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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
 
     
þ
  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
    For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004
 
o
  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
    For the transition period from           to
Commission file number 0-18277
VICOR CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
     
Delaware
  04-2742817
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
  (IRS employer
identification no.)
 
25 Frontage Road, Andover,
Massachusetts
(Address of principal executive offices)
  01810
(Zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
(978) 470-2900
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
None
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, $.01 par value
(Title of Class)
     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes þ          No o
      Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.     þ
      Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).     Yes þ          No o
      The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $362,901,200 as of June 30, 2004.
      On February 28, 2005, there were 30,172,323 shares of Common Stock outstanding and 11,867,100 shares of Class B Common Stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
      Portions of the Company’s definitive proxy statement (the “Definitive Proxy Statement”) to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A and relating to the Company’s 2005 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III.
 
 


TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
ITEM 1 -- BUSINESS
ITEM 2 -- PROPERTIES
ITEM 3 -- LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 4 -- SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
PART II
ITEM 5 -- MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
ITEM 6 -- SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 7 -- MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
ITEM 7(a) -- QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 8 -- FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 9 -- CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
ITEM 9A -- CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9B -- OTHER INFORMATION
PART III
ITEM 10 -- DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
ITEM 11 -- EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 12 -- SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
ITEM 13 -- CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 14 -- PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
PART IV
ITEM 15 -- EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
EX-10.6 Sales Incentive Plan
EX-21.1 Subsidiaries of the Company
EX-23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
EX-31.1 Section 302 Certification of CEO
EX-31.2 Section 302 Certification of CFO
EX-32.1 Section 906 Certification of CEO
EX-32.2 Section 906 Certification of CFO


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PART I
      This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The words “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “plans,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “is designed to,” “continue,” “estimate,” “project,” “intend,” “assumes,” “prospective” and other similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based upon the Company’s current expectations and estimates as to prospective events and circumstances which may or may not be within the Company’s control and as to which there can be no assurances. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of the risk factors set forth in this report. Reference is made in particular to the discussions set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under Part I, Item 1 — “Business — Second-Generation Automated Manufacturing Line,” “— Competition,” “— Patents,” “— Licensing,” and “— Risk Factors,” under Part I, Item 3 — “Legal Proceedings,” and under Part II, Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The risk factors contained in this report may not be exhaustive. Therefore, the information contained in this report should be read together with other reports and documents that the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, including Forms 10-Q and 8-K, which may supplement, modify, supersede or update those risk factors. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements as a result of future events or developments.
ITEM 1 — BUSINESS
The Company
      Vicor Corporation was incorporated in Delaware in 1981. Unless the context indicates otherwise, the term “Company” means Vicor Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. The Company designs, develops, manufactures and markets modular power components and complete power systems, many of which use an innovative, high frequency electronic power conversion technology called “zero current and zero voltage switching.” In April 2003, the Company announced the introduction of a new power system architecture based on an array of proprietary power conversion technologies called Factorized Power Architecture (“FPA”). The Company believes FPA will provide power system designers with enhanced performance at a lower cost than attained with conventional Distributed Power Architecture (“DPA”). The Company’s principal product lines are covered by one or more United States and foreign patents. Power systems, a central element in any electronic system, convert power from a primary power source (e.g., a wall outlet or battery source) into the stable DC voltages that are required by most contemporary electronic circuits.
      In 1986, the Company formed Westcor Corporation (“Westcor”). During 1990, Westcor was merged into the Company and became a division. Westcor manufactures configurable products at its location in Sunnyvale, California. In 1987, the Company formed VLT Corporation as its licensing subsidiary. During 2000, the Company reincorporated VLT Corporation in California by merging it with and into VLT, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. In 1990, the Company established a Technical Support Center in Germany and a foreign sales corporation (“FSC”). In 1995, the Company established Technical Support Centers in France, Italy, Hong Kong, and England. Also in 1995, the Company established Vicor Integration Architects (“VIAs”), most of which are majority-owned subsidiaries. VIAs provide customers with local design and manufacturing services for turnkey custom power solutions. At December 31, 2004 there were six (6) VIAs operating in the United States. In 1996, the Company established Vicor B.V., a Netherlands company, which serves as a European Distribution Center. In 1998, the Company acquired the principal assets of the switching power supply businesses owned by the Japan Tobacco, Inc. group and established a direct presence in Japan through a new subsidiary called Vicor Japan Company, Ltd. (“VJCL”). VJCL markets and sells the Company’s products and provides customer support in Japan. In 2001, the Company established a new subsidiary, Picor Corporation (“Picor”), which designs, develops and markets Power Management Integrated Circuits and related products for use in a variety of power system applications. Picor develops these products to be sold as part of Vicor’s products or to third parties

