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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

     
(Mark One)
   
[ X ]
 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)OF
                     THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended                   March 27, 2004

OR

     
[   ]
  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
                     THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                                        to                    
     
Commission File Number:
  0-21238

(LANDSTAR LOGO)

LANDSTAR SYSTEM, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
     
Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization)
  06-1313069
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

13410 Sutton Park Drive South, Jacksonville, Florida
(Address of principal executive offices)
32224
(Zip Code)
(904) 398-9400
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes [ X ] No [     ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes [ X ] No [     ]

The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding as of the close of business on April 23, 2004 was 29,802,172.

 


         
PART I

       
FINANCIAL INFORMATION

       
Index

       
       
   
   
   
   
   
       
   
       
   
       
   
   
 Sec. 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer
 Sec. 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer
 Sec. 906 Certification of Chief Executive Officer
 Sec. 906 Certification of Chief Financial Officer

Item 1. Financial Statements

The interim consolidated financial statements contained herein reflect all adjustments (all of a normal, recurring nature) which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair statement of the financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and changes in shareholders’ equity for the periods presented. They have been prepared in accordance with Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X and do not include all the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements. Operating results for the thirteen weeks ended March 27, 2004 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire fiscal year ending December 25, 2004.

These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s 2003 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 


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LANDSTAR SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
                 
    March 27,   Dec. 27,
    2004
  2003
ASSETS
               
Current Assets
               
Cash and cash equivalents
  $ 48,476     $ 42,640  
Short-term investments
    29,311       30,890  
Trade accounts receivable, less allowance of $3,499 and $3,410
    221,116       219,039  
Other receivables, including advances to independent contractors, less allowance of $5,223 and $4,077
    18,837       13,196  
Deferred income taxes and other current assets
    15,415       14,936  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Total current assets
    333,155       320,701  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Operating property, less accumulated depreciation and amortization of $58,989 and $58,480
    66,289       67,639  
Goodwill
    31,134       31,134  
Other assets
    15,836       18,983  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Total assets
  $ 446,414     $ 438,457  
 
   
 
     
 
 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
               
Current Liabilities
               
Cash overdraft
  $ 19,338     $ 20,523  
Accounts payable
    82,942       71,713  
Current maturities of long-term debt
    79,641       9,434  
Insurance claims
    32,505       26,293  
Other current liabilities
    42,244       45,223  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Total current liabilities
    256,670       173,186  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Long-term debt, excluding current maturities
    10,136       82,022  
Insurance claims
    27,265       27,282  
Deferred income taxes
    13,494       13,452  
Shareholders’ Equity
               
Common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued 32,048,102 and 31,816,860 shares
    320       318  
Additional paid-in capital
    23,013       18,382  
Retained earnings
    232,470       224,368  
Cost of 2,271,930 and 1,809,930 shares of common stock in treasury
    (116,557 )     (100,150 )
Accumulated other comprehensive income
    188       182  
Notes receivable arising from exercises of stock options
    (585 )     (585 )
 
   
 
     
 
 
Total shareholders’ equity
    138,849       142,515  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
  $ 446,414     $ 438,457  
 
   
 
     
 
 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 


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LANDSTAR SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
                 
    Thirteen Weeks Ended
    March 27,   March 29,
    2004
  2003
Revenue
  $ 421,026     $ 365,718  
Investment income
    303       324  
Costs and expenses:
               
Purchased transportation
    313,797       271,462  
Commissions to agents
    32,434       28,084  
Other operating costs
    9,894       9,231  
Insurance and claims
    20,706       10,628  
Selling, general and administrative
    27,410       26,381  
Depreciation and amortization
    3,199       3,166  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Total costs and expenses
    407,440       348,952  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Operating income
    13,889       17,090  
Interest and debt expense
    768       770  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Income before income taxes
    13,121       16,320  
Income taxes
    5,019       6,161  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Net income
  $ 8,102     $ 10,159  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Earnings per common share (1)
  $ 0.27     $ 0.32  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Diluted earnings per share (1)
  $ 0.26     $ 0.31  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Average number of shares outstanding:
               
Earnings per common share (1)
    29,855,000       31,548,000  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Diluted earnings per share (1)
    30,968,000       32,852,000  
 
