Back to GetFilings.com
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
| |
|
|
| (Mark One) |
|
|
|
þ
|
|
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
| |
| |
|
For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2005 |
| |
|
or |
| |
|
o
|
|
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
| |
| |
|
For the Transition period
from to |
Commission file number 1-14131
ALKERMES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| |
|
|
|
Pennsylvania
|
|
23-2472830 |
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization) |
|
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.) |
| |
88 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, MA
(Address of principal executive offices) |
|
02139-4234
(Zip Code) |
(617) 494-0171
Registrants telephone number, including area code
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the
Act:
None
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the
Act:
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock Purchase
Rights
(Title of Class)
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed
all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding
12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant
was required to file such reports), and (2) has been
subject to such filing requirements for the past
90 days. Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers
pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K
(§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein,
and will not be contained, to the best of Registrants
knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements
incorporated by reference in Part III of this
Form 10-K or any amendment to this
Form 10-K. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated
filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the
Act). Yes þ No o
As of September 30, 2004 (the last business day of the
second fiscal quarter) the aggregate market value of the
87,835,891 outstanding shares of voting and non-voting common
equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was
$1,013,626,182. Such aggregate value was computed by reference
to the closing price of the common stock reported on the NASDAQ
National Market on September 30, 2004.
As of May 31, 2005, 90,021,880 shares of the
Registrants common stock were issued and outstanding, and
382,632 shares of the Registrants non-voting common
stock were issued and outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed within
120 days after March 31, 2005 for the
Registrants Annual Shareholders Meeting are
incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report on
Form 10-K.
2
PART I
The following Business section contains forward-looking
statements which involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual
results could differ materially from those anticipated in these
forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors. See
Risk Factors and Managements Discussion
and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations Forward-Looking Statements.
General
Alkermes, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, referred to as
we, us, our or the
Registrant), a Pennsylvania corporation organized in
1987, is a pharmaceutical company that develops products based
on sophisticated drug delivery technologies to enhance
therapeutic outcomes in major diseases. Our lead commercial
product, Risperdal Consta®[(risperidone) long-acting
injection], is the first and only long-acting atypical
antipsychotic medication approved for use in schizophrenia, and
is marketed worldwide by Janssen-Cilag (Janssen), a
division of Johnson & Johnson. Our lead proprietary
product candidate, Vivitrex® (naltrexone long-acting
injection) is being developed as a once-monthly injection for
the treatment of alcohol dependence. We have a pipeline of
extended-release injectable products and pulmonary drug products
based on our proprietary technologies and expertise. Our product
development strategy is twofold: we partner our proprietary
technology systems and drug delivery expertise with some of the
worlds finest pharmaceutical companies and we also develop
novel proprietary drug candidates for our own account. Our
headquarters is in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and we operate
research and manufacturing facilities in Massachusetts and Ohio.
Our Strategy
We are leveraging our unique drug delivery capabilities and
technologies as the means to develop, both with partners and on
our own, novel drug products that may enhance therapeutic
outcomes. The key elements of our strategy are as follows:
Collaborate with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies
to develop and finance product candidates. We have entered
into multiple collaborations with pharmaceutical and
biotechnology companies to develop product candidates
incorporating our technologies, to provide us with funding for
product development independent of capital markets, to share
development risk and, in some cases, to provide access to
patented drug candidates.
Apply drug delivery systems to both approved drugs and drugs
in development. We are applying our drug delivery
technologies to novel applications and formulations of
pharmaceutical products that have already been approved by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the FDA) or
other regulatory authorities. In such cases, we and any partners
we are working with may develop a novel dosage form or
application with the knowledge of a drugs safety and
efficacy profile, and a body of clinical experience from which
to draw information for the design of clinical trials, and for
regulatory submissions. We also apply our technologies to drugs
in development that could benefit from our delivery systems.
Establish independent product development capabilities and
infrastructure. Based upon our own knowledge and the best
practices we have adopted from our collaborators, our
experienced scientists have built an in-house product
development organization that enables us to develop product
candidates for our collaborators and for ourselves. Our product
development experience and infrastructure give us flexibility in
structuring development programs and the ability to conduct both
feasibility studies and clinical development programs for our
collaborators and for ourselves.
Expand our pipeline with additional product candidates for
our own account. We develop our own proprietary product
candidates by applying our drug delivery technologies to certain
off-patent pharmaceuticals. For example, we have completed a
Phase III clinical trial for Vivitrex for the treatment of
alcohol dependence and submitted a New Drug Application
(NDA) to the FDA for marketing
3
approval of Vivitrex. We are also developing inhaled epinephrine
based on our AIR® pulmonary drug delivery system for the
treatment of anaphylaxis. In addition, we may in-license or
acquire certain compounds to develop on our own.
Establish our own specialized sales and marketing
capabilities. We are in the process of establishing an
organization for the sales and marketing of Vivitrex. We are
also in discussions with potential marketing partners regarding
the commercialization of Vivitrex. We may seek to expand our
commercial capabilities through the development, or acquisition,
of additional products.
Products and Product Candidates in Development
The following table summarizes the primary indications,
development stage and collaborative partner, if any, for our
products and product candidates. This table is qualified in its
entirety by reference to the more detailed descriptions
appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The results from
preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be
predictive of results obtained in subsequent clinical trials and
there can be no assurance that our, or our collaborators,
clinical trials will demonstrate the safety and efficacy of any
product candidates necessary to obtain regulatory approval.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Product Candidate |
|
Indication |
|
Stage(1) |
|
Collaborative Partner |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risperdal Consta®
|
|
Schizophrenia |
|
Marketed |
|
Janssen |
|
Vivitrex®
|
|
Alcohol Dependence |
|
NDA filed |
|
Not applicable(2) |
|
Vivitrex®
|
|
Opioid Dependence |
|
Phase II |
|
Not applicable(2) |
|
AIR® Insulin
|
|
Diabetes |
|
Phase II |
|
Lilly |
|
Exenatide LAR
|
|
Diabetes |
|
Phase II |
|
Amylin |
|
AIR® hGH
|
|
Growth Hormone Deficiency |
|
Phase I |
|
Lilly |
|
AIR® Epinephrine
|
|
Anaphylaxis |
|
Phase I |
|
Not applicable |
|
Others
|
|
Various |
|
Preclinical |
|
Undisclosed |
|
|
| (1) |
See Government Regulation for definitions of
Phase I, Phase II and
Phase III clinical trials.