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for separate applications. The Company’s Common Stock became publicly traded on the NASDAQ National Market System in April 1990. All of the above named entities are consolidated in the Company’s financial statements.
      The Company maintains a website with the address www.vicorpower.com. We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Reports on Form  10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information contained on our website is not a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form  10-K.
The Products
      Power systems are incorporated into virtually all electronic products, such as computers and telecommunications equipment, to convert electric power from a primary source, for example a wall outlet or battery source, into the stable DC voltages required by electronic circuits. Because power systems are arranged in a myriad of application-specific configurations, the Company’s basic strategy is to exploit the density and performance advantages of its technology by offering comprehensive families of economical, component-level building blocks which can be used to configure a power system specific to a user’s needs. In addition to component-level power converters, which serve as modular power system building blocks, the Company also manufactures and sells complete configurable power systems, accessory products, and custom power solutions. The Company operates in one industry segment: the development, manufacture and sale of power conversion components and systems. The Company’s principal product lines include:
Modular Power Converters
      The Company currently offers four first-generation families of component-level DC-DC power converters: the VI-200, VI-J00, MI-200, and MI-J00 families. Designed to be mounted directly on a printed circuit board assembly and soldered in place using contemporary manufacturing processes, each family comprises a comprehensive set of products which are offered in a wide range of input voltage, output voltage and power ratings. This allows end users to select products appropriate to their individual applications. The product families differ in maximum power ratings, performance characteristics, package size and, in certain cases, in target market.
      Since 1998, the Company has introduced four families of its second-generation of high power density, component-level DC-DC converters. In 1998, the 48 Volt input family was introduced, which was designed for the telecommunications market as well as for distributed power systems. The products consist of modules with the most popular output voltages in all three of the Company’s second-generation standard packages: the full size (Maxi), the half size (Mini) and the quarter size (Micro). Output power levels from 50 to 500 Watts are covered by these second-generation products. In 1999, this was followed by two additional families: a 300 Volt input for off-line (rectified 115 or 230 Volt ac) and distributed power applications, and a 375 Volt input specifically designed for use in power factor corrected systems. This latter family increased the power available to 600 Watts. In 2001, a 24 Volt input family was added to the standard second-generation product line to address additional telecommunications, industrial and defense market opportunities.
      The Vicor Design Assistance Computer (“VDAC”) was introduced for general use in 2000 and is a proprietary system which enables Vicor’s customers to specify on-line, and verify in real time, the performance and attributes of second-generation DC-DC converters. Using patented technology, VDAC enables the design of second-generation DC-DC converters with any output voltage between 2 and 48 Volt and with any input voltage from 18 to 425 Volt, with an input voltage range of up to 2.1:1, available in all of the Vicor established brick standards, full-, half- and quarter-size. Output power is selectable over a continuous range of 20 to 500 Watts per module and modules can be configured in fault-tolerant arrays capable of delivering several kilowatts.

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Configurable Products
      Utilizing its standard converters as core elements, the Company has developed several product families which provide complete power solutions configured to a customer’s specific needs. These products exploit the benefits of the component-level approach to offer higher performance, higher power densities, lower costs, greater flexibility and faster delivery than traditional competitive offerings.
      Most process control, information technology (“IT”) and industrial electronic products operate directly off of AC lines. “Off-line” power systems require “front end” circuitry to convert AC line voltage into DC voltage for the core converters. The Company’s off-line AC-DC products incorporate a set of modular front end subassemblies to offer a complete power solution from AC line input to highly regulated DC output. The product selection includes a low-profile modular design in various sizes and power levels, and a choice of alternatives to conventional “box switchers,” — high power, off-line bulk supplies in industry-standard packages. Voltage and power levels can be either factory or field configurable.
      Many telecommunications, defense and transportation electronic products are powered from central DC sources (battery plants or generators). The Company’s DC-DC power system choices include a low-profile modular design similar to the corresponding AC-DC system and a rugged, compact assembly for chassis-mounted, bulk power applications.
      In February 2001, the Company introduced the VIPAC family of power systems, a new class of user defined, modular power solutions. VIPAC is a new type of integrated power system leveraging the latest advances in second-generation DC-DC converter technology and modular front ends. VIPAC combines application specific front end units, a choice of chassis styles and, in AC input versions, remotely located hold-up capacitors to provide fast, flexible and highly reliable power solutions for a wide range of demanding applications.
      The web-based Vicor Computer Aided Design (“VCAD”), similar in concept to VDAC, can be utilized by the customer to specify and verify, in real time, that customer’s desired VIPAC configuration. The VCAD system enables the design of a custom configured VIPAC product from all available combinations of inputs, outputs, chassis and optional features.
Factorized Power Architecture
      In April 2003, the Company announced the introduction of a new power system architecture based on an array of proprietary power conversion technologies called Factorized Power Architecture (“FPA”). The Company believes FPA will provide power system designers with enhanced performance at a lower cost than attained with conventional Distributed Power Architecture (“DPA”). Factorized Power maximizes the competitiveness of a power system with a high degree of systems flexibility, power density, conversion efficiency, transient responsiveness, noise performance and reliability. FPA is enabled by power conversion components called V•I Chips or “VICs”. V•I Chips deliver up to 300 Watts of power in a surface-mount (“SMD”) ball-grid array (“BGA”) or J-lead package occupying less than 0.25 cubic-inch of space, with power densities of 1,200 Watts per cubic-inch, which represents a seven to eight times improvement over the Company’s second-generation products.
      In May 2003, the Company introduced the first family of products based on this new technology, 48 Volt to 12 Volt Bus Converter Modules (“BCM”) for conventional Intermediate Bus Architecture applications. In July 2003, the Company introduced its first V•I Chiptm Voltage Transformation Module (“VTM”). VTMs are designed to meet the demands of advanced Digital Signal Processors (“DSP”), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (“FPGA”), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (“ASIC”), processor cores and microprocessor applications at the point of load (“POL”) while providing isolation from input to output. They may be paralleled to deliver hundreds of Amperes. In January 2004, the Company announced the availability of the first members of its 48 Volt Intermediate Bus Converter Modules (“IBCs”). Offered in standard 1/4 brick format and operating from a 38-55 Volt DC input, the IBC family consists of ten fixed ratio standard models with nominal outputs from 3 to 48 Volt DC delivering up to 100 Amperes or 600 Watts.