   
 
     
 
 

(1) 2003 earnings per share amounts and average number of shares outstanding have been restated to give retroactive effect to a two-for-one stock split effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend declared October 15, 2003.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 


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LANDSTAR SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)
(Unaudited)
                 
    Thirteen Weeks Ended
    March 27,   March 29,
    2004
  2003
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
               
Net income
  $ 8,102     $ 10,159  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
               
Depreciation and amortization of operating property
    3,199       3,166  
Non-cash interest charges
    68       68  
Provisions for losses on trade and other accounts receivable
    1,626       1,405  
Losses on sales and disposals of operating property
    72       140  
Deferred income taxes, net
    42       359  
Income tax benefit on stock option exercises
    1,175          
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
               
Increase in trade and other accounts receivable
    (9,344 )     (2,806 )
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets
    2,606       2,535  
Increase in accounts payable
    11,229       951  
Increase in insurance claims
    6,195       3,506  
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities
    (2,979 )     106  
 
   
 
     
 
 
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES
    21,991       19,589  
 
   
 
     
 
 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
               
Net change in other short-term investments
    1,579          
Maturities of long-term investments
            900  
Purchases of operating property
    (2,273 )     (1,070 )
Proceeds from sales of operating property
    352       340  
 
   
 
     
 
 
NET CASH PROVIDED (USED) BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES
    (342 )     170  
 
   
 
     
 
 
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
               
Increase (decrease) in cash overdraft
    (1,185 )     1,865  
Proceeds from repayment of notes receivable arising from exercises of stock options
            248  
Proceeds from exercises of stock options
    3,458       4,641  
Borrowings on revolving credit facility
    1,000          
Principal payments on long-term debt and capital lease obligations
    (2,679 )     (15,357 )
Purchases of common stock
    (16,407 )     (8,467 )
 
   
 
     
 
 
NET CASH USED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES
    (15,813 )     (17,070 )
 
   
 
     
 
 
Increase in cash and cash equivalents
    5,836       2,689  
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
    42,640       65,447  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
  $ 48,476     $ 68,136  
 
   
 
     
 
 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 


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LANDSTAR SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Thirteen Weeks Ended March 27, 2004
(Dollars in thousands)
(Unaudited)
                                                                         
                                                                 
                                                            Notes    
                                                            Receivable    
                                                        Arising    
                                Treasury Stock   Accumulated   from    
    Common Stock
  Add’l
Paid-In
  Retained   at Cost
  Other
Comprehensive
  Exercises
of Stock
   
    Shares
  Amount
  Capital
  Earnings
  Shares
  Amount
  Income
  Options
  Total
Balance December 27, 2003
    31,816,860     $ 318     $ 18,382     $ 224,368       1,809,930     $ (100,150 )   $ 182     $ (585 )   $ 142,515  
Net income
                            8,102                                       8,102  
Purchases of common stock
                                    462,000       (16,407 )                     (16,407 )
Exercises of stock options and related income tax benefit
    231,242       2       4,631                                               4,633  
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of income taxes
                                                    6               6  
 
   
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
 
Balance March 27, 2004
    32,048,102     $ 320     $ 23,013     $ 232,470       2,271,930     $ (116,557 )   $ 188     $ (585 )   $ 138,849  
 
   
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

LANDSTAR SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Landstar System, Inc. and its subsidiary, Landstar System Holdings, Inc., and reflect all adjustments (all of a normal, recurring nature) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the periods presented. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires the use of management’s estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Landstar System, Inc. and its subsidiary are herein referred to as “Landstar” or the “Company.”

(1)   Stock Split

    On October 15, 2003, Landstar declared a two-for-one stock-split of its common stock to be effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend. Stockholders of record on November 3, 2003 received one additional share of common stock for each share held. The additional shares were distributed on November 13, 2003.
 
    Unless otherwise indicated, all share and per share amounts have been restated to give retroactive effect to this stock-split.

(2)   Income Taxes

    The provisions for income taxes for the 2004 and 2003 thirteen week periods were based on estimated full year combined effective income tax rates of approximately 38.3% and 37.8%, respectively, which are higher than the statutory federal income tax rate primarily as a result of state income taxes and the meals and entertainment exclusion.

