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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

[X]  Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001.

[  ]  Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. For the transition period from _____________ to _______________.

Commission file number 0-23666

Tripos, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Utah

 

43-1454986

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 

 

 

1699 S. Hanley Rd, St. Louis, MO

 

63144

(Address of principal executive offices)

 

Zip Code

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (314) 647-1099

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Name of each exchange on which registered:

None

None

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common stock, $.005 Par Value

Preferred Stock Purchase Rights

(Title of class)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes X No __.

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of the Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K [X].

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of March 11, 2002, was $133,588,426 (based upon the March 11, 2002 closing price for shares of the Registrant's Common Stock as reported by the NASDAQ National Market). Shares of Common Stock held by each officer, director and holder of 5% or more of the outstanding Common Stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

On March 11, 2002, there were 8,568,571 shares of the Registrant's Common Stock outstanding with a par value of $0.005.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant's Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 7, 2002 are incorporated by reference into Part I and III.

Part I

Item 1.  Business

Overview

Our discovery software, enterprise software consulting service solutions and discovery research products and services enable life science companies to enhance their drug discovery capabilities. We combine our resources in computer-aided molecular design, cheminformatics, chemistry research and production, with the hands-on understanding of the challenges facing pharmaceutical research scientists to deliver products and services internationally recognized for their innovation and quality. By formulating new chemical compounds or aiding our partners' design of new chemical compounds that are more likely to result in drug discoveries, we offer our customers advantages in terms of research cycle time, cost, and efficiency of research and development activities.

We have formed strategic relationships with major pharmaceutical companies and emerging biotechnology companies based on their use of some or all of our products and services. A representative list includes:

Arena Pharmaceuticals

Novo Nordisk

Arrow Pharmaceuticals

Pfizer

Astra-Zeneca

Schering AG

Bayer

Signase

Bristol-Myers Squibb

Warner Lambert

Cyprotex

The Wolfson Institute

Merck

 

In addition, we recently entered into a joint marketing alliance with Accenture LLP to provide a comprehensive, customized 'scientific workbench' directed toward the largest pharmaceutical companies worldwide. This service will integrate research organizations' information sources with new communications processes and systems to transform knowledge creation, collaboration and decision-making across the discovery organization.

Tripos was formed in 1979 to commercialize software for molecular visualization, analysis, and design. In building our discovery services and enterprise consulting capabilities, we have focused on developing an integrated suite of offerings and on achieving disciplined financial goals intended to result in positive contributions to profitability and cash flows. Accordingly, we have generated net income and positive cash flow starting with the quarter ended December 31, 2000, and have recorded net income allocable to common shareholders of $5.4 million on total revenues of $49.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. Our chemistry research activities have also created an opportunity for us to participate in therapeutic collaborations with certain of our customers, providing us an ownership interest in early-stage new drug candidates.

Our business model is based on deriving recurring revenues from our discovery software, enterprise software consulting services, and discovery research business, as well as on achieving contributions from therapeutic collaborations if and when new therapeutics are developed. The following is a description of each area of our business:

          Tripos was founded in 1979 by Professor Garland Marshall of the Washington University Medical School to commercialize discovery software tools and was purchased from the founder in 1987 by Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation ("E&S"). In 1994, Tripos was subsequently spun-off in a tax-free distribution to E&S shareholders. We acquired our chemistry research capabilities, based in Bude, Cornwall, England, in 1997 and also began offering enterprise informatics services in 1997.

Industry Background

The demand for our products and services is driven by fundamental change in the business of the largest pharmaceutical companies. These companies face significant pressures to develop new drugs that can generate substantial return on development costs while also contributing to improved health and life expectancy. According to the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, the average cost to bring a new medicine successfully to market can reach $800 million. The pressures are twofold: to reduce the time (and therefore the cost) of developing new drugs, and to discover and develop a greater number of new drugs. Many large pharmaceutical companies are not meeting growth objectives. To maintain current levels of profitability, executives at large pharmaceutical companies project a need for a minimum of five new chemical entities (blockbuster drugs) each year, yet the industry average is less than three per year. As a result of these pressures, the methods by which larg e pharmaceutical companies are conducting their research and development activities are changing rapidly.

Outsourcing. For the past two decades, pharmaceutical companies have consistently increased their research and development activities, often by double-digit rates, in an effort to increase their product pipelines. As the pressures to continue product development growth while rationalizing research and development expenditures increases, pharmaceutical companies have turned increasingly to outsourcing. In the past, pharmaceutical companies have outsourced tasks such as management of clinical trials or certain parts of the manufacturing process. Beginning in the 1990s, research outsourcing by major pharmaceutical companies has dramatically increased due to pressures to decrease time-to-market, reduce costs, and improve the yield on internal research and development activities. According to Frost & Sullivan, by 2004 nearly 42% of all pharmaceutical drug development activities will be outsourced, as compared to 4% in the early 1990s. According to ING Barings, approximately 10 % of early stage discovery activities are currently outsourced. The future influx of targets from genomics alone will result in a 20% to 25% growth rate in new drug targets, and is expected to further impact outsourcing. Due to these and other factors, estimates are that research outsourcing will reach $12 billion to $15 billion by 2004.

The Information Revolution. Rapid changes in industry, academic and government research in recent years have resulted in the generation of vast amounts of biomolecular, chemical and other scientific data. Included is information related to the gene sequence, variation, expression, and function, along with protein structure and function. When coupled with the attendant volumes of structure-activity data generated by high-throughput chemistry and high-throughput screening technologies, the quantity is overwhelming. In addition to a need for tools that enable analysis and decision-making on an unprecedented scale, there is increasingly an awareness that elucidating the relationship between biological targets and particular chemical compounds with which they interact could significantly streamline the success of drug discovery. Until recently, traditional drug discovery methods within pharmaceutical companies have not incorporated these relationships. In order to realize the full potent ial of the relationships that link genomics and chemistry, new information technology tools will be required.

Importance of small molecule drug discovery. Despite recent gains in biotechnology, small molecule drugs, which are invented and designed by chemists, remain the drugs of choice by healthcare professionals and their patients. Small molecule drugs have inherent advantages over protein-based therapeutics, including a greater universe of treatable diseases, lower cost with greater ease of manufacturing, and ease of administering pills versus injections.