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      Additional VTM and BCM products were introduced throughout 2004. At Electronica, a major electronics show and exposition held every other year in Munich, Germany, the Company introduced a new V•I Chip-based product called the “VICBrick”. This consists of a new class of VIC, the Pre-Regulator Module (“PRM”), coupled with a VTM and mounted on an industry standard 1/4 brick format printed circuit board. The PRM provides the regulation function and, when combined with the VTM, enables tight control of the voltage delivered to the load. The VICBrick replicates the functionality of standard 1/4 brick DC-DC converters while offering the benefits of FPA in a familiar and widely adopted package.
Accessory Power System Components
      Accessory power system components, used with the Company’s component-level power converters, integrate other important functions of the power system, facilitating the design of complete power systems by interconnecting several modules. In general, accessory products are used to condition the inputs and outputs of the Company’s modular power components.
      VI-HAMs (Harmonic Attenuator Modules) are universal-AC-input, power-factor-correcting front ends for use with compatible power converters. VI-AIMs (AC Input Modules) provide input filtering, transient protection and rectification of the AC line. VI-IAMs (Input Attenuator Modules) provide the DC input filtering and transient protection required in industrial and telecommunications markets. VI-RAMs (Ripple Attenuator Modules) condition converter module outputs for extremely low noise systems. In 1998, the Company doubled the power capability of its component-level AC front end, the VI-ARM (AC Rectifier Module). This new front end product is packaged in the same “Micro” package and includes a microcontroller that tracks the AC line to ensure correct operation for domestic or international line voltages. In addition, two accessory products for the 48 Volt input second-generation family were introduced in 1999: the FiltMod for input filtering and the IAM48 for transient and spike protection.
      In 2002, the MicroRAM (“mRAM”) was introduced. This product, designed by the Company’s Picor subsidiary, performs a function similar to the VI-RAM product in a smaller package at a lower price. In 2003, Picor introduced two new families of products, the QPO (QuietPowertm — Output Ripple Attenuation SiP) and QPI (QuietPowertm — 12 Amp Active EMI Filter for DC-DC Converters). The QPO performs a similar function to the mRAM in a smaller, lower cost surface mount package. Different QPO models allow customers to solve unique output noise problems. The QPI filters unwanted Electro-Magnetic Interference (“EMI”) from the input supply bus. The product is targeted at the telecom market and the emerging Advanced Telecommunication Computing Architecture (“ATCA”) segment. In 2004, Picor expanded its QPI product offerings to include several new products targeted at 24 Volt industrial and military COTS voltage bus supplies.
Customer Specific Products
      Since its inception, the Company has accepted a certain amount of “custom” power supply business. In most cases, the customer was unable to obtain a conventional solution that could achieve the desired level of performance in the available space. By utilizing its component-level power products as core elements in developing most of these products, the Company was able to meet the customer’s needs with a reliable, high power density, total solution. However, in keeping with the Company’s strategy of focusing on sales of standard families of component-level power building blocks, custom product sales have not been directly pursued. The Company has traditionally pursued these custom opportunities through Value-Added-Resellers (“VARs”) and a network of VIAs (see Part I, Item 1 — “Business — The Company”). Most of the VIAs are majority owned by the Company, while VARs are independent businesses. Both VIAs and VARs are distributed geographically and are in close proximity to many of their customers.
European Union Restriction of Hazardous Substances (“RoHS”)
      The Company has elected to comply with the European Union’s (“EU”) directive on the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, referred to as RoHS or as the “lead