(3)   Earnings Per Share

    Earnings per common share amounts are based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and diluted earnings per share amounts are based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the incremental shares that would have been outstanding upon the assumed exercise of all dilutive stock options.

 


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    The following table provides a reconciliation of the number of average common shares outstanding used to calculate earnings per share to the number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding used in calculating diluted earnings per share (in thousands):

                 
    Thirteen Weeks Ended
    March 27,   March 29,
    2004
  2003
Average number of common shares outstanding
    29,855       31,548  
Incremental shares from assumed exercises of stock options
    1,113       1,304  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding
    30,968       32,852  
 
   
 
     
 
 

    For the thirteen week periods ended March 27, 2004 and March 29, 2003, there were 249,000 and 306,000, respectively, of options outstanding to purchase shares of common stock excluded from the calculations of diluted earnings per share because they were antidilutive.

(4)   Additional Cash Flow Information

    During the 2004 period, Landstar paid income taxes and interest of $483,000 and $856,000, respectively. During the 2003 period, Landstar paid income taxes and interest of $303,000 and $841,000, respectively.

(5)   Segment Information

    The following tables summarize information about Landstar’s reportable business segments as of and for the thirteen weeks ended March 27, 2004 and March 29, 2003 (in thousands):

                                         
    Thirteen Weeks Ended March 27, 2004
    Carrier
  Multimodal
  Insurance
  Other
  Total
External revenue
  $ 321,608     $ 92,014     $ 7,404             $ 421,026  
Investment income
                    303               303  
Internal revenue
    5,129       2,484       6,981               14,594  
Operating income
    23,697       2,739       (2,826 )   $ (9,721 )     13,889  
Goodwill
    20,496       10,638                       31,134  
                                         
    Thirteen Weeks Ended March 29, 2003
    Carrier
  Multimodal
  Insurance
  Other
  Total
External revenue
  $ 290,045     $ 68,709     $ 6,964             $ 365,718  
Investment income
                    324               324  
Internal revenue
    4,471       647       7,165               12,283  
Operating income
    18,496       1,924       5,435     $ (8,765 )     17,090  
Goodwill
    20,496       10,638                       31,134  

(6)   Stock-Based Compensation

    The Company has two employee stock option plans and one stock option plan for members of its Board of Directors (the “Plans”). The Company accounts for stock options issued under the Plans pursuant to the recognition and measurement principles of APB Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees,” and related interpretations. No stock-based employee compensation is reflected in net income from the Plans as all options granted under the Plans had an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. The following table illustrates the effect on net income and earnings per share from the Plans, as if the Company had applied the fair value recognition provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation,” to stock-based employee compensation (in thousands, except per share amounts):

 


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    Thirteen Weeks Ended
    March 27,   March 29,
    2004
  2003
Net income, as reported
  $ 8,102     $ 10,159  
Deduct:
               
Total stock-based employee compensation expense determined under the fair value based method for all awards, net of related income tax benefits
    (1,050 )     (899 )
 
   
 
     
 
 
Pro forma net income
  $ 7,052     $ 9,260  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Earnings per common share:
               
As reported
  $ 0.27     $ 0.32  
Pro forma
  $ 0.24     $ 0.29  
Diluted earnings per share:
               
As reported
  $ 0.26     $ 0.31  
Pro forma
  $ 0.23     $ 0.29  

(7)   Comprehensive Income

    The following table includes the components of comprehensive income for the thirteen week period ended March 27, 2004. The Company did not have any transactions resulting in comprehensive income in the thirteen week period ended March 29, 2003 (in thousands):

         
    Thirteen Weeks Ended
    March 27,
    2004
Net income
  $ 8,102  
Unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale investments, net of income taxes
    6  
 
   
 
 
Comprehensive income
  $ 8,108  
 
   
 
 

    Accumulated other comprehensive income at March 27, 2004 of $188,000 represents the unrealized holding gains on available for sale investments of $292,000, net of income taxes of $104,000.

(8)   Commitments and Contingencies

    At March 27, 2004, Landstar had $9,580,000 of letters of credit outstanding under the Company’s revolving credit facility and $36,014,000 of letters of credit secured by investments held at the Company’s insurance segment. The short-term investments of $29,311,000 combined with $7,840,000 of the non-current portion of investment grade bonds included in other assets at March 27, 2004, provide collateral for the $36,014,000 of letters of credit issued to guarantee payment of insurance claims.