The Tripos Solution

Through our discovery software, software consulting for enterprise informatics solutions, and discovery research services we offer a total solution to address the research needs of our large pharmaceutical customers. We apply computational design and analysis skills in our laboratories, where we employ all of our software technologies, to develop new chemical entities for our customers. Applying this scientific discipline, we have developed and applied informatics solutions that incorporate the full array of genomic and other scientific data along with comprehensive data mining and analysis, to meet the need of the discovery scientist, whether on our staff or our customer's staff. By being an integrated provider, we are also able to apply the Tripos solution to work with smaller companies in therapeutic collaborations using our tools and services where we may participate in the success of a particular therapeutic product through joint ownership in compounds or in the collaborator or bo th.

The key elements to Tripos' unique offering are the integration of the science, software and information technology into a complete solution for use in customers' drug research and discovery process. To achieve this solution, we:

    • Offer software tools with leading-edge capabilities in a variety of applications, including 3-D molecular simulation and prediction of molecular structure and activity, data storage and analysis and in silico screening for biological activity.
    • Leverage our knowledge of life sciences and pharmaceutical discovery processes to develop enterprise informatics solutions that optimally integrate expansive and disparate databases of scientific information through a virtual data warehouse.
    • Operate state-of-the-art chemistry research facilities and processes to deliver high-quality compounds that can most rapidly lead to new chemical entities.
    • Work with customers to perform strategic chemistry research tailored to their specific research requirements.

Strategy

We seek to be a leading integrated provider of products and services for the drug discovery needs of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies around the world. Key elements of our growth strategy are as follows:

Maintain Leading-Edge Discovery Software Capabilities. Relying on over two decades of leadership in this field, we will continue to invest in new releases of our discovery software tools, to develop new applications, and to create new technologies to meet the changing demands of the research chemist. We will also pursue software research and development collaborations with our customers to rapidly advance the state-of-the-art in computation while developing new products that we may market in the future.

Expand a Leadership Position in Enterprise Informatics Solutions. We believe that those pharmaceutical companies that master the information "crunch" facing the drug discovery process will be best able to exploit chemical, biological and other data effectively into the drug discovery process. We will continue to apply the domain expertise of our scientists to develop innovative solutions, such as our MetaLayerÔ software for data integration. Through our collaboration with Accenture LLP and other relationships, we will seek to maximize our opportunities to deploy enterprise solutions for the largest and most advancing customers.

Drive Chemistry Research Efforts. We have fully integrated chemistry research and design capabilities that are driven by our in-depth knowledge of chemistry informatics and computer-aided drug discovery resulting in the highest quality research. We will continue to invest in our chemistry research facilities and in our scientific expertise due to our belief that these capabilities are fundamental in helping our customers meet their research and development needs.

Seek Therapeutic Collaborations on an Opportunistic Basis. We will continue to leverage our integrated solution to develop collaborative arrangements with promising pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. When we believe that our solutions can help these companies develop promising products, we will seek to enter into collaborative arrangements in which we will benefit from the success of a product or of the collaborator itself. In addition, we are using our ChemSpaceTM and other informatics technology to actively search our chemistry knowledge-base for possible therapeutically interesting compounds that we may choose to develop ourselves and offer in a research program to customers or collaborators.

Pursue Strategic Arrangements and Acquisitions. We will continue to seek strategic arrangements with large and small life sciences companies. We will also be attentive to opportunities to acquire assets or businesses that will expand or compliment the strengths in our areas of expertise.

Products and Services

The Tripos solution is based on our ability to deliver an integrated offering of technologies for in silico discovery, enterprise informatics, information-rich chemical libraries, and collaborative chemistry. The following summarizes some of the key components of our products and services.

Software Solutions

Discovery software offers customers the ability to accelerate the identification and optimization of new compounds that have the potential to become products. Tripos' design tools improve the efficiency of the research process by identifying physical and structural properties of molecules that are likely to make them suitable as drugs, then use this information to design novel molecules that possess these properties. These calculations are based on complex pattern analysis and 3D simulation of chemical structures and behaviors, and often involve many thousands of molecules. By viewing and analyzing the results of calculations done with Tripos' software products, scientists can make decisions about which compounds to move forward in their research. Tripos discovery software enables scientists to avoid costly synthesis and testing expenses for chemical compounds that are not likely to be effective and to quickly design the experiments most likely to advance a project. Our proprietary sof tware is used by scientists at major research facilities around the world to manage, analyze and share biological and chemical information.

The information produced through our expert design environment can be easily accessed and reviewed by scientists such as medicinal chemists and biologists who are not computational specialists. This easy communication and collaboration is accomplished through our chemical intranet technology.

The cornerstone of our discovery software suite is SYBYLÒ , an expert platform for molecular design, analysis, and visualization. The SYBYL product is a comprehensive computational tool kit that simplifies and accelerates the discovery of drugs and new chemical entities. Our software supports the following application areas:

 

Application Area

Major Products

Description

---------------------------------

----------------------------

---------------------------------------------------

Chemical Information Systems

UNITYâ

ChemEnlightenä

CONCORD*

-Create and search chemical and biological databases

-Tools for selecting compounds with specified

   properties from very large libraries

---------------------------------

----------------------------

---------------------------------------------------

Combinatorial Chemistry and Molecular Diversity

Legionä

CombiLibMakerä

Selectorä

DiverseSolutionsä *

-Build virtual libraries of 100,000 compounds or more

-Design subsets of virtual libraries to meet

   experimental requirements

---------------------------------

----------------------------

---------------------------------------------------

Desktop Modeling and Data Analysis

Alchemyä

Non-expert system for building and viewing the structures of molecules and calculating their properties

---------------------------------

----------------------------

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Virtual High-Throughput Screening

FlexXä

CScoreä

Dock chemicals into the 3D structure of a receptor and assess their suitability as drugs.

---------------------------------

----------------------------

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Molecular Modeling and Visualization

MOLCADä

Advanced Computation

MM3(2000) ä

AMPACä

-Build, view, and compare molecular structures

-Calculate molecular properties.

