products will need to accept four digit entries to
distinguish 21st century dates from 20th century dates. As a result, computer
systems and/or software used by many companies and governmental agencies may
need to be upgraded to comply with such Year 2000 requirements or risk system
failure or miscalculations causing disruptions of normal business activities.
STATE OF READINESS. EMCORE has made an assessment of the Year 2000
readiness of its operating financial and administrative systems, including the
hardware and software that support such systems. EMCORE's assessment plan
consisted of:
(1) contacting third-party vendors and licensors of materi