 


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On November 1, 2002, the Owner Operator Independent Drivers Association, Inc. (“OOIDA”) and six individual Independent Contractors filed a putative class action complaint in the United States District Court in Jacksonville, Florida, against the Company (the “Complaint”). The Complaint alleges that certain aspects of the Company’s motor carrier leases with Independent Contractors violate the federal leasing regulations and seeks injunctive relief, an unspecified amount of damages and attorney’s fees. On December 16, 2002, the Company filed a Motion to Dismiss and, with respect to all of the leases that contain arbitration clauses, a Motion to Stay and Compel Arbitration. On September 30, 2003, the District Court issued an Order denying the Company’s Motion to Stay and Compel Arbitration. On March 8, 2004, the District Court granted the Company’s Motion to Dismiss with respect to the claims of one of the six Owner Operator Plaintiffs. The District Court has yet to rule on Landstar’s Motion to Dismiss with respect to the claims of the remaining Plaintiffs. Due to a number of factors, including the lack of specificity of Plaintiffs’ Complaint, the early stage of this litigation and the lack of litigated final judgments in a number of similar pending cases or otherwise applicable precedent, Landstar does not believe it is in a position to conclude whether or not there is a reasonable possibility of an adverse outcome in this case, or what damages, if any, Plaintiffs would be awarded should they prevail on all or any part of their claims. However, Landstar believes it has meritorious defenses to this litigation and intends to continue defending it vigorously. Landstar also believes that it treats its Independent Contractors fairly and in a manner which reflects the important role they play in the Company’s operations.

Landstar is involved in certain other claims and pending litigation arising from the normal conduct of business. Based on the knowledge of the facts and, in certain cases, opinions of outside counsel, management believes that adequate provisions have been made for probable losses with respect to the resolution of all claims and pending litigation and that the ultimate outcome, after provisions thereof, will not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition of Landstar, but could have a material effect on the results of operations in a given quarter or year.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the attached interim consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, and with the Company’s audited financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 27, 2003 and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the 2003 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

    Introduction
 
    Landstar System, Inc. and its subsidiary, Landstar System Holdings, Inc. (“Landstar” or the “Company”), provide transportation services to a variety of market niches throughout the United States and to a lesser extent in Canada and between the United States and Canada and Mexico through its operating subsidiaries. Landstar’s business strategy is to be a non-asset based provider of transportation capacity delivering safe, specialized transportation services to a broad range of customers throughout North America utilizing a network of independent commission sales agents and third party capacity providers. Landstar focuses on providing transportation services which emphasize customer service and information coordination among its independent commission sales agents, customers and capacity providers. The Company markets its services primarily through independent commission sales agents and utilizes exclusively third party capacity providers to transport customers’ freight. The nature of the Company’s business is such that a significant portion of its operating costs varies directly with revenue. The Company has three reportable business segments. These are the carrier, multimodal and insurance segments.
 
    The carrier segment consists of Landstar Ranger, Inc., Landstar Inway, Inc., Landstar Ligon, Inc., Landstar Gemini, Inc. and Landstar Carrier Services, Inc. The carrier segment primarily provides truckload transportation for a wide range of general commodities over irregular routes with its fleet of dry and specialty vans and unsided trailers, including flatbed, drop deck and specialty. It also provides short-to-long haul movement of containers by truck, dedicated power-only truck capacity and truck brokerage. The carrier segment markets its services primarily through independent commission sales agents and utilizes independent contractors who provide truck capacity to the Company under exclusive lease arrangements (the “Independent Contractors”) and other third party truck capacity providers (truck brokerage carriers).
 
    The multimodal segment is comprised of Landstar Logistics, Inc. and Landstar Express America, Inc. Transportation services provided by the multimodal segment include the arrangement of intermodal moves, contract logistics, truck brokerage, emergency and expedited ground and air freight and ocean freight. The multimodal segment markets its services primarily through independent commission sales agents and utilizes capacity provided by Independent Contractors and other third party capacity providers, including truck brokerage carriers, railroads, air and ocean cargo carriers.