---------------------------------

----------------------------

---------------------------------------------------

Structural Biology and Bioinformatics

Biopolymer

Composerä

GeneFoldâ

SiteIDä

-Predict, build, and analyze the 3D structures of proteins

-Identify protein function from sequence; analyze

   protein binding sites

---------------------------------

----------------------------

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Pharmacophore Perception

DISCOä

GASPä

-Overlay molecules

-Identify common features of molecules that

   bind to the same receptor

---------------------------------

----------------------------

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Structure-Activity Relationships

QSAR with CoMFAâ

Distillä

HQSARä

Statistical and pattern recognition tools that allow researchers to identify what elements of known drugs are important for activity

---------------------------------

----------------------------

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* licensed to Tripos from the University of Texas, Austin

 

Enterprise Informatics Solutions.

With our software consulting services group, we are uniquely positioned to meet the growing demand in the life sciences industries for integrated, managed, accessible information that spans all aspects of an organization's research efforts. The highly specialized research environments of these industries require an experienced understanding of the discovery process. We draw upon over two decades of experience developing scientific software applications for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Our highly trained scientists and engineers work in scientific software consulting teams to build exceptional enterprise applications specifically designed for research decision support.

To increase productivity and reduce time and cost in developing new chemical entities, customers must make faster, more precise decisions. Our innovative MetaLayerTM data integration software, implements a virtual data warehouse that integrates diverse cross-corporate data sources into a single repository of accessible information. The MetaLayer software allows any network-client access to all distributed data or application information.

Our consulting services are available to assist at all stages of an information technology project, including:

Analysis and Specification: We are skilled at interviewing end-user scientists to determine essential business tasks, current business logic, and workflow. We can perform this phase of a project independently or work with other consultants that are engaged by the customer, in order to ensure that the highest level of scientific understanding is part of any ongoing project. Our scientific software teams are experienced at determining the functional, performance and interface requirements of a new application. We enlist real users for paper prototype systems to assist in validating requirements, as well as ensuring a complete and shared understanding of the system requirements.

Research and Design: Our scientific skills help the customer develop novel methods for drug discovery. We have the inside edge for modifying and extending existing Tripos drug discovery software to explore new ideas. Our software engineers are skilled in data modeling and object-oriented design, which reduce the risks involved in engineering complex chemical and biological information systems.

Implementation and Maintenance: Our large staff of Ph.D. scientists, with real industry experience, is skilled in all vital discovery research, computational, data mining, analysis and visualization techniques as well as web-related technologies. We created the first significant and industry- recognized chemistry applications to be written in Java and we are an industry leader in providing high-quality and high-value customer support for scientific software applications. Our customers have always ranked us highly when it comes to providing helpful and timely assistance.

We are excited about our recently announced joint marketing alliance with Accenture LLP which is intended to develop a fully integrated solution to automate drug discovery operations of the largest global pharmaceutical companies. This relationship will further leverage our domain expertise in chemistry research with Accenture's prominent position in systems consulting and knowledge management to advance the development of improved research processes.

LeadQuestÒ Compound Library and Discovery Research Services.

The foundation of our discovery research business is our LeadQuestÒ product, a growing compound library of more than 85,000 compounds that meet our stringent diversity and purity criteria. The LeadQuestÒ compounds are based on a general understanding of biological relevance and are suitable for initial screening of any biological test system. The LeadQuest library is an efficient source of compounds for screening that eliminates redundant and impure samples from the screening effort. When compounds in the LeadQuest library demonstrate appropriate activity in company assays, we can quickly design and synthesize hundreds of similar compounds for follow-up screening and lead optimization.

We strive for high levels of purity in order to make the screening process efficient and cost-effective. All compounds are subject to thorough analytical testing, and purity data is made available to customers. The design strategy behind the LeadQuest library exploits our proprietary and patented ChemSpaceTM technology, and improves the efficiency of the screening process by minimizing the number of compounds that need to be screened in order to find a lead compound. The compounds in the LeadQuest library represent chemistry space uniformly while minimizing overlap with an existing screening repository and avoid redundant sampling

Our discovery research capabilities enable us to partner with pharmaceutical or biotech companies to enhance the effectiveness of their research programs. We offer our partners expertise in compound design, compound synthesis, molecular analysis, lead discovery, lead optimization, and medicinal chemistry to facilitate research activities. For instance, using our LeadQuestÒ library, in concert with biological data generated as part of a drug discovery program, we can specially design focused libraries suitable for further research by our customer. We accomplish this by again using our ChemSpaceÔ technology to accelerate the discovery of new chemical entities with the desired pharmacological profile. Teaming ChemSpace with data available in the public domain (patent filings, published research, etc.) allows our scientists to provide our Lead HoppingTM services t o navigate through heavily researched and protected areas to find novel chemical families of structures.

Our discovery research capabilities, acquired in 1997 and dramatically expanded during 1998 and 1999, are based in Bude, Cornwall, England. Scientific staff housed in this facility currently numbers over 80. We expanded our research center to 25,000 square feet in 1999 and plan to add significantly to capacity over the next few years.

 

Hardware Sales

We also resell computer systems to our customers upon request. We do not have an inventory of systems on-hand, but merely facilitate the customers' orders. We provide this service as a convenience to our customers and neither expect nor realize high margins on these products.

Collaborations and Customer Relationships

Our growth strategy is based on expanding relationships with large pharmaceutical companies to offer multiple Tripos products and services to enhance their drug discovery operations. Below are some of our major collaborations:

Accenture. In February, 2002 we entered into a marketing alliance agreement with Accenture LLP intended to market and sell a fully integrated solution to automate drug discovery operations of the largest global pharmaceutical and biotech companies. Our discovery and enterprise informatics software and our domain expertise in implementing software-based solutions for chemistry research activities is expected to form a substantial part of the integrated systems designed for implementation with Accenture. As part of this arrangement, we issued 32,520 shares of common stock valued at $1.0 million to Accenture upon entry into this arrangement and agreed to issue another $1.5 million of stock, based upon prevailing market prices, when a full marketing program is launched.