Preclinical indicates that we or our partners are
conducting formulation, efficacy, pharmacology and/or toxicology
testing of a compound in animal models or biochemical assays. |
| |
| (2) |
This program has been funded in part with federal funds from the
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and the
National Institutes of Health. |
Products and Development Programs
Risperdal Consta. We have developed a long-acting
formulation of Janssens antipsychotic drug Risperdal,
called Risperdal Consta, using our Medisorb® technology for
the treatment of schizophrenia, a brain disorder the symptoms of
which include disorganized thinking, delusions and
hallucinations. Risperdal Consta is marketed in more than 45
countries around the world including the U.S., U.K., Spain,
France and Germany. The product has been approved in more than
75 countries, and Janssen continues to launch the product around
the world. Risperdal is the most commonly prescribed drug for
the treatment of schizophrenia and had sales of over
$3.1 billion worldwide in 2004 for the relief of symptoms
associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In January
2005, Janssen announced the initiation of a Phase III
clinical trial with Risperdal Consta, with the goal of expanding
the label to include maintenance therapy for bipolar disorder.
Risperdal Consta is administered via injection every two weeks,
as opposed to Risperdal tablets, which must be taken daily.
We are the exclusive manufacturer of Risperdal Consta for
Janssen, and we earn both manufacturing fees and royalties from
Janssen. Under our manufacturing and supply agreement with
Janssen, we record manufacturing revenues upon shipment of
product by us to Janssen based on a percentage of Janssens
net selling price. These percentages are based on the volume of
units shipped to Janssen in any given calendar year, with a
minimum manufacturing fee of 7.5%. In fiscal 2005, our
manufacturing revenues were based
4
on an average of 8.1% of Janssens net sales price for
Risperdal Consta compared to 9.8% in fiscal 2004 and 12.3% in
fiscal 2003. Under our license agreements with Janssen, we also
record royalty revenues equal to 2.5% of Janssens net
sales of Risperdal Consta in the quarter when the product is
sold by Janssen. In January 2005, we announced that we would be
expanding the capacity of our plant in Wilmington, Ohio to
produce Risperdal Consta, with funding support from Janssen.
Under our manufacture and supply agreement, Janssen is required
to pay us certain minimum amounts of manufacturing revenues
relating to our sales of Risperdal Consta to Janssen. The actual
amount of the minimum manufacturing revenues is determined by a
formula and is currently estimated to aggregate approximately
$184.5 million. This amount was increased from
$150.0 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2005, as a
result of additional investment by us in the Risperdal Consta
manufacturing infrastructure. As of March 31, 2005, we had
recognized approximately $78.5 million of cumulative
manufacturing revenues against the estimated $184.5 million
minimum. Janssens minimum revenue obligation will be
satisfied when Alkermes reaches approximately
$184.5 million in cumulative manufacturing revenues earned
from sales of Risperdal Consta to Janssen. While the manufacture
and supply agreement with Janssen specifies annual minimum
revenues expected to be paid to us over a ten year period
beginning in calendar 2003, we expect our annual manufacturing
revenues to exceed those annual minimums. In December 2002,
Janssen prepaid the first two years of minimum manufacturing
revenues to us, totaling $23.9 million and these amounts
were recorded as deferred revenue in our consolidated balance
sheets. As of March 31, 2005, we have recognized the
$23.9 million as revenue in our consolidated statement of
operations and comprehensive loss.
Vivitrex. Vivitrex, our most advanced proprietary product
candidate, is an injectable, extended-release Medisorb
formulation of naltrexone. Naltrexone is an FDA-approved drug
indicated for the treatment of alcohol dependence and for the
blockade of effects of exogenously administered opioids, and is
currently available in daily oral dosage form. It is estimated
that in the U.S., 2.3 million individuals seek treatment
for alcoholism each year. We believe there is a significant need
for a product that will offer a new treatment option and may
help improve day-to-day compliance in this patient population.
Vivitrex is designed to provide once-monthly dosing and provides
the option to alcohol dependent patients of a once-monthly
injection rather than the once-daily oral dosing regimen of
naltrexone. In March 2005, we submitted an NDA to the FDA for
marketing approval of Vivitrex. In May 2005, we were informed by
the FDA that the NDA has been filed for review and has been
granted a priority review designation. The submission of the NDA
does not guarantee approval for marketing.
In April 2005, the Journal of the American Medical
Association (JAMA) published the results of our
Phase III study of Vivitrex in alcohol dependent patients.
The multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of
624 patients showed that a once-monthly dose of Vivitrex,
in combination with counseling, significantly reduced the rate
of heavy drinking in alcohol dependent patients over the
six-month treatment period.
If approved, we will manufacture Vivitrex for commercial sales.
We plan to commercialize Vivitrex using a specialty sales force
to call on addiction specialists and substance abuse centers,
however, we are also in discussions with potential partners
regarding the commercialization of Vivitrex in the U.S. and
around the world.
AIR insulin. We are collaborating with Eli Lilly and
Company (Lilly) to develop inhaled formulations of
insulin and other potential products for the treatment of
diabetes based on our AIR pulmonary drug delivery technology.
Multiple early stage clinical trials have been completed for a
formulation, which is currently in Phase II clinical
development. Lilly is responsible for conducting such clinical
trials. We will manufacture AIR insulin for clinical trials.
Under our current agreement we and Lilly will manufacture such
products for commercial sales, if any.
In August 2004, Lilly made a positive product decision to
proceed with significant investment for the further development
of AIR insulin. The decision followed the successful execution
of several critical steps: the completion and analysis of data
from a Phase II study; the attainment of certain
manufacturing capabilities as decided by Lilly; and the
development and testing of the commercial AIR insulin inhaler
5
system. The Phase II trial was a multi-center, cross-over
design study with 120 patients with type 1 diabetes
receiving an inhaled formulation of insulin using AIR technology
for a three-month period.
In December 2002, we expanded our collaboration with Lilly
following the achievement of development milestones relating to
clinical progress and manufacturing activities for our AIR
insulin dry powder aerosol and inhaler. In connection with the
expansion, Lilly purchased $30.0 million of our convertible
preferred stock. We used a significant portion of the proceeds
from the sale of the preferred stock to fund the joint
development program, including certain clinical trials, during
calendar year 2003 and 2004. In addition, under this agreement,
the royalty rate payable to us based on revenues of potential
AIR insulin products has been increased. Lilly has the right to
exchange the preferred shares for a reduction in the royalty
rate payable to us. The preferred stock is convertible into our
common stock at market price, under certain conditions at our
option, and automatically upon filing of an NDA with the FDA for
an AIR insulin product. In December 2003, Lilly made additional
payments to us totaling approximately $7.0 million to fund
an increase in the scope of our AIR insulin and AIR hGH
development programs with them. As of March 31, 2005, this
funding has been recorded as revenue in the consolidated
statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Ongoing
development work is being funded by Lilly.
Exenatide LAR. We are developing a long-acting release
(LAR) Medisorb formulation of Amylin Pharmaceutical,
Inc.s (Amylin) exenatide. Exenatide
injection (trade name
BYETTAtm)
was recently approved by the FDA as adjunctive therapy to
improve blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes who
have not achieved adequate control on metformin and/or a
sulfonylurea, two commonly used oral diabetes medications.
BYETTA is a twice daily injection. Amylin has entered into a
collaboration agreement with Lilly for the development and
commercialization of exenatide, including exenatide LAR.