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free directive.” The Company has established a formal plan to make Vicor products compliant with this directive ahead of the designated July 1, 2006 deadline. Compliance will involve working with certain suppliers and customers, may potentially require the redesign of certain products and may require the modification of certain manufacturing processes (see Part I, Item I — “Risk Factors”).
Sales and Marketing
      The Company sells its products through a network of 30 independent sales representative organizations in North and South America; internationally, 48 independent distributors are utilized. Sales activities are managed by a staff of Regional and Strategic Sales Managers and sales personnel based at the Company’s world headquarters in Andover, Massachusetts, its Westcor division in Sunnyvale, California, a Technical Support Center in Lombard, Illinois, in VIA locations in Oceanside, California and Cedar Park, Texas, and in its Technical Support Center subsidiaries in Munich, Germany; Camberley Surrey, England; Milan, Italy; Paris, France; Hong Kong and Tokyo, Japan.
      Export sales, as a percentage of total net revenues, were approximately 41%, 38% and 34%, in 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively.
      Because of the technical nature of the Company’s product lines, the Company engages a staff of Field Applications Engineers to support the Company’s sales activities. Field Applications Engineers provide direct technical sales support worldwide to review new applications and technical matters with existing and potential customers. There are Field Application Engineers assigned to all Company locations and they are supported by product specialists (Product Line Engineers) located in Andover. The Company generally warrants its products for a period of two years.
      The Company also sells directly to customers through Vicor Express, an in-house distribution group. Through advertising and periodic mailing of its catalogs, Vicor Express generally offers customers rapid delivery on small quantities of many standard products. The Company, through Vicor B.V., has Vicor Express operations in Germany, France, Italy and England.
Customers and Applications
      The Company’s customer base is comprised of large Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and smaller, lower-volume users that are broadly distributed across several major market areas. Some examples of the diverse applications of the Company’s products are:
       
Telecommunications:
  Military/ Defense:
 
Central Office Systems
    Secure Communications Equipment
 
Fiber Optic Systems
    Unmanned Airborne/ Remotely Piloted Vehicles
 
Cellular Telecommunications
    Aircraft/Weapons Test Equipment
 
Microwave Communications
    Ruggedized Computers
 
ATM Switches
    Electronic Warfare Equipment
 
Paging Equipment
    Reconnaissance/Targeting Systems
 
Broadcast Equipment
    Global Positioning Systems
 
Remote Telemetry Equipment
    Missile Defense Systems
 
Cable Head End Equipment
    Radio/ Telemetry Systems
 
Power Amplifiers
    NBC Detection Equipment

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Industrial:
  Information Technology:
 
Process Control Equipment
    RAID Systems
 
Medical Equipment
    Parallel Processors
 
Seismic Equipment
    Data Storage Systems
 
Test Equipment
    Network Servers
 
Transportation Systems
    Enterprise Servers
 
Agricultural Equipment
    File Servers
 
Material Handling Equipment
    Optical Switches
 
Marine Products
   
 
Commercial Avionics
   
      For the years ended December 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002, no single customer accounted for more than 10% of net revenues.
Backlog
      As of December 31, 2004, the Company had a backlog of approximately $36.3 million compared to $37.0 million at December 31, 2003. Backlog is comprised of orders for products which have a scheduled shipment date within the next 12 months. The Company believes that a substantial portion of sales in each quarter is, and will continue to be, derived from orders booked in the same quarter.
Research and Development
      As a basic element of its long-term strategy, the Company is committed to the continued advancement of power conversion technology and power component product development. The Company’s research and development efforts are focused in four areas: continued enhancement of the Company’s patented technology; expansion of the Company’s families of component level DC-DC converter products; development of the new FPA products and power management integrated circuits; and continued development of configurable products based upon market opportunities. The Company invested approximately $26.2 million, $23.4 million and $20.5 million in research and development in 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively. Investment in research and development represented 15.3%, 15.5% and 13.4% of net revenues in 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively. The Company plans to continue to invest a significant percentage of revenues into research and development.
Manufacturing
      The Company’s principal manufacturing processes consist of assembly of electronic components onto printed circuit boards, automatic testing of components, wave, reflow and infrared soldering of assembled components, encapsulation of converter subassemblies, final environmental stress screening of certain products and product test using automatic test equipment.
      The Company continues to pursue its strategy to minimize manual assembly processes, reduce manufacturing costs, increase product quality and reliability and ensure its ability to rapidly and effectively expand capacity, as needed. The strategy is based upon the phased acquisition and/or fabrication, qualification and integration of automated manufacturing equipment. The Company plans to make continuing investments in manufacturing equipment, particularly for the Company’s new FPA products (see Part I, Item I — “The Products — Factorized Power Architecture”).
      Components used in the Company’s products are purchased from a variety of vendors. Most of the components are available from multiple sources. In instances of single source items, the Company maintains levels of inventories it considers to be appropriate to enable it to meet delivery requirements of customers. Incoming components, assemblies and other parts are subjected to several levels of inspection procedures.