Pfizer. In January, 2002, we entered into three key arrangements with Pfizer:

    • a multi-million dollar, multi-year agreement with Pfizer to license the Tripos suite of discovery software technologies, including the SYBYL and UNITY software products, to Pfizer research locations worldwide.
    • a three-year, multi-million dollar collaborative agreement with Pfizer to develop and deploy our new LITHIUMÔ software platform designed to enhance the speed and accuracy of drug discovery.
    • a strategic collaboration for up to four years and $100 million to design, synthesize and purify high-quality, drug-like compounds to expand Pfizer's chemistry compound collection. The contract calls for a minimum two-year commitment from Pfizer.

Astra-Zeneca. In September 2001, we entered into a multi-year, multi-million dollar agreement with Astra-Zeneca to provide the SYBYLÒ suite of in silico drug discovery technologies to scientists throughout their worldwide organization. We are providing our discovery software technologies for lead identification and optimization in order to enable database searching to locate possible drug candidates, perform virtual testing on those candidates, and guide scientists seeking to improve or identify the effectiveness of the best candidates.

Schering AG. In September 2001, we entered into an agreement with Schering to build a global enhanced chemical information management system that integrates Schering's compound research and inventory data. The system will track research activities, such as synthesis and reactions, and will deploy our ChemCoreTM software, a comprehensive information-enriched chemical tracking system that incorporates our MetaLayerTM software.

Bristol-Myers Squibb. In December 2000, we initiated the first phase of a program with Bristol-Myers Squibb to design and implement an integrated research informatics system. Working with Bristol-Myers Squibb and Accenture LLP, we are developing an enterprise-wide program to provide a new decision support capability to accelerate drug discovery. The system incorporates our MetaLayerTM software.

Novo-Nordisk A/S. In November 2000, we entered into a research collaboration with Novo Nordisk A/S to design and develop new software products for pharmaceutical research, focused on innovative ways to analyze the interactions between potential new drugs and their targets to accelerate the drug discovery process. We expect that these new software tools will describe and compare the three-dimensional arrangement of key molecular elements of potential drugs and the receptor sites that they will attack. The new software builds on and extends methods for understanding receptor-ligand interactions that are used throughout the pharmaceutical industry.

Bayer AG. In October 2000, we entered into a three-party arrangement with Bayer and LION Bioscience to provide Bayer with an integrated cheminformatics technology to speed Bayer's identification of lead candidates for its drug and agricultural chemical programs. We are working with LION to develop and install a new platform combining bioinformatics and cheminformatics that will integrate our MetaLayer enterprise-wide cheminformatics portal.

Merck KgA - Lipha S.A. In June 2000 we entered into a one-year, multi-million dollar discovery research agreement with Lipha S.A., a subsidiary of Merck KgA, to utilize a wide range of Tripos technologies for the discovery of novel drug candidates for the treatment of metabolic and associated diseases. We used information from our LeadQuest® general screening library and proprietary ChemSpaceTM library design technology, along with information generated from pharmacokinetic screens, to develop novel drug candidates.

Pfizer, Inc. In January 2000, we entered into a collaborative agreement with Pfizer Global Research and Development for new informatics methods to enhance the effectiveness of high-throughput screening for drug discovery. We are working with Pfizer to design, develop and test a wide range of methodologies and software tools for the analysis, interpretation and follow-up of high-throughput screening data.

Arena Pharmaceuticals. In 1997, we invested in Arena to obtain access to biological targets, for co-development with Arena, that demonstrated the value in our integrated offerings of informatics and chemistry. By teaming our expertise with Arena's novel biological technology, the joint effort resulted in identification of lead series drug candidates in less than nine months and at a considerable savings compared to industry averages. Today, we still retain a 30% ownership position in the lead series currently in development as well as shares of Arena's common stock.

Signase. During 1999, we made an in-kind investment of products and services to this biotech start-up in exchange for a royalty percentage of certain candidates in the cancer therapeutics area.

Wolfson Institute. As with Arena, Tripos collaborated with the Wolfson Institute to co-develop therapeutic candidates. Results of the collaboration mimic those of the Arena relationship in that the time from concept to lead series was significantly reduced and costs contained to levels well below industry averages for similar discovery work. Tripos retains a substantial equity ownership in the lead series, but has no ownership in the Institute.

Arrow Therapeutics In 1998 Arrow, an antimicrobial drug discovery company, entered into a collaborative agreement for the development of relevant compound libraries we designed for an Arrow-specified target. In exchange for our design and synthesis services, we will receive product and license royalties from commercialization by Arrow of the lead compound, for which a patent has been filed listing us as a co-inventor.

Sales, Marketing and Distribution

We market our software products directly in the U.S. and Europe, through an exclusive distributor arrangement in Japan, and through non-exclusive agency relationships in Brazil, Korea, China, Singapore, and India. On December 31, 2001, our sales force consisted of 43 management, technical, sales and administrative employees: 18 for the United States and Canada, 23 in Europe, and 2 for the Pacific Rim. Our domestic sales and support center is located at our headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri. We also maintain sales offices in California, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and near London, Paris and Munich.

The sales staff includes employees with Ph.D. degrees in chemistry, various advanced degrees in the sciences and work experience with various hardware and software suppliers as well as with the pharmaceutical and biotech industries we serve. Our sales representatives are compensated through a combination of base salary, commissions and bonuses based on quarterly and annual sales performance. In addition, our pre-sales scientists, all of whom have Ph.D. degrees in chemistry or a closely related field, receive total compensation determined in part by their success in supporting and generating sales in a particular territory.

Teams, which include scientists working in collaboration with our sales employees, have developed a consultative sales approach through which we have created relationships with our key customers. We believe these relationships enable us to understand and better serve the needs of our customers. Because our customers frequently have both domestic and international operations, our sales staff and scientists in foreign locations work closely with their counterparts in the United States to ensure that our customers' international needs are met in a coordinated and consistent fashion.

We market our workstation-based software products in a variety of ways, one of which is term licenses on the basis of a fixed number of simultaneous users per module. Network-based licensing is available, based on a count of the number of simultaneous users. We also have one, two and three year token license options that offer customers the ability to tailor their product selections to their specific research needs and that are renewable at the end of the selected terms. Our customer base has migrated to token and term license renewals based on the flexibility to access more of our software products. These arrangements provide a more predictable recurring revenue stream from the periodic renewals. Software packages consisting of modules typically purchased by customers in particular industry segments have been defined and have been specially priced to facilitate customer purchase of an optimal module set for their needs.