In January 2005, Alkermes, Amylin and Lilly initiated a
Phase II randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-dose study
of exenatide LAR in patients with type 2 diabetes using a
once-a-week dosing regimen. The multiple-dose study includes
approximately 45 subjects with type 2 diabetes who were failing
to achieve adequate glucose control using diet and exercise with
or without metformin.
We are initially responsible for developing and testing several
formulations, manufacturing for clinical trials, and for initial
commercial manufacturing of any products that may be developed
pursuant to the agreement on terms and conditions to be
determined. Amylin is responsible for conducting clinical
trials, securing regulatory approvals and marketing any products
resulting from the collaboration on a worldwide basis.
AIR hGH. We are collaborating with Lilly to develop an
inhaled formulation of human growth hormone (hGH)
based on our AIR pulmonary drug delivery technology. In January
2002, we announced the decision to proceed with multi-dose
Phase I clinical studies for inhaled hGH following the
successful completion of a single-dose Phase I trial. In
connection with the December 2002 preferred stock transaction,
we agreed to use a portion of the proceeds to fund the AIR hGH
development program, including certain clinical trials, during
calendar year 2003 and into 2004. Lilly is conducting clinical
trials for AIR hGH. We will manufacture the AIR hGH formulation
for both clinical trials and commercial manufacturing, if any.
In December 2003, Lilly made additional payments to us totaling
approximately $7.0 million to fund an increase in the scope
of our AIR insulin and AIR hGH development programs with them.
As of March 31, 2005, this funding has been recorded as
revenue in the consolidated statement of operations and
comprehensive loss. Ongoing development work is being funded by
Lilly.
AIR Epinephrine. We are developing an inhaled formulation
of epinephrine for the treatment of anaphylaxis, which is a
sudden, often severe, systemic allergic reaction. Inhaled
epinephrine is our proprietary product based on our AIR
pulmonary delivery technology. Currently, patients
self-administer epinephrine by intramuscular injection. We
believe that an inhaled dosage form of epinephrine may offer
patients significant advantages over injections, such as ease of
use and direct topical treatment of airway obstruction. We have
completed our third Phase I study of inhaled epinephrine
and met with the FDA to review the clinical requirements for
approval. We are currently formulating our clinical plans in
response to
6
discussions with the FDA and will be reviewing our plans with
the FDA prior to the initiation of additional clinical trials.
Collaborative Arrangements
Our business strategy includes forming collaborations to access
technological, financial, marketing, manufacturing and other
resources. We have entered into several corporate
collaborations, as described below.
Janssen
Pursuant to a development agreement, we collaborated with
Janssen on the development of Risperdal Consta. Under the
development agreement, Janssen provided development funding to
us for the development of Risperdal Consta and is responsible
for securing all necessary regulatory approvals. Risperdal
Consta has been approved in more than 75 countries, including
the U.S. Risperdal Consta has been launched in more than 45
countries, including the U.S. and major European markets. We
exclusively manufacture Risperdal Consta for commercial sale and
receive manufacturing revenues when product is shipped to
Janssen and royalty revenues upon the final sale of product.
Under related license agreements, Janssen and an affiliate have
exclusive worldwide licenses from us to use and sell Risperdal
Consta. Under the license agreements, Janssen is required to pay
us certain royalties with respect to all Risperdal Consta sold
to customers. Janssen can terminate the license agreements upon
30 days prior written notice.
Pursuant to a manufacture and supply agreement, Janssen has
appointed us as the exclusive supplier of Risperdal Consta for
commercial sales. The agreement terminates on expiration of the
license agreements. In addition, either party may terminate the
agreement upon a material breach by the other party which is not
resolved within 60 days written notice or upon
written notice in the event of the other partys insolvency
or bankruptcy. Janssen may terminate the agreement upon six
months written notice after such event. Janssen also has
certain minimum revenue obligations to us which are described in
the Products and Development Programs section in
this Form 10-K.
Lilly
We entered into a development and license agreement with Lilly
in April 2001 for the development of inhaled formulations of
insulin and other compounds potentially useful for the treatment
of diabetes, based on our AIR pulmonary drug delivery
technology. Pursuant to the agreement, we are responsible for
formulation and preclinical testing as well as the development
of a device to use in connection with any products developed.
Lilly has paid or will pay to us certain initial fees, research
funding and milestones payable upon achieving certain
development and commercialization goals. Lilly has exclusive
worldwide rights to make, use and sell pulmonary formulations of
such compounds. Lilly will be responsible for clinical trials,
obtaining all regulatory approvals and marketing any AIR insulin
products. We will manufacture such product candidates for
clinical trials and both we and Lilly will manufacture such
products for commercial sales, if any. We will receive certain
royalties and commercial manufacturing fees based upon such
product sales, if any.
Lilly has the right to terminate the agreement upon
90 days written notice at any time prior to the first
commercial launch of a product or upon 180 days
written notice at any time after such first commercial launch.
In addition, either party may terminate the agreement upon a
material breach or default by the other party which is not cured
within 90 days of written notice of material breach or
default.
We entered into an agreement with Lilly in February 2002 that
provided for an investment by them in our production facility
for inhaled pharmaceutical products based on our AIR pulmonary
drug delivery technology. This facility, located in Chelsea,
Massachusetts, is designed to accommodate the
7
manufacturing of multiple products. Lillys investment was
used to fund a portion of AIR insulin production and packaging
capabilities. This funding is secured by Lillys ownership
of specific equipment located and used in the facility. We have
the right to purchase the equipment from Lilly, at any time, at
the then-current net book value.
In December 2002, we expanded our collaboration with Lilly
following the achievement of development milestones relating to
clinical progress and manufacturing activities for our insulin
dry powder aerosols and inhalers. In connection with the
expansion, Lilly purchased $30.0 million of our convertible
preferred stock. We used a significant portion of the proceeds
from the sale of the preferred stock to fund the joint
development program for inhaled insulin during calendar year
2003 and used the remaining proceeds in calendar year 2004. In
addition, the royalty rate payable to us based on revenues of
potential AIR insulin products has been increased. Lilly has the
right to exchange the preferred shares for a reduction in the
royalty rate payable to us. The preferred stock is convertible
into our common stock at market price, under certain conditions
at our option, and automatically upon filing of an NDA with the
FDA for an AIR insulin product. In December 2003, Lilly made
additional payments to us totaling approximately
$7.0 million to fund an increase in the scope of our AIR
insulin and AIR hGH development programs with them. As of
March 31, 2005, this funding has been recorded as revenue
in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive
loss.
We entered into a development and license agreement with Lilly
in February 2000 for the development of an inhaled formulation
of human growth hormone based on our AIR pulmonary drug delivery
technology. Pursuant to the agreement, we are responsible for
formulation and preclinical testing as well as the development
of a device to use in connection with any products developed.