 


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    The insurance segment is comprised of Signature Insurance Company (“Signature”), a wholly-owned offshore insurance subsidiary, and Risk Management Claim Services, Inc. The insurance segment provides risk and claims management services to Landstar’s operating subsidiaries. In addition, it reinsures certain property, casualty and occupational accident risks of certain Independent Contractors who have contracted to haul freight for Landstar and provides certain property and casualty insurance directly to Landstar’s operating subsidiaries.
 
    Changes in Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
    The Company’s success depends on its ability to generate freight through its network of independent commission sales agents and to efficiently deliver that freight utilizing third party capacity providers. Management believes the most significant factors to the Company’s success include increasing revenue, sourcing capacity and controlling costs.
 
    While customer demand, which is subject to overall economic conditions, ultimately drives increases or decreases in revenue, the Company primarily relies on its independent commission sales agents to establish customer relationships and generate revenue opportunities. Management’s primary focus with respect to revenue growth is on revenue generated by independent commission sales agents who on an annual basis generate $1 million or more of Landstar revenue (“Million Dollar Agents”). Management believes future revenue growth is primarily dependent on its ability to increase both the revenue generated by Million Dollar Agents and the number of Million Dollar Agents through a combination of recruiting new agents and increasing the revenue opportunities generated by existing independent commission sales agents.
 
    During the 2003 fiscal year, 396 independent commission sales agents generated $1 million or more of Landstar’s revenue and thus qualified as Million Dollar Agents. During the 2003 fiscal year, the average revenue generated by a Million Dollar Agent was $3,584,000 and revenue generated by Million Dollar Agents in the aggregate represented 89% of consolidated Landstar revenue.
 
    Management monitors business activity by tracking the number of loads (volume) and revenue per load generated by the carrier and multimodal segments. In addition, management tracks revenue per revenue mile, average length of haul and total revenue miles at the carrier segment. Revenue per revenue mile and revenue per load (collectively, price) as well as the number of loads, can be influenced by many factors which do not necessarily indicate a change in price or volume. Those factors include the average length of haul, freight type, special handling and equipment requirements and delivery time requirements. The following table summarizes this data by reportable segment:

                 
    Fiscal Quarter
    March 27,   March 29,
    2004
  2003
Carrier Segment:
               
Number of loads
    244,000       242,000  
Revenue per load
  $ 1,318     $ 1,199  
Revenue per revenue mile
  $ 1.75     $ 1.74  
Average length of haul (miles)
    752       690  
Multimodal Segment:
               
Number of loads
    67,000       55,000  
Revenue per load
  $ 1,373     $ 1,250  

    Also critical to the Company’s success is its ability to secure capacity, particularly truck capacity, at rates that allow the Company to profitably transport customers’ freight. The following table summarizes available truck capacity:

 


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    March 27,   March 29,
    2004
  2003
Independent Contractors
    7,637       7,272  
Other third party truck capacity providers:
               
Approved and active(1)
    9,584       8,669  
Other approved
    6,321       5,840  
 
   
 
     
 
 
 
    15,905       14,509  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Total available truck capacity providers
    23,542       21,781  
 
   
 
     
 
 
Number of trucks provided by Independent Contractors
    8,583       8,267  
 
   
 
     
 
 

    (1) Active refers to other third party truck capacity providers who moved at least one load in the 180 days immediately preceding the fiscal quarter end.
 
    Historically, the Company’s carrier segment has primarily relied on capacity provided by Independent Contractors. Pursuant to a plan to augment its available capacity and increase its revenue, the Company has been increasing the carrier segment’s use of capacity provided by other third party truck capacity providers. The percent of consolidated revenue generated through all truck brokerage carriers was 24.4% during the first quarter of 2004 and 21.2% during the first quarter of 2003.
 
    The Company incurs costs that are directly related to the transportation of freight that include purchased transportation and commissions to agents. The Company incurs indirect costs associated with the transportation of freight that include other operating costs and insurance and claims. In addition, the Company incurs selling, general and administrative costs essential to administering its business operations. Management continually monitors all components of the costs incurred by the Company and establishes annual cost budgets which, in general, are used to benchmark costs incurred on a monthly basis.