Enterprise consulting services are sold on a collaborative basis by salespeople and scientists directly to chemistry research management and information technology departments. Each contract is negotiated based on the custom software service needs of the customer. The term of the contract is highly variable but current examples range from two weeks up to three years. Tripos provides programming and scientific expertise on a cost plus margin basis. Services may include specification, gap and risk assessment, or full biological and chemical data integration. Our proprietary MetaLayerTM software may be installed at a client site to integrate global information to the desktop. This technology has a license fee and annual maintenance fees.

Sales of the compound libraries are made through our sales teams and distributors. The LeadQuest® library now includes over 85,000 compounds that are available for purchase. The compounds are sold on a nonexclusive basis to all purchasers and we retain no trailing rights to the compounds once purchased by a customer. LeadQuest® high-throughput screening libraries are novel, diverse, high-quality, drug-like compounds that serve as a pathway to more extensive discovery research services.

Discovery research collaborations are offered through a team comprised of salespeople, scientists and members of the senior management staff. This approach is best suited for the long cycle required in developing meaningful partnerships with key customers for outsourcing or collaborating on discovery research projects.

We exhibit our products and services at various scientific conferences and trade exhibitions, including national and regional conferences of the American Chemical Society, at the InfoTech Pharma Conference, a variety of IBC Drug Discovery Conferences, Society for Biomolecular Screening Conference and CHI High-throughput Screening for Drug Discovery Conference and others. Our scientists frequently publish and present results of original research at these and other conferences throughout the world.

Customer Training, Service and Support

Software licenses typically provide a limited warranty for a 90-day period. Thereafter, support of our software products is provided under an annual fee arrangement. Approximately 87% of our commercial customers and 49% of our academic customers have contracted for support service. This service gives customers access to telephone consultation with our technical personnel in local offices, on-line access to a company-operated computer bulletin board, new release versions of licensed software and other support required to utilize our products effectively.

We offer customer training in the use of our products through staff knowledgeable in both chemistry and computer science. We send technical newsletters, bulletins, and advance notification about future software releases to our customers to keep them informed and to help them with resource allocation and scheduling. We also sponsor seminars throughout the world for our customers, involving presentations both by our personnel and guest lecturers. These seminars are designed to enhance customer understanding of our products and their potential utilization as an aid to customer research requirements. We currently provide our customers with advice on computer system configuration management and frequently provide customers with consulting advice in addressing particular research questions as part of the normal pre- and post-sales process.

Significant Customers

During 2001, we obtained 14% of our global revenue from Pfizer, Inc. and 10% from Bayer AG spanning most, if not all, of our products and services. No other individual customer accounted for over 10% of total revenue.

International Sales

We sell software and compound products through our wholly-owned subsidiaries in Europe and through a network of distributors in the Pacific Rim, Australia and India. Net sales from our activities outside of North America represented approximately 47%, 57% and 55% of total net sales in 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively, with Europe accounting for 40%, 47% and 46%, and the respective balances coming from customers in the Pacific Rim. We believe that revenues from foreign activities will continue to account for a significant percentage of our total net sales. See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, Geographic Segment Data, later in this Annual Report.

Research and Development

We believe our position as a leader in discovery products and services will depend in large part on our ability to enhance our current product line, develop new products, maintain technological competitiveness, integrate complimentary third-party products and meet a rapidly evolving range of customer requirements. We intend to continue to make substantial investments in product and technology development to meet our customers' demands.

We have previously experienced delays in developing new products ranging from a few days to approximately twelve months. The complexity of developing new and enhanced scientific information management software in a client/server environment is significant. Delays or unexpected difficulties in any segment of a development project can result in late or undeliverable product. In view of this complexity, there can be no certainty that we will be able to introduce our products on a timely basis in the future, or that our new products and product enhancements will adequately meet the requirements of the marketplace or achieve market acceptance.

Our research and development activities are undertaken by our discovery software group and our discovery research group. The discovery software group, composed of chemists and other scientists, works closely with customers to identify market needs for new products. Upon identification of a market need for a new product, the discovery software group collaborates with our software engineers to develop requirements and specifications, implement code and perform regression tests for the new product. Separate quality assurance, environment management and systems groups manage the final release, documentation and porting of the new product to all supported platforms. In addition, we fund research at certain academic institutions. We believe that this funding allows us to gain access to significant technology not otherwise available. Also, we enter into funded research and development arrangements with major pharmaceutical customers to develop software tools crucial to high throughput research en vironments and for other emerging issues in life science chemistry.

In September 1998, we opened our first laboratory facility (6,600 sq. ft.) suitable for complete chemical synthesis operations. We began production of newly designed screening libraries, started pilot projects for contract research and generated focused libraries in our internal therapeutic collaborative work with Arena Pharmaceuticals and the Wolfson Institute. In May 1999 we opened our second and larger laboratory facility (18,400 sq. ft.), providing us with the capacity to accommodate large library synthesis and contract research operations simultaneously. By the end of 1999, we had reached our targeted monthly synthesis and purification rate. The inventory of compounds of the LeadQuest® library has subsequently increased to over 85,000 highly pure compounds available for sale. In addition to LeadQuest® library synthesis, we have the facilities and staff to perform several contract research projects concurrently. Presently, these facilities serve customers' contract research nee ds and continue to add to the LeadQuest® library. Our future plans include expansion of our chemistry facilities to accommodate incremental business opportunities.

Research and development expenses include all costs of software development and maintenance and any non-capitalizable research associated with the validation of compound libraries or discovery research projects. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 86 and AICPA Statement Of Position 98-1, Tripos capitalizes software development costs for both external and internal use. Net capitalized software development costs were $295,000 at December 31, 2001.

Tripos has entered into consulting contracts with certain customers that provide for collaboration in customizing chemical compound libraries for drug discovery in specific therapeutic areas. We recognize revenue related to such agreements as contractual milestones are achieved and delivered or, absent such contractual milestones, on a completed contract basis.