Lilly has paid or will pay to us certain initial fees, research
funding and milestones payable upon achieving certain
development and commercialization goals. In connection with the
December 2002 preferred stock transaction, we agreed to use a
portion of the proceeds to fund the AIR hGH development program
during calendar year 2003 and into 2004. In December 2003, Lilly
made additional payments to us totaling approximately
$7.0 million to fund an increase in the scope of our AIR
insulin and AIR hGH development programs with them. As of
March 31, 2005, this funding has been recorded as revenue
in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive
loss. Lilly has exclusive worldwide rights to make, use and sell
products resulting from such development. Lilly will be
responsible for clinical trials, obtaining all regulatory
approvals and marketing any products. We will manufacture any
such products for clinical trials and commercial sales and
receive manufacturing revenues and royalties on product sales,
if any.
Lilly has the right to terminate the agreement upon
90 days written notice at any time prior to the first
commercial launch of a product or upon 180 days
written notice at any time after such first commercial launch.
In addition, either party may terminate the agreement upon a
material breach or default by the other party which is not cured
within 90 days of written notice of material breach or
default.
Amylin
We entered into a development and license agreement with Amylin
in May 2000 for the development of a long-acting Medisorb
formulation of exenatide LAR for the treatment of type 2
diabetes.
Pursuant to the development and license agreement, Amylin has an
exclusive, worldwide license to the Medisorb technology for the
development and commercialization of injectable extended-release
formulations of exendins and other related compounds that Amylin
may develop. Amylin has entered into a collaboration agreement
with Lilly for the development and commercialization of
exenatide, including exenatide LAR. We receive funding for
research and development and milestone payments comprised of
cash and warrants for Amylin common stock upon achieving certain
development and commercialization goals and will also receive a
combination of royalty payments and manufacturing fees based on
future product sales, if any. We are initially responsible for
developing and testing several formulations,
8
manufacturing for clinical trials, and for initial commercial
manufacturing of any products that may be developed pursuant to
the agreement on terms and conditions to be determined. Amylin
is responsible for conducting clinical trials, securing
regulatory approvals and marketing any products resulting from
the collaboration on a worldwide basis.
Amylin may terminate the development agreement for any reason
upon 90 days written notice if such termination
occurs before filing an NDA with the FDA or 180 days
written notice after such event. In addition, either party may
terminate the development agreement upon a material default or
breach by the other party that is not cured within
60 days written notice.
Serono
In October 2004, Alkermes and Serono discontinued the
development of a sustained-release version of recombinant human
follicle stimulating hormone (r-hFSH) for the
treatment of infertility.
Genentech
On June 1, 2004, Alkermes and Genentech, Inc.
(Genentech) announced the decision to stop
commercialization of Nutropin Depot®, an injectable
long-acting formulation of Genentechs recombinant growth
hormone for pediatric use based on our ProLease® drug
delivery system. The decision was based on the significant
resources required by both companies to continue manufacturing
and commercializing the product. In connection with this
decision, we ceased commercial manufacturing of Nutropin Depot
and recorded net restructuring charges of approximately
$11.5 million in our consolidated statement of operations
and comprehensive loss in fiscal 2005. The restructuring charges
consisted of approximately $0.1 million in employee
separation costs, including severance and related benefits, and
approximately $11.4 million in facility closure costs,
including fixed asset write-offs and estimates of future lease
costs relating to our ability to sublease the exited facility
through the end of the lease term in August 2008. In addition to
the restructuring charges, we also recorded a one-time write-off
of Nutropin Depot inventory of approximately $1.3 million
in fiscal 2005, which was recorded under the caption Cost
of goods manufactured in our consolidated statement of
operations and comprehensive loss.
Drug Delivery Technology
Our current focus is on the development of products that improve
clinical outcomes based on our broadly applicable, proprietary
drug delivery technologies addressing several important drug
delivery opportunities, including injectable extended-release of
proteins, peptides and small molecule pharmaceutical compounds
and the pulmonary delivery of small molecules, proteins and
peptides. We partner our proprietary technology systems and drug
delivery expertise with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology
companies and develop novel, proprietary drug candidates for our
own account.
Medisorb: injectable extended-release of traditional small
molecule pharmaceuticals
Medisorb is our proprietary technology for encapsulating
traditional small molecule pharmaceuticals in microspheres made
of common medical polymers. Medisorb is designed to enable novel
formulations of pharmaceuticals by providing controlled,
extended-release over time. We believe Medisorb is suitable for
encapsulating stable, small molecule pharmaceuticals and certain
peptides at a large scale, and also that Medisorb formulations
may have superior features of safety, efficacy, compliance and
ease of use for drugs currently administered by frequent
injection or administered orally. Drug release from the
microsphere is controlled by diffusion of the pharmaceutical
through the microsphere and by biodegradation of the polymer.
These processes can be modulated through a number of formulation
and fabrication variables, including drug substance and
microsphere particle sizing and choice of polymers and
excipients.
The Medisorb drug delivery system utilizes a manufacturing
process that consists of three basic steps. First, the drug is
combined with a polymer solution. Second, the drug/polymer
solution is mixed with an external or aqueous phase to form
liquid microspheres which solidify as the polymer solvent
diffuses out the microspheres. Third, the microspheres are
collected and dried to produce a finished product. The
9
microspheres are suspended in a small volume of liquid prior to
use and are administered to a patient by injection under the
skin or into a muscle. We believe drug release from the Medisorb
system can be controlled to last from a few days to several
months.
ProLease: injectable extended-release of fragile proteins and
peptides
ProLease is our proprietary technology for the stabilization and
encapsulation of fragile proteins and peptides in microspheres
made of common medical polymers. Our proprietary expertise in
this field lies in our ability to preserve the biological
activity of fragile drugs over an extended period and to
manufacture these formulations using components and processes
believed to be suitable for human pharmaceutical use. ProLease
is designed to enable novel formulations of proteins and
peptides by replacing frequent injections with controlled,
extended-release over time. We believe ProLease formulations
have the potential to improve patient compliance and ease of use
by reducing the need for frequent self-injection, to lower costs
by reducing the need for frequent office visits and to improve
safety and efficacy by reducing both the variability in drug
levels inherent in frequent injections and the aggregate amount
of drug given over the course of therapy. In addition, ProLease
may provide access to important new markets currently
inaccessible to drugs that require frequent injections or are
administered orally.
The ProLease formulation process has been designed to assure
stability of fragile compounds during the manufacturing process,
during storage and throughout the release phase in the body. The
formulation and manufacturing process consists of two basic
steps. First, the drug is formulated with stabilizing agents and
dried to create a fine powder. Second, the powder is
microencapsulated in the polymer at very low temperatures.
Incorporation of the drug substance as a stabilized solid under
very low temperatures is critical to protecting fragile
molecules from degradation during the manufacturing process and
is a key element of the ProLease technology. The microspheres
are suspended in a small volume of liquid prior to
administration to a patient by injection under the skin or into
a muscle. We believe drug release from the ProLease drug
delivery system can be controlled to last from a few days to
several months.
Drug release from the microsphere is controlled by diffusion of
the drug through the microsphere and by biodegradation of the
polymer. These processes can be modulated through a number of
formulation and fabrication variables, including drug substance
and microsphere particle sizing and choice of polymers and
excipients.