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      Compliance by the Company with applicable environmental laws has not had a material effect on the financial condition or operations of the Company.
Second-Generation Automated Manufacturing Line
      Revenues of second-generation products increased by 16.4% in 2004 over 2003, unit production increased 13.5%, and orders increased 7.0%. Both first-and second-generation products are sold to similar customers. Gross margins on second-generation products continue to be significantly lower than those of first-generation products, principally due to high depreciation expense associated with second-generation manufacturing equipment. The Company made progress in 2004 with the process of converting second-generation products to a new FasTrak platform. This involved the installation of new automated manufacturing equipment, which has been completed, and the qualification of all products converted over to the new platform, which is still in process. While the conversion of the pre-defined matrix of second-generation products is substantially complete, the conversion of customer-defined products is ongoing. The Company believes that this conversion will ultimately result in lower unit costs and improved manufacturing yields. While there was modest improvement in second-generation gross margins in 2004, gross margins during 2005 will continue to be negatively impacted unless and until the Company is able to achieve higher production volumes and attain higher yield levels and component cost reductions on second-generation products. The Company continues to actively work towards improving yields and reducing the cost of components on second-generation products. There can be no assurance that such volumes, yields or cost reductions can be attained.
Competition
      The power conversion industry is highly competitive. Many power supply manufacturers target markets similar to those of the Company. Representative examples of these manufacturers are: Lambda Electronics, a subsidiary of Invensys, plc; the former Power Systems business unit of Lucent Technologies, now a subsidiary of Tyco International, Ltd.; Artesyn Technologies; Astec Power, a subsidiary of Emerson Electronic Company; Power-One, Inc.; and C&D Technologies, Inc., Power Electronics Division. Although certain of the Company’s competitors have significantly greater financial and marketing resources and longer operating histories than the Company, the Company believes that it has a strong competitive position, particularly with customers who need small, high density power system solutions requiring a variety of input-output configurations. The Company bases its competitive strategy on technical innovation, product performance, service and technical support, and in offering a broad product line. The principal methods of competition in the markets in which the Company’s products compete are price, performance and the level of service and technical support offered.
Patents
      The Company believes that its patents afford advantages by building fundamental and multilayered barriers to competitive encroachment upon key features and performance benefits of its principal product families. The Company’s patents cover the fundamental conversion topologies used to achieve the performance attributes of its converter product lines; converter array architectures which are the basis of the products’ “parallelability”; product packaging design; product construction; high frequency magnetic structures; and automated equipment and methods for circuit and product assembly.
      On February 16, 1999, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued U.S. patent RE36,098 (the “Reissue Patent”) as a reissue of U.S. Patent 4,441,146 (the “Reset Patent”). The Reissue Patent includes original claims 1 through 5 of the Reset Patent plus 38 additional new claims. The claims in the Reissue Patent cover non-coincident active clamp technology in a broadly defined class of single-ended forward converters and enable design of power converters which are smaller and more energy efficient than conventional power supplies. The claims cover, but are not limited to, so-called “zero-voltage switching” technology. The Company believes that its rights under the Reset Patent and the Reissue Patent have been infringed. The Company intends to vigorously protect its rights under its patents (see Part I, Item 3 — “Legal Proceedings”).

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      The Company has been issued 87 patents in the United States (which expire between 2005 and 2022), 34 in Europe (which expire between 2006 and 2017), and 25 in Japan (which expire between 2005 and 2016). The Company also has a number of patent applications pending in the United States, Europe and the Far East. Although the Company believes that patents are an effective way of protecting its technology, there can be no assurances that the Company’s patents will prove to be enforceable (see, e.g., Part I, Item 3 — “Legal Proceedings”). While some of the Company’s patents are deemed materially important to the Company’s operations, the Company believes that no one patent is essential to the success of the Company.
Licensing
      In addition to generating revenue from product sales, licensing is an element of the Company’s strategy for building worldwide product and technology acceptance and market share. In granting licenses, the Company generally retains the right to use its patented technologies, and manufacture and sell its products, in all licensed geographic areas and fields of use. Licenses are granted and administered through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, VLT, Inc., which owns the Company’s patents. Revenues from licensing arrangements have not exceeded 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenues in any of the last three fiscal years.
      On March 28, 2001, the Company announced that its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Vicor Hong Kong Ltd. (“VHK”) and VLT, Inc. (“VLT”), had entered into cooperative agreements with Nagano Japan Radio Company, Ltd. (“NJRC”). On March 18, 2003, NJRC gave VHK and VLT notice of termination of the agreements, effective September 18, 2003. In January 2004, the Company received a final royalty payment from NJRC.
      On October 20, 2003, the Company announced that it entered into a non-exclusive license with Celestica Corporation to manufacture and sell the V•I Chip Product Family. V•I Chips are the building blocks of the new FPA products that Vicor announced in April 2003. In September 2004, the Company was notified that Celestica’s Power Systems division had been acquired by C&D Technologies, Inc. and that the license was being assigned to C&D.
      On June 30, 2004, the Company announced that it had entered into a non-exclusive license with Sony Corporation (“Sony”) to design and manufacture power converters, using V•I Chip technology and Factorized Power, for use within its products and for sale to its customers in certain agreed-upon applications. The license also grants Sony rights to manufacture certain semiconductor components that are used in V•I Chips. Royalties are based upon the value of the licensed converters used or sold.
Employees
      As of December 31, 2004, the Company employed approximately 1,140 full time and 40 part time people. The Company believes that its continued success depends, in part, on its ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Although there is strong demand for qualified technical personnel, the Company has not to date experienced difficulty in attracting and retaining sufficient engineering and technical personnel to meet its needs (see Part I, Item I — “Risk Factors”).
      None of the Company’s employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement.
Risk Factors
      This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of, among other factors, the risk factors set forth below.