Production

Our software production operations consist of assembling, packaging, shipping of software and database products along with documentation needed to fulfill orders. Outside vendors provide printing of documentation and manufacturing of packaging materials. We typically ship our software products promptly after the acceptance of a customer purchase order and the execution of a software license agreement. Accordingly, we do not generally have any significant software backlog, and we believe that a backlog at any particular time, or fluctuations in backlog, are not indicative of sales for any succeeding period.

Enterprise software consulting service contracts may be structured under a variety of terms including billing for hours worked, successful delivery of milestones or fixed-price contracts. Staff assigned to these contracts are located in the U.S., U.K. and periodically on-site at the customer's location. These contracts may contain provisions for license fees on the core technologies delivered at the inception of the project or for the system software activated upon completion of the contract. Quarterly revenues and costs from software consulting will vary due to the mix of contracts being serviced in any particular quarter and the timing of the recognition of any applicable license fees.

Discovery research services and LeadQuest® chemical compound production are performed and carried out at Tripos Receptor Research in Bude, England. With respect to discovery research projects, they vary in size, scope and length of time to complete. Discovery research agreements may include technology access fees, full-time equivalent billing rates, trailing rights in the form of milestone payments or royalties. Certain projects include management of biology screening processes performed by third-parties. The unpredictability of chemistry reactions may impact the rate of progress on research contracts and lead to fluctuations in revenue recognition.

LeadQuest® compound sales are shipped shortly after the execution of a sales contract between the customer and Tripos. The potential for backlog exists in the delivery of compounds due to the nature of the materials to be accumulated, packaged and shipped along with the sometimes lengthy compound selection process of the customer. Backlogs will fluctuate based on the number, size and timing of orders received, and availability of product.

Intellectual Property

We rely upon a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our intellectual property. License and non-disclosure agreements are used to establish and protect the proprietary rights in our products. We hold four key patents in the area of analysis of the relationship of chemical structure to activity; one issued in the early 1990's on our SYBYL QSAR product, another issued in 1998 on our Hologram QSAR, and two on our ChemSpace technology issued in 2001. From 1996 to early 2002, we applied for ten (10) other software patents and, jointly with collaborators, for an additional three (3) composition-of-matter or related use patents. The source code for our products is protected both as trade secrets and as unpublished, copyrighted work. In addition, our core software products are developed and manufactured only at our St. Louis facility. We do not disclose the source code for our products to any of our distributors. We supply our source code under special, r estrictive license provisions to a very limited number of customers only on special request, none of which has been received in the last five years. Also, upon request, Tripos has placed source code in escrow for the benefit of a minimal number of designated customers for limited support purposes on a contingency basis. All major software products are shipped from our St. Louis facility under a technical license management system that governs access. Despite these precautions, it may be possible for a third party to gain use of our products or technology without prior authorization, or to develop similar technology independently. Effective copyright and trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited in certain foreign countries where we do business. The markets in which we compete are characterized by rapid technological change. While we believe that legal protection of our technology is an important competitive factor, we are aware that such factors as the technological and creative skills of our per sonnel, new product development, frequent product enhancements, name recognition and reliable product support are important in maintaining a sustained technology leadership position.

We license our workstation software through the execution of license agreements. We license our personal computer software products by use of a "shrinkwrap" license. A "shrinkwrap" license agreement is a printed license agreement included within packaged software that sets forth the terms and conditions under which the purchaser can use the product and is intended to bind the purchaser, by the purchaser's acceptance of the software, to such terms and conditions.

We have a number of contracts with academic institutions and individuals providing us the right to license, market and use technology developed outside the company. These products enhance our ability to offer an enriched product line and represent a material percentage of our annual revenue.

Our general screening and targeted compound libraries, which are manufactured and shipped by Tripos Receptor Research from their Bude, England facilities, and the related synthesis methods and approaches, are protected as trade secrets by non-disclosure agreements and other means. Compound, consulting, discovery research and collaborative agreements we enter require specific documentation regarding defined proprietary rights, responsibilities of the parties, and/or allowed use of any related compounds or libraries of compounds.

Competitors

We operate in a highly competitive industry characterized by rapidly changing technology, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, and evolving industry standards. We compete with other vendors of software products designed for applications in analytical chemistry, computational chemistry, chemical information management, and combinatorial chemistry; the four principal areas in the chemical and pharmaceutical research market. Our discovery services group competes with other vendors for the sale of contract research, focused compound libraries and diverse compound screening libraries.

Competition is likely to intensify as current competitors expand their product offerings and as new companies enter the market. The competition we experience in our existing and targeted markets could result in price reductions, reduced margins and loss of market share, all of which could have a material adverse effect on us. A number of our existing competitors have significantly greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. We believe that the principal factors affecting competition in our markets are product quality, performance, reliability, ease of use, technical service, support, and price. We expect that these factors will remain major competitive issues in the future, but additional factors will become increasingly important, including contribution to the overall efficiency of the research effort through enhanced integration, communication and analysis. Although we believe that we currently compete favorably with respect to these factors, there can be no assuranc e that we will be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors or that the competitive pressures we face will not have a material effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

 

Employees

As of December 31, 2001, we had a total of 267 employees, of whom 151 were based in the United States and 116 were based internationally. Of the total, 64 were engaged in marketing, sales and related customer-support services, 90 in software product development and consulting services, 74 in chemistry laboratory activities and 39 in operations, administration, MIS and finance. Our future success is significantly dependent on the continued service of our key technical and senior management personnel and our continuing ability to attract and retain highly qualified technical and managerial personnel. None of our employees are represented by a labor union nor covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any work stoppages and consider our relations with employees to be good.

Executive Officers of the Registrant

The information required by this item is included in the Proxy Statement in connection with our Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 7, 2002 under the caption "Management", and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 2.  Properties

Our principal administrative, sales, marketing and product development facilities are located in St. Louis, Missouri. We own these facilities which are financed by a mortgage note. Laboratory facilities in Bude, England are also owned by the Company. We lease two domestic sales and service offices in Shrewsbury, New Jersey and South San Francisco, California. Our European subsidiaries lease sales and service offices in the United Kingdom, France and Germany. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current needs and that additional space will be available as needed.