Our experience with the application of ProLease to a wide range
of proteins and peptides has shown that high incorporation
efficiencies and high drug loads can be achieved. Proteins and
peptides incorporated into ProLease microspheres have maintained
their integrity, stability and biological activity when tested
for up to 30 days in in vitro experiments
conducted on formulations manufactured at the preclinical,
clinical and commercial scale.
AIR: pulmonary drug delivery
The AIR technology is our proprietary pulmonary delivery system
that enables the delivery of both small molecules and
macromolecules to the lungs. Our proprietary technology allows
us to formulate drugs into dry powders made up of highly porous
particles with low mass density. These particles can be
efficiently delivered to the deep lung by a small, simple
inhaler. The AIR technology is useful for small molecules,
proteins or peptides and allows for both local delivery to the
lungs and systemic delivery via the lungs.
AIR particles can be aerosolized and inhaled efficiently with
simple inhaler devices because low forces of cohesion allow the
particles to disaggregate easily. We are developing a family of
relatively inexpensive, compact, easy to use inhalers. The AIR
devices are breath activated and made from injection molded
plastic. The powders are designed to quickly discharge from the
device over a range of inhalation flow rates, which may lead to
low patient-to-patient variability and high lung deposition of
the inhaled dose. By varying the ratio and type of excipients
used in the formulation, we believe we can deliver a range of
drugs from the device that may provide both immediate and
extended release.
10
Manufacturing
We currently have clinical and commercial manufacturing
facilities in Massachusetts and Ohio that are responsible for
making product from our three product technologies, Medisorb,
Prolease and AIR. We either purchase active drug product from
third parties or receive it from our third party collaborators
to formulate using our product technologies. The manufacture of
our product candidates for clinical trials and commercial
purposes is subject to current good manufacturing practices
(cGMP) and other regulatory agency regulations. We have been
producing commercial products since 1999 and have limited
experience operating FDA-approved commercial manufacturing
sites. Delays in obtaining regulatory agency approvals may
result in delays in commercial launch. Such delays could
materially adversely affect our competitive position and our
business, financial condition and results of operations.
Medisorb
The Medisorb manufacturing process is based on a method of
encapsulating small molecule drugs in polymers using a
large-scale emulsification. The Medisorb manufacturing process
consists of three basic steps. First, the drug is combined with
a polymer solution. Second, the drug/polymer solution is mixed
with an external or aqueous phase to form liquid microspheres
which solidify as the polymer solvent diffuses out the
microspheres. Third, the microspheres are collected and dried to
produce finished product.
We own and occupy approximately 100,000 square feet of
manufacturing, office and laboratory space in Wilmington, Ohio.
We manufacture Risperdal Consta for Janssen at this facility.
The facility has been inspected by U.S. and European regulatory
authorities and they have concluded that the facility meets
required cGMP standards for continued commercial manufacturing.
In January 2005, we announced that we will expand bulk
production capacity for Risperdal Consta. The expansion of this
facility is designed to meet anticipated future demand for
Risperdal Consta. Our partner, Janssen, will help fund the
building of a new bulk manufacturing line.
ProLease
ProLease manufacturing involves microencapsulation of drug
substances provided to us by our collaborators in small
polymeric microspheres using extremely cold processing
conditions suitable for fragile molecules. The ProLease
manufacturing process consists of two basic steps. First, the
drug is formulated with stabilizing agents and dried to create a
fine powder. Second, the powder is microencapsulated in polymer
at very low temperatures.
We lease a 32,000 square foot commercial scale
manufacturing facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts that we are
not currently utilizing. We exited this facility in connection
with the restructuring of operations in June 2004 and have
marketed it for sublet. The lease expires in August 2008.
We have a cGMP clinical production facility, within our
headquarters facility, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The facility
is used to manufacture product candidates using our ProLease
extended-release delivery system for use in clinical trials.
AIR
The AIR manufacturing process uses spray drying technology to
produce highly porous particles for drug delivery to the lung.
We combine drugs provided by our partners or purchased from
generic manufacturers with certain excipients commonly used in
other aerosol formulations and spray dry the solution in
commercial spray dryers. During the manufacturing process,
solutions of drugs and excipients are spray dried to form a free
flowing powder and the powder is filled and packaged into final
dosage units. We have a clinical manufacturing facility in
Cambridge, Massachusetts where powders and final dosage units
are prepared under cGMP for use in clinical trials.
In February 2002, we entered into an agreement with Lilly that
provided for an investment by Lilly in our production facility
for inhaled pharmaceutical products based on our AIR pulmonary
drug delivery technology. This 90,000 square foot facility
located in Chelsea, Massachusetts is designed to accommodate
11
manufacturing of multiple products and contains a
40,000 square foot facility used for clinical production.
AIRs inhalation devices are produced under cGMP at a
contract manufacturer in the U.S.
Marketing
Under our collaboration agreements with Janssen, Lilly and
Amylin, these companies have the right and the obligation to
market the products developed thereunder if, and when,
regulatory approval is obtained. If approved, we plan to
commercialize Vivitrex using a specialty sales force to call on
addiction specialists and substance abuse centers. We are also
in discussions with potential partners to assist us in marketing
Vivitrex in the U.S. and around the world. We currently have no
internal sales and marketing capabilities, or an infrastructure
to support such activities, and have limited experience in the
commercialization of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, the
successful commercial launch of Vivitrex and our future
profitability may depend on our ability to develop a capable
specialty sales force and suitable marketing capabilities for
Vivitrex and/or entering into a partnering arrangement for
Vivitrex.
We currently have no experience in marketing or selling
pharmaceutical products. In order to achieve commercial success
for any product candidate approved by the FDA or other
regulatory authorities, we must either develop a marketing and
sales capability or enter into arrangements with third parties
to market and sell our products. There can be no assurance that
we will successfully develop such experience or that we will be
able to enter into marketing and sales agreements with others on
acceptable terms, if at all. If we develop our own marketing and
sales capability, we will compete with other companies that
currently have experience and well-funded marketing and sales
operations. To the extent we enter into co-promotion or other
sales and marketing arrangements with other companies, any
revenues received by us will be dependent on the efforts of
others, and there can be no assurance that such efforts will be
successful.
Competition
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are subject to
rapid and substantial technological change. We face, and will
continue to face, intense competition in the development,
manufacturing, marketing and commercialization of our products
and product candidates from academic institutions, government
agencies, research institutions, biotechnology and
pharmaceutical companies, including our collaborators, and other
drug delivery companies. There can be no assurance that
developments by others will not render our products, product
candidates or our technologies obsolete or noncompetitive, or
that our collaborators will not choose to use competing drug
delivery methods. Presently, we have no sales force or marketing
experience and we have only limited commercial manufacturing
experience. In addition, many of our competitors and potential
competitors have substantially more capital resources,
manufacturing and marketing experience, research and development
resources and production facilities than we do. Many of these
competitors also have significantly more experience than we do
in undertaking preclinical testing and clinical trials of new
pharmaceutical products and obtaining FDA and other regulatory
approvals.