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Our future success depends upon our ability to develop and market leading-edge, cost effective products.
      The power supply industry and the industries in which many of our customers operate are characterized by intense competition, rapid technological change, product obsolescence and price erosion for mature products, each of which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. The failure of the Company to continue to develop and commercialize leading-edge technologies and products that are cost effective and maintain high standards of quality could have a material adverse affect on the Company’s competitive position and results of operations. Specifically, the Company may not be successful in leveraging the V•I Chips in standard products to promote market acceptance of Factorized Power.
Our future operating results are dependent on the growth in our customers’ businesses.
      The Company manufactures modular power components and power systems that are incorporated into its customers’ electronic products. The Company’s growth is therefore dependent on the growth in the sales of its customers’ products as well as the development by its customers of new products. The failure of the Company to anticipate changes in our customers’ businesses and their changing product needs could negatively impact our financial position.
Our conversion of second-generation products to the FasTrak platform may not progress as planned.
      The Company made progress in 2004 with the process of converting second-generation products to a new FasTrak platform. This involved the installation of new automated manufacturing equipment, which has been completed, and the qualification of all products converted over to the new platform, which is still in process. While the conversion of the pre-defined matrix of second-generation products is substantially complete, the conversion of customer-defined products is ongoing. The Company believes that this conversion will ultimately result in lower unit costs and improved manufacturing yields, while supporting the worldwide Restriction of Hazardous Substances (“RoHS”) initiative. There can be no assurance that the qualification of remaining products will be completed as scheduled or that the expected results of the conversion of second-generation products to the FasTrak platform will be achieved. In addition, the process of conversion could result in excess supplies of raw materials that are no longer needed for the converted products. Additional inventory reserves could be required for potentially slow moving or obsolete inventory which could negatively impact the Company’s future operating results. Also, once the conversion is completed, certain second-generation automated manufacturing equipment may have little or no future use. This may result in the impairment of any remaining net book value of those assets. During the second and third quarters of 2004, the useful lives of certain equipment in connection with the conversion were shortened, which resulted in higher depreciation expense on this equipment in 2004.
Our revenues may not increase enough to offset the expense of additional capacity.
      The Company has made significant additions to its manufacturing equipment and capacity over the past several years, including equipment for the new FasTrak platform. If revenue levels do not increase enough to offset the increased fixed costs or if there is deterioration in the Company’s business, the Company’s future operating results could be adversely affected. In addition, asset values could be impaired if the additional capacity is underutilized for an extended period of time.
We rely on third-party suppliers and subcontractors for components and assemblies and, therefore, cannot control their availability or quality.
      The Company depends on third party suppliers and subcontractors to provide components and assemblies used in our products. If suppliers or subcontractors cannot provide their products or services on time or to our specifications, the Company may not be able to meet the demand for its products, or it may negatively affect delivery times. In addition, the Company cannot directly control the quality of the products and services provided by third parties. In order to grow, the Company may need to find new or

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change existing suppliers and subcontractors. This could cause disruptions in production, delays in the shipping of product or increases in prices paid to third-parties.
We are exposed to economic, political and other risks through our foreign sales and distributors.
      International sales have been and are expected to be a significant component of total sales. Dependence on foreign third parties for sales and distribution is subject to special risks, such as foreign economic and political instability, foreign currency controls and market fluctuations, trade barriers and tariffs, foreign regulations and exchange rates. Sudden or unexpected changes in the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.
Our ability to successfully implement our business strategy may be limited if we do not retain our key personnel.
      The Company’s success depends on our ability to retain the services of our executive officers. The loss of one or more members of senior management could materially adversely affect the Company’s business and financial results. In particular, the Company is dependent on the services of Dr. Patrizio Vinciarelli, its founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer. The loss of the services of Dr. Vinciarelli could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s development of new products and on its results of operations. In addition, the Company depends on highly skilled engineers and other personnel with technical skills that are in high demand and are difficult to replace. The Company’s continued operations and growth depends on its ability to attract and retain highly qualified employees in a very competitive employment market.
We may be unable to adequately protect our proprietary rights, which may limit our ability to compete effectively.
      The Company operates in an industry in which the ability to compete depends on the development or acquisition of proprietary technologies which must be protected to preserve the exclusive use of such technologies. The Company devotes substantial resources to establish and protect our patents and proprietary rights, and the Company relies on patent and intellectual property law to protect such rights. This protection, however, may not prevent competitors from independently developing products similar or superior to the Company’s products. The Company may be unable to protect or enforce current patents, may rely on unpatented technology that competitors could restrict, or may be unable to acquire patents in the future, and this may have a material adverse affect on the Company’s competitive position. In addition, the intellectual property laws of foreign countries may not protect the Company’s rights to the same extent as those of the United States. The Company has been and may need to continue to defend or challenge patents. The Company has incurred and expects to incur significant costs in and devote significant resources to these efforts which, if unsuccessful, may have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial position.
Our revenues and operating results have been negatively impacted by the general business slowdown, and our outlook going forward remains highly uncertain.
      The Company is exposed to general economic conditions which could have a material adverse impact on its business, operating results and financial condition. As a result of the continued general economic slowdown in the major electronics markets, particularly in the communications markets, the Company’s net revenues in 2004, while up approximately 13% and 12% as compared to 2003 and 2002, respectively, are still significantly less than revenues in 2001. The Company remains uncertain whether there will be any significant improvement in general economic conditions in 2005, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in managing our expenses in light of customer demand.