Item 3.  Legal Proceedings

We are not currently a party to any material litigation and are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation that could have any material adverse effect upon its business, operating results or financial condition.

Item 4.  Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

No matters were submitted to a vote of Tripos' shareholders during the fourth quarter of its fiscal year ended December 31, 2001.

Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Stock and Related Shareholder Matters

Tripos' common stock trades on The NASDAQ National Market System under the symbol "TRPS". The following table sets forth the range of the high and low sales prices per share of the common stock for the fiscal quarters indicated, as reported by NASDAQ. Quotations represent actual transactions in NASDAQ's quotation system but do not include retail markup, markdown, or commission.

 

2001

 

2000

 

High

Low

 

High

Low

First quarter

$17.69

$10.00

 

$19.50

$5.06

Second quarter

$14.92

$7.05

 

$13.00

$7.13

Third quarter

$20.56

$10.76

 

$15.38

$9.25

Fourth quarter

$22.05

$14.85

 

$15.00

$9.88

Note: values represent an adjustment for the 2-for-1 stock split effective on February 5, 2001 for holders of record on January 12, 2001.

We had approximately 1,000 shareholders of record and 2,600 street name holders as of December 31, 2001. We have not declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain earnings for use in our business, therefore, we do not anticipate paying cash dividends to common shareholders in the foreseeable future. In February 2000, we sold 409,091 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in a private placement transaction to LION bioscience AG ("LION"). The Series B shares carried a dividend rate of 5% payable in cash or stock at the holder's option, were redeemable in February 2005, and were initially convertible into shares of Common Stock on a two-for-one basis. On January 29, 2002, LION converted the Series B shares into 818,182 shares of Common Stock and was paid accrued dividends of $892,600 in cash. On February 7, 2002, LION sold all of its shares through a broker in a series of block trades.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Selected Consolidated Financial Data

Year ended

Year ended

Year ended

Year ended

Year ended

Consolidated Statements of Operations

Dec 31,

Dec 31,

Dec 31,

Dec 31,

Dec 31,

In thousands, except per share amounts

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

Net Sales:

Discovery software

$ 15,962

$ 11,479

$ 10,383

$ 10,723

$ 10,015

Support

7,880

7,628

8,154

7,928

7,209

Software consulting services

9,747

1,523

526

916

102

Discovery research

12,024

5,398

5,185

2,831

7,737

Hardware

3,470

2,996

3,001

3,174

5,125

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

Total net sales

49,083

29,024

27,249

25,572

30,188

Cost of sales

13,875

7,481

7,125

7,326

9,999

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

Gross profit

35,208

21,543

20,124

18,246

20,189

Operating expenses:

Sales and marketing

12,716

10,171

9,673

9,737

10,065

Research and development

10,190

8,349

8,080

5,622

3,810

General and administrative

7,537

5,508

5,569

4,182

2,940

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

Total operating expenses

30,443

24,028

23,322

19,541

16,815

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

Income (loss) from operations

4,765

(2,485)

(3,198)

(1,295)

3,374

Other income, net

2,686

260

1,183

1,404

511

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

Income (loss) before income taxes

7,451

(2,225)

(2,015)

109

3,885

Income tax expense (benefit)

1,563

(171)

274

38

1,305

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

Net income (loss)

5,888

(2,054)

(2,289)

71

2,580

Preferred dividends

450

406

--

--

--

 

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

Net income (loss) allocable to common shareholders

$ 5,438

$ (2,460)

$ (2,289)

$ 71

$ 2,580

=======

=======

=======

=======

=======

Basic earnings (loss) per share

$0.74

$(0.35)

$(0.35)

$0.01

$0.42

Basic weighted average number of shares

7,369

6,969

6,554

6,416

6,170

Diluted earnings (loss) per share

$0.62

$(0.35)

$(0.35)

$0.01

$0.37

Diluted weighted average number of shares

9,441

6,969

6,554

6,960

7,008

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data

(at year end)

Working capital

$ 26,424

$ 17,122

$ 6,351

$ 9,115

$ 9,544

Total assets

67,637

57,186

40,390

36,810

32,610

Long-term obligations, less current portion

3,067

314

8,224

5,514

3,367

Series B preferred stock

9,826

9,376

--

--

--

Total shareholders' equity

31,720

23,957

17,583

19,509

18,909

Notes:  

Per share data reflects 2-for-1 stock split effective February 5, 2001 for holders of record on January 12, 2001.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

Except for the historical information and statements contained in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A"), the matters and items contained in this document, including MD&A, contain certain forward-looking statements that involve uncertainties and risks, some of which are discussed below, including, under the caption "Cautionary Statements-Additional Important Factors to be Considered." We are under no obligation to update any forward-looking statements in this section. Words such as "expects", "anticipates", "projects", "estimates", "intends", "plans", "believes", variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward looking statements.

Overview

We are a leading provider of discovery chemistry, integrated discovery software products, software consulting services, and discovery research services to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemical, and other life sciences industries. We combine information technology and scientific research to optimize and accelerate molecular research for the discovery of new products by customers. Our products include proprietary discovery software tools to manage, analyze and share biological and chemical information; systems integration along with other software consulting services; diverse chemical libraries; collaborative and contract research for the discovery, synthesis, characterization and optimization of new chemical compounds that are active in biological systems.

We generate revenues from a diversified offering of products and services. We derived 49% of our 2001 revenues from discovery software products and support, 20% from enterprise software consulting services, 24% from discovery research products and services with the remainder from hardware sales. In 2001, over 86% of software license revenues were attributable to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, with two customers (Pfizer at 14% and Bayer at 10%) representing 10% or more of total revenues.

We license software and support in the form of one to three-year renewable contracts for any of our more than 50 software modules available for sale. The magnitude of these license fees is dependent on each customer's required usage levels, that is, the number of locations and individual users. Variations in licensing levels range from the low hundred-thousands up to several million dollars and therefore may be sufficient to impact the comparability of quarterly results.