With respect to Medisorb and ProLease, we are aware that there
are other companies developing extended-release delivery systems
for pharmaceutical products. For example, a number of products
are being developed which may compete with Risperdal Consta,
including a number of new oral compounds for the treatment of
schizophrenia, and paliperidone palmitate, an injectable, four
week long-acting product being developed by Johnson &
Johnson. With respect to AIR, we are aware that there are other
companies marketing or developing pulmonary delivery systems for
pharmaceutical products, including a collaboration between
Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer) and Nektar Therapeutics for
pulmonary insulin. Pfizer and Sanofi-Aventis filed applications
for marketing authorization in the U.S. and Europe for pulmonary
insulin. In many cases, there are products on the market or in
development that may be in direct competition with our product
candidates. In addition, other companies are developing new
chemical entities or improved formulations of existing products
which, if developed successfully, could compete against our
formulations of any products we develop or those of our
collaborators. These chemical entities are being designed to
have different mechanisms of action or improved safety and
efficacy. In addition, our collaborators may develop, either
alone or with others, products that compete with the development
and marketing of our
12
product candidates. Because there is rapid technological change
in the industry and because other companies have more resources
than we do, other companies may: (i) develop their products
more rapidly than we can; (ii) complete any applicable
regulatory approval process sooner than we can; or
(iii) offer their newly developed products at prices lower
than our prices. There can be no assurance that we will be able
to compete successfully with such companies. The existence of
competitive products developed by our competitors, or products
or treatments that may be developed in the future, may adversely
affect the marketability of products developed by us.
Patents and Proprietary Rights
Our success will be dependent, in part, on our ability to obtain
patent protection for our product candidates and those of our
collaborators, maintaining trade secret protection and operating
without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others.
We have a proprietary portfolio of patent rights and exclusive
licenses to patents and patent applications. We have filed
numerous U.S and international patent applications directed to
compositions of matter as well as processes of preparation and
methods of use, including applications relating to each of our
delivery technologies. We own approximately 112 issued
U.S. patents. No U.S. patent issued to us that is
currently material to our business will expire prior to 2013. In
the future, we plan to file further U.S. and foreign patent
applications directed to new or improved products and processes.
We intend to file additional patent applications when
appropriate and defend our patent position aggressively.
We have exclusive rights through licensing agreements with third
parties to approximately 38 issued U.S. patents, a number
of U.S. patent applications and corresponding foreign
patents and patent applications in many countries, subject in
certain instances to the rights of the U.S. government to
use the technology covered by such patents and patent
applications. No issued U.S. patent to which we have
licensed rights and which is currently material to our business
will expire prior to 2016. Under certain licensing agreements,
we currently pay annual license fees and/or minimum annual
royalties. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2005,
these fees totaled approximately $0.3 million. In addition,
under these licensing agreements, we are obligated to pay
royalties on future sales of products, if any, covered by the
licensed patents.
We know of several U.S. patents issued to other parties
that may relate to our products and product candidates. One
party has asked us to compare our Medisorb technology to that
partys patented technology. Another party has asked a
collaborative partner to substantiate how our ProLease
microspheres are different from that partys patented
technology. The manufacture, use, offer for sale, sale or import
of some of our product candidates might be found to infringe on
the claims of these patents. A party might file an infringement
action against us. Our cost of defending such an action is
likely to be high and we might not receive a favorable ruling.
We also know of patent applications filed by other parties in
the U.S. and various foreign countries that may relate to some
of our product candidates if issued in their present form. If
patents are issued to any of these applicants, we or our
collaborators may not be able to manufacture, use, offer for
sale, or sell some of our product candidates without first
getting a license from the patent holder. The patent holder may
not grant us a license on reasonable terms or it may refuse to
grant us a license at all. This could delay or prevent us from
developing, manufacturing or selling those of our product
candidates that would require the license.
We try to protect our proprietary position by filing U.S. and
foreign patent applications related to our proprietary
technology, inventions and improvements that are important to
the development of our business. Because the patent position of
biopharmaceutical companies involves complex legal and factual
questions, enforceability of patents cannot be predicted with
certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, invalidated or
circumvented. Thus, any patents that we own or license from
others may not provide any protection against competitors. Our
pending patent applications, those we may file in the future, or
those we may license from third parties, may not result in
patents being issued. If issued, they may not provide us with
proprietary protection or competitive advantages against
competitors with similar
13
technology. Furthermore, others may independently develop
similar technologies or duplicate any technology that we have
developed outside the scope of our patents. The laws of certain
foreign countries do not protect our intellectual property
rights to the same extent as do the laws of the U.S.
We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and technology, which
are not protected by patents, to maintain our competitive
position. We try to protect this information by entering into
confidentiality agreements with parties that have access to it,
such as our corporate partners, collaborators, employees and
consultants. Any of these parties may breach the agreements and
disclose our confidential information or our competitors might
learn of the information in some other way. If any trade secret,
know-how or other technology not protected by a patent were to
be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our
business, results of operations and financial condition could be
adversely affected.
Government Regulation
Prior to marketing, any products we or our collaborators develop
must undergo an extensive regulatory approval process, which
includes preclinical testing and clinical trials of such product
candidates to demonstrate safety and efficacy. The manufacture
and marketing of pharmaceutical products in the
U.S. requires the approval of the FDA under the Federal
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The FDA has established mandatory
procedures and safety standards which apply to the preclinical
testing and clinical trials, manufacture and marketing of
pharmaceutical products. Similar standards are established by
non-U.S. regulatory bodies for marketing approval of
pharmaceutical products and medical devices. Pharmaceutical
manufacturing is also regulated by state, local and other
authorities. The regulatory approval process in the U.S. is
described in brief below.
As an initial step in the FDA regulatory approval process,
preclinical studies are typically conducted in animal models to
assess the drugs efficacy, identify potential safety
problems and evaluate potential for harm to humans. The results
of these studies must be submitted to the FDA as part of an
Investigational New Drug application (IND), which
must be reviewed by the FDA within 30 days of submission
and before proposed clinical (human) testing can begin. If
the FDA is not convinced of the safety, it has the authority to
place the program on hold and request additional animal data or
changes to the study design. Studies supporting approval of
products in the U.S. are typically accomplished under an
IND.
Typically, clinical testing involves a three-phase process:
Phase I trials are conducted with a small number of healthy
subjects and are designed to provide information about both
product safety and the expected dose of the drug; Phase II
trials are conducted on patients and designed to provide
additional information on dosing and preliminary evidence of
product efficacy; Phase III trials are large-scale studies
designed to provide statistical evidence of efficacy and safety
in patients. The results of the preclinical testing and clinical
trials of a pharmaceutical product, as well as the information
on the manufacturing of the product and proposed labeling, are
then submitted to the FDA in the form of a New Drug Application
or NDA, or for a biological product in the form of a Product
License Application (PLA), for approval to commence
commercial sales. Preparing such applications involves
considerable data collection, verification, analysis and
expense. In responding to an NDA or PLA, the FDA may grant
marketing approval, request additional information or deny the
application if it determines that the application does not
satisfy its regulatory approval criteria. Submission of the NDA
does not guarantee approval. At the same time, an FDA request
for additional information does not mean the product may not be
approved or will significantly delay approval. It is also
possible that the labeling may be more limited than what was
originally projected. Each NDA application is unique and should
be considered as such.