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Compliance with the European Union Restriction of Hazardous Substances (“RoHS”) may not proceed as planned.
      The Company has elected to comply with the European Union’s (“EU”) directive on the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, referred to as RoHS or as the “lead free directive.” The Company has established a formal plan to make Vicor products compliant with this directive ahead of the designated July 1, 2006 deadline. Compliance will involve working with certain suppliers and customers, may potentially require the redesign of certain products and may require the modification of certain manufacturing processes. As a result, the following situations could negatively impact our results of operations:
  •  Suppliers cannot meet the new requirements or meet the specified deadlines, and the Company may not be able to meet the demand for its products, or it may negatively affect delivery times.
 
  •  Customers mandate that their suppliers comply with the RoHS directive at an earlier date than July 1, 2006, and the Company may not be able to meet their requirements.
 
  •  Customers mandate that they will not accept RoHS directive compliant product, and such requirements could significantly increase the cost of maintaining business with these customers.
 
  •  The redesign of products may not proceed as planned, or may be determined to not be feasible for certain products.
 
  •  The modification of manufacturing processes may require the additional investment in equipment, which will increase operating expenses.
 
  •  The conversion over to compliant materials could result in excess supplies of raw materials that are no longer needed for non-compliant products. Additional inventory reserves could be required for such excess materials.
ITEM 2 —  PROPERTIES
      The Company’s corporate headquarters building, which the Company owns and which is located in Andover, Massachusetts, provides approximately 90,000 square feet of office space for its sales, marketing, engineering and administration personnel.
      The Company also owns a building of approximately 230,000 square feet in Andover, Massachusetts, which houses all Massachusetts manufacturing activities.
      The Company’s Westcor division owns and occupies a building of approximately 31,000 square feet in Sunnyvale, California.
ITEM 3 —  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
      The Company was engaged in litigation with Exar Corporation (“Exar”), a former vendor, who had filed a complaint against the Company in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of Alameda (the “Superior Court”). In addition, the Superior Court granted the Company’s motion to add as third party defendants to the case, Rohm Co. Ltd., Rohm Corporation and Rohm Device U.S.A., LLC (“Rohm Entities”). Effective July 8, 2004, Vicor, Exar and the Rohm Entities entered into a Settlement Agreement and Mutual Limited Releases, resulting in the entry of a dismissal with prejudice by the Superior Court on July 20, 2004. As a result, the Company recorded a non-recurring $800,000 reduction in an accrual recorded through cost of sales associated with the litigation during the second quarter of 2004.
      Vicor and VLT, Inc. (“VLT”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, are pursuing Reset Patent infringement claims directly against Artesyn Technologies, Lambda Electronics, Lucent Technologies and Tyco Electronics Power Systems, Inc in the United States District Court in Boston, Massachusetts. The lawsuit against Lucent was filed in May 2000 and the lawsuits against the other defendants were filed in February and March 2001. In January 2003, the District Court issued a pre-trial decision in each of these patent infringement lawsuits and a patent infringement lawsuit that was pending against Power-One, Inc.,