Our integration of chemistry and biological data in the life sciences industries creates a revenue stream for enterprise software consulting services. To serve this market, we maintain a staff of specialists who use our proprietary data integration framework, MetaLayerTM software, to configure customized solutions for data management. Revenue may be generated on a billable rate per day, or upon achievement of milestones or deliverables and is recognized as services are performed. These contracts may also generate substantial license fee revenue for our proprietary software technologies such as our MetaLayerTM and ChemCoreTM software. As with our discovery software products, licensing levels may range from the low hundred-thousands up to several million dollars and therefore be sufficient to impact the comparability of quarterly results.

We develop and manufacture general screening compound libraries for sale to the life sciences industry. This has created the opportunity to offer follow-up discovery research services to customers for design and synthesis of focused libraries for lead optimization. We also market a comprehensive research process to our life sciences customers for rapid and cost effective discovery. This process combines advanced informatics, chemistry and biology products and services, and proprietary discovery technologies for efficient lead development, refinement, and optimization resulting in a tightly integrated process to facilitate synergies in drug discovery.

We also act as a reseller of computer hardware in conjunction with software sales. Hardware sales are generally made to facilitate integration of our software into customer research activities and are not a focus of our sales activities. We act merely as an authorized reseller and do not maintain any inventory. Accordingly, margins on these sales are relatively modest.

Over time we have invested in collaborative internal drug discovery programs with Arena Pharmaceuticals, Arrow Pharmaceuticals, Signase and the Wolfson Institute. These collaborations have generated patented lead compounds that are actively being validated and pursued by our respective partners. Potential benefits of this activity are not included in any business models at this time and all related costs of these program investments have been expensed in prior years.

We license discovery software tools to customers, provide ongoing support, including upgrades selected by customers, and provide consulting services to customers that enable integration of our discovery tools to customers' discovery operations. We generally expense research and development costs associated with software enhancements and new software tools. Thus, a significant portion of the costs associated with development and enhancement of software is accounted for as research and development and not as a cost of software sales.

Quarterly expenses include the fixed costs of research and development for software development and new chemistry research. We believe that core selling and administrative costs will remain generally consistent as a percent of sales on an annual basis. Variability in quarterly expenses primarily occurs in relation to the level of revenues for sales compensation, bonuses and staffing for selling, general and administrative functions and for periodic marketing activities such as appearances at trade exhibitions.

During 1998 and 1999, we used our capital resources to fund investments in the building of chemistry production facilities, chemical compound library inventories, collaborative drug discovery programs, staffing new business opportunities, and investments in Arena Pharmaceuticals. In fiscal year 2000, we used cash available from an equity investment by LION to maintain capital infrastructure, reduce debt levels and conduct operations. In 2001, we benefited from these prior investments which have now generated positive cash flows.

Our revenues and expenses vary from quarter to quarter depending upon, among other things, the timing of customers' budget processes, the success of our sales efforts, the lengthy sales cycle and our ability to influence customers and prospective customers to make decisions to outsource portions of their discovery process, the size of the customers' capital expenditure budgets, the ability to produce compound libraries in a timely manner, market acceptance of new products and enhanced versions of existing products, the timing of new product introductions by us and other vendors, changes in pricing policies (ours, partners and other vendors), consolidation in customer base, client involvement in decision points in contracts related to project plans, and changes in general economic and competitive conditions. In addition, we may negotiate a long-term software license contract that may, subject to certain rules of SOP 97-2 and SOP 98-4, be required to be recognized ratably over the life of th e contract. See Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a further discussion of revenue recognition policies. A substantial portion of product-based revenues for each quarter is attributable to a limited number of orders and tends to be realized toward the end of each quarter. Thus, even short delays or deferrals of sales near the end of a quarter can cause quarterly results to fluctuate substantially. Our quarterly results can also be effected by the mix of revenue components. The variability of the timing, term, scope and magnitude of service-based contracts along with our ability to attract additional contracts can have a significant impact on quarterly and annual comparisons.

 

 

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain consolidated financial data as a percentage of net sales, (except costs of sales data, which is set forth as a percentage of the corresponding net sales data):

2001

2000

1999

Net sales:

Discovery software

33%

   40%

   38%

Support

16

26

30

Software consulting services

20

5

2

Discovery research

24

19

19

Hardware

7

10

11

-------------------

-------------------

-------------------

Total net sales

100

100

100

Cost of sales: *

Discovery software

17

15

18

Support

1

2

2

Software consulting services

38

23

70

Discovery research

35

47

37

Hardware

91

91

93

-------------------

-------------------

-------------------

Total cost of sales

28

26

26

Gross profit

72

74

74

Operating expenses:

Sales and marketing

26

35

36

Research and development

21

29

30

General and administrative

15

19

20

-------------------

-------------------

-------------------

Total operating expenses

62

83

86

-------------------

-------------------

-------------------

Income (loss) from operations

10

(9)

(12)

Interest income

1

2

1

Interest expense

(1)

(2)

(3)

Other income (expense), net

5

1

7

-------------------

-------------------

-------------------

Net income (loss) before income taxes

15

(8)

(7)

Income tax expense (benefit)

3

(1)

1

-------------------

-------------------

-------------------

Net income (loss)

12

(7)

(8)

Preferred dividends

1

1

--

-------------------

-------------------

-------------------

Net income (loss) allocable to common shareholders

11%

  (8)%

(8)%

========

========

========

* As a percentage of the corresponding sales

Net Sales. In 2001, net sales increased 69% to $49.1 million from $29.0 million in 2000, which was up 7% over the $27.2 million recorded in 1999. The increase in 2001 was attributable to growth in all areas, but most notably in discovery software (39%), software consulting (540%) and discovery research (123%). Several contracts we entered into in 2000 provided the basis for revenue growth in 2001 (Lipha, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb and others). We generate a substantial portion of our revenues from the pharmaceutical industry. Net sales to this industry accounted for approximately 57%, 62% and 63%, of total net sales in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively.

Net sales from our activities outside of North America represented approximately 47%, 57% and 55% of total net sales in 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively, with Europe accounting for 40%, 47% and 46%, and the respective balances coming from customers in the Pacific Rim. We believe that revenues from foreign activities will continue to account for a significant percentage of our total net sales.

List prices for our software products have