This regulatory process can span many years and require the
expenditure of substantial resources. Data obtained from
preclinical testing and clinical trials are subject to varying
interpretations, which can delay, limit or prevent FDA approval.
In addition, changes in FDA approval policies or requirements
may occur, or new regulations may be promulgated, which may
result in delay or failure to receive FDA approval. Similar
delays or failures may be encountered in foreign countries.
Delays, increased costs and failures in obtaining regulatory
approvals could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition and results of operations.
14
Among the conditions for NDA or PLA approval is the requirement
that the prospective manufacturers quality control and
manufacturing procedures conform with cGMP on an ongoing basis.
Before approval of an NDA or PLA, the FDA may perform a
pre-approval inspection of a facility to determine its
compliance with cGMP and other rules and regulations. In
complying with cGMP, manufacturers must continue to expend time,
money and effort in the area of production and quality control
to ensure full technical compliance. After a facility is
licensed, it is subject to periodic inspections by the FDA.
Facilities are also subjected to the requirements of other
government bodies, such as the U.S. Occupational
Safety & Health Administration and Environmental
Protection Agency.
Similarly, NDA or PLA approval may be delayed or denied due to
cGMP non-compliance or other issues at contract sites or
suppliers included in the NDA or PLA, and the correction of
these shortcomings may be beyond our control.
The requirements which we must satisfy to obtain regulatory
approval by governmental agencies in other countries prior to
commercialization of our product candidates in such countries
can be as rigorous and costly as those described above.
We are also subject to various laws and regulations relating to
safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices,
experimental use of animals and use and disposal of hazardous or
potentially hazardous substances, including radioactive
compounds and infectious disease agents, used in connection with
our research. Compliance with laws and regulations relating to
the protection of the environment has not had a material effect
on capital expenditures, earnings or our competitive position.
However, the extent of government regulation which might result
from any legislative or administrative action cannot be
accurately predicted.
Employees
As of May 31, 2005, we had approximately 528 full-time
employees. A significant number of our management and
professional employees have prior experience with
pharmaceutical, biotechnology or medical product companies. We
believe that we have been successful in attracting skilled and
experienced scientific and senior management personnel; however,
competition for such personnel is intense. None of our employees
are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We consider
our relations with employees to be good.
Available Information
Our internet address is www.alkermes.com, at which you can find,
free of charge, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly
reports on Form 10-Q and all other reports filed with the
SEC. All such filings are available on the website as soon as
reasonably practicable after filing.
15
RISK FACTORS
If any of the following risks actually occur, they could
materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or
operating results. In that case, the trading price of our common
stock could decline.
|
|
|
Risperdal Consta, Vivitrex and our other product
candidates may not generate significant revenues. |
Even if a product candidate receives regulatory approval for
commercial sale, the revenues received or to be received from
the sale of the product may not be significant and will depend
on numerous factors many of which are outside of our control,
including our collaborators decisions on the timing of
product launches, pricing and discounting; the timing and nature
of third party and government reimbursement for the product; the
market size for the product; the reaction of companies that
market competitive products; our reliance on third party
marketing partners; and general market conditions. In addition,
the costs to manufacture our products may be higher than
anticipated.
In December 2003, Janssen launched Risperdal Consta in the
U.S. for the treatment of schizophrenia. The success of the
launch in the U.S. and other countries throughout the world is
uncertain and the revenues received from the sale of Risperdal
Consta may not meet our partners expectations, each for
reasons outside of our control, including those outlined above.
Our revenues also depend heavily on manufacturing fees we
receive from our partner for Risperdal Consta. Our revenues will
fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on a number of factors,
including our partners orders, the timing of shipments,
our ability to manufacture successfully, our yield and our
production schedule. In order to meet our financial plans, we
will need to bring additional manufacturing capacity on-line in
a timeframe adequate to meet demand and prevent shortfalls in
supply. In addition, the costs to manufacture Risperdal Consta
may be higher than anticipated if certain volume levels are not
achieved and we may not be able to supply the product in a
timely manner. If Risperdal Consta does not produce significant
revenues, if manufacturing costs are higher than anticipated or
if we are unable to supply our partners requirements, our
business, results of operations and financial condition would be
materially adversely affected.
In December 2003, we announced results of a Phase III
clinical trial in alcohol dependent patients testing the safety
and efficacy of repeat doses of Vivitrex, an injectable
extended-release formulation of naltrexone. On March 31,
2005, we submitted an NDA to the FDA for Vivitrex and on
May 27, 2005, we announced that the application had been
accepted by the FDA. However, there can be no assurance that the
FDA will interpret the data contained within the NDA in the same
manner as we do or that the NDA will be approved. We are relying
in part on the efficacy data from the original approval of oral
naltrexone under Section 505(b)(2) of the U.S. Food,
Drug and Cosmetic Act. While we believe only one Phase III
efficacy study will be required for approval, the FDA may not
agree. There can be no assurance that the Phase III
clinical trial results and other clinical and pre-clinical data
will be sufficient to obtain regulatory approvals elsewhere in
the world. Even if regulatory approvals are received in other
countries, we will have to market Vivitrex ourselves or enter
into co-promotion or sales and marketing arrangements with other
companies. We currently have no sales force or any marketing
experience and arrangements with other companies may result in
dependence on such other companies for revenues. In either
event, a market for Vivitrex may not develop as expected. In
addition, we may not be able to manufacture Vivitrex
successfully at a commercial scale.
|
|
|
Our manufacturing experience is limited. |
We currently manufacture Risperdal Consta and all of our product
candidates. The manufacture of drugs for clinical trials and for
commercial sale is subject to regulation by the FDA under cGMP
regulations and by other regulators under other laws and
regulations. We have manufactured product candidates for use in
clinical trials but have limited experience in manufacturing
products for commercial
16
sale. We cannot assure you that we can successfully manufacture
our products under cGMP regulations or other laws and
regulations in sufficient quantities for commercial sale, or in
a timely or economical manner.
Our manufacturing facilities in Massachusetts and Ohio require
specialized personnel and are expensive to operate and maintain.
Any delay in the regulatory approval or market launch of product
candidates to be manufactured in these facilities will require
us to continue to operate these expensive facilities and retain
specialized personnel, which may increase our losses.
We have two manufacturing plants; one in Ohio and one in
Massachusetts. Our plant in Ohio includes one cGMP validated
production line for Risperdal Consta and two additional
commercial manufacturing lines under development; one for
Risperdal Consta and the other for Vivitrex. Construction of
these two additional production lines in Ohio is complete and
validation is underway. Our plant in Massachusetts includes
manufacturing capabilities for our AIR pulmonary drug delivery
candidates. Construction of a portion of this facility was
recently completed and validation is underway. Validation is an
ongoing process that must be maintained to allow us to
manufacture under cGMP guidelines.