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relating to claim construction of the Reset Patent. The District Court’s decisions rejected assertions that the Reset Patent claims are invalid for indefiniteness; and affirmed Vicor’s interpretation of several terms used in the Reset Patent claims. However, the District Court adopted interpretations of certain terms of the Reset Patent claims that are contrary to Vicor’s position. On May 24, 2004, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the decisions issued in January 2003 by the District Court. Vicor believes that the District Court’s decisions, and the affirmation of these decisions by the Federal Circuit, strengthens its position regarding validity of the patent, but reduces the cumulative amount of infringing power supplies and the corresponding amount of potential damages. The Federal Circuit has referred the proceedings back to the District Court for trials on validity of the Reset Patent and infringement and damages by the defendants. The District Court has not yet set dates for these trials. There can be no assurance that Vicor and VLT will ultimately prevail with respect to any of these claims or, if they prevail, as to the amount of damages that would be awarded.
      In May 2004, Ericsson Wireless Communications, Inc. v. Vicor Corporation was filed in Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Diego. The plaintiff has brought an action against the Company claiming unspecified damages for failure of out-of warranty products previously purchased by it from the Company. In November 2004, Ericsson filed a First Amended Complaint adding claims against Exar Corporation, a former vendor of the Company. The Company denies the claims made against it, and intends to defend the action vigorously.
      On March 4, 2005, Exar filed a declaratory judgment action against Vicor in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of Santa Clara, in which Exar seeks a declaration by the Court that Exar is not obligated to reimburse or indemnify Vicor for any claims brought against Vicor for alleged damages incurred as a result of the use of Exar components in Vicor products. Vicor intends to vigorously defend the declaratory judgment action.
      In addition, the Company is involved in certain other litigation incidental to the conduct of its business. While the outcome of lawsuits against the Company cannot be predicted with certainty, management does not expect any current litigation to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
ITEM 4 —  SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
      None.
PART II
ITEM 5 —  MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
      The Common Stock of the Company is listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the trading symbol “VICR.” The Class B Common Stock of the Company is not traded on any market and is subject to restrictions on transfer under the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended.
      The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low sales prices for the Common Stock as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market for the periods indicated:
                 
2003   High   Low
         
First Quarter
  $ 8.93     $ 5.55  
Second Quarter
    10.40       5.50  
Third Quarter
    12.64       8.58  
Fourth Quarter
    12.43       9.50  

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2004   High   Low
         
2004
               
First Quarter
  $ 13.98     $ 10.62  
Second Quarter
    19.20       12.28  
Third Quarter
    18.59       9.93  
Fourth Quarter
    13.57       8.54  
      As of February 28, 2005, there were approximately 330 holders of record of the Company’s Common Stock and approximately 21 holders of record of the Company’s Class B Common Stock. These numbers do not reflect persons or entities that hold their stock in nominee or “street name” through various brokerage firms.
Dividend Policy
      Dividends are declared at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and depend on actual cash from operations, the Company’s financial condition and capital requirements and any other factors the Company’s Board of Directors may consider relevant.
      On July 22, 2004, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a cash dividend for 2004 of $.08 per share of the Company’s stock. The total dividend of approximately $3,371,000 was paid on August 31, 2004 to shareholders of record at the close of business on August 11, 2004.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
                                 
                Maximum
                Number (or
                Approximate
            Total Number of   Dollar Value) of
    Total       Shares (or Units)   Shares (or Units)
    Number       Purchased as   that May Yet be
    of Shares       Part of Publicly   Purchased Under
    (or Units)   Average Price Paid   Announced Plans   the Plans or
Period   Purchased   per Share (or Unit)   or Programs   Programs
                 
October 1 — 31, 2004
    54,400     $ 8.87       54,400     $ 24,920,000  
November 1 — 30, 2004
                    $ 24,920,000  
December 1 — 31, 2004
                    $ 24,920,000  
                         
Total
    54,400     $ 8.87       54,400     $ 24,920,000  
                         
      In November 2000, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $30,000,000 of the Company’s Common Stock.
ITEM 6 —  SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
      The following selected consolidated financial data with respect to the Company’s statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002 and with respect to the Company’s balance sheets as of December 31, 2004 and 2003 are derived from the Company’s consolidated financial statements, which appear elsewhere in this report and which have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. The following selected consolidated financial data with respect to the Company’s statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2001 and 2000 and with respect to the Company’s balance sheets as of December 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 are derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included herein. The

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data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information included herein.
                                         
    Year Ended December 31,
     
Statement of Operations Data   2004   2003   2002   2001   2000
                     
    (In thousands except per share data)
Net revenues
  $ 171,580     $ 151,421     $ 152,591     $ 195,910     $ 257,583  
(Loss) income from operations
    (4,035 )     (25,703 )     (24,502 )     (5,017 )     46,010  
Net (loss) income
    (3,723 )     (19,535 )     (15,942 )     (559 )     33,920  
Net (loss) income per share-basic
    (.09 )     (.47 )     (.38 )     (.01 )     .80  
Net (loss) income per share-diluted
    (.09 )     (.47 )     (.38 )     (.01 )     .78  
Weighted average shares-basic
    42,022       41,896       42,337       42,342       42,276  
Weighted average shares-diluted
    42,022       41,896       42,337       42,342       43,265  
Cash dividends per share
  $ .08                          
                                         
    At December 31,
     
Balance Sheet Data   2004   2003   2002   2001   2000
                     
    (In thousands)
Working capital
  $ 148,419     $ 141,547     $ 153,167     $ 153,478     $ 146,692  
Total assets
    244,882       251,464       278,445       289,622