The FDA and a European regulatory authority have inspected and
approved our existing manufacturing facility for Risperdal
Consta. We cannot guarantee that the FDA or any foreign
regulatory agencies will approve our other facilities or, once
approved, that any of our facilities will remain in compliance
with cGMP regulations.
The manufacture of pharmaceutical products is a highly complex
process in which a variety of difficulties may arise from time
to time. We may not be able to resolve any such difficulties in
a timely fashion, if at all. We are currently the sole
manufacturer of Risperdal Consta and are planning higher
production volume for Risperdal Consta in the coming year. If we
were not able to add such additional capacity or if anything
were to interfere with our continuing manufacturing operations
in any of our facilities, it could materially adversely affect
our business and financial condition.
If more of our product candidate progress to mid- to late-stage
development, we may incur significant expenses in the expansion
and/or construction of manufacturing facilities and increases in
personnel in order to manufacture product candidates. For
example, we do not currently have commercial manufacturing
capacity for our partnered product exenatide LAR. The
development of a commercial-scale manufacturing process is
complex and expensive. We cannot assure you that we have the
necessary funds or that we will be able to develop this
manufacturing infrastructure in a timely or economical manner,
or at all.
Currently, many of our product candidates, including Vivitrex,
are manufactured in small quantities for use in clinical trials.
We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully
manufacture each of our product candidates at a commercial scale
in a timely or economical manner, or at all. If any of these
product candidates are approved by the FDA or other drug
regulatory authorities for commercial sale, we will need to
manufacture them in larger quantities. If we are unable to
successfully increase our manufacturing scale or capacity, the
regulatory approval or commercial launch of such product
candidate may be delayed, there may be a shortage in supply of
such product candidate or our margins may become uneconomical.
In addition, we are responsible for the entire supply chain for
Vivitrex, including the sourcing of raw materials and active
pharmaceutical agents from third parties. We have no previous
experience in managing a complex, cGMP supply chain and issues
with our supply sources may have a materially adverse effect on
our business and financial condition.
If we fail to develop manufacturing capacity and experience,
fail to continue to contract for manufacturing on acceptable
terms, or fail to manufacture our product candidates
economically on a commercial scale or in commercial volumes, or
in accordance with cGMP regulations, our development programs
and commercialization of any approved products will be
materially adversely affected. This may result in delays in
receiving FDA or foreign regulatory approval for one or more of
our product candidates or delays in the commercial production of
a product that has already been approved. Any such delays could
materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
17
|
|
|
We rely heavily on collaborative partners. |
Our arrangements with collaborative partners are critical to our
success in bringing our products and product candidates to the
market and promoting such marketed products profitably. We rely
on these parties in various respects, including to conduct
preclinical testing and clinical trials, to provide funding for
product candidate development programs, raw materials, product
forecasts, and sales and marketing services, or to participate
actively in or to manage the regulatory approval process. Most
of our collaborative partners can terminate their agreements
with us for no reason and on limited notice. We cannot guarantee
that any of these relationships will continue. Failure to make
or maintain these arrangements or a delay in a collaborative
partners performance may materially adversely affect our
business and financial condition.
We cannot control our collaborative partners performance
or the resources they devote to our programs. Consequently,
programs may be delayed or terminated or we may have to use
funds, personnel, laboratories and other resources that we have
not budgeted. A program delay or termination or unbudgeted use
of our resources may materially adversely affect our business
and financial condition.
Disputes may arise between us and a collaborative partner and
may involve the issue of which of us owns the technology that is
developed during a collaboration or other issues arising out of
the collaborative agreements. Such a dispute could delay the
program on which the collaborative partner or we are working. It
could also result in expensive arbitration or litigation, which
may not be resolved in our favor.
A collaborative partner may choose to use its own or other
technology to develop a way to deliver its drug and withdraw its
support of our product candidate.
Our collaborative partners could merge with or be acquired by
another company or experience financial or other setbacks
unrelated to our collaboration that could, nevertheless,
adversely affect us.
None of our drug delivery systems can be commercialized as
stand-alone products but must be combined with a drug. To
develop any new proprietary product candidate using one of these
drug delivery systems, we must obtain the drug substance from
another party. We cannot assure you that we will be able to
obtain any such drug substance on reasonable terms, if at all.
|
|
|
We have no sales and marketing experience and
capabilities, which may make commercializing our products
difficult. |
We currently have no sales, marketing or distribution experience
and capabilities. Therefore, in order to commercialize our
product candidates, we must either develop our own sales,
marketing and distribution capabilities or collaborate with a
third party to perform these functions. We may, in some
instances, rely significantly on sales, marketing and
distribution arrangements with our collaborative partners and
other third parties. For example, we rely on Janssen to market
and distribute Risperdal Consta. In these instances, our future
revenues will be materially dependent upon the success of the
efforts of these third parties.
If approved, we plan to commercialize Vivitrex using a specialty
sales force to call on addiction specialists and substance abuse
centers. We are also in discussions with potential partners to
assist us in marketing Vivitrex in the U.S. and around the
world. We currently have no internal sales and marketing
capabilities, or an infrastructure to support such activities,
and have limited experience in the commercialization of
pharmaceutical products. Therefore, the successful commercial
launch of Vivitrex and our future profitability may depend on
our ability to develop a capable specialty sales force and
suitable marketing capabilities for Vivitrex and/or entering
into a partnering arrangement for Vivitrex. The development of
our own sales force and marketing capabilities will result in us
incurring significant costs before the time that we may generate
significant revenues. We may not be able to attract and retain
qualified marketing or sales personnel, or be able to establish
an effective specialty sales force for Vivitrex. The cost of
establishing and maintaining a sales force may exceed its cost
effectiveness.
18
|
|
|
Our delivery technologies or product development efforts
may not produce safe, efficacious or commercially viable
products. |
Many of our product candidates require significant additional
research and development, as well as regulatory approval. To be
profitable, we must develop, manufacture and market our
products, either alone or by collaborating with others. It can
take several years for a product candidate to be approved and we
may not be successful in bringing additional product candidates
to the market. A product candidate may appear promising at an
early stage of development or after clinical trials and never
reach the market, or it may reach the market and not sell, for a
variety of reasons. The product candidate may:
|
|
|
| |
|
be shown to be ineffective or to cause harmful side effects
during preclinical testing or clinical trials; |
| |
| |
|
fail to receive regulatory approval on a timely basis or at all; |
| |
| |
|
be difficult to manufacture on a large scale; |
| |
| |
|
be uneconomical; |
| |
| |
|
not be prescribed by doctors or accepted by patients; |
| |
| |
|
fail to receive a sufficient level of reimbursement from
government or third-party payors; or |
| |
| |
|
infringe on proprietary rights of